Microsoft Power Point - 12 OMF000401 Case Analysis-Handover ISSUE2

Case Analysis --
Handover
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

References
31160978-BSC Traffic Statistic Manual Volume I
31033203-BSS Troubleshooting Manual
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Understand the principles of handover
Analyze and solve handover problems
Contents
1. Measurement Points of Handover
2. Handover Data Process
3. Analysis of Handover Problem
4. Handover Cases
Measurement Points of Intra BSC Handover
MS BTS(Source) BSC BTS(Target) MSC
Measurement Report
Measurement Report Attempted internal inter cell H.O
Handover decision
Channel Activation
Channel Activation ACK

Internal inter cell H.O
Handover Command (Old FACCH)
Handover Access (New FACCH)
Handover Complete (New FACCH) Successful internal inter cell H.O
RF Channel Release
Handover Performed
Measurement Points of Intra BSC Handover
Handover formula definition
Inter cell radio handover success rate
=(Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers + Successful
outgoing internal inter cell handovers) / (Incoming internal inter cell
handovers + Outgoing internal inter cell handovers )
Internal inter cell handover success rate
=(Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers + Successful
outgoing internal inter cell handovers) / (Attempted incoming internal
inter cell handovers + Attempted outgoing internal inter cell handovers)
Inter cell radio handover success rate >= Internal inter cell
handover success rate
Measurement Points of Inter-BSC Handover
MS BTS(Source) BSC MSC BSC BTS(Target)
Attempted outgoing inter BSC inter cell H.O
Measurement Report
Attempted incoming inter BSC inter cell H.O
Handover Required
Handover Request
Channel ACT
Channel ACT ACK
Handover Request ACK
Handover Command
Handover Access
Handover Detect
Handover Complete
Successful incoming inter BSC H.O
Handover Complete
Clear Command (HO successful)

Successful outgoing inter BSC H.O
MS BSC-A MSC-A MSC-B VLR-B BSC-B MS

HO-
HO-Required Prepare_HO Allocate_HO_NUM
Send_HO_Report
Send_HO_Report_ACK
HO-
HO-Request
Prepare_HO_ACK HO-Request-ACK
IAI
HO-
HO-Command ACM
HO-Access
Process_Access_Signalling Some intermediate steps are omitted
HO-
HO-Complete
Send_End_Signal
Clear-
Clear-Command
Clear-Complete
Send_End_Signal_ACK
Inter BSC handover Success rate

=(Successful incoming inter BSC inter cell handovers + Successful outgoing inter BSC
inter cell handovers) / (Attempted incoming inter BSC inter cell handovers + Attempted
outgoing inter BSC inter cell handovers )
Incoming BSC handover Success rate

=(Successful incoming inter BSC inter cell handovers) / (Attempted incoming inter BSC
inter cell handovers)
Outgoing BSC handover Success rate

=(Successful outgoing inter BSC inter cell handovers ) / (Attempted outgoing inter BSC
inter cell handovers)
Contents
4. Handover Cases
Handover Data Process
Search MSC2
Handover target cell
judgement（4）（7） MSC1
Inter-MSC H.O（8）
BSC1 CGI（6）
H.O request（7）
BTS1 Channel active BSC2
（5）
Preprocessed BTS2
BA table（1）
MR（3）
MS
MR（2）
BCCH frequencies of all adjacent cells in BA2 table are sent to
MS on system message 5.
MS reports measurement report to BSS. It includes the BCCH ,
BSIC and signal level of the adjacent cells and serving cells.
When the measurement report is preprocessed, BSC determines
the CGI of all adjacent cells through BCCH frequency and BSIC .
BSC executes handover judgment flow such as basic cell
ranking . Once a proper target cell is found, the handover request
message which includes the target cell CGI will be sent to MPU of
BSC , and then MPU will confirm the module ID of the cell based
on the CGI.
MPU sends handover request message to the module and makes
statistics of "outgoing inter cell handover request". At the same time BSC
send the “channel active” to the BTS.
If the target cell triggered by BSC is an external cell, the CGI of the target
cell and service cell is sent to MSC on the handover required.
By matching the CGI of the target cell, MSC searches target cell . Once
the cell is found, MSC will confirm which BSC is belonged to, and send
the handover request message to this BSC.
If there is no CGI of the target cell , MSC will check “Adjacent MSC
Table" and find the target MSC, then send the handover request
message to that MSC.
Contents
4. Handover Cases
Analysis of Handover Problem
Types of handover problems
Locating handover problem
Causes of handover problem
Types of Handover Problems
Types － Possible Results
No handover － Cause call drop
Handover failure － Affect the conversation quality, and call drop.
Frequent handover － Affect the conversation quality and increase

load of the system
Locating Handover Problem
Traffic statistics analysis
Measurement of BSC overall performance
Measurement of inter cell handover performance
Measurement of outgoing/incoming inter cell handover performance
Measurement of performance of undefined adjacent cell
View alarm
Board fault, transmission, clock, etc.
Drive test
Signaling analysis
A interface, E interface, Abis interface
Causes of Handover Problem
Coverage
Interference
Antenna and feeder system
Base station hardware
Transmission
BSC hardware
Data Configuration
A interface
Target cell congestion
Cooperation with equipment of other manufacturers
Causes of Handover Problem
causes Types No H.O H.O failure Frequent H.O
Coverage √ √ √
Interference √
Antenna and feeder system √
BTS hardware √
transmission √
BSC hardware √
Data configuration √ √ √
A interface √ √ √
Target cell congestion √ √
H.O between equipment of √

different manufactures
Coverage and Interference at Radio Interface
Coverage:
Poor coverage: forest, complicated topography, building direction
and indoor coverage
Isolated site: no adjacent cell
Over shooting: island effect result in no adjacent cell
Interference: MS can not access network or receive any signal.
Island Effect Results in Handover Failure
There is no
adjacent cell, so
handover becomes Non-adjacent
impossible. Adjacent
cell
cell N1
Service cell
Non-adjacent
cell Adjacent
Cell N2
Non-adjacent Adjacent
cell Cell N3
Isolated island
resulting from
over shooting
Antenna and Feeder System
High Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
Antenna is not properly installed
Antenna is not parallel
The azimuth and downtilt are not correct
Poor antenna isolation value
RF cables, connection are loose or incorrect
BTS Hardware
CDU, splitter/combiner failure
TRX failure
TMU failure
Clock failure
Internal communication cable
Transmission
Transmission is not stable
Serious BER in transmission
Fault of BSC Hardware

Clock board: the faulty clock board causes clock inconsistency
between base stations.
Data Configuration
Unsuitable setting of handover hysteresis and handover priority.
Unsuitable setting of P, N value of statistic time
Unsuitable frequency and adjacency relation configured in

BA1/BA2 table
CGI, BCCH and BSIC in "External Cell Description Table" are

different from those in the opposite BSC.
The DPC of BSC in MSC "LAI and GCI Table" is incorrect.
A interface problem
Basically, the insufficient link resource results in the abnormal
handover, as well as abnormal communication.
Circuit pool numbers are different ,causing the handover failure.
Target cell congestion

The target cell is congested, which causes the handover failure.
Then the target cell should be expanded or reduce its traffic .
Handover between equipment of different manufacturers
The signaling at A interface, E interface of the opposite
equipment are not matched to our equipment and can not be
recognized or supported, which causes the handover failure,
such as voice version, handover number, TUP circuit,
addressing mode (CGI or LAI).
Contents
4. Handover Cases
Handover Case 1
Fault Description
A 1800 cell of a dual-band network (all the 1800 cells belong
to one BSC), the incoming handover success rate of incoming
BSC and intra BSC are low from the beginning of the service,
while the outgoing handover success rate of intra-BSC and
inter-BSC are normal.
Handover Case 1
Analysis:
Register the traffic statistics and analyze whether the low handover
success rate is due to the failure of handover from all cells to this cell
or from some few cells.
If handover fails from some few cells to this cell, check the handover
data and see whether there is co-channel and co-BSIC problem.
If handover fails from all other cells to this cell, check the data of this
cell.
If data cause is ruled out, check the hardware carefully. Check the
alarm or perform drive test to locate uplink fault or downlink fault.
Check step by step and find out the cause.
Handover Case 1
Solution:
Register the incoming inter cell handover measurement function and find that
the successful rate of handover from all other cells to this cell is low, although it
is not always 0 percent. Based on careful data checking, the data of this cell is
correct.
Perform drive test and find that the downlink signal is normal but almost all
handovers to this cell are failure. Near the BTS, the handover is successful
occasionally. Perhaps the problem is with the uplink signal.
Check the uplink channel, antenna, CDU, they are no problem. Change the
TRX , everything is normal.
Conclusion:
The symptom is that the uplink and downlink at UM interface are unbalanced
so uplink voice quality is bad.
Handover Case 2
Fault Description
After LAPD software upgrade of a dual-band network on 19th
September, it was found that some cells in module 4 under
1800 network are seriously congested (40％～50％), and
overall handover indices of BSC come down from 95％ to 90％.
From "Inter -cell Hanover Measurement Function, it was found
that besides module 4, some cells of other modules also suffer
from the problem that inter cell handover success rate is low.
After 19th September, the situation became worse.
Handover Case 2
Analysis:
Check whether it is attributed to LAPD software upgrade.
Analyze traffic statistics and the main causes of the failure to

locate the problem.
Handover Case 2
Solution:
Check whether it is attributed to LAPD software upgrade. After the
upgrade, not all cells under module 4 are congested and the handover
indices of some cells are not low. Upgrade isn’t the cause.
Analyze traffic statistics:
Congested cells are mostly at site A and site B. Their traffics are
lower than before the upgrade. It is a pseudo congestion.
The cells where handover success rate is low are mostly at site A,
B, C, D and E, the main cause of the failure is timer timeout.
Handover Cases 2
Solution:
Check alarm: At 19:31 of 18th September, the clock system
alarms of site A and site B occurred. It is found that 13M clock
isn’t synchronous. The clock problem result in low handover
success rate of the two sites. Such impact spread to the
adjacent cells of these two cells and even affected the whole
network.
Analyze handover data and traffic statistics: All cells where

handover success rate is low are adjacent to A and B except A
and B themselves.
Handover Cases 2
Solution:
Reset site A and site B, the clock system is recovered, and the
handover success rate inter/intra BSC goes up to 93％. The problem
is solved.
Conclusion:
The problem in clock system will result in low handover success
rate. Pay attention to the alarm console and the excursion of the
clock system.
Handover Cases 3
Fault Description:
Huawei BSC and another manufacturer’s BSC (S vender) are
connected to the same MSC. After cutover, MS can not handover
from S BSC to Huawei BSC but opposite is normal.
Handover Cases 3
Analysis:
Since incoming BSC handover request times is 0 but the
outgoing handover is normal. Carefully check the outgoing
inter-cell handover signaling and handover data at S BSC.
Handover Cases 3
Solution:
Trace interface message. After receiving HO-REQUEST
message, Huawei BSC returns HO-FAILURE message
immediately. In normal conditions Huawei BSC should return
HO-REQ-ACK message. Carefully analyze HO-REQ message
and HO-FAILURE message.
Handover Cases 3
Handover failure
Handover Cases 3
HO-REQUEST
Handover Cases 3
Solution：
HO-FALUER: The cause of the failure is invalid message
content
HO-REQUEST: The difference is basically the Address

Indicator in comparison with the normal handover request
message. HUAWEI BSC does not recognize case 41. The
system thinks that Address Indicator must be 0x43. Inform the
owner of network, modify the relation parameter, and this
problem is solved.
Handover Cases 3
Conclusion:
In cooperation with equipment of other manufacturers, faults
can be located by analyzing the signaling.
Handover Cases 4
Fault Description:
Huawei MSC cooperate with MSC of N (vender). The
communication is normal. The Huawei intra BSC handover
and incoming BSC handover are normal, but outgoing BSC
handover success rate is about 25%. The handover from the
N BSC to Huawei BSC is successful, but opposite is failure
sometimes.
Handover Cases 4
Analysis:
Check handover data, including the external cell description
table, BA2 table, cell adjacency relation table inside Huawei
BSC and N BSC and CGI at N MSC. If the data are correct,
check outgoing BSC handover signaling.
Handover Cases 4
Solution:
Check data: There is no fault in BSC and MSC of the two
venders.
Check alarm: BTS maintenance console, No.7 link and A
interface circuit are all normal.
Trace Huawei A interface signaling. After "HO-REQUIRED"
message is sent, "HO-COMD" command is not received from
MSC.
Trace MAP message at E interface (inter-MSC) with a
signaling meter. It is found that after receiving HO-Number,
Huawei MSC never sends IAI (Initial Address Information).
Handover Cases 4
Solution:
Check HO-Number message from the opposite and find that the
handover code format is 130********(only a number of mobile
telephone, no any prefix). But this mobile company requires that
roaming/handover between exchanges should be in the format:
00+country code + roaming/handover number. In addition, Huawei
equipment does not recognize the handover number without
00+country code. Therefore the signaling is halted.
Discuss with N, asking them to add "00+country code" before the

handover number. Then outgoing BSC handover is normal.
Handover Cases 4
Conclusion:
Problems can be located quickly and accurately if you are
familiar with the signaling flow of handovers.
Handover Cases 5
Fault Description:
In the independent MSC networking of a dual band network,
Huawei 1800 network cooperate with 900 network of vender A .
After cutover, the successful rate of handover from M1800 to
M900 is low (about 60％), while the handover from M900 to
M1800 are normal and the handover data are correct.
Handover Cases 5
Analysis 1: Trace the signalings at A interface and E interface.
Normal signaling is as follow:
MS BSC-HW MSC-HW MSC-B VLR-B BSC-B MS

HO-REQUIRED MAP_Prepare_HO MAP_Allocate_HO_NUM
MAP_Send_HO_Report
MAP_Send_HO_Report_ACK
HO-REQUEST
HO-REQUEST-ACK
MAP_Prepare_HO_ACK
IAI
HO-Command ACM
HO-Access
MAP_Process_Access_Signaling Intermediate steps
HO-Complete are omitted.
MAP_Send_End_Signal
Clear-Command
Clear-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal_ACK
Handover Cases 5
Analysis 2: Abnormally signaling is as follow:
MS BSC-HW MSC-HW MSC-B VLR-B BSC-B MS

HO-REQUIRED MAP_Prepare_HO
MAP_Abort
HO-REJECT
Handover Cases 5
Solution:
Analyze the Prepare-HO message sent from Huawei MSC to the
opposite. The voice version is full-rate version 1, 2 and half-rate
version 1. It is a PHASE 2+ version. However there is only full-rate
version 1 in the message sent from M900 to Huawei M1800. It turns
out that the opposite does not support half-rate version, so the
handover fails.
Modify A interface circuit pool table of Huawei MSC data, only using
full-rate version 1.
Then the outgoing BSC handover is normal.
Handover Cases 5
Conclusion:
A GSM network, where one MSC is attached with two BSC, is
all configured with Huawei equipment. When the two BSC are
cutover, the successful rate of handover from BSC1 to BSC2
is 0, but opposite is normal. Intra BSC handover of BSC1 and
BSC2 are normal.
Handover Cases 6
Fault Description:
A GSM network, where one MSC is attached with two BSC, is
all configured with Huawei equipment. When the two BSC are
cutover, the successful rate of handover from BSC1 to BSC2
is 0, but opposite is normal. Intra BSC handover of BSC1 and
BSC2 are normal.
Handover Cases 6
Analysis:
Register “outgoing inter-cell handover measurement function”
of BSC1 and “incoming inter-cell handover measurement
function” of BSC2.
Check the data related to handover of BSC1 and BSC2.
Analyze signaling of handover failure.
Handover Cases 6
Solution:
Check all data of inter-BSC handover: external cell description
data table, BA2 table, CGI of MSC. No problem is found.
Trace A interface message of BSC1 and BSC2. After BSC1

sends "HO-REQUIRED", BSC2 has not received "HO-
REQUEST" message, but opposite is normal.
The path of data search: MSC goes to "LAI and GCI Table"
according to the CGI of the target cell in "HO-REQUIRED"
message, and sends HO request to the correct BSC base on
the description of the DPC of the cell given in the table.
Handover Cases 6
Solution:
The HO-REQUEST message, which should have been sent to
BSC2, is sent to BSC1. It is DPC error. After correction, the
problem is solved.
Handover Cases 6
Conclusion:
For the data of inter-BSC handover, besides checking whether
CGI at MSC side is consistent with that of opposite and BSC,
check whether the DPC is correct. MSC look up target DPC
based on the CGI of the target cell. When the DPC is incorrect,
"HO-REQUEST" will be sent to wrong BSC.
Handover Cases 7
Fault Description:
A dual band network is a mixed networking of Huawei BSC
(M1800) and vender N BSC (M900), attached to MSC of
vender S. After the cutover, the successful rate of Huawei
incoming BSC handover is always 88％～92％, while outgoing
BSC and intra-BSC handovers are normal (above 92％).
Furthermore, the cells with low successful rate of incoming
BSC handover are randomly distributed.
Handover Cases 7
Analysis:
Since the handover success rate is not very low and the low
ratio is not in some few cells, data problem is excluded.
Perhaps it is due to some interference at the radio interface
coverage hole. So, trace the signaling.
Handover Cases 7
Solution:
Perform forced handover with a test mobile between several
cells where handover success rate is low. The forced
handovers are all successful. Data problem is excluded.
The interference band of cells is ideal, call drop and congestion

rate are normal. It is unlikely that the coverage and interference
at the radio interface causes the problem.
Trace A interface signaling and compare the failure signaling

with success signaling:
Handover Cases 7
A interface signaling analysis of inter-BSC handover in MSC:
Failure signaling:
Success signaling:
Handover Cases 7
Solution:
The comparison result is that Huawei BTS has not detected
any MS access information (No HO DETECT signaling occurs).
It shows that there is problem when the MS is accessing
M1800 cells.
Reconfirm that there is no problem with the handover data,

otherwise the handover success rate will be very low.
Re-trace large number of handover signaling to find that all

failures are attributed to the same cause. In addition, the
problem is the same: there are several handover requests in a
call duration but all requests fail.
Handover Cases 7
Solution:
Analyze other similarities of the failed message, to find that the
first 6 digits of IMEI numbers of these MS are all 449684. It
shows that the handover problem is related to the MS.
Find the MS owners with the IMSI numbers and find that all MS
with handover problem are F MS. Not long ago it was proved
that this MS has poor insulation performance between M900
and M1800, so it can not access M1800 network. Now the
cause is found.
Handover Cases 7
Conclusion: MS problem will also causes handover failure.
In this case the handover success rate is not very low, therefore
coordination problem is unlikely.
Trace the signaling to find the cause of the handover failure: BTS has
not received handover access message from MS.
Find the similarity of these MS through large amount of signaling
tracing: IMEI numbers are the same. Then it is found that the problem
is on F MS.
The coverage of M900 is very good, F MS is always under M900 in
idle status. Therefore in a call, TCH assignment seldom fail, which will
not result in high congestion rate. But in handover, problem is very
likely to happen.
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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Case Analysis --

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

31033203-BSS Troubleshooting Manual

Analyze and solve handover problems

2. Handover Data Process

3. Analysis of Handover Problem

Measurement Report Attempted internal inter cell H.O

Channel Activation ACK

Handover Access (New FACCH)

Handover Complete (New FACCH) Successful internal inter cell H.O

Attempted outgoing inter BSC inter cell H.O

Channel ACT ACK

Handover Request ACK

Successful incoming inter BSC H.O

Clear Command (HO successful)

MS BSC-A MSC-A MSC-B VLR-B BSC-B MS

Inter BSC handover Success rate

outgoing inter BSC inter cell handovers )

Incoming BSC handover Success rate

inter cell handovers)

Outgoing BSC handover Success rate

inter cell handovers)

2. Handover Data Process

3. Analysis of Handover Problem

2. Handover Data Process

3. Analysis of Handover Problem

Locating handover problem

Causes of handover problem

Handover failure － Affect the conversation quality, and call drop.

Frequent handover － Affect the conversation quality and increase

Antenna and feeder system √

Target cell congestion √ √

H.O between equipment of √

Isolated site: no adjacent cell

Over shooting: island effect result in no adjacent cell

Interference: MS can not access network or receive any signal.

Antenna is not properly installed

Antenna is not parallel

The azimuth and downtilt are not correct

Poor antenna isolation value

RF cables, connection are loose or incorrect

Internal communication cable

Serious BER in transmission

Fault of BSC Hardware

Unsuitable setting of P, N value of statistic time

Unsuitable frequency and adjacency relation configured in

CGI, BCCH and BSIC in "External Cell Description Table" are

The DPC of BSC in MSC "LAI and GCI Table" is incorrect.

Circuit pool numbers are different ,causing the handover failure.

Target cell congestion

2. Handover Data Process

3. Analysis of Handover Problem

Analyze traffic statistics and the main causes of the failure to

Analyze traffic statistics:

Analyze handover data and traffic statistics: All cells where

HO-REQUEST: The difference is basically the Address

Discuss with N, asking them to add "00+country code" before the

MS BSC-HW MSC-HW MSC-B VLR-B BSC-B MS

MS BSC-HW MSC-HW MSC-B VLR-B BSC-B MS

Then the outgoing BSC handover is normal.

Check the data related to handover of BSC1 and BSC2.

Analyze signaling of handover failure.

Trace A interface message of BSC1 and BSC2. After BSC1