2012-2013

PROJECT REPORT
TEMPERATURE SENSORS
Presented to Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute Of Technology And Science, Indore-452003 on October 16, 2012 In fulfillment of the Requirements for the course EC-2441 in Second Year Course Leading to Degree in the Bachelor Of Engineering

Under the Supervision of: Prof. Amit Naik Faculty for SGSITS

Submitted by: Manish Ranglani Enrolment No. AB-24042 Nikhil Wadhwani Enrolment No. AB-24051 Hakimuddin Ali Enrolment No. AB-24032

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our profound gratitude to our esteemed guide & supervisor Mr. Amit Naik(faculty for SGSITS, Indore), for his valuable guidance and encouraging attitude to accomplish this project successfully.

We extend our sincere thanks to Management of SGSITS,Indore for giving their consent to work on this project. Various useful and valuable

information provided by the management helped us to deliver the key results of the project.

Last but not the least; We would like to thank our family members for giving us moral support and encouragement to complete this project work.

Manish Ranglani(AB-24042) Nikhil Wadhwani(AB-24051) Hakimuddin Ali (AB-24032)

CONTENTS
Acknowledgement Preface Summary

1. Introduction 2. Basic Components Required 3. Circuit Diagram 4. Description Of The Circuit 5. Working Of Temperature sensors 6. Applications Of Temperature sensors 7. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Temperature sensors 8. Sensor Characteristics

References

INTRODUCTION

One of the properties of great use to scientists and engineers is temperature, and measuring temperature is important for a variety of processes such as smelting steel, monitoring jet engine performance, measuring how close an experiment gets to absolute zero, or determining the effects of global warming. There are several reliable sensor categories that can be used to accurately measure temperature, and choosing one depends on the operating environment, range of expected temperature, and accuracy required by the application. Thermometer Temperature Sensors Historically, temperature has been measured by correlating the thermal expansion of a material to a change in temperature. The mercury thermometer immediately springs to mind as a classic example of this type of sensor, but prior to the development of the mercury thermometer in the early 1700s, other materials such as alcohol and air/water interfaces were used to create temperature measurement devices. Thermocouple Temperature Sensors One of the more modern temperature sensors is the thermocouple. A thermocouple consists of two dissimilar metals that are joined together. When a current is run through the junction of the two metals, a voltage is generated that is related to the change in temperature from a standard. Early thermocouples required the use of a cold junction, where part of the thermocouple was kept at a reference temperature, because a thermocouple output is related to the temperature difference between two points. An ice bath was often used because it was straightforward to maintain a temperature of 32F this way. Today, artificial cold junctions, also known as cold junction compensation, can be employed using a thermistor or diode in the circuit. Thermocouples are manufactured in many industry standard specifications. For example, one of the most common thermocouple types is Type K, which has a chromelalumel junction. Resistance Temperature Sensors Another type of temperature sensor that uses an electrical current is the resistance sensor. There are two types of resistance sensors: the thermistor, which is usually a ceramic or polymer material; and the resistance temperature detector (RTD), which is usually a metal.

In both cases, the resistance of the sensor changes based on the change in temperature. RTDs can be used over a wider temperature range, while thermistors can provide higher accuracy within a smaller temperature range. Some types of thermistors are designed to have a large change in resistance at a certain temperature, and can be effectively used as switches. Other types of temperature sensors include:

Liquid crystal sensors Infrared sensors Fiber-Bragg gratings Silicon bandgap temperature sensors

A wide range of temperature sensors are available to fit nearly any application, in any environment, at any temperature.

BASIC COMPONENTS REQUIRED

1. Two Resistors : 220 ohms each

Resistor is a passive component used to control current in a circuit. Its resistance is given by the ratio of voltage applied across its terminals to the current passing through it. Thus a particular value of resistor, for fixed voltage, limits the current through it. They are omnipresent in electronic circuits.

2. Transistor BC547

BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of resistance, is commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a larger current at collector & emitter terminals. BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum current gain of 800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549.

3. Thermistor :10K

A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance varies significantly with temperature, more so than in standard resistors. The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors are widely used as inrush current limiters, temperature sensors, self-resetting overcurrent protectors, and self-regulating heating elements.

BASIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Vcc=potential difference provided by the source T=Thermistor of value 10k LED=Light Emitting Diode TR=BC547 Transistor

DESCRIPTION OF THE CIRCUIT

In the initial condition, the resistance of the thermistor is high. Consequently, the current flowing through the thermistor is quite low. The current Ib is flowing at the base terminal of the transistor BC547. As Ic=BIb,there is a certain potential at point A. Now, as the fire is brought near the thermistor circuit, and as the thermistor is a PTC type thermistor, the resistance of the thermistor increases . The current flowing through this branch decreases, and Ib increases. The potential at point A is higher than that in the initial condition. The potential difference between the point B and A increases. When the point is reaches, when the potential difference between the points A and B exceeds 0.7 volts, the LED enters the active region, and thus the LED lights up. The circuit is complete.

WORKING OF TEMPERATURE SENSORS

Contact Sensors

Contact sensors work in many ways. Thermocouples work using the Seebeck effect, which has to do with the temperature change in electrical circuits. Basically, the temperature is read from these sensors by taking measurements of their voltage outputs. Thermistors are another kind of common temperature sensor used in appliances, human thermometers and other objects. They have a predictable resistance that is affected by temperature change, so as the temperature increases or decreases the electrical current changes, or the resistance increases and decreases. A formula is used to interpret the temperature change. Since the change is reproducible these sensors can be very accurate.

Non-Contact Sensors

Some of the more interesting temperature sensors never touch the object at all. They can be several feet or several miles away. You may have wondered how they measured the temperature of the sun. It was not with a giant thermometer on a pole. It was with a non-contact temperature sensor. These all use use Plank's Law to measure temperature, which deals with the amount of thermal radiation released by a heat source. By measuring the thermal radiation from an object, a temperature can be determined.

APPLICATIONS
Temperature sensors are used just about everywhere. There are in the homes we live in, the cars we drive, the schools we learn in. You will also find them in all sorts of electrical appliances and electronic devices. Refrigerators, stoves, hot water tanks as well as computers, GPS devices and battery chargers all have temperature sensors. Today's digital medical thermometers, which are used in hospitals and millions of homes every day, all have a temperature sensor in them.

Oil Exploration

Today's oil drills must drill far down into the earth in their search for oil. As they drill down deep into the earth, through rocks and dirt, the temperature of the drill increases. Oil workers worry that the oil drill's bit will become too hot and break. To prevent that from happening, these oil drill bits often have a temperature sensor built inside of them. When the temperature reaches a dangerous level, that is, a level that could break the drill bit, the sensor sends an electronic signal to the oil workers to stop drilling.

Radiator Overheating

Your car contains a radiator. In it is a temperature sensor. The reason it is there is to warn you if the water that circulates in your engine becomes too hot. And that's because if it does, your engine could break and will require that you purchase a new one. The temperature sensor in your radiator measures the temperature of the radiator to the temperature gauge in your car. As the temperature of the water increases, the temperature sensor creates a larger electrical current to flow. That current flow causes the needle of your temperature gauge to move further to the right.

Battery Chargers

Battery chargers are used to recharge all sorts of batteries, such as car batteries, flashlight batteries and even batteries in your computer. However, battery chargers must be designed so that they don't overcharge your battery and also so they don't undercharge your battery. Because the amount of charge a battery can store varies with temperature, the battery charger must know the battery's temperature to determine when to stop charging and when to begin charging. In these applications, the temperature sensor is used to turn on or turn off the battery charger.

Hot Air Balloons

For hot air balloons to rise, the temperature of the helium gas that is inside of the balloon must be above a prescribed level. If the temperature of the gas is below that level, the hot air balloon will start to fall. If it is exactly at the prescribed level, it will neither rise nor fall. In order to control the temperature of the helium hot air balloon, and hence to control whether the balloon rises or falls, gas temperature sensors are used to find out the temperature of the helium gas in the hot air balloon.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TEMPERATURE SENSORS

SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS

REFERENCES
1. Google :www.google.com 2. Engineers Garage :www.engineersgarage,com 3. Wikipedia : en.wikipedia.com 4. Principles Of Electronics : S Chand Publications