Ea t S%rin& Secondary Sc'oo(

Towards Excellence and Success

Na#e* +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++, C(a * ++++++++++

Second Se#e ter E$a#ination 2006 Secondary " E$%re SCIENCE

Monday 9 October 2006 Additional materials: OTAS 4 Writing papers INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES %rite &our na e' class and register nu !er in the spaces provided on the ans(er !oo"let. TO CANDIDATES INSTRUCTIONS Section A Ans(er a(( questions. )ecord &our ans(er in soft pencil on the OTAS. )ead the instructions on the OTAS. Section . Ans(er a(( questions. %rite the ans(ers in the spaces provided on pg ** to *5. Section C Ans(er an& /o0r of the five questions on the (riting papers provided. +egin each question on a fresh piece of paper. At the end of the e,a ination' fasten the ans(ers for Section - to the question paper. .and up the OTAS separatel& fro -alculators are allo(ed. IN)ORMATION )OR CANDIDATES The nu !er of ar"s is given in !rac"ets # question. $ at the end of each question or part the rest of the paper. 2 hour 0745-0945h

This A question paper Section [ 30 Mark ! consists of "9 printed pages including the cover page. 1

An 1er a(( 20e tion 3 " A hot test-tu!e should !e left to cool !efore (ashing it so that ///////////. A . C D 2 it (ill !e easier to (ash the inside it (ill not !e scratched !& the !rush stea (ill not for it (ill not crac"

0f 1ac" opened the air-hole of a +unsen !urner full& and then lighted the !urner' he (ill get a /////////////. A . C D lu inous fla e (hich is orange-&ello( in colour non-lu inous fla e (hich is pale !lue in colour fla e that stri"es !ac" (hich is green in colour s o"& fla e (hich gives off a lot of soot

2erric" (ants to find out the densit& of alcohol. .e uses an alcohol !ath (hich co prises of a s all !ea"er containing alcohol. The findings are sho(n !elo(. 3ass of alcohol !ath 3ass of e pt& !ea"er 5olu e of alcohol 4Ag 4+g 4- l

%hat is the densit& of alcohol6 A C 4

A B C C A B

. D

A B C

B + A C

Stud& the speeds given !elo( carefull&. -heetah Ostrich S(ift 3)T train 70 72 " 49 90 " 8s 8h 8s 8h

%hich of the follo(ing is arranged in increasing order of their speed6 A cheetah' s(ift' 3)T train' ostrich . ostrich' 3)T train' cheetah' s(ift C 3)T train' ostrich' s(ift' cheetah D ostrich' 3)T train' s(ift' cheetah

So e t&pes of sala ander loo" li"e li:ards in so e (a&s. %hich of the follo(ing characteristics can one use to tell the apart6 A li:ard //////////////. A . C D la&s eggs !ut not a sala ander. has dr& scal& s"in !ut a sala ander has loose and oist s"in. is cold-!looded !ut a sala ander is (ar -!looded. !reathes (ith its lungs !ut a sala ander !reathes (ith its gills onl&.

Su!stance ; has lo( densit&' does not conduct heat or electricit& and can !e co pressed. 0t is !est used ///////////. A . C D to provide !uo&anc& to su! arines as an insulation in ther os flas" as a filler for the o,&-acet&lene tan" in the fire e,tinguisher eans

+oth sand and glass have the sa e che ical for ula SiO 2. This the& are //////////. A . C D different for s of the sa e co pound different states of the sa e ele ent ade fro different ele ents an- ade o/ di ti((ation 'o1n be(o13

70e tion 8 to 9 re/er to t'e %roce

%hich of the follo(ing indicates the and <6 % A . C D .eated i,ture 3i,ture at !oiling point 3i,ture 3i,ture

ain difference !et(een the liquids % < -ooled i,ture =urified' cooled solution =ure solute =ure solvent

Structure > helps to //////////////. A . C D increase the surface area over (hich the gas can condense reduce the chance of evaporation provide a cool surface' thus a"ing it easier for condensation to ta"e place provide ore ti e for separation of solute fro solvent to ta"e place

"0

.' ?i' @a' A' )!' -s and Br are the ele ents present in the first vertical colu n in the =eriodic Ta!le. %hich of the state ents given !elo( is true6 The& !elong to the sa e ////////////////////. A . C D period and have si ilar properties group and have si ilar properties period and thus sho( a gradual change fro etallic properties at the top of the vertical colu n to non etallic properties at the !otto of the vertical colu n group and thus sho( a gradual change fro etallic properties at the top of the vertical colu n to non etallic properties at the !otto of the vertical colu n

St0dy t'e c'e#ica( reaction &i9en be(o1 t'en an 1er 20e tion "" and "23
(gas)

X+Y Z
(gas)

(liquid)

""

A co pound C<D (as for ed !& co !ining su!stances ; and >. -o pound < is /////////. A C nitrogen dio,ide (ater . D car!on dio,ide agnesiu o,ide

"2

Stud& the ta!le sho(n !elo(. %hich of the plant e,tracts can !e used as indicators6 =lant A + 2 A C -olour of e,tract >ello( Ereen =urple =urple -olour in acid >ello( >ello( green =in" =in" . D -olour in al"ali >ello( >ello( green +lue green

A onl& - and 2

+ and A and 2

"3

Ancient shields ade of !ron:e or copper often had decorative reliefs carved or etched on the . This sho(s that etals are ////////////. A C soft attractive . D ductile allea!le

70e tion "4 and "5 re/er to t'e readin& on a 9ernier ca(i%er be(o1*

(ith Ha(s closed

)eading o!tained (hen easuring internal dia eter of a !ea"er

"4

%hat is the :ero error of this vernier calipers6 A C F0.04 c F0.0G c . D 0.04 c 0.0G c

"5

%hat is the internal dia eter of the !ea"er6 A C 4.44 c 4.74 c . D 4.7G c 4.4G c

"6

Stud& the diagra s sho(n !elo(.

,i-

,ii-

,iii -

,i9 -

3ore force is required to pull the o!Hect that is resting on //////////. A C "6 glass ar!le . D concrete ice

3rs ?i loves (earing ver& high stiletto heels. .o(ever' she al(a&s finds that her feet hurt after (earing the for * I 2 hours. %hich of the follo(ing !est e,plains (h&6 A . C D Shoes (ith stiletto heels are narro( and her feet are squee:ed into the . The (eight of her !od& is resting ainl& on her toes. 0t is not a natural position for the feet. The area of a stiletto heel is s all' so a lot of pressure is e,erted on the heel.

"8

Tina and %end& (ere given equal a ount of solvent ; at 25 -. The& (ere each as"ed to dissolve 20g of solute > in solvent ;. Tina could dissolve solute > in solvent ; at a faster rate than %end&. %hich of the follo(ing helped Tina to dissolve ore of >6 JiK Jiii K A C Te perature of solvent @ature of solute JiK and JiiK JiK and JiiiK JiiK Surface area of the solute i,ture thoroughl&

JivK Stirring the . D

JiiK' JiiiK and JivK JiiK and JivK

St0dy (e9er A and . 'o1n be(o1 and an 1er 70e tion "9 and 203

"9

A and + are si ilar as !oth ////////////////////. A . C D produce a large ove ent fro a s all ove ent !elong to the sa e class of lever produce a large force fro a s all effort produce a s all force fro a large effort

20

A and + are different as the //////////////. A . C D fulcru is !et(een the load and effort in A and the load is !et(een the fulcru and the effort in + effort is !et(een the load and fulcru in A and the load is !et(een the fulcru and the effort in + fulcru is !et(een the load and effort in A and the effort is !et(een the load and fulcru in + load is !et(een the fulcru and effort in A and the fulcru is !et(een the load and effort in + ass

2"

0f a space suit (eighs *40 @ on the surface of the 3oon' (hat is its on Larth6 #Borce of gravit& on A C *20 "g 72 "g oon is
1 of the force of gravit& on Larth$ 6

. D

G0 "g 94 "g 7

22

The picutures !elo( sho( a other pushing a !a!& pra roads. 0n (hich situation is she doing the ost (or"6 A .

along different

23

The figure !elo( sho(s a !i etallic strip ade of copper and alu iniu . Eiven that alu iniu e,pands ore than copper' (hich of the follo(ing sho(s ho( the t(o etals (ill loo" li"e after heating6 copper alu iniu A .

24

On a ver& hot da&' deep pools of (ater re ain cool even (hen e,posed to sunlight !ecause ////////////. A . C D convection currents in the (ater re ove heat fro the surface the (ater surface reflects heat ra&s the heated (ater (ill evaporate' leaving !ehind the cool (ater (ater conducts heat ver& slo(l&

25

%hat happens to the level of (ater in the glass tu!e (hen the test tu!e has !een i ersed in !ea"ers A and + for so e ti e6 A oves up(ards oves do(n(ards oves up(ards oves do(n(ards . oves do(n(ards oves up(ards oves up(ards oves do(n(ards

A . C D 26

%hich of the follo(ing state ents a!out the vacuole is incorrect6 A . C D The vacuole is a storage organ. The vacuole of a (ilted plant is e ptier than that of a health& plant. %hen a plant a!sor!s too uch (ater' the vacuole (ill get !igger and eventuall& !urst. The cell sap in the vacuole helps the plant "eep its shape. icroscope.

26

Bour students studied the cell sho(n !elo( under the

The& all agreed that the cell is not a plant cell !ut an ani al cell. %hose e,planation is a!solutel& correct6 A . C D Sa Ti To Sall& M 0t is an ani M 0t is an ani M 0t is an ani M 0t is an ani al cell !ecause it has no cell (all. al cell !ecause it has no thin cell (all. al cell !ecause it has thin Hell&-li"e c&toplas . al cell !ecause it has a nucleus.

28

Stud& the diagra

sho(n !elo(.

%hich diagra correctl& sho(s (hat happen to the fla e (hen a lighted atchstic" is held a!ove the (ire gau:e and the !unsen !urner is turned on6 A .

29

Solar coo"ers are successfull& used to coo" food. %hich of the e,a ples !elo( is si ilar to the solar coo"er in ter s of energ& conversion ta"ing place6 A C Solar calculator Solar (ater heaters . D ?eaves of green plants Solar (atches

30

%hich one of the follo(ing (ill not help conserve energ&6 A . C D Nse of fluorescent la p instead of fila ent la p. )ec&cling aterials. Nse cars rather than !uses and trains as the latter require run. Nse of ore energ& efficient engines for vehicles.

ore fuel to

10

Section . ,30 #ark Ans(er A:: the questions in the spaces provided. ." 2aniel (ants to find out (hich (ire is the !est conductor of heat. .e sets up the apparatus as sho(n in Bigure +*.*. The results are as sho(n in Bigure +*.2.

)i&0re ."3"

)i&0re ."32 ,aBor the e,peri ent to !e a fair test' na e the varia!les that !e "ept constant. ust #*$

///////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////////////////////////// ,b%hich aterial conducts heat fastest6 L,plain &our ans(er. #2$

///////////////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////////////////////////////////

11

.2

L,plain the follo(ing o!servations. ,a+o(ling alle&s have a s ooth polished surface. #*$

///////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////////////////////////// ,bOiling the parts of a !ic&cle a"e it go faster. #*$

///////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////////////////////////// ,cBighter airplanes have a s ooth sli strea lined shape. #*$

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ .3 ,a%hat is a !i etallic strip6 #*$

///////////////////////////////////////////////////// ,bState the principle on (hich the !i etallic strip (or"s. #2$

///////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////////////////////////// ,cThe diagra (or"s. sho(s a ther ostat in a fire alar . L,plain ho( it #2$

///////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////////////////////////// 12

.4

)i&0re .43" Bigure +4.* sho(s a tin can cut into t(o equal parts. The inside of one half of this tin can is !lac"ened and the other half is left shin&. A lighted candle is put in the centre of the can as sho(n. %ooden stic"s A and + are stuc" to the outside of the tin can (ith (a,. ,a%hich (ooden stic" (ill fall off first6 #*$

///////////////////////////////////////////////////// ,bL,plain &our ans(er #2$

///////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////////////////////////// .5 Stud& Ta!le +5.* carefull&.

Tab(e .53"

13

,a-

%hich of the su!stances given in Ta!le +5.* are

etals6

#*$

///////////////////////////////////////////////////// ,b%hat is eant !& the ter C allea!leD6 #*$

///////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////////////////////////// ,cNsing Ta!le +5.*' identif& the follo(ing su!stances !ased on their properties and uses. #2$ AM ////////////// -M ////////////// .6 +M //////////////// 2M ////////////////

0f a plant respires as (ell as photos&nthesi:es during the da&' e,plain the state ent' O=lants give out o,&gen during the da& and car!on dio,ide during the nightP. #2$ /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

.6

Siti is using a icroscope to vie( a speci en. The e&epiece is 5; and o!Hective lens agnification is *0;. JaK -alculate the total agnification of this icroscope.

agnification #2$

J!K

She placed an antDs leg (hich is a!out 0.7 long on icroscopic slide and vie(ed it through the icroscope using a!ove agnification. %hat is the length of the antDs leg under icroscope6

the the the #2$

14

.8

-alculate the (or" done in each case in Houles J1K. JaK

#2$

J!K

#2$

.9

,a-

%hat is division of la!our6

#*$

//////////////////////////////////////////////// ,b%h& is division of la!our i portant to plants and ani als6 #*$ ////////////////////////////////////////////////

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; 15

Section C ,40 #ark Ans(er an& )OUR questions. C" )ead e,peri ents A and +. Ans(er the questions that follo(M ,aE$%eri#ent A *. =lace an e pt& uncapped glass !ottle (ith a s all outh in a free:er co part ent for five inutes. 2. )e ove the !ottle fro the free:er and i ediatel& cover the outh of the !ottle (ith a (et coin (hich covers the entire outh of the !ottle. O!servationM The coin rises and falls on the outh of the !ottle. ,iL,plain (hat causes the o!servation. #7$ ,ii%hat precaution ust !e ta"en to ensure the coin (ill rise and fall6 #*$ ,iii%hen (ill the coin stop oving6 #*$ E$%eri#ent . A vertical stra( is stuc" to the !otto of an e pt& Har (ith so e cla&. The stra( contains so e coloured (ater. The level of coloured (ater is ar"ed (ith per anent ar"er pen. The Har is then placed in a free:er for a fe( hours. ,i,ii,iiiC2 ,a%hat happens to the level of coloured (ater in the stra(6 #*$ L,plain &our ans(er to JdK. #2$ 0f the Har is allo(ed to stand at roo te perature' (hat (ill happen to the level of coloured (aterr in the stra(6 #2$

,b-

Bigure -2.* and -2.2 sho(s t(o t&pes of cells. ,i0dentif& the cells. #2$ ,iiState their functions and descri!e the features that ena!le the to do the function. #4$

)i&0re C23" ,b,c-

)i&0re C232

L,plain ho( are the proportions of o,&gen and car!on dio,ide re ain roughl& the sa e in the at osphere6 #2$ -ar!on dio,ide' the ain product of all co !ustion' is so eti descri!ed as a Cgreenhouse gasD' as it gives rise to environ ental pro!le called the CEreenhouse LffectD. L,plain pro!le and ho( it can upset the environ ental !alance. es an the #2$

16

C3

Stud& Bigures -7.* and -7.2 carefull&.

)i&0re C33"

)i&0re C332

A irah (ants to test if car!on dio,ide is essential for photos&nthesis. She "ept t(o si ilar !alsa plants in a dar" roo for 2 da&s and then placed the sa e !alsa plants under conditions A and + as sho(n in Bigures -7.* and -7.2. +oth sets of apparatus (ere then placed under !right sunlight for * da&. ,a,b,c%hich of the plant is e,posed to car!on dio,ide6 L,plain &our ans(er. #7$ A irah (ants to perfor the starch test (ith leaves fro plants in Bigures -7.* and -7.2. +riefl& state the steps for starch test. #2$ The test results (ere sho(n in Bigure -7.7. %hat can &ou conclude fro these results6 #2$

)i&0re C333 ,dState the conditions necessar& for photos&nthesis to ta"e place and (rite do(n the equation for photos&nthesis. #7$

17

C4,a- -lara (ants to fi, a door "no! on her ne( door. She > and < on her door as sho(n.

ar"s 7 positions ;'

,i,ii,iii,b-

She pushes the door at point > (hich is 50 c fro the hinge. -alculate the o ent of the force if she uses 20@ to push the door. #*$ 0f she pushes the door at position ; (hich is 40 c fro the hinge' (hat force ust she e,ert to have the sa e turning effect as calculated in JaKJiK6 #2$ She then fi,es the door"no! at position < (hich is 70 c fro the hinge. L,plain (h& she chose position <. #2$

1osephine attached t(o o!Hects ; and > (eighing 50 @ and 70 @ respectivel& at the *0-c and 90-c ar" of the etre rule as sho(n.

)i&0re C43" At (hich ar" should she place the fulcru !alanced6 so that the etre rule is #2$

,c- -larisse o!served that her high heeled shoes !ore deeper ar"s into the carpet than her flat shoes. She traced the shoesD areas on t(o pieces of graph papers as sho(n !elo(. The force e,erted !& her foot (as 700 @.

-alculate the pressure e,erted !& shoe A and +.

#7$ 18

C5

,a-

Stud& the follo(ing e,peri ent carefull&. .old &our hand under an unlighted electric !ul!' pal facing up(ard. @o( turn on the electricit&. >ou feel the heat al ost instantaneousl&. ,i@a e the ethod !& (hich heat transfer too" place in the a!ove e,peri ent. #*$ ,iiL,plain (h& the ethod of heat transfer identified in JaKJiK is the onl& possi!le ethod in the a!ove e,peri ent. #7$ %h& is it !eco ing no(ada&s6 ore and ore i portant to conserve energ& #7$

,b,c-

Stud& the pie chart sho(ing the (orld energ& sources carefull&.

,i,ii-

L,plain (h& fossil fuels are the ost (idel& used (orld energ& source. #*$ %h& are oil' coal and natural gas i portant sources of energ& toda&6 #2$

END O) <A<ER

19

An 1er ,S"E Science SE2 2006Section A 7n An 7n An 7n An * 2 ** 2* 2 2 *2 22 + 7 + *7 2 27 + 4 + *4 + 24 2 5 + *5 A 25 + G A *G + 2G 7 A *7 + 27 A 9 2 *9 2 29 A 9 *9 29 *0 + 20 A 70 -

Section . 7n An 1er +*a =ariab(e ke%t con tant %ires Q coins used (ere identical in length and si:e ! -opper conducts heat fastest. The (a, on the copper coin ta"es the shortest ti e to elt' follo(ed !& alu iniu and then iron. +2a The s ooth polished surface of the !o(ling alle& and the polished surface of the !all help to reduce friction. ! Oiling helps to reduce friction. c The s ooth strea lined shape allo(s air to flo( easil& over the aircraft and reduces air resistance. +7a A !i etallic strip is ade up of t(o different strips of (elded or riveted together. etal Mark * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

! 2ifferent etals e,pand or contact !& different a ounts for the sa e change in te perature. c 0n a fire' the !i etallic strip gets heated and it !ends to touch the contact. This co pletes the electric circuit and the !ell !egins to ring. +4a Stic" A ! A !lac" surface is a good a!sor!er of heat Thus it a!sor!s heat uch ore quic"l& than a shining surface. As a result the (a, on the !lac" surface elts first. +5a + and -

! 3allea!leM a!ilit& to !e ade into different shapes and !ent (ithout !rea"ing.

20

c AM car!on JgraphiteK +M silver -M ercur& 2M sulphur

A(( correct > 2 #ark 2 to 3 correct > " #ark " correct > 0 #ark

+G =lants respire and photos&nthesi:e during the da& !ut the o,&gen needed !& the plants to respire is less than the a ount that is released during photos&nthesis. Thus plants give out o,&gen Jafter a portion has !een used up during respirationK during the da&. At night' in the a!sence of light' photos&nthesis stops and the net result is plants give out car!on dio,ide. +7a 5 , *0 4 50; ! 0.7 , 50 4 75 +9a 500 , G 4 7000 1 ! *95 c 4 *.95 *0 , *.95 4 *9.5 1 #* #* #* #* I cal ' * Ical' * I cal' * I cal' * I ans$ I ans$ I ans$ I ans$

* 2 2 2 2 * *

+9a 0t refers to each t&pe of specialised cells perfor ing a particular function. ! 0t ena!les an efficient and s ooth functioning in the organis s so that the& can survive !etter. Section C 7n An 1er -*ai -ooling causes the air in the !ottle to contract and ta"e up less space. This allo(s ore cold air to flo( into the !ottle. %hen re oved fro the free:er co part ent this cold air starts to heat up and e,pands. The gas e,erts enough pressure on the coin to cause it to rise slightl&. ii The coin ust !e repositioned if it falls leaving a space for the gas to escape. iii %hen the te perature inside the !ottle !eco es equal to the surrounding te perature. !i The level of the fro:en coloured (ater is a!ove the original ii %ater e,pands (hen it free:es. .ence (ater in solid state ta"es up a ount of (ater in the liquid state. ar". ulti-cellular

Mark * * * * * * *

ore space than the sa e *

21

iii The level of the coloured (ater (ill return to the ar"ed level on the stra(. As ice elts and (ater rises to original te perature' (ater (ill contract to its original volu e. -2ai @erve cellR root hair cell #* each$

* * 2 * *

aii @erve cell. BunctionM )eceives and transfers essages fro various organs BeatureM @erve fi!res e,tending fro the cell help to pic" up and transfer these essages fro one cell to the ne,t )oot hair cell. BunctionM .elps in the a!sorption of (ater and ineral salt fro the soil. BeatureM -ell has elongated fine hair parts (hich spreads into tin& soil particles and (ater !et(een the soil particles is a!sor!ed !& the root hair cell. ! O,&gen is used up during respiration in plants and ani als !ut is replaced during photos&nthesis in plants. -ar!on dio,ide is produced during respiration !ut is used up during photos&nthesis. c -ar!on dio,ide gas causes heat to !e trapped in the at osphere and gives rise to glo!al (ar ing. This can cause natural disasters such as droughts and floods to occur. -7a =lant under condition + is e,posed to car!on dio,ide. -ar!on dio,ide present in the glass container is a!sor!ed !& the sodiu h&dro,ide solution under condition A. Air entering has car!on dio,ide re oved !& the soda li e as (ell. ! *. 2. 7. 4. =ut the leaf in !oiling (ater for 2 inutes to "ill it. =ut the leaf in a !oiling tu!e one quarter filled (ith alcohol and (ar in a hot (ater !ath for *0 inutes to decolouri:e the leaf. )e ove leaf fro alcohol and rinse it in hot (ater. =lace leaf on (hite tile and add 2 drops of iodine solution on the leaf.

* * * * * * * * * 2

c Starch (as a!sent fro the leaf under condition A as the leaf did not photos&nthesi:e. Starch (as present in the leaf under condition + sho(ing that the leaf has photos&nthesi:ed (ith the help of car!on dio,ide. d Sunlight' chloroph&ll' car!on dio,ide' (ater #*
car$on dio"id! + #at!r
chloroph ll

* * 2 * 22

I ever& 2 correct$

o" g!n + glucos!

sunlight

-4ai 3o ent 4 20 0.5 4 *0 @ aii *0 @ 4 0.4 force applied Borce applied 4 25 @ #* I cal Q * I ans$

* 2 * * * ar".
2

aiii Borce applied 4 *0 0.7 4 *4.7 @ >es' the door (ill open easil& as the effort or force needed to have the sa e turning effect is less than in cases JaK and J!K. ! 50, 4 70J90-,K , 4 70 Bulcru placed at 40-c

c Area 4 *5 J0.02 0.02K 4 0.00G =ressure 4

300 4 50 000 =a 0%006

#*
2

I cal Q *

I ans$

Area 4 9 J0.02 0.02K 4 0.0072 =ressure 4 -5ai )adiation.

300 4 97750 =a 0%0032

* * * * * * * * * 2

aii .eat canDt reach !& conduction as air is a poor conductor of heat. @or !& convection as convection currents (ould carried the heat up(ards' a(a& fro &our hand. )adiation transfers heat in ever& direction fro the heat source. ! +ecause societ& is using increasing a ounts of energ& than in the past. 2ue to the inventions of achines and electronic gadgets. %orldDs energ& resources are continuall& depleting (hich a"es it essential to use energ& and its resources as efficientl& as possi!le. ci Bossil fuels (hich are ade up of natural gas' oil and coal for @earl& 9*S of energ& sources used. ii -heap' readil& availa!le' high energ& value. #an& 2$

23