Chapter 2 Types of Models and Simulations This chapter continues to build on information presented in Chapter 1 to continue a foundation that

should assist in understanding C2 simulations used in training. There are literally hundreds of simulations used in the DoD with a great majority of these being used in the Army. Being able to define the simulations by type will provide a firm understanding of the models that will be used in training C2 processes. Section 2.1 Categorization by End Use According to AR 5-11, Army M&S Management Program, simulations are classified according to the ultimate end use for which the simulation was intended. Where more than one end use can e satisfied y the same simulation, then the dominant and!or most restricti"e use of that simulation will a##ly. $he fi"e ty#es of simulations used y the Army are listed and then discussed elow. % % % % % Research and &e"elo#ment $est and '"aluation Production and (ogistics Analysis 'ducation and $raining )

"ESE$"C+ $*# #E,E-&.ME*T

C$TE%&"'ES () E*# USE ."&#UCT'&* $*# -&%'ST'CS

TEST $*# E,$-U$T'&* E*%'*EE"'*% #E,E-&.ME*T TEST'*% &.E"$T'&*$- TEST'*% E#UC$T'&* $*# T"$'*'*% S/'-- #E,E-&.ME*T E0E"C'SE #"',E"

$*$-)S'S &.E"$T'&*S SU..&"T E,$-U$T'&* F&"CE C$.$('-'T) 1 "2MTS C&M($T #E,E-&.ME*TS

Figure 2.1 The Fi!e Types of Simulations "ecognized by #$

Section 2.2 "esearch and #e!elopment Simulations Simulations used for research and de"elo#ment include all those that are used for oth the design and de"elo#ment of e+ui#ment and wea#ons systems. Also included are those used for ,#ure, research. '-cluded from the research and de"elo#ment simulations are those em#loyed to e"aluate the #erformance of a #iece of e+ui#ment or wea#ons system in the conte-t of com ined arms com at o#erations. howe"er, these simulations are included in one of the other categories. Section 2.3 Test and E!aluation Simulations $est and e"aluation simulations are those that augment and com#lement "arious stages of testing in the material ac+uisition #rocess. /n de"elo#ment and o#erational testing, the augmentation #ro"ided y simulations is #rimarily that of #ro"iding a re#resentation of certain e-ternal factors and situations which cannot e #roduced in reality for a myriad of technical and!or other reasons. $est and e"aluation simulations are further di"ided into three su categories0 engineering, de"elo#mental testing, and o#erational testing. % 'ngineering. 'ngineering. 'ngineering simulations are used in the in"estigation of electrical, #hysical, and mechanical #henomena that is normally associated with the functioning of a #articular item in the engineering conte-t. % &e"elo#mental testing. testing. Simulations em#loyed in de"elo#mental testing are used #rimarily to augment testing of end items that function in the en"ironment during de"elo#ment. 1uman 2actors 3man-machine interface4 testing is included in simulations used for de"elo#mental testing. % 5#erational $esting. $esting. Simulations used to augment the testing of end items that undergo formal o#erational testing fall under the category of o#erational testing M&S. $he simulations used here could e either the same or different M&S as those used in de"elo#mental testing. Section 2.4 .roduction and -ogistics Simulations Production and logistics simulations include those a##lications that assist in determinations of logistics re+uirements, system #roducti"ity assessments, and industrial ase a##raisals. $hese simulations su##ort the Army6s #rocurement, trans#ortation, and maintenance of #ersonnel, materiel, and facilities.

Section 2.5 $nalysis Simulations $his category of M&S includes almost all of the other M&S in use not included in the a o"e categories. $his category is further ro7en down into two su categories0 o#erations su##ort and e"aluation. % 5#erations su##ort simulations are em#loyed in the control of daily o#erations. $hese o#erations include routine decision-ma7ing su##ort in logistical and administrati"e areas, as well as tactical and strategic su##ort of decision-ma7ing from the o#erational conte-t. % '"aluation simulations are those that are of an analytical nature that are not directly tied into o#erational re+uirements that occur on a daily asis. '"aluation simulations are further di"ided into two ty#es0 force ca#a ility and re+uirements and com at de"elo#ments. Simulations used in the area of force ca#a ility and re+uirements are em#loyed in situations that su##ort o#erations and acti"ities focusing on force effecti"eness studies, force structure and design analysis, cost analysis, force mi- assessments, course of action assessments concerning the distri ution of resources, and resource #lanning. $wo commonly 7nown analyses associated with force ca#a ility and re+uirements that are su##orted with simulations are $raining 'ffecti"eness Analysis 3$'A4 and 8ost and 5#erational 'ffecti"eness Analysis 385'A4. $he simulations used to su##ort com at de"elo#ment address the de"elo#ment of #olicy, doctrine, and strategy in the em#loyment of forces. Section 2.6 Education and Training Simulations Simulations used in the education and training category are used #rimarily in a classroom, seminar setting, or training e-ercise. $hey assist in the teaching of certain conce#ts. $hese simulations also #ro"ide insights and understandings in the use of "arious #rocedures, techni+ues, and tactics. /n addition, these simulations focus on conce#tual #lanning at the o#erational and strategic le"els of war and can address o#erations other than war 355$W4. $here are two asic ty#es of education and training simulations0 s7ill de"elo#ment and e-ercise dri"ers. % S7ill de"elo#ment simulations are in wide-s#read use in the training en"ironment from indi"idual to collecti"e training. $hese M&S can e used to hel# train indi"idual and crew-mem er s7ills on s#ecific items of e+ui#ment through team integration s7ills using multi#le items of e+ui#ment used in the field en"ironment. $hese simulations can also e em#loyed to address staff and #rocedural s7ills in a structured 89 en"ironment. % '-ercise dri"er simulations are em#loyed to assist in training field organi:ations and their staffs. $hese are used #rimarily as 89 e-ercise dri"ers training commanders and their staffs at echelons from com#any to echelons a o"e cor#s 3'A84. Although they are most often used in and closely associated with command ;

#ost e-ercises 38P<s4 they can, in addition, su##ort and augment field e-ercises y re#resenting either friendly forces or o##osing forces or oth. $he reader is reminded that the focus of this hand oo7 is 'ducation and $raining Simulations. This chapter categori ed the types of simulations used by the Army by end use. The !ducation and Training "imulations# as the focus of this handboo$# should be distinguished from the other simulation types so the proper tool will be used in training. Although attempts e%ist to conduct training and to draw training conclusions from some of the other models# training can best be conducted by using training simulations. This handboo$ concentrates on C2 training simulations and will use the term &training simulations& to refer to &education and training '("& categori ed above by end use.

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