DISCRETE MATHEMATICS ECE MATH 311

TOPIC 5: PROOFS APPLICATIONS ON SETS & SUMMATION

By: Edison A. Roxas, MSECE

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the topic, the students should be able to: 1. Understand the ideas of sets and summation; 2. Define the characteristics of a set; 3. Analyze set representation, laws and logic; 4. Solve problems using set operations and Venn diagram; and 5. Analyze problems involving summation and products .

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Proofs Application on Sets & Summation

SETS
It is a well defined collection of distinct objects. Well defined set means that it is possible to determine whether an object belongs to a given set. The objects are called members and elements. denotes element of a set. aS is read as a is not an element of set S.

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Proofs Application on Sets & Summation

EXAMPLES
1. Collection of vowels in the English Alphabet: a, e, i, o, u 2. Collection of odd numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7 3. Collection of Laptop brands: Asus, Acer, Toshiba, Sony 4. Collection of favorite colors. 5. Collection of good movies.

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Proofs Application on Sets & Summation

SET REPRESENTATION
Two Ways of Describing a Set: 1. Tabular / Roster Form = a method of describing a set where elements are separated by commas and enclosed by braces. 2. Rule Form = is a method of describing a set which makes use of the description {x} and is read as the set of all elements x such that x.
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EXAMPLE 5.1:
Write the corresponding Rule or Roster form given the following: 1. {x x is an odd number between 0 and 9} 2. {x x2 1 0 x 5, x Z} 3. {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17}

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Proofs Application on Sets & Summation

KINDS OF SETS
1. Null or Empty Set { }, contains no element. 2. Equal Sets Sets A and B are equal, denoted by A = B. A = {1,2,3} and B = {2,1,3} are equal sets. 3. Equivalent Sets denoted by A~B, is they have the same number of elements. example: C = {a,b,c} and D = {4,5,6}
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KINDS OF SETS
4. Finite Sets contains countable number of elements. 5. Infinite Sets if the counting elements has no end. The sets of integer Z, positive integers N (or natural numbers), negative integers Z- , and non negative integers (or whole numbers) are infinite sets.

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Proofs Application on Sets & Summation

KINDS OF SETS
6. Universal Sets is the totality of elements under consideration. 7. Joint Sets are sets that have common elements. 8. Disjoint Sets are sets that have no common element. The set {0} are also disjoint sets.

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Proofs Application on Sets & Summation

FRACTIONS & DECIMALS

Rational Number denoted by Q may either be a fraction or integer. It is a number in the form of the ratio of two integers a and b denoted by a/b, where b 0.

Fractions can be expressed as a form of terminating decimal or repeating nonterminating decimals.

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FRACTIONS & DECIMALS

Terminating Decimals: a. Terminating Decimals: = 0.5; 1/5 = 0.2 b. Repeating nonterminating decimal: 1/3 = 0.333 ; 2/3 = 0.6666 c. Nonrepeating nonterminating decimal: pi = 3.14159265 e = 2.718281828 The third form of decimals is called irrational numbers.
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EXAMPLE 5.2: SET OPERATIONS

Given: u = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12} A = {2, 4, 10} B = {6, 10, 12} Union of Sets A and B Intersection of Sets A and B Complement of A Difference of Sets A and B

1. 2. 3. 4.

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LAW OF SETS
1. Commutative Laws 2. Associative Laws 3. Identity Laws AU0=A Au=A 4. Inverse / Complement Laws A U A = u A A = 0 5. Distributive Laws 6. De Morgans Laws
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VENN DIAGRAM
The Venn Diagram of sets makes use of a rectangle representing the universal set and circles are subset which may be shaded under consideration.

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EXAMPLE 5.3: VENN DIAGRAM

In a marketing survey conducted involving 150 companies, it was found out that 70 uses Brand A 75 uses Brand B 95 uses Brand C 30 uses Brands A and B 45 uses Brands A and C 40 uses Brands B and C 10 uses Brands A, B and C What is the number of companies that did not purchased any brand?
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INTERVALS ON NUMBER LINE & SUBSETS

The geometric interpretation to the set if real numbers is done by associating them with points on the horizontal line (or real line or x axis), called the number line. The real number line will be used in forming intervals. These intervals may be open (a,b), closed [a,b], or half open, or half closed [a,b) or (a,b].
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UNBOUNDED OR INFINITE INTERVALS

Intervals on a number line of the form: a. [a, + inf) b. (a, + inf) c. (-inf, a] d. (-inf, a) e. (-inf, +inf)

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SUMMATION & MULTIPLICATION SYMBOLS

Subscript notations are used when we are dealing with a large collection of objects. Summation can be used to represent a polynomial. The Greek sigma is used to stands for summation, . In analogy with the symbol , the Greek pi is generally used for the product sign. This product sign may also be used in compact form using the factorial notation n!.
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UNIVERSAL GATES
- Implementation of the Logic Gates using NAND and NOR gates.

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Proofs Application on Sets & Summation

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EXAMPLES
1. Given: A = {1, 7, 9, 10} & B = {4, 7, 9, 11} Find : a. A B b. B A 2. Find the actual expanded expression: a. F(A, B, C) = BC + A(C+B) b. F(X, Y, Z) = (X + Y) (Y + Z) 3. Prove that (2, 3, 4, 5) = (0, 1, 6, 7) of the F (x, y, z).
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