Allah

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This article is about the Arabic word "Allah". For the Islamic view of God, see God in Islam. For other uses, see Allah (disambiguation).
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Allah (English pronunciation: /l/ or /l/; Arabic:

V T E

Allh, IPA: [allh] (

listen))

is theArabic word

for God (literally 'the God', as the initial "Al-" is the definite article).[1][2][3] It is used mainly by Muslims to refer to God in Islam,[4] Arab Christians, and often, albeit not exclusively, by Bah's, Arabic-speakers, Indonesian and Maltese Christians, and Mizrahi Jews.[5][6][7]
Contents
[hide]

1 Etymology

2 Usage

o o o o

2.1 Nabataeans 2.2 Islam 2.3 Christianity 2.4 Judaism

3 As a loanword

o o o

3.1 English and other European languages 3.2 Malaysian and Indonesian language 3.3 In other scripts and languages

4 Typography

4.1 Unicode

5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links

Etymology

The Arabic components that build-up the word "Allah": 1. alif 2. hamzat wal ( ) 3. lm 4. lm 5. shadda ()

6. dagger alif () 7. h

The term Allh is derived from a contraction of the Arabic definite article al- "the" and ilh"deity, god" to al-

lh meaning "the [sole] deity, God" ( , ho theos monos).[8]Cognates of the name "Allh" exist in
other Semitic languages, including Hebrew andAramaic.[9] Biblical Hebrew mostly uses the plural form (but functional singular) Elohim. The corresponding Aramaic form is lh in Biblical Aramaic and Alh inSyriac as used by the Assyrian Church, both meaning simply 'God'.[10] In the Sikhscriptures, Guru Granth Sahib, the term Allah (Punjabi: ) is used 37 times.[11] The name was previously used by pagan Meccans as a reference to a creator deity, possibly the supreme deity in pre-Islamic Arabia.[12][13] The concepts associated with the term Allah (as a deity) differ among religious traditions. In pre-Islamic Arabia amongst pagan Arabs, Allah was not considered the sole divinity, having associates and companions, sons and daughtersa concept that was deleted under the process ofIslamization. In Islam, the name Allah is the supreme and all-comprehensive divine name, and all other divine names are believed to refer back to Allah.[14] Allah is unique, the only Deity, creator of the universe and omnipotent.[5][6] Arab Christians today use terms such as Allh al-Ab ( , 'God the Father') to distinguish

their usage from Muslim usage.[15] There are both similarities and differences between the concept of God as portrayed in the Quran and the Hebrew Bible.[16] It has also been applied to certain living human beings as personifications of the term and concept.[17][18] There is a Unicode character for the word Allh, = U+FDF2.[19] Many Arabic type fonts feature special ligatures for Allah.[20]

Usage
Many inscriptions containing the name Allah have been discovered in Northern and Southern Arabia as early as the 5th century B.C., including Lihyanitic, Thamudic and South Arabian inscriptions.[21][22][23][24] The name Allah or Alla was found in the Epic of Atrahasis engraved on several tablets dating back to around 1700 BC in Babylon, which showed that he was being worshipped as a high deity among other gods who were considered to be his brothers but taking orders from him.[25] Dumuzid the Shepherd, a king of the 1st Dynasty of Uruk named on the Sumerian King List, was later overvenerated so that people started associating him with "Alla" and the Babylonian god Tammuz.[26]

Nabataeans
The name Allah was used by Nabataeans in compound names, such as "Abd Allah" (The Servant/Slave of Allah), "Aush Allah" (The Faith of Allah), "Amat Allah" (The She-Servant of Allah), "Hab Allah" (Beloved of

Allah), "Han Allah" (Allah is gracious), "Shalm Allah" (Peace of Allah), while the name "Wahab Allah" (The Gift of Allah) was found throughout the entire region of the Nabataeankingdom.[27][28] From Nabataean inscriptions, Allah seems to have been regarded as a "High and Main God", while other deities were considered to be mediators before Allah and of a second status, which was the same case of the worshipers at the Kaaba temple at Mecca.[29]

Islam
Main article: God in Islam See also: Names of God in the Qur'an

Medallion showing "Allah" in Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey.

According to Islamic belief, Allah is the proper name of God,[30] and humble submission to his will, divine ordinances and commandments is the pivot of the Muslim faith.[5] "He is the only God, creator of the universe, and the judge of humankind."[5][6] "He is unique (wid) and inherently one (aad), all-merciful and omnipotent."[5] The Qur'an declares "the reality of Allah, His inaccessible mystery, His various names, and His actions on behalf of His creatures."[5]

Allah script outside Eski Cami (The Old Mosque) inEdirne, Turkey.

In Islamic tradition, there are 99 Names of God (al-asm al-usn lit. meaning: 'the best names' or 'the most beautiful names'), each of which evoke a distinct characteristic of Allah. [6][31] All these names refer to Allah, the supreme and all-comprehensive divine name.[14] Among the 99 names of God, the most famous and most frequent of these names are "the Merciful" (al-Ramn) and "the Compassionate" (al-Ram).[6][31] Most Muslims use the untranslated Arabic phrase in sh Allh (meaning 'if God wills') after references to future events.[32] Muslim discursive piety encourages beginning things with the invocation of bismillh (meaning 'in the name of God').[33] There are certain phrases in praise of God that are favored by Muslims, including "Subn Allh" (Holiness be to God), "al-amdu lillh" (Praise be to God), "l ilha ill Allh" (There is no deity but God) and "Allhu akbar" (God is great) as a devotional exercise of remembering God (dhikr).[34] In a Sufipractice known as dhikr Allah (lit. remembrance of God), the Sufi repeats and contemplates on the nameAllah or other divine names while controlling his or her breath.[35] Some scholars[who?] have suggested that Muammad used the term Allah in addressing both pagan Arabs and Jews or Christians in order to establish a common ground for the understanding of the name for God, a claim Gerhard Bwering says is doubtful.[30] According to Bwering, in contrast with pre-Islamic Arabian polytheism, God in Islam does not have associates and companions, nor is there any kinship between God and jinn.[30] PreIslamic pagan Arabs believed in a blind, powerful, inexorable and insensible fate over which man had no control. This was replaced with the Islamic notion of a powerful but provident and merciful God.[36] According to Francis Edwards Peters, "The Qurn insists, Muslims believe, and historians affirm thatMuhammad and his followers worship the same God as the Jews (29:46). The Quran's Allah is the same Creator God who covenanted with Abraham". Peters states that the Qur'an portrays Allah as both more powerful and more remote than Yahweh, and as a universal deity, unlike Yahweh who closely follows Israelites.[16]

Christianity
The Aramaic word for "God" in the language of Assyrian Christians is lh, or Alaha. Arabic-speakers of all Abrahamic faiths, including Christians and Jews, use the word "Allah" to mean "God".[7] The Christian Arabs of today have no other word for "God" than "Allah".[15] (Even the Arabic-descended Maltese language of Malta, whose population is almost entirely Roman Catholic, uses Alla for "God".) Arab Christians for example use terms Allh al-ab ( ) meaning God the Father, Allh al-ibn ( ) mean God the Son, and Allh

al-r al-quds (
concept of God.)

) meaning God the Holy Spirit. (See God in Christianity for the Christian

Arab Christians have used two forms of invocations that were affixed to the beginning of their written works. They adopted the Muslimbismillh, and also created their own Trinitized bismillh as early as the 8th century CE.[37] The Muslim bismillh reads: "In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful." The Trinitized bismillh reads: "In the name of Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, One God." The Syriac, Latin and Greek invocations do not have the words "One God" at the end. This addition was made to emphasize themonotheistic aspect of Trinitian belief and also to make it more palatable to Muslims.[37] According to Marshall Hodgson, it seems that in the pre-Islamic times, some Arab Christians made pilgrimage to the Kabah, a pagan temple at that time, honoring Allah there as God the Creator.[38] Some archaeological excavation quests have led to the discovery of ancient Pre-Islamic inscriptions and tombs made by Arabic-speaking Christians in the ruins of a church at Umm el-Jimal in Northern Jordan, which contained references to Allah as the proper name of God, and some of the graves contained names such as "Abd Allah" which means "the servant/slave of Allah".[39][40][41] The name Allah can be found countless times in the reports and the lists of names of Christian martyrs in South Arabia, as reported by antique Syriac documents of the names of those martyrs from the era of the Himyarite & Aksumite kingdoms.[42][43] A Christian leader named Abd Allah ibn Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad was martyred in Najran in 523 AD, and he had worn a ring that said "Allah is my lord".[43][44] In an inscription of Christian martyrion dated back to 512 AD, references to Allah can be found in both Arabic and Aramaic, which called him "Allah" and "Alaha", and the inscription starts with the statement "By the Help of Allah".[43][45][46] In Pre-Islamic Gospels, the name used for God was "Allah", as evidenced by some discovered Arabic versions of the New Testamenttwritten by Arab Christians during the Pre-Islamic era in Northern and Southern Arabia.[43][47][48] Pre-Islamic Arab Christians have been reported to have raised the battle cry "Ya La Ibad Allah" (O slaves of Allah) to invoke each other into battle.[49] "Allah" was also mentioned in pre-Islamic Christian poems by some Ghassanid and Tanukhid poets in Syria and NorthernArabia.[50][51][52]

Judaism
Main articles: Mizrahi Jews and Names of God in Judaism As Hebrew and Arabic are closely related Semitic languages, it is commonly accepted that Allah (root, ilh) and the Biblical Elohim are cognate derivations of same origin, as in Eloah a Hebrew word which is used (e.g. in the Book of Job) to mean '(the) God' and also 'god or gods' as in the case of Elohim, ultimately deriving from

the root El, 'strong', possibly genericized from El (deity), as in the Ugariticlhm "children of El" (the ancient Near Eastern creator god in pre-Abrahamic tradition). In Jewish scripture Elohim is used as a descriptive title for the God of the scriptures whose name is YHWH, as well as for pagan gods.

As a loanword
English and other European languages
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T E

The history of the name Allh in English was probably influenced by the study of comparative religion in the 19th century; for example, Thomas Carlyle (1840) sometimes used the term Allah but without any implication that Allah was anything different from God. However, in his biography of Muammad (1934), Tor Andr always used the term Allah, though he allows that this "conception of God" seems to imply that it is different from that of the Jewish and Christian theologies.[53] Languages which may not commonly use the term Allah to denote God may still contain popular expressions which use the word. For example, because of the centuries long Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula, the word ojal in the Spanish language and oxal in the Portuguese language exist today, borrowed from Arabic (Arabic: ) . This phrase literally means 'if God wills' (in the sense of "I hope so").[54] The German poet Mahlmann used the form "Allah" as the title of a poem about the ultimate deity, though it is unclear how much Islamic thought he intended to convey. Some Muslims leave the name "Allh" untranslated in English.[55]

Malaysian and Indonesian language

The first dictionary of Dutch-Malay byA.C. Ruyl, Justus Heurnius, and Caspar Wiltens in 1650 recorded "Allah" as the translation of the Dutch word "Godt".

Main article: Titular Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur v. Menteri Dalam Negeri Christians in Indonesia use Allah to refer to God in the Indonesian language. Mainstream Bible translations in the language use Allah as the translation of Hebrew Elohim (translated in English Bibles as "God").[56] This goes back to early translation work by Francis Xavier in the 16th century.[57][58] The first dictionary of Dutch-

Malay byA.C. Ruyl, Justus Heurnius, and Caspar Wiltens in 1650 (revised edition from 1623 edition and 1631 Latin-edition) recorded "Allah" as the translation of the Dutch word "Godt".[59] Ruyl also translated Matthew in 1612 to Malay language (first Bible translation to non-European language, only a year after King James Version was published[60][61]), which was printed in the Netherlands in 1629. Then he translated Mark which was published in 1638.[62][63] The government of Malaysia in 2007 outlawed usage of the term Allah in any other but Muslim contexts, but the High Court in 2009 revoked the law, ruling that it was unconstitutional. While Allah had been used for the Christian God in Malay for more than four centuries, the contemporary controversy was triggered by usage of Allah by the Roman Catholic newspaper The Herald. The government appealed the court ruling, and the High Court suspended implementation of its verdict until the appeal was heard. In October 2013, the court ruled in favor of the government's ban.[64] In early 2014, the Malaysian government confiscated more than 300 bibles for using the word to refer to the Christian God.[65]

In other scripts and languages

Name of Allh after the 17th-century Ottoman calligrapher Hfz Osman

Allh in other languages that use Arabic script is spelled in the same way. This
includesUrdu, Persian/Dari, Uyghur among others.

Assamese, Bengali: Allah Bosnian: Allah Chinese: l, nl; Zhnzh (semantic translation as "the true master"), Huda (Khoda, from Persian language)

Czech, Slovak: Allch Greek: Allch

Hebrew: Allah Hindi: Allh Malayalam: Ah Japanese: Ar, Arr, Arrfu Maltese: Alla Korean: Alla Polish: Allah, also archaic Allach or Aach Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian: Serbian, Belarusian, Macedonian: Spanish, Portuguese: Al Thai: Anlw Punjabi (Gurmukhi): Allh, archaic Alahu (in Sikh scriptures) Allakh Alah

Typography

The word Allah written in different writing systems.

The word Allh is always written without an alif to spell the vowel. This is because the spelling was settled before Arabic spelling started habitually usingalif to spell . However, in vocalized spelling, a small diacritic alif is added on top of the shaddah to indicate the pronunciation. One exception may be in the pre-Islamic Zabad inscription,[66] where it ends with an ambiguous sign that may be a lone-standing h with a lengthened start, or may be a non-standard conjoined l-h:-

: This reading would be Allh spelled phonetically with alif for the . : This reading would be al-Ilh = 'the god' (an older form, without contraction), by older spelling practice without alif for .

Unicode
Unicode has a codepoint reserved for Allh, = U+FDF2, in the Arabic Presentation Forms-A block, which exists solely for compatability with older, legacy character sets that encoded presentation forms

directly,[67] which is dicouraged for new text. Instead, the word Allh should be represented by its individual Arabic letters, while modern font technologies will render the desired ligature. The calligraphic variant of the word used as the Coat of arms of Iran is encoded in Unicode, in the Miscellaneous Symbols range, at codepoint U+262B ().

See also
Islam portal Religion portal

Islamic eschatology Abdullah (name) Ilh Names of God Tawd Dhikr Termagant Five Pillars of Islam Kabah Prophets of Islam El (deity)

Notes
1. Jump up^ "God". Islam: Empire of Faith. PBS. Retrieved 18 December 2010. 2. Jump up^ "Islam and Christianity", Encyclopedia of Christianity (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as Allh. 3. 4. Jump up^ L. Gardet. "Allah". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Jump up^ Merriam-Webster. "Allah". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 25 February 2012. 5. ^ Jump up to:
a b c d e f

"Allah." Encyclopdia Britannica. 2007.

Encyclopdia Britannica 6. ^ Jump up to: Africa, Allah 7. ^ Jump up to:

a b a b c d e

Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North

Columbia Encyclopedia, Allah

8. 9.

Jump up^ L. Gardet, Allah, Encyclopaedia of Islam Jump up^ Columbia Encyclopaedia says: Derived from an old Semitic root referring to the Divine and used in the Canaanite El, the Mesopotamian ilu, and the biblical Elohim and Eloah, the word Allah is used by all Arabic-speaking Muslims, Christians, Jews, and other monotheists.

10. Jump up^ The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Entry for lh 11. Jump up^ Guru Granth Sahib website (Search: 12. Jump up^ L. Gardet, "Allah", Encyclopedia of Islam 13. Jump up^ Smith, Peter (2000). "prayer". A concise encyclopedia of the Bah' Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 274275.ISBN 978-185168-184-6. 14. ^ Jump up to:
a b

Murata, Sachiko (1992). The Tao of Islam : a sourcebook

on gender relationships in Islamic thought. Albany NY USA: SUNY. ISBN 978-0-7914-0914-5. 15. ^ Jump up to:
a b

Lewis, Bernard; Holt, P. M.; Holt, Peter R.; Lambton, Ann

Katherine Swynford (1977). The Cambridge history of Islam. Cambridge, Eng: University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-521-29135-4. 16. ^ Jump up to:
a b

F.E. Peters, Islam, p.4, Princeton University Press, 2003

17. Jump up^ Nation of Islam personification of Allah as Detroit peddler W D Fard 18. Jump up^ "A history of Clarence 13X and the Five Percenters", referring to Clarence Smith as Allah 19. Jump up^ Unicode Standard 5.0, p.479,492 20. Jump up^

Arabic fonts and Mac OS X Programs for Arabic in Mac OS X

21. Jump up^ Ren Dussaud, Les Arabes en Syrie avant lIslam (Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1907), Pages: 141 22. Jump up^ Philip Hitti, History of the Arabs: From the Earliest Times to the Present, Tenth Edition (New York: St. Martins Press, 1970), Pages: 100 23. Jump up^ F. V. Winnett, A Study of the Lihyanite and Thamudic Inscriptions (Toronto: 1937), Pages: 30

24. Jump up^ Kenneth J. Thomas, The Bible Translator: Technical Papers, Vol. 52:3, (July 2001), Pages: 301-305 25. Jump up^ Stephanie Dalley (1989), Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others, Oxford University Press, Pages: 3-10 26. Jump up^ Thorkild Jacobsen, The Harps that Once: Sumerian Poetry in Translation (1997), Yale University Press, Part. 1, Pages: 53-61 27. Jump up^ Kees Versteegh, The Arabic Language (1997), Columbia University Press-New York, Page: 30 28. Jump up^ Dan Gibson, The Nabataeans: Builders of Petra (2003), Page: 209 29. Jump up^ John F. Healey, The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus (2000), Brill Publishing, Page: 83 30. ^ Jump up to:
a b c

Bwering, Gerhard, God and His Attributes,

Encyclopaedia of the Qurn, Brill, 2007. 31. ^ Jump up to:

a b

Bentley, David (September 1999). The 99 Beautiful

Names for God for All the People of the Book. William Carey Library.ISBN 978-0-87808-299-5. 32. Jump up^ Gary S. Gregg, The Middle East: A Cultural Psychology, Oxford University Press, p.30 33. Jump up^ Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, Islamic Society in Practice, University Press of Florida, p. 24 34. Jump up^ M. Mukarram Ahmed, Muzaffar Husain Syed, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Anmol Publications PVT. LTD, p. 144 35. Jump up^ Carl W. Ernst, Bruce B. Lawrence, Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and Beyond, Macmillan, p. 29 36. Jump up^ Allah, Encyclopdia Britannica 37. ^ Jump up to:
a b

Thomas E. Burman, Religious Polemic and the

Intellectual History of the Mozarabs, Brill, 1994, p. 103 38. Jump up^ Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, University of Chicago Press, p. 156 39. Jump up^ James Bellamy, Two Pre-Islamic Arabic Inscriptions Revised: Jabal Ramm and Umm al-Jimal, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 108/3 (1988) 40. Jump up^ Enno Littmann, Arabic Inscriptions (Leiden, 1949)

41. Jump up^ Rick Brown, International Journal of Frontier Missions, (23:2 Summer 2006), page 80. 42. Jump up^ Ignatius Ya`qub III, The Arab Himyarite Martyrs in the Syriac Documents (1966), Pages: 9-65-66-89 43. ^ Jump up to: page 8. 44. Jump up^ Alfred Guillaume& Muhammad Ibn Ishaq, (2002 [1955]). The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Isqs Srat Rasl Allh with Introduction and Notes. Karachi and New York: Oxford University Press, page 18. 45. Jump up^ Adolf Grohmann, Arabische Palographie II: Das Schriftwesen und die Lapidarschrift (1971), Wien: Hermann Bhlaus Nochfolger, Page: 6-8 46. Jump up^ Beatrice Gruendler, The Development of the Arabic Scripts: From the Nabatean Era to the First Islamic Century according to Dated Texts (1993), Atlanta: Scholars Press, Page: 47. Jump up^ Frederick Winnett V, Allah before Islam-The Moslem World (1938), Pages: 239248 48. Jump up^ Michael Macdonald, Personal Names in the Nabataean RealmJournal Of Semitic Studies (1999), Page: 271 49. Jump up^ Irfan Shahd, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century, Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University-Washington DC, page 418. 50. Jump up^ Irfan Shahd, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century, Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University-Washington DC, Page: 452 51. Jump up^ A. Amin & A. Harun, Sharh Diwan Al-Hamasa (Cairo, 1951), Vol. 1, Pages: 478-480 52. Jump up^ Al-Marzubani, Mu'jam Ash-Shu'araa, Page: 302 53. Jump up^ William Montgomery Watt, Islam and Christianity today: A Contribution to Dialogue, Routledge, 1983, p.45 54. Jump up^ Islam in Luce Lpez Baralt, Spanish Literature: From the Middle Ages to the Present, Brill, 1992, p.25 55. Jump up^ F. E. Peters, The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, Princeton University Press, p.12
a b c d

Rick Brown, Who was Allah before Islam? (2007),

56. Jump up^ Example: Usage of the word "Allah" from Matthew 22:32 in Indonesian bible versions (parallel view) as old as 1733 57. Jump up^ The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society Sneddon, James M.; University of New South Wales Press; 2004 58. Jump up^ The History of Christianity in India from the Commencement of the Christian Era: Hough, James; Adamant Media Corporation; 2001 59. Jump up^ Justus Heurnius, Albert Ruyl, Caspar Wiltens. "Vocabularium ofte Woordenboeck nae ordre van den alphabeth, in 't Duytsch en Maleys". 1650:65 60. Jump up^ Barton, John (200212). The Biblical World, Oxford, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27574-3. 61. Jump up^ North, Eric McCoy; Eugene Albert Nida ((2nd Edition) 1972). The Book of a Thousand Tongues, London: United Bible Societies. 62. Jump up^ (Indonesian) Biography of Ruyl 63. Jump up^ Encyclopdia Britannica: Albert Cornelius Ruyl 64. Jump up^ Roughneen, Simon (14 October 2013). "No more 'Allah' for Christians, Malaysian court says". The Christian Science Monitor. 65. Jump up^ BBC. 2 January 2014 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia25578348 |url= missing title (help). Retrieved 3 January 2014. 66. Jump up^ "Zebed Inscription: A Pre-Islamic Trilingual Inscription In Greek, Syriac & Arabic From 512 CE". Islamic Awareness. 17 March 2005. 67. Jump up^ The Unicode Consortium. FAQ - Middle East Scripts

References

The Unicode Consortium, Unicode Standard 5.0, Addison-Wesley, 2006, ISBN 978-0-321-48091-0, About the Unicode Standard Version 5.0 Book

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Concept of God (Allah) in Islam The Concept of Allh According to the Qur'an by Abdul Mannan Omar Allah, the Unique Name of God

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