Agriculture - Simple tips for saving diesel in tractors Know your tractor Your manual will tell you

everything you need to know about the maintenance and operation of your tractor. Research shows that a badly maintained tractor wastes up to 25 % of precious diesel.

Stop diesel leaks Check your tractor daily. A leak of one drop per second can cost you 2000 liters of diesel per year.

Turn your engine off, when you stop An idling tractor wastes more than 1 liter of diesel every hour.

Drive in the correct gear-always If your tractor struggles to pull a load with the throttle at maximum, shift to a lower gear. If it accelerates, shift to a higher gear. Wrong gear selection can increase fuel consumption by 30% and reduce field output by 50%. . Does your tractor smoke, too? A tractor that smokes excessively wastes precious diesel. Faulty fuel injection can increase fuel consumption by 25 %. Dirt-your engines worst enemy Good air filtration is important since tractors often operate in dusty condition. Research has proved that unfiltered air wears out cylinder bores 45 times faster and piston rings 115 times faster than normal. Good fuel filtration is important. Dirty fuel will endanger the engine. Use quality fuel filters and replace them as recommended. Wheels that slip waste diesel Keep tractor wheels from slipping by adding water ballast's and/or cast iron weights. Add just the right amount of weight to keep wheel slippage to the minimum.

Worn out tyres reduce pulling power Replug your tyres on time. While refitting tyres, make sure the V treads point downwards when viewed from the front.

Match hauling capacity with load Choose implement size and tractor operating speed to match your engines full horsepower Run in the highest gear possible at which your tractor doesnt smoke.. You may consume up to 30% more fuel if you use undersized implements or operator at low speeds.

Plan your field run Plough according to a planned layout that reduces idle running, backtracking and awkward turn. You will save diesel if you plough long furrows instead of short ones.

Transport - Good Driving Habits How to make every drop last longer Drive between 45-55 Km/H Drive slow and steady. The faster you go, the more wind resistance your vehicle will face. If you go at speeds above 60 Km/H, you will waste petrol. Tests on Indian cars prove that you can get up to 40 % extra mileage at 45-55 Km/H as against 80 Km/H.

Keep your engine healthy Tests on a large number of cars prove that you can save as much as 6% by tuning your car regularly. If your engine emits black smoke, has poor pulling power or consumes large quantities of oil, get it checked immediately

Get your car serviced at every 5000 kms.

Drive in the Correct Gear Incorrect gear shifting can lead to as much as 20% increase in fuel consumption. Start your car in the 1st gear only, except if you are in a muddy patch or going downhill then engage the 2nd gear.

. Top Dont wait for your car to warm up Instead, drive in low gear till the engine warms up. Use choke briefly only when necessary.

Remember At 10C and below, your fuel consumption per kilometer doubles when you make trips of 5 kms or less. So combine trips.

Good Braking Habits Stop-and-go driving wastes fuel. When you slam on the brakes, a lot of useful energy is wasted in the form of heat. A good driver always anticipates stops.

Check wheel alignment at regular intervals.

Keep your Foot off the Clutch Use clutch only when you change gears. Riding the clutch causes loss of energy and damages clutch-linings.

Use your handbrake when stopped on an upgrade and dont forget to release it when restarting. Dont manipulate the clutch and accelerator to stay stationary because it wastes fuel. Top

Clean Air Filter Regularly Air filter prevents dust from Fouling the engine. Dust causes rapid wear of engine components and increases fuel consumption.

Cylinder bores wear out 45 times faster in engines without air-cleaners Clean air filters at every time-up.

Watch Your Tyre Pressure Under inflated tyres increase rolling resistance, which leads to higher petrol consumption.

When you stop your car, stop engine Always keep your car ready to start. Keep the battery, dynamo, self-starter and fan-belt in good condition. This will ensure a quick start whenever you need it.

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Use the Recommended grade of oil

Plan Your Route . You will get more mileage from each litre if you take a less congested route, even though it is slightly longer.

Fuel consumption in a highly congested road can be double the normal.

Reduce Loads Unnecessary loads increase fuel consumption.

A reduction of weight by 50 kg can lead up to 2% saving in fuel, when driving in the city. Remember that overhead racks increase wind resistance leading to higher fuel consumption. Top Share Your car-for car pools

Look for people who go in the same direction as you. You can share your car and the costs.

Plan Your Trips

Before you start on a trip, ask yourself two questions: Is this trip really essential? Can I combine this trip with other trips in the same direction?

Domestic - Make Gas & Kerosene last longer housewives can save upto 30% of cooking gas or kerosene by following a few simple fuelsaving tips? it is possible to save upto 30% of cooking gas or kerosene by following good cooking practices. It will be surprising to discover that certain cooking habits cause substantial waste of fuel. Given below are a few tips on how to minimize losses and get value for the money you spend on cooking gas or kerosene:A few minutes of planning ensures a big fuel saving Every thrifty you can avoid an idle flame if you prepare and keep all materials required for cooking within reach, before lighting the stove

Light your stove only after you have kept all the ingredients within your reach and ready for cooking. Put off an idle flame at once.

Pressure cooking saves fuel Pressure cooking is one of the fastest and most economical ways of cooking. Experiments have shown fuel (kerosene or cooking gas) savings of 20% on rice, 46% on soaked gram dal and 41.5% on meat, as compared to ordinary cooking. The savings in cooking time were equally high. To obtain further savings from a pressure cooker, use the separators of the cooker to cook different items such as rice, vegetable and dal, all at the same time. Just think of the fuel and money you will save! And have your entire meal ready quickly.

Use optimum quantity of water .Since water is extensively used in cooking, you should remember that surplus water wastes fuel. Besides, when the excess water is drained subsequently, precious nutrients are lost. An experiment on cooking rice with double the required quantity of water has revealed that fuel consumption increased by 65% So use only the optimum quantity of water for cooking.

Reduce the flame when boiling starts When a vessels contents reach boiling point, a low flame is enough to keep them boiling. Addition of more heat at the boiling stage causes further evaporation of the liquid without serving any useful purpose. Hence, when water or any other liquid is boiling, reduction in the flame will reduce

wastage.

Soak before cooking Experiments have shown that soaking ingredients such as dal and rice for various intervals of time before cooking saves fuel.

Sizeable savings in fuel are possible if you soak cereals in water before cooking.

Shallow, wide vessels save fuel if you cover the flame as much as possible by using a broad vessel, you will save fuel.. Where a narrower vessel cannot be avoided, try and reduce the flame so that it does not creep up on the sides of the vessel.

Put the lid on heat losses It is a good practice to cover cooking vessels and pans with a lid, as an open vessel loses heat to the atmosphere which means a waste of fuel.

The small burner saves fuel

Use the small burner or lower flame more often, as the case may be especially when you have time to spare.

A clean burner helps save fuel It is important to/clean the burner of your gas range regularly and trim or replace the wicks of the kerosene stove. Soot clogged gas burners and charred wick-ends of a kerosene stove increase fuel consumption. Regular maintenance of your stove helps you save fuel. In case stove knobs do not more freely, get them attended to.

For additional saving The use of ISI marked kerosene wick stoves in place of non -IST marked stove saves upto 25% of kerosene and the use of higher efficiency ISI marked LPG stove (the thermal efficiency level of which is 68%+) saves upto 15% of gas. Clean vessels help too Even a millimeter thick coating can reduce the flow of heat to the vessels contents. This increases your fuel consumption by as much as 10%.

. Allow frozen food to reach room temperature before cooking

Cold milk, frozen meal or any other cold food-stuff from the refrigerator should not be taken straight to the cooking pot. Keep it out of the refrigerator for some time before putting if on the stove. Very cold food consumes a larger amount of fuel.

Plan your meal timings

If all members of the family eat together, which signifies togetherness and increases joy, frequent reheating of food before serving can be avoided. If eating together is not possible, store cooked, hot food in insulated containers to serve it hot later.

Tips for Thermal Energy Conservation General Undertake regular energy audits. Plug all oil leakage. Leakage of one drop of oil per second amounts to a loss of over 2000 liters/year. Filter oil in stages. Impurities in oil affect combustion. Pre-heat the oil. For proper combustion, oil should be at right viscosity at the burner tip. Provide adequate Pre-heat capacity. Incomplete combustion leads to wastage of fuel. Observe the colour of smoke emitted from chimney. Black smoke indicates improper combustion and fuel wastage. White smoke indicates excess air & hence loss of heat. Hazy brown smoke indicates proper combustion. Use of Low air pressure film burners helps save oil upto 15% in furnaces.

Furnace Recover & utilize waste heat from furnace flue gase for preheating of combustion air. Every 21C rise in combustion air temperature results in 1% fuel oil savings. Control excess air in furnaces. A 10% drop in excess air amounts to 1% saving of fuel in furnaces. For an annual consumption of 3000 kl. of furnace oil. This means a saving of Rs 3 Lacs. (Cost of furnace oil-Rs. 10 per litre). Reduce heat losses through furnace openings. Observations show that a furnace operating at a temperature of 1000C having an open door (1500mm*750mm) results in a fuel loss of 10 lit/hr. For a 4000 hrs. furnace operation this translates into a loss of approx. Rs. 4 Lacs per year. Improve insulation if the surface temperature exceeds 20C above ambient. Studies have revealed that heat loss form a furnace wall 115mm thick at 650C amounting to 2650 Kcal/m2/hr can be cut down to 850 kcal/m2/he by using 65 mm thick insulation on the 115 mm wall. Proper design of lids of melting furnaces and training of operators to close lids helps reduce losses by 10-20% in foundries. Boiler Remove soot deposits when flue gas temperature raises 40C above the normal. A coating of 3mm thick soot on the heat transfer surface can cause an increase in fuel consumption of as much as 2.5%. Recover heat from steam condense. For every 6C rise in boiler feed water temperature through condense return, there is 1% saving in fuel. Improve boiler efficiency. Boilers should be monitored for flue gas

losses, radiation losses, incomplete combustion, blow down losses, excess air etc. Proper control can decrease the consumption upto 20%. Use only treated water in boilers. A scale formation of 1mm thickness on the waterside would increase fuel consumption by 58%. Stop steam leakage. Steam leakage from a 3 mm-diameter hole on a pipeline carrying steam at 7kg/cm2 would waste 32 kl of fuel oil per year amounting to a loss of Rs. 3 Lacs. Maintain steam pipe insulation. It has been estimated that a bare steam pipe, 150 mm in diameter and 100m in length, carrying saturated steam at 8kg/cm2 would waste 25 kl of furnace oil in a year amounting to an annual loss of Rs. 2.5 Lacs.

DG Sets Maintain diesel engines regularly. A poorly maintained injection pump increases fuel consumption by 4Gms/KWH. A faulty nozzle increases fuel consumption by 2Gms/KWH. Blocked filters increase fuel consumption by 2Gms/KWH. A continuously running DG set can generate 0.5 Ton/Hr of steam at 10 to 12 bars from the residual heat of the engine exhaust per MW of the generator capacity. Measure fuel consumption per KWH of electricity generated regularly. Take corrective action in case this shows a rising trend. Industry - Tips for Electrical Energy Conservation General Improve power factor by installing capacitors to reduce KVA demand charges and also line losses within plant. Improvement of power factor from 0.85 to 0.96 will give 11.5% reduction of peak KVA and 21.6% reduction in peak losses. This corresponds to 14.5% reduction in average losses for a load factor of 0.8. Avoid repeated rewinding of motors. Observations show that rewound motors practically have an efficiency loss of upto 5%. This is mainly due to increase in no load losses. Hence use such rewound motors on low duty cycle applications only. Use of variable frequency drives, slip power recovery systems and fluid couplings for variable speed applications such as fans, pumps etc. helps in minimizing consumption.

Illumination Use of electronic ballast in place of conventional choke saves energy upto 20%. Use of CFL lamp in place of GLS lamp can save energy upto 70%. Clean the lamps & fixtures regularly. Illumination levels fall by 2030% due to collection of dust. Use of 36W tubelight instead of 40 W tubelight saves electricity by 8 to 10%.

Use of sodium vapour lamps for area lighting in place of Mercury vapour lamps saves electricity upto 40%.

Compressed Air Compressed air is very energy intensive. Only 5% of electrical energy are converted to useful energy. Use of compressed air for cleaning is rarely justified. Ensure low temperature of inlet air. Increase in inlet air temperature by 3C increases power consumption by 1%. It should be examined whether air at lower pressure can be used in the process. Reduction in discharge pressure by 10% saves energy consumption upto 5%. A leakage from a diameter hole from a compressed air line 2 working at a pressure of 7kg/cm can drain almost Rs. 2500 per day. Air output of compressors per unit of electricity input must be measured at regular intervals. Efficiency of compressors tends to deteriorate with time.

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Use of double doors, automatic door closers, air curtains, double glazed windows, polyester sun films etc. reduces heat ingress and air-conditioning load of buildings. Maintain condensers for proper heat exchange. A 5C decrease in evaporator temperature increases the specific power consumption by 15%. Utillisation of air-conditioned/refrigerated space should be examined and efforts made to reduce cooling load as far as possible. Utillise waste heat of excess steam or flue gases to change over from gas compression systems to absorption chilling systems and save energy costs in the range of 50-70%. Specific power consumption of compressors should be measured at regular intervals. The most efficient compressors to be used for continuous duty and others on standby. Cooling Towers Replacement of inefficient aluminum or fabricated steel fans by moulded FRP fans with aerofoil designs results in electricity savings in the range of 15-0%. A study on a typical 20ft. diameter fan revealed that replacing wooden blade drift eliminators with newly developed cellular PVC drift eliminators reduces the drift losses from 0.01-0.02% with a fan power energy saving of 10%. Install automatic ON-OFF switching of cooling tower fans and save upto 40% on electricity costs. Use of PVC fills in place of wooden bars results in a saving in pumping power of upto 20%.

Pumps

Improper selection of pumps can lead to large wastage of energy. A pump with 85% efficiency at rated flow may have only 65% efficiency at half the flow. Use of throttling valves instead of variable speed drives to change flow of fluids is a wasteful practice. Throttling can cause wastage of power to the tune of 50 to 60%. It is advisable to use a number of pumps in series and parallel to cope with variations in operating conditions by switching on or off pumps rather than running one large pump with partial load. Drive transmission between pumps & motors is very important. Loose belts can cause energy loss upto 1-20%. Modern synthetic flat belts in place of conventional V-belts can save 5% to 10% of energy. Properly organized maintenance is very important. Efficiency of worn out pumps can drop by 10-15% unless maintained properly.

Promotional Schemes Energy Auditors empanelment scheme Besides these, PCRA also conducts Energy audits, Fuel Oil diagnostic studies, Studies in small scale industries, Follow-ups; Organizes technical meets, Consumer meets, Seminars, Institutional training programmers, Workshops, Clinics; helps in organizing Action Group meetings and puts up stalls in exhibitions on conservation of petroleum products