Biopotential Amplifier

Other Biopotentials
ECG EEG EMG EOG ERG

FREQUENCIESOFBIOPOTENTIALS
Signal g

ECG CG EEG EOG EMG

Frequency range (Hz) 0.01 100 0.0 00 0.1 80 0.01 10 50 3000

Amplitude range(mV) 0.05 3 0.001 1 0.001 0.3 0.01 100

WHYFREQUENCY?
When measuring biopotentials (say ECG), EVERYTHING else power line interference even other biopotentials (like EEG, EMG, EOG) are noise sources. These have characteristic frequencies. So use Band Pass Filters. Filt

Pass only fL to fH attenuate the others others.

fL fH

SAFETY
Amplifiers are powered, should not shock or electrocute the subject

Power

Subject No large current should flow flow. Also no potentials >>0 or <<0

Electronics

Ground

SAFETY:PROTECTIONCIRCUITS
If potential >>0, high current grounded through D1 If potential <<0, high current grounded through D2

Power

Subject

Electronics

Ground

SAFETY:ISOLATION
Potential transferred through optoelectronics (shown), transformers etc. Circuits are electrically isolated, no current leakage

Power Power Subject Electronics

Ground
Electricity>Light>Electricity Provideselectricalisolation

TELEMETRY
Means wireless transmission of data from and to the device

HOME

No limits: can be done across the world. Internet will play a huge role. HOSPITAL

ECG:EinthovensTriangle
LeadsI,II,III

Threevectors usedtofully identifythe electricalactivity

Vectorshownin frontalplaneof thebody

Kirchhoffslawis usedforthethree leads I+II+III=0

ECG:ElectrodePlacement
Augmentedleads: aVR,aVL,aVF Right,left,foot Withrespecttocentral t terminal i l

ECG:TransversePlane

Chestleads: V1,V6

ChestleadsusedtoobtaintheECGinthetransverse plane; p ;ObtainsECGfromthep posteriorsideoftheheart Alltogether:12leads(I,II,III;aVR,aVL,aVF,V1V6)

APPLICATION:FetalECG
F+M Problem:RecordedECG=mothersECG+ fetusECG Solution:cancel meaningsubtract mothersECGfromfetal ECG?

M M UP:motherECGampl. DN:fetusECGampl. motherECGfilters fetusECGfilters VOUT =mothersECG fetusECG

INSTRUMENTATIONAMPLIFIER Inverting
amplifier Gaininthemultiplestages:i.e. HighGain so,youcanamplify smallsignals Asa bonus, put some lowpass and high pass filters!

Differential amplifier p but withveryhigh input impedance So,youcan connectto sensors

Differentialamplifier>it rejectscommonmode interference>soyou canrejectnoise

Noninverting amplifier

INSTRUMENTATIONAMPLIFIER: STAGE1
Recall virtual ground of opamps I1 = (V1 V2)/R1 Recall R ll no current t can enter t opamps and d Kirchoffs current law

I1

I2 I3

I2 = I3 = I1 Recall Kirchoffs voltage law VOUT = (R1 + 2R2)(V1 V2)/R1 = (V1 V2)(1+2R2/R1)

INSTRUMENTATIONAMPLIFIER: STAGE2
Recall virtual ground of opamps and voltage divider V- = V+ = V2R4/( /(R3 + R4) Recall no current can enter opamps (V1 V-)/R3 = (V- VOUT)/R4 Solving, VOUT = (V1 V2)R4/R3

I1

I2 I3

INSTRUMENTATIONAMPLIFIER: COMPLETE

VOUT = (V1 V2)(1 + 2R2/R1)(R4/R3) GainfromStageI andStageII

INSTRUMENTATIONAMPLIFIER: COMPLETE

Features: Differentialamp Veryhighgain Veryhigh hi hinput i R

VOUT = (V1 V2)(1 + 2R2/R1)(R4/R3) GainfromStageI andStageII

Commonmode rejection (wealsoneed filters)