INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THEIR PROTECTION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PAKISTAN

Bdffvdhnhytjo9 !"#

Rf$%f&$df&$t v'()fth '&y*&%+t&t$ &+*t+,) +)&,nn&n-jhhnhS(,./tt%d By0 NAGH1A FARID LL1 S'ho23&

LAW COLLEGE UNI4ERSITY OF PESHAWAR

ABSTRACT The present study seeks to examine Intellectual Property Rights, their introduction, history, and importance in the present legal systems. It further analyzes the Intellectual Property Laws that are enforced in Pakistan, what purpose they serve and how a wrong done in the infringement of these rights can e redressed. !efore concluding the present work, some suggestions have een made as what steps should e taken to implement these rights in their true spirit so that creative people and creativity can e duly respected and safeguarded in this country.

INTRODUCTION "sk anyone a out the Intellectual Property Rights #IPRs$ and the possi ility is that you will get an extremely vague reply that it somehow protects the interest of the writers and artistes. %hile many would proudly say that they know it exists, the ma&ority, with the exception of handful of experts in highly legalistic circles, would confess that they don't understand how it affects them. (till fewer would shrug)off suggestions that making a copy of a movie on video tape and songs on audio tapes, photocopying of a ook or a photograph, constitute an infringement of IPRs. !efore going towards Intellectual Property Rights, it is imperative to understand that what Intellectual Property exactly means. Intellectual property is an intangi le property, which, against other forms of property, cannot e defined or identified y its own physical parameters. It includes a num er of distinct types of legal monopolies over creations of the mind, oth artistic and commercial, and the corresponding fields of law.* +nder intellectual property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangi le assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works, ideas, discoveries and inventions, and words, phrases, sym ols, and designs. -ommon types of intellectual property include

copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design rights and trade secrets in some &urisdictions. "ccording to !lack's law dictionary, Intellectual Property is ." category of intangi le rights protecting commercially valua le products of the human intellect./ 0 They are in fact .a num er of distinct types of legal monopolies over creations of the mind, oth artistic and commercial, and the corresponding fields of law./1 Intellectual property is a out creative ideas 2 the product of the mind such as inventions, designs and images, sym ols, music and drama, literary and artistic works, names etc. intellectual property refers to the creation of mind. %idespread dissemination of these ideas enefits society as a whole and stimulates further creative activity. 3owever once ideas have een made pu lic they can e copied y others, so that if their originators are to control and o tain remuneration from their use they can only do so within a secure legal framework which creates property rights in those ideas. This category of intangi le rights protecting commercially valua le products of the human intellect, according to the !lack's law dictionary comprises primarily trademark, copyright, and patent rights, ut also includes trade)secret rights, pu licity rights, moral rights, and rights against unfair competition. It is a commercially valua le product of the human intellect, in a concrete or a stract form, such as copyrighta le work, a protecta le trademark, a patenta le invention, or a trade secret. COPYRIGHTS5 TRADE1ARKS AND PATENTS The rights which are exclusively availa le over creations of the mind include oth artistic and commercial. The former category is covered y copyright laws, which protect creative works, such as ooks, movies, music, paintings, photographs, and software, and give the copyright holder exclusive right to control reproduction or adaptation of such works for a certain period of time.4 " copyright, according to !lack's Law 5ictionary, is .a property right in an original work of authroship #such as literary, musical, artistic, photographic, or film work$ fixed in any tangi le medium of expression, giving the holder the exclusive right to reproduce, adapt, distri ute, perform, and display of the work./6

The second category is collectively known as 7industrial properties7, as they are typically created and used for industrial or commercial purposes. " trademark and patent cover this category. " trademark is a distinctive sign which is used to prevent confusion among products in the marketplace. " trade mark, on the other hand, includes . a word, phrase, logo, or other graphic sym ol used y a manufacturer or seller to distinguish its product or products from those of others./ 8 The main purpose of a trademark is .to guarantee the genuineness of the product./9 Patents, on the other hand, are related to inventions. "ccording to !lack's Law 5ictionary, ." patent is the exclusive right to make, use, or sell an invention for a specified period./ : " patent may e granted for a new, useful, and non)o vious invention and gives the patent holder a right to prevent others from practicing the invention without a license from the inventor for a certain period of time. HISTORY AND DE4ELOP1ENT OF IPL ;odern usage of the term intellectual property goes ack at least as far as *::: with the founding in !erne of the (wiss <ederal =ffice for Intellectual Property #the Bureau fdral de la proprit intellectuelle$. %hen the administrative secretariats esta lished y the Paris -onvention #*::1$ and the !erne -onvention #*::8$ merged in *:>1, they also located in !erne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new com ined title, the +nited International !ureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property. The organisation su se?uently relocated to @eneva in *>8A, and was succeeded in *>89 with the esta lishment of the %orld Intellectual Property =rganization #%IP=$ y treaty as an agency of the +nited Bations. "ccording to Lemley, it was only at this point that the term really egan to e used in the +nited (tates #which had not een a party to the !erne -onvention$, C0D and it did not enter popular usage until passage of the !ayh)5ole "ct in *>:A.> The concept appears to have made its first appearance after the <rench revolution. In an *:*: collection of his writings, the <rench li eral theorist, !en&amin -onstant, argued against the recently)introduced idea of 7property which has een called intellectual.7*A The term intellectual property can e found used in an =cto er *:46 ;assachusetts -ircuit -ourt ruling in

the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown., in which Eustice -harles L. %ood ury wrote that 7only in this way can we protect intellectual property, the la ors of the mind, productions and interests are as much a manFs own...as the wheat he cultivates, or the flocks he rears.7 #1 Woodb. & M. 53, 3 West.L. . 151, ! ".#as. 1$!, %o. 3&&', ' (obb.)at.#as. 3*3, Merw.)at.+nv. ,1,$. The statement that 7discoveries are...property7 goes ack earlier. (ection * of the <rench law of *9>* stated, 7"ll new discoveries are the property of the author, to assure the inventor the property and temporary en&oyment of his discovery, there shall e delivered to him a patent for five, ten or fifteen years./ ** In Gurope, <rench author ". Bion mentioned proprit intellectuelle in his Droits civils des auteurs, artistes et inventeurs, pu lished in *:48. The conceptFs origins can potentially e traced ack further. Eewish law includes several considerations whose effects are similar to those of modern intellectual property laws, though the notion of intellectual creations as property does not seem to exist 2 nota ly the principle of 3asagat @eFvul #unfair encroachment$ was used to &ustify limited)term pu lisher # ut not author$ copyright in the *8th century. C*0D The Talmud contains the prohi itions against certain mental crimes #further ela orated in the (hulchan "ruch$, nota ly @eneivat daFat #literally 7mind theft7$, which some have interpreted *0 as prohi iting theft of ideas, though the doctrine is principally concerned with fraud and deception, not property. Thomas Eefferson and Eames ;adison were oth ?uite skeptical to the monopolies of copyright, and monopolies of patents, and wrote extensively on the su &ect.*1 (ta le ownership is the gift of social law, and is given late in the progress of society. It would e curious then, if an idea, the fugitive fermentation of an individual rain, could, of natural right, e claimed in exclusive and sta le property. If nature has made any one thing less suscepti le than all others of exclusive property, it is the action of the thinking power called an idea, which an individual may exclusively possess as long as he keeps it to himself, ut the moment it is divulged, it forces itself into the possession of every one, and the receiver cannot dispossess himself of it. Its peculiar character, too, is that no one possesses the less, ecause every other possesses the whole of it. 3e who receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine, as he who lights his taper at mine, receives light without darkening me. That

ideas should freely spread from one to another over the glo e, for the moral and mutual instruction of man, and improvement of his condition, seems to have een peculiarly and enevolently designed y nature, when she made them, like fire, expansi le over all space, without lessening their density in any point, and like the air in which we reathe, move, and have our physical eing, incapa le of confinement or exclusive appropriation. +nventions t-en cannot, in nature, be a sub.ect of property.*4 I1PORTANCE OF IPL Intellectual property law is now an integral part of the economic life all over ht world. It protects use of ideas and information that are of commercial value. The term .Intellectual Property/ covers 2 patents, copyright, trade marks, designs, knowledge and so on. These intangi le property rights are ecoming increasingly valua le in the market place. "ny attempt to infringe or pass off such rights must e given full legal protection and severely discouraged. The su &ect has grown in a num er of directions over the past decade. Its utility has een recognized not only in the economically developed countries ut also in the developing counties like ours. Intellectual property is itself a visionary domain. !ut it is historically esta lished and accepted fact that only institutional efforts may succeed in a etter way ased on collective wisdom of genius and charismatic personalities. In this modern world of science and technology, only those nations are leading how have institutionalized their research and development efforts ecause individuals have to leave this world ut institutions have to survive. Gven only such institutions may ?ualify this test which is ased on collective and team efforts and wisdom led y some charismatic leader encouraging and training second line leadership at the same time developing countries like Pakistan need such type of institutions. OB6ECTI4ES OF IPL The two main o &ectives of the IPL, are to promote respect for intellectual property including industrial property and copyrights on one hand and to promote its protection around

the world through international cooperation y amending national laws. The main o &ective of IPL are discussed under the following headings. F/n3n'/32 /n'%nt/v% These exclusive rights allow owners of intellectual property to reap monopoly profits. These monopoly profits provide a financial incentive for the creation of intellectual property, and pay associated research and development costs. (ome commentators, such as 5avid Levine and ;ichele !oldrin, dispute this &ustification.*6 Gconomic growth The legal monopoly granted y IP laws are credited with significant contri utions toward economic growth. Gconomists estimate that two)thirds of the value of large usinesses in the +.(. can e traced to intangi le assets. Industries which rely on IP protections are estimated to produce 90 percent more value per added employee than non)IP industries. " &oint research pro&ect of the %IP= and the +nited Bations +niversity measuring the impact of IP systems on six "sian countries found 7a positive correlation etween the strengthening of the IP system and su se?uent economic growth.7*8 3owever, correlation does not necessarily mean causationH given that the patent holders can freely relocate, the Bash e?uili rium predicts they will o viously prefer operating in countries with strong IP laws. In some of the cases, the economic growth that comes with a stronger IP system is due to increase in stock capital from direct foreign investment, as was shown for Taiwan*9 after the *>:8 reform.

E'ono./'7 Intellectual property rights are temporary monopolies over expression and ideas enforced y the state. Intellectual property rights are usually limited to non)rival goods, that is, goods which can e used or en&oyed y many people simultaneouslyIthe use y one person does not exclude use y another. This is compared to rival goods, such

as clothing, which may only e used y one person at a time. <or example, any num er of people may make use of a mathematical formula simultaneously. (ome o &ections to the term intellectual property are ased on the argument that property can only properly e applied to rival goods #or that one cannot 7own7 property of this sort$. (ince a non)rival good may e used #copied, for example$ y many simultaneously #produced with minimal marginal cost$, producers would need incentives other than money to create such works. ;onopolies, y contrast, also have inefficiencies #producers will charge more and produce less than would e socially desira le$. The esta lishment of intellectual property rights, therefore, represents a trade)off, to alance the interest of society in the creation of non)rival goods # y encouraging their production$ with the pro lems of monopoly power. (ince the trade)off and the relevant enefits and costs to society will depend on many factors that may e specific to each product and society, the optimum period of time during which the temporary monopoly rights should exist is unclear.*: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN PAKISTAN In the recent decade, the ripples of demand for the protection of IPRs on the international forum, such as the +nited Bations, have also een felt in Pakistan. ;any know that IPRs exist ut few know how it affects them. %hile the concept of IPRs is relatively new, in reality it is only an extension of the much known, ut less understood copyright, protection. The need for the adaptation of the universal protection of IPRs now includes many more activities as compared to its predecessor. Today it includes not only the traditional literary, artistic and musical materials ut also the protection of an idea which in the past was an unheard concept, software development, industrial property particularly textile)related. The regime of IP laws in Pakistan is well esta lished and goes ack to the early 0Ath century. Pakistan ecame a sovereign state after gaining independence from the !ritish Gmpire in *>49. !y virtue of this !ritish rule stretching ack to the mid) *>th century, most of the laws in !ritish India #comprising the territories now forming Pakistan, India, !angladesh, (ri Lanka

and ;yanmar$ were generally derived from the laws of the +nited Jingdom. %hen Pakistan gained independence in *>49, the intellectual property laws that were in force in !ritish India at that time continued to remain in force in Pakistan. "mong these laws, the main statutes included the Patents and 5esigns "ct *>**, the Trade ;arks "ct *>4A and the -opyright "ct *>*4. In addition to these, the common law protection provided to intellectual property rights continued to apply. =ver the years, the a ove principal statutes have een amended to give way to new legislation. The copyright "ct *>*4 was replaced y the -opyright =rdinance *>80. In the last decade or so, the laws have een amended in order to keep pace with the changing times and, in particular, ma&or amendments have een introduced to ring Pakistani IP laws into conformity with the TRIPs "greement. In this regard, for patents the act of *>** was replaced y the Patents =rdinance 0AAA and the Registered 5esigns =rdinance 0AAA. "lso a -opyright #"mendment$ =rdinance 0AAA was introduced amending some provisions of the previous =rdinance of *>80. In the field of trademarks, a Trade ;arks =rdinance 0AA* was enforced in 0AA4. -urrently, the IPR regime is governed y an integrated piece of legislation, called the Intellectual Property =rganization #IP=$ of Pakistan =rdinance 0AA6. The earlier regime was fragmented into ;inistry of -ommerce #for trademarks$, ;inistry of Gducation #copyrights$ and ;inistry of Industries and Production #for patents and designs$, now it has come under the um rella of an integrated IP office in Islama ad, called the Intellectual Property =rganization, attached to the -a inet 5ivision and directly reporting to the Prime ;inister. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS REGI1E %e have discussed efore that any Intellectual Property Rights Regime roadly includes copyrights, trademarks and patents. -opyrights, under the regime, include right of printing and pu lishing any written material of original nature that is not already pu lished, under the name of the author of the work or the pu lisher or the printer who undertakes such work for purposes of general enefit. Patents, under the regime, comprise of something original having ingenuity and newness in its process and design. Trademarks, under the regime include mark capa le of eing represented graphically, which

is capa le of distinguishing goods or services undertaking from those of another undertaking.

of

one

(ection 0 #c$ of Patents =rdinance 0AAA defines invention to include .any new and useful product, including chemical products, art, process, method or manner of manufacture, machine, apparatus, or other article, su stance or article or product produced y manufacture and includes new and useful improvement of any of them and an alleged invention./ INFRINGE1ENT OF IP RIGHTS IN PAKISTAN "s is the case with most third world countries #and even some developed countries$, intellectual property infringement is unfortunately very widespread in Pakistan, extending to all usinesses and trades. Infringement of trademarks is mostly experienced in products from the apparel, electronics, food and confectionery, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics industries. Importantly, the infringers in many cases adopt trademarks which are different, however, they produce look)alikes of the colour scheme, design and get)up of the product such as its packaging and trade dress. In this way, infringers attempt to tap the lower end of the consumer market in the country, which is not very well educated and is thus deceived y the lookalike packaging. %ith the improvement in packaging technology, and with more and more sophisticated procedures availa le to the infringers, it is ecoming increasingly difficult for consumers to detect the counterfeits. In the case of patents, ecause Pakistan has a large and upcoming pharmaceutical industry, there are a num er of infringements relating to patented processes for pharmaceuticals, as well as patented compounds and compositions, y local generic manufacturers, who mostly import the generic drugs or their raw materials from -hina, !razil and India, and repackage and sell them in Pakistan. Patent infringements in other industrial sectors, such as engineering, are few and far etween. Infringement of designs is also encountered in the engineering, electronics, textiles, food and everages, and various manufacturing sectors. <ortunately, the legal system in the country provides for ade?uate protection for trademark, patent and design owners, and those owners who pursue the legal remedies aggressively and proactively are a le to control the menace of infringement y due process of law.

PROTECTION OF IP RIGHTS IN PAKISTAN Intellectual property rights in Pakistan could not get their due place in our individual as well as in policy making. The constitution of Pakistan has given an assurance a out the protection of all types of right. "ccording to entry 06 of part I #<ederal Legislative List$ of the fourth schedule to the constitution of the Islamic Repu lic of Pakistan, *>91 copyright, inventions, designs, trade marks and merchandise marks are the su &ects included in the legislative competence of the ;a&lis)e)(hoora #Parliament$ and under the administrative authority of the federal government. Intellectual property rights could not get their due place in our policy making. The constitution of the Islamic Repu lic of Pakistan has given an assurance a out the protection of all types of property and its rights, -lause #*$ of "rticle 08A of the constitution of the Islamic Repu lic of Pakistan, *>91, defines property as .Property/ includes any title or interest in property, mova le or immova le, any mean or instruments of production (imilarly articles 01 and 04 of the constitution state a out ac?uiring and protection of property and property rights, .01/ Provision as to PropertyH Gvery citizen shall have the right to ac?uire, hold and dispose of property in any part of Pakistan, su &ect to the constitution and any reasona le restrictions imposed y law in the pu lic interest .04/ Protection of Property RightsH *. Bo person shall e deprived of his property save in accordance with law 0. Bo pu lic property shall e compulsorily ac?uired or taken possession of save for a pu ic purpose, and save y the authority of law which provides for compensation therefore and either fixes the amount of compensation o and the manner in which compensation is to e determined and given 1. Bothing in this articles shall affect eh validity of a. "ny law permitting the compulsory ac?uisition or taking possession of any property for preventing danger to life, property or pu lic health, or . "ny law permitting the taking over of any property which has ee ac?uired y, or come into the possession of any person y any unfair means, or in any manner, contrary to law, or c. "ny law relating to the ac?uisition, administration or disposal of an property which is or in deemed to

e enemy property or evacuee property under any law #not eing property which has cased to e evacuee property under any law$, or d. "ny law providing for the taking over of the management of any property y the state for a limited period, either in the pu lic interest or in order to secure the proper management of the property , or for the enefit of its owner, or e. "ny law providing for the ac?uisition of any class of property for the purpose of i. Providing education and medical aid to all or any specific class of citizen, or ii. Providing housing and pu lic facilities and services such as roads, water supply, sewerage, gas and electric power to all or any specific class of citizen, or iii. Providing maintenance to those who, on account of unemployment, sickness, infirmity or old age, are una le to maintain themselves, or iv. "ny existing law or any law made in pursuance of article 061 4. The ade?uacy or otherwise of any compensation provided for y any such law as is referred to in this article, or determined in pursuance thereof, shall not e called in ?uestion in any court "ccording to entry 06 of Part I #<ederal Legislative List$ fo the fourth schedule to the constitution of the Islamic Repu lic of Pakistan, *>91, copyright, inventions, designs, trade marks and merchandise marks are the legislative competence of the #;a&lis)e)(hoora$ Parliament and under the administrative authority of the federal government. The rules of usiness, *>91 of the federal government have entrusted the responsi ility relating to administration and management of intellectual property and different intellectual property rights to different ministries. "ll intellectual property legislation in Pakistan is through ordinances except the trade marks #invalidation and summary Registration$ "ct, *>6A passed y the then legislature ut latter repealed in *>:*. The ;erchandise marks act, *::> is a piece of legislation which was passed and enacted during the !ritish @overnment and it is still surviving with some necessary amendments.

CRI1INAL RE1EDIES -riminal procedures and penalties are provided for trademark counterfeiting and infringement. The criminal statutes that govern trademark counterfeiting and infringements in Pakistan are the Pakistan Penal -ode *:8A, the -ode of -riminal Procedure *::8 and the 5rugs "ct *>98 #in relation to drugsKpharmaceuticals only$. It is generally understood that a criminal action against trademark counterfeiting can e taken only for a registered trademark. 3owever, this may not e correct as (ection 49: of the Pakistan Penal -ode *:8A defines the term trademark as followsH .49:. Trade mark. " mark used for denoting that goods are the manufacture or merchandise of a particular person is called a trademark, and for the purpose of this -ode the expression .trademark/ includes any trademark which is registered in the register of trademarks kept under the Trade ;arks "ct, *>4A #L of *>4$./ It is to e noted that this provision refers to .counterfeit of a trademark/ and not the counterfeit of a registered trademark, therefore a criminal action for an unregistered trademark may also e possi le. 3owever, to date no criminal case has een rought for an unregistered trademark and there do not appear to e any reported cases from which it could e determined whether criminal proceedings filed on the asis of an unregistered mark have een entertained y a criminal court. The use of a trademark in Pakistan is a prere?uisite for initiating a criminal action for violation of an unregistered trademark. If a trademark is registered, use is prefera le. The remedies as a result of criminal action include imprisonment and monetary fines due to the offence of trademark counterfeiting. These remedies are generally not sufficient to provide a deterrent as the fines are meager and usually no imprisonments are ordered. "part from these, the remedy of seizure, forfeiture and destruction of infringing goods is also availa le. (eizure can e done at the time of a raid or as soon thereafter as possi le. If not done at that time, seizure can e done upon investigation. <orfeiture can only e ordered after completion of trial and only if the accused is found guilty of the offence. This usually takes *0 to *: months.

The procedure for filing a criminal action for trademark counterfeiting involves the following stepsH " written complaint is filed with the court of area magistrate. This is a detailed petition setting out all the details of the ownership of rights owner's rights and the infringing activities, prefera ly it should attach relevant evidence so as to present a prima facie case of infringement and counterfeiting to the magistrate. The magistrate issues orders to the station house officer of the area police station where the defendant is located for the alleged infringer's premises to e raided and the goods to e confiscated. The station house officer constitutes a police raiding party to conduct the raid at the premises where the counterfeit goods are stored and sold, and if such goods are found, these are confiscated. Preparation of the seizure report, including the inventory of goods seized.The police then prepare the investigation report, the charge papers and the necessary documents of the raid for presentation in the court of area magistrate. In criminal matters, it is the state which prosecutes charges against the infringer. " trademark owner can retain its own counsel to prosecute criminal infringement matters. Gven if the trademark owner retains its own counsel, the pace at which the police and the state counsel conduct the various stages will determine the time frame in which the matter is concluded. The main role of the trademark owner's counsel is to present the actual law efore the court, assist in the examination and cross)examination of witnesses and guide the police or the state counsel as to the actual and proper procedures to e adopted. "t times, state counsel or the police, not eing familiar with the complex principles of trademark law, have to seek guidance from the plaintiff's counsel for a proper presentation of the case. If an infringer is sentenced to imprisonment y a criminal court, he cannot avoid the prison sentence y paying a fine in lieu thereof. The court will consider the prior record of the infringer in determining the ?uantum of

fines and the term of imprisonment handed down. "ll criminal proceedings are initiated in the magistrate's court, which forms the court of first instance. The decision of a magistrate's court can e appealed to the high court. " decision from the high court can e appealed efore the (upreme -ourt only through the grant of special leave to appeal. CONCLUSIONS Pakistan is a mem er country to the !ern -onvention for the protection of literary and artistic work, @eneva -onvention, %orld Intellectual Property =rganization, +niversal -opyright convention of *>60 %R=, TRIP( agreement. Pakistan is a out to &oin Paris convention and is implementing the international classification of goods and will e adopting the new service mark classification. Pakistan is currently following the Trade marks "ct of *>4A which the new trade mark ordinance of 0AA* that has already promulgated conforms to the TRIP( agreement. The need for foreign investment and transfer of technology can not e underscored enough, in the context of modernising and upgrading of Pakistan's export sector. It will ecome easier if Pakistan succeeded in putting in place systems and procedures to protect the IPRs, which would e a step forward in terms of creating an investor)friendly environment in the country. "s a signatory to the %T=, there is need to create awareness among the Pakistani usiness community for the need to adhere to the re?uirements of a fast)integrating, glo al economy. It would include the active participation of the intellectual property right owner, effective treaty compliance, consistent legislation, and appropriate inter)agency coordination etween the police, prosecution authorities, custom agencies and the policy departments. 5espite some encouraging signs, the situation is far from satisfactory Pakistan has a long way to go to effectively resolve the IP pro lem. <or the alleviation Property rights can Pakistan is a real economic growth y of poverty through trade, Intellectual e key tools. The lack of emphasis on IP in tragedy, IP protection contri utes to stimulating innovation, cultural diversity

and technical development as part of a larger policy framework. <or Pakistan, there is no alternative to going the IP route with seriousness of purpose.

GB5B=TG(

Intellectual Property LicensingH <orms and "nalysis, y Richard Raysman, Gdward ". Pisacreta and Jenneth ". "dler. Law Eournal Press, *>>>)0AA:.
9

@arner #*>>9$ .!lack's Law 5ictionary/ 9th Gd %est @roup, (t. Paul, ;inn.

I id. Levine, 5avid/ Mic-ele Boldrin. 01ainst intellectual 2onopoly. -am ridge +niversity Press. Please visit we siteH httpHKKwww.dklevine.comKpapersKim ookfinalall.pdf. 3(etrieved on '45*!5*$6.
*
+

@arner #*>>9$ .!lack's Law 5ictionary/ 9th Gd %est @roup, (t. Paul, ;inn. I id. I id. I id.

" !rief 3istory of the Patent Law of the +nited (tates. Please visit we siteH httpHKKwww.ladas.comKPatentsK+(Patent3istory.html #Retrieved on 0:)A9)A>$
8

I id.

88

Eewish Law and -opyright, please visitH httpHKKwww.&law.comKcopyright*.html #Lisited on 0>)A9)A>$

89

I id.

8:

<or details please seeH httpHKKwww.en.wikipedia.orgKintellectualMproperty #Retrieved on 0:)A9)A>$

8*

I id.

8+

Levine, 5avid/ Mic-ele Boldrin. 01ainst intellectual 2onopoly. -am ridge +niversity Press. "vaila le online onH httpHKKwww.dklevine.comKpapersKim ookfinalall.pdf 37isited on '$5*!5*$6.
8)

;easuring the Gconomic Impact of IP (ystems, %IP=, 0AA9. +RLH httpHKKwww.wipo.intKportalKenKnewsK0AA9KarticleMAA10.html #Retrieved on 1A)A9)A>$ 8; Lo, ()T. #0AA4$. 7(tregthening #sic$ Intellectual Property RightsH Gxperience from the *>:8 Taiwanese Patent Reforms8. 9#L0, Dept. of :cono2ics. 9(L; httpHKKwww.international.ucla.eduKarticle.aspNparentidO*A>:6. #Retrieved on 0>)A9) A>$.

8-

Padraig 5ixon and -hristine @reenhalgh, The Gconomics of Intellectual PropertyH " Review to Identify Themes for <uture Research, =xford Intellectual Property Research -entre, =xford, +nited Jingdom, Bovem er 0AA0. Please visit +RLH httpHKKwww.oiprc.ox.ac.ukKGE%PA6A0.pdf #Lisited onH 1A)A9)A>$

B/,2/o$&3<hy
!hatti's, Rai ;uhammd Pafar #0AA9$ .;anual of Trade ;arks LawsH Intellectual Property Laws/ Lahore, Gastern Law !ook 3ouse. -haudhry, @.; #0AA6$ .The Intellectual Property -ode/ Rawalpindi, <ederal Law 3ouse.

-haudhry, @.; #0AA6$ .The Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property Laws in Pakistan and International Treaties on IPRs/ Rawalpindi, <ederal Law 3ouse. -ornish, %.R #0AA4$ .Intellectual PropertyH =mnipresent, 5istracting, Irrelevant/ London, =xford +niversity Press. -ornish, %.R #0AA6$ .Intellectual PropertyH Patent, -opyright, Trade ;arks and "llied Rights/ Bew Qork, +niversal Law Pu lishing -o Ltd. <afif?ue, ;ohammad #0AA6$ . -opy Right =rdinance, *>80 with -opy Right Rules *>89/ Lahore, Jhy er Law Pu lishers. @arner #*>>9$ .!lack's Law 5ictionary/ 9th Gd %est @roup, (t. Paul, ;inn. Jerly #0AA6$ .Jerly's Law of Trade ;arks and Trade Bames/ London, (weet R ;axwell. ;ian (arfraz +l 3asan #0AA9$ .The ;anual of -opy Right Laws/ Lahore, Badeem Law !ook 3ouse.

W%,2/o$&3<hy
httpHKKwww.google.com httpHKKwww.dklevine.com httpHKKwww.international.ucla.edu httpHKKwww.ippakistan.net

httpHKKwww.ipo.gov.pk httpHKKwww.oiprc.ox.ac.uk httpHKKwww.pa<istanecono2ist.co2 httpHKKwww.wikipedia.com httpHKKwww.wipo.int