Verh. Irlternnt. Vcrein. Lininol.

25

2400- 2404

Stucrgnrr,Oktober 1994

Distribution of Daphnia in high mountain and temperate lakes o South America

Lorena Villalobos

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Introduction

Results and discussion

The study of the genus Daphnia in the northern hemi- Table 2 shows the 9 species of Daphnia and the sphere in the last two centuries has attracted great atten- lakes where they were found. Among the 40 sarntion. Among the most predominant are the classical ples collected the most predominant species were monographs of BROOKS (1957). the study of FL~SSNER D. pulex s.1. and D. obtirsa s.1. Daphnia pulex LN(1972) or the works presented in PETERS &DEBERNMDIDIG was present in a great number in the high (1987), which present a good summary of the different mountain lakes and ponds of southern Peru D~pi~nia studies in Europe and North American Conti- around the Titicaca Lake basin, extendly to the nent. Ijowever little is known about the distribution of the Dup/)~ia in high mountains and temperate lakes of Chilean Lake of Chungara in the same area. It will pdex appears as the South An~erica. FERNANDO et al. (1987) wrote about the be noted that southward D. only species that colonizes one of the deep oligodistribution of Daphnia in lowlands lakes of tropical region whereby he also made a reference to the tropical mesotrophic lakes of the Northpatagonia in Chile Sour11American regions. It will be remembered that ex- (L. Ranco). In the southern part of South America pedition from time to time around 1900 in the high D. pulex s.1. reappears in lakes situated in Fireland. mountain and temperate lakes of South America in- In this wide range of distribution D. pulex, howdicated the existenceof t h e D a p h n i a ( R 1 c ~ 1897 ~ ~a, ~ EK- ever, assume a grade of morphological variability. . MAN 1900, 1905, DADAY 1902,1905, STINGELIN 1914, DEN o found of D. prtlex from Central Chile and its LACHAUX 1919). HARDING (1955) also reports the presence of Daphnia in ponds around the Titicaca Lake ba- surroundings, but could be more a question of sin, even local publications refer to taxonomy or distri- sampling, rather than an actual biogeographical bution of this genus and its related in particular areas in fact. In my study I found D. Argntirla, Chile arid Peru (RICHARD 1897 b, B~RADEN Daphnia obtusa s.1. KURZ. 1917, 1918, 1953, 1954, OLIVIER 1962, PAGGI 1973, 1977, obtusa to besituated further north than D. pule& - it DOMINGUEZ 1973, VILUGUDE GAMUNDI 1978, HANN was found in a temporary pond in the Pararno area 1986, V A L ~ I V I A 1988, VALDIVIA & BURGER 1989). of Colombia. The samples from Peru do not show L6r:n.m (1961) and 'THOMAS~ON (1955, 1963) similarly a presence of D. obtusu,'but HARDING (1955) reports ~nentionthe existence of Daphnk around the lakes of its existence in ponds located around Lake TitiNord Patagonia and those in the southern pan of South America. Nevertheless all this works still hold the distri- caca. In Central Chile D. obtusd appears in the An1992), and in this long grabution of this genus in South America in question par- dean Lake Inca (GELLER ticularly because many names to the different species dient is again present in ponds situated in Fireland. (1900) A reports the preswere given at a time, when the taxonomical problems An earlier study by V ~ V R had not yet been resolved. In view of the scarce knowl- ence of this species in the same area. Since D.obtusa edge about the distributio~~ of Duphnia in high rnoun- was long time synonymized with D. pulex it is diffitain and temperate lakes of South America this work cult to speak of its actual distribution. For instance gives a study of the biogeographical distribution of the in relations to South America lakes RICHARD genus Dnphnia in these areas. The study will be based an (18971) found the typical european D. obtwa in zooplankton samples collected from the high niountain lakes (Table 1) of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Chile, the freshwater ponds around Buenos Aires. In an1897 b) reports having fro111reservoirs and lakes of the ternperare zone of other study he (RICHARD Chile. as well as for tile Strait of Magallanes. All the sarn- found this species in a locality he names as Lunples cover n gradient of between 5O0' N latitude and ache in Chile. I think, however, this could be Lim5J0 57' S Iaritude. ache in Central Chile, as Lunache does not exist.

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9 1994 E. Schwcizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. D-70176S~u~rgan

I'nble 1. Geographical location and some chemical-physical characteristics of the studied South American lakes. Latitude Colombia T. Pond Chisaca Ecuador San Pablo Cuicocha Colta Peru Caho Loripongo Vizcacha Ancocota
Jarurna

Elevation a.s.1. (m)

2670 3141 2661 3068 3420 4580 4555 4575 4321 4475 2781 4520 4530 2820 340 240 2032 117 69 209

Depth rnax (m)

Area (km2)

PH

Conductivity
pS. cm-'

5 ' N -5O N O0 1 3 'N O0 1 5 'N l001' S 16O 1 3 ' 16O 5 0 ' 1 6 O 53' 17O09' 17O 2 2 ' 1 7 O 22' 18" 1 0 ' 17O 1 2 ' 3Z04 9 ' 33O 04' 34O 08' 39O 3 2 ' 39O 50' 40 1 4 ' 40 4 0 ' 4 9 ' 1 5 ' -20' 42" 8 3 ' 54O 57'

32 48 132 4

0 . 6

7 . 0 7.0 7.7 8.4

21

285 763 1020 166 185 1138 628 190 1169 1300 123 428 412 58 41 69 81 >4100 66 83

<0 . 5 <0.6
<2 <1 <8 55 32

Aricota Chile Chungara Parinacota

Inca

0 . 8 0 . 6 8 . 4 0.5, 20.0 1 4 . 5 1 9 . 0 4 . 6 0.02 137.0 121 7 7 . 5 442.6 165.4 ~0.1 44.6 500.0

9.2 8 . 8 8 . 3 9.3 7 . 0 7 . 2 9 . 1 7 . 5 7 . 1 7 . 1 7 . 0 7 . 0 7 . 4

<0.5
99 12 90 212 323 199 123 1 1 0 1 . 1 80.7

Plateado Rapel Cdafqucn Rinihue Ranco Puyehue Paine Ponds Argentina Futalaufquen Fagnano

518 140

7 . 9 7 . 0

In both these studies RICHARD is of the opinion are equally distinct from one another. These difthat this species described as D. brasiliensis by LUB- ference are also remarked in the works of BOCK (1855), and the species described as D. pulex SCHWARTZ et al. (1985) and S c o u ~ n (1942). u~ In by WIERZEJSKI (1892) were in fact D. obtrcsa.DADAY as far as North America is concerned, BROOKS (1905) found this species in Paraguay and called it (1957) similarly synonymized Dapbnia pukx and D.obtrrsu KURZ var. propinqua, DELACHAVX (1919) Dapbnia obtusa species. Nevertheless SCHWARTZ et found his species in L. Huaron in Andean Peru al. (1985) could distinguish D, pulex from D. obtusa (5140 m.a.s.1.) and gave it the same name as DA- and in fact found the latter to be present in North DAY. STINGELIN (1914) America. As mv samdes clearly show that both , , who located the species in ponds situated approximately 2585 m.a.s.1. be- species are disthct, tiere is no doubt that D. o b tween Central and east mountains of Colombia tusa is widely spread in South America. named it D. pulex var. obtusa (KURZ)forma latiDapbniu prrlicaria FORBES.This species was palpa (MONIU).All these species were taken to be found in two lakes in the high mountain of Ecuasynonymous with D,obtusa (FL~SSNER 1972). De- dor (L. Cuicocha and L. San Pablo, Tables 1 and spite the fact that OLIVIER (1962) takes the South 2). These populations were previously reported as et al. (1983). D. puliAmerican obtusa species as D. pulex var. obtusa, D. pulex by STEINITZ-KANNAN my samples show that these species could be easily carid could be in this study distinguished from D. to be distinguished, not only because their sizes pnlex, because it has a typical polygonal reticulaob- tion in the first part of rostrum, and the second are different. but also because in the samples D. trrsa presents the typical fine setae in the middle limb presents a fine setation. This species howportion of the ventral carapace. And their heads ever, in BROOKS (1957) was synonymized with

XIV. Ecology of Aquatic Organisms. 3. Animals

Chisaca. Tables 1 and 2). nevertheless there are also some records of the existence of this species in the tropical and neotropical regions of South Specics Lakes 1991, INAmerica (FERNANDO et al. 1987, GAVIRIA FANTE 1984, PAGGI 1977). BROOKS (1957) and PAGGI Temporal Pond Chisaca (1977) had thought that the D. longispina var. galeak forma obtusifons found by S T I N G E U N ' ( ~ ~ ~ ~ De Colta in Colombia could have been D. Levis as well. Cuicocha, San Pablo About endemical species, four of them were recorded, the first one is Daphniz pwuviuna HARD Caao. Loripongo A~icwoia.Aricota, Jarur~ia ING,is a beige color, medium body size species Vizcarha with a row of setae in the mid-ventral side of the (1955) to Carapace. It was described by HARDING Parinacota Cl~ungara. Ranco, P. in Fireland be present in ponds in the Titicaca Lake basin. In Inca. P. near La Roca, ~ study, D. perzrvkna was the samples used f o this P. in Fireland near Usca present in the same region in two ponds (Tables 1 Platendo. Pcnuclas, Raprl, La I.uz, Palmas. Puycliuc, and 2), and in a pond in the same area in the Chili(iriihue. Caiaiquen ean side (Parinacota in Table 1). The distribution 1.0s C i s n e ~(Paine). Chiguay of D. pwrrviana seems t o be restricted t o this geoLos Cisnes Pond near La Roca. DE GAgraphical point. However, on VILLAGRA 1'. in Firclancl near Usla MUNDI'S abstract (1978) , , shows the existence of D. ~\rgctitina penrviana in ponds of high mountain in TucuU.ryhtrr.r cn,Irr:rur.rr<rs.1. I ~ A N Fagnano. Furalaufquen man, Argentina. The second endemical species is Daphnia (Ctenociaphnia) n.sp. This species was found only in one D.prrlcc, 11e found the tnorphological characters lake with relatively high alkalinity (Tables 1 and [hat tliffercntiate prllex from prrlicaria populations 2) located in the area near Lake Titicaca. It belongs to the larger Daphnia reaching a body size of over insul'ficient. 0 1 1 tlie other hanJ, F L ~ ~ S S N (19721, ER ~, recognized those as two different species, however 3.5 mm. HAWING (1955) speaks of D. c a r i n a ~ lie ~ c k n o w l e d ~ ethe d difficulty of ascertaining KINGfor ponds situated in Cochabamba, Peru, pulicaria's distribution in Europe, apparently in the same author (1961) found that perhaps this tnv view as a result of the inability to differentiate species could be D. sirnilis, but the drawings in his tlie two species. Studies on the morphology of the paper makes its impossible for me t o say if we have Tiltel. apparatus (BRENDELBERCER & GELLER 1985, the same s ~ e c i e in s mind. Another endernical species is Daphnia (CtenoVILLALOBOS 1994) enable t o distinguish between and D. oarlicaria. dzphnia) sarsii DADAY. DADAY'S study (1902) D. prrie.~ D~zph?lia d?nb~grta SCOURFIELD. IS a small species, shows this species to be present in ponds sitfound in a shnllow lake in Ecuador (L. De Colta, uated around the River Santa CNZ (Argentina) in I':ible I), in its distribution it reappears in the shnl- 50 5' S 69O 29' W latitude. In my study this Ctelow and eutrophic reservoirs of Central Chile, nodaphnia was found in Pond Los Cisnes, located southwards reaches the deeo lakes of the Chilean in the Paine region (Soro et al. 1994, Table 1) apNortlipn[aronian. but i t does not extend further proximately in the same South latitude of the orig" southwnrcls. IClorphological differences among inal description but on the Chilean side, is a large with , a large sl~ellspine in the young tlic L. De Coltn and the soutl~ern ~ovulacions D ~ p b n i ~ were not too [,is. Early expeditions to South stage, that can be as large as like the body. Another ilrnerica tlid not suggest the existence of D. amhi- characteristic is that in its early stage it has a little grtil, one of rhe t'irst records (TI<OMASSON 1955, helmet curved to the back, which dLappears in the 1963 and L ~ F F I . E1961) R show its presence in the adult specimens. This species has a beige colour in P;~tagonian Lakes in Chile. and P , \ ~ c r (1973) like- the dorsal side of the carapace, which could be lost wise found the species in Argentina. In the rropi- upon preservation. The species was also present in cal resion oi Urasil. ~ I , \ T ~ W R A ~ I(1984) ~ L J N rcD I ~ other I ponds in the same area but only in voung posstage. Both south American Cte?~oriaphnia portcd this species from Broa reservoirs. DLI~~II Idevis Z ' I DIRGE. This species was located sess [he row of setae in the middle ?ortion o i the only in one higli mountain lake in Colombia (L. ventral carapace.

Tnble 2. Ddphr~id species fotlnd in Soutl~Arnerican lnkcs in the present study.

The last endemical species found in this sample America as than previously thought. Among the was the Daphttia cornmutata s.1. EKMAN, in his larger species found in this geographical range are work EKMAN (1900) named the area where the three of the endemical species, D. sarsii, D. corntnrp sarn~les were collected "by MAYER in south Pata- tata and D. (Ctenodaphniu)n.sp. T h e common spegonia", but did not indicate any particular area. cies along this gradient were, D. pulexs.l., D. obtusa In this study this species was present in ponds and s.1. and D. ambiguu, endemical species o n the other in deep lakes situated between the Paine region hand seem t o have a very restricted geographical that and Fireland (Tables 1 and 2). It is difficult t o give area of distribution. nevertheless it is ~ o s s i b l e a name to this species because it represents a mix- intensive samplings in the high mountain areas ture of L),pulex, D. middendofluna and D. obtusa could reveal a new Dattern of distribution for the soecies. llowever it has a characteristic that is very genus Daphniu in South America. A n extended (1994). tipical'for the species described as D. comnzlrtald, discussion is given in VILLALOBOS this species presents in the young stages a large shell spine, that can represent in some individuals tlre total length of the body size, similar t o D. sar- Acknowledgements sii, and in adult specimens it becomes very re- Thanks to the following scientists who have conDr. duced. O n e characteristic that can represent a dis- tributed with samples for this study: Dr. L. ZUNIGA, Dr. T. MORENO, Dr. S. GAVIRIA, Dr. H. agreement with this species described by EKMAN W. GELLER, Dr. D. SOTO, Dr. H. MULLEX, Dr. U. GAEDKE. is the colour of the carapace. H e described the CAMPOS, thanks to Dr. V. K O ~ ~ N who E K kindly helped specimens, as very transparent, but in the present Special me with the species determination, and in the first stage samples, I found some with beige colour in the of the taxonomical work. This research was in pan posdorsal side of the valves, and others without col- sible by a fellowship from the Deutscher Akademischer our especially those of deep lakes (Lakes Fagnano Ausrauschdienst. and Futalaufouen), and that will be in agreement with EKMAN'S description, because he emphasized References that he has made a revision of pelagic samples. AnM., 1917: Nora sobre dos dad6ceros nuevos de other typical and emphasized characteristic repre- BIRABEN, la Repbblica Argentina. - Pi~ysis 3: 262-266. sents tile fine setation in the ventral side of the car- 1918: Sobre algunos clad6ceros de la Repliblica apace, like the D. okusa groups, however D. cotnArgentina. - Ph. D. Thesis. Univ. Nac. Plata, trirrtata can not belong t o this group. About the Buenos Aires, Argentina. Daphnid species with beige colour there are some - 1953: Dos nuevas especies de Daphnia de la Argenrecords in the southern part of South America, tina (Crust. Cladocer). - Physis (Buenos Aires, EKMAN (1905) found coloured D. prrlex (DEGEER) Argentina) 20 (59): 414-419. var. in the islands south west of Ushuaia and Fire- 1956: Variaci6n de la cabeza en Daphnia ornithoccland, this autlior thought that the Daphnia obtusa phala BIR.- Neotrdpica 2 (8): 53 -54. H. & GEUSR, W., 1985: Variability of described by V ~ V R(1900) A from the same area, BRENDELBERGER, the filter structures in eight Daphnia species: were the same species, although V ~ V Rmade A no . Plankton Res. 7: mesh sizes and filtering areas. - J mention about the colour. PAGGI (1973) found in 473 - 486. South Patagonia (Argentina) the beige pigmented J. L., 1957: The systematics of North American D. nzddendorffuna, but he made n o mention of BROOKS, Daphnia. - Mem. Conn.Acad Arts Sci. 13. 180p. the fine setation in the ventral side of the valves, DADAY, E., 1902: Mikroskopische SiiRwwenhiere aus which is one of the more emphasized characterisPatagonien gesammelt von Dr. FIUPPO SILVESTRII. tic that can separate the D. conanarrtata from D. - Term& FCz 25: 200-310, Tab. 2- 10. - 1905: Untenuchungen iiber die Siiflwwer-Mittricidendorfiola. , , - therefore I d o not k n o w krofauna Paraguays. - Zoologica 18 (44): 1-375. whether we have dealt with the same species. I n DELACHAUX, T., 1919: Cladocdres des Andes pdruvienthis oaDer I refer to maintain the name of D. coma , , nes. - Bull. Soc. Neuchatel Sci. Nar 43: 18- 38. tnntnta because the problem of tmonomical state P., 1973: Contribuci6n a1 estudio de 10s of this group of coloured Daphnia in Southern DOMINGUEZ, cJad6ceros chilenos. I. Clad6ceros del Lago ChunSouth America has not yet been resolved. Howgar& - A4w. Nac. Hist. Nat. (Santiago, Chile) ever OLIVIER (1962) had left this species as a D. pu201 -202: 3 - 10. /ex var. comm~itata. EKMAN, S., 1900: Cladoceren aus Patagonien, gesammelt In conclusion this study has demonstrated that von der schwedischen Expedition nach Patagothe genus Dapl>rzia appears more often as a comnien 1899. - Zool. /Arb. Syst. 14: 62-84, Taf. 3 and 4. illon co~liponentin lakes and ponds of South
- -