Partial Derivatives Exercises

Partial Derivatives
Mathematics 54 - Elementary Analysis 2

Institute of Mathematics University of the Philippines-Diliman

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Partial Derivatives Exercises

Partial Derivatives
Mathematics 54 - Elementary Analysis 2

Institute of Mathematics University of the Philippines-Diliman

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Partial Derivatives Exercises

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Introduction
Let z = f (x, y ) be dened at (a, b). If we x y = b, then f (x, b) becomes a function of x alone.

The slope of the above tangent line to this curve at (a, b) is given by d f (x, b) =: fx (a, b). x=a dx
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Partial Derivatives Exercises

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Introduction
Similarly, if we x x = a, then f (a, y ) becomes a function of y alone.

The slope of the above tangent line to this curve at (a, b) is given by d =: fy (a, b). f (a , y ) y =b dy These derivatives will be how differentiation on multivariate functions is dened.
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Partial Derivatives Exercises

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Partial Derivatives

Denition Let z = f (x, y ).

1

The partial derivative of f with respect to x at any point (x, y ) is fx (x, y ) = lim provided that this limit exists. f (x + x , y ) f (x , y ) , x

x 0

The partial derivative of f with respect to y at any point (x, y ) is fy (x, y ) = lim provided that this limit exists. f (x, y + y ) f (x, y ) , y

y 0

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Partial Derivatives Exercises

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Partial Derivatives
Example Find fx (x, y ) given that f (x, y ) = 2x2 y 2 + 2y + 4x. Solution. Consider
f (x + x, y ) f (x, y ) x = = = = 2(x + x)2 y 2 + 2(y ) + 4(x + x) (2x2 y 2 + 2y + 4x) x 2x2 y 2 + 4x(x) y 2 + 2(x)2 y 2 + 2y + 4x + 4x 2x2 y 2 2y 4x x 4x(x) y 2 + 2(x)2 y 2 + 4x x 4xy 2 + 2y 2 x + 4

Thus, f x (x , y ) = =
x 0 2

lim (4xy 2 + 2y 2 x + 4)

4xy + 4.
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Partial Derivatives Exercises

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Partial Derivatives

Remark. The partial derivatives of f at (a, b) are also given by f (x, b) f (a, b) 1 fx (a, b) = lim x a xa f (a, y ) f (a, b) 2 fy (a, b) = lim y b yb

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Partial Derivatives Exercises

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Partial Derivatives
Example Find fx (1, 1) and fy (1, 1) given that f (x, y ) = 3x + 4xy 2 . y

Solution. For fx , let us use the denition. We have 3(1) 3(1 + x) + 4(1 + x)(1)2 + 4(1)(1)2 1 1 x 3 + 3x + 4x 3 x 7x x 7.

f (1 + x, 1) f (1, 1) x

= = = =

Thus, fx (1, 1) = lim 7 = 7.

x0
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Partial Derivatives Exercises

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Example. (continued...) Find fx (1, 1) and fy (1, 1) given that f (x, y ) = 3x + 4xy 2 . y

For fy , let us use the previous remark. Consider 3 + 4y 2 7 y y1 3 + 4y 3 7y y y1 (2y + 3)(2y 1)(y 1) y (y 1) (2y + 3)(2y 1) . y

f (1, y ) f (1, 1) y1

= = = Hence, fy (1, 1) = lim

y 1

(2y + 3)(2y 1) = 5. y
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Partial Derivatives Exercises

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Partial Derivatives
Remark. The partial derivative with respect to a variable can also be obtained by applying theorems for ordinary differentiation while treating the other variables constant. Example Determine the partial derivative of f (x, y ) = 2x2 y 2 + 2y + 4x with respect to x.

f x (x , y )

= =

(2y 2 )

d 2 d d (x ) + 2y (1) + 4 (x) dx dx dx 4xy 2 + 4.

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Partial Derivatives Exercises

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Partial Derivatives

Example Find fx (1, 1) and fy (1, 1) given that f (x, y ) = 3x + 4xy 2 . y

3 d 3 d (x ) + 4 y 2 (x ) = + 4 y 2 . y dx dx y 3 2 Thus, fx (1, 1) = + 4(1) = 7. 1 First, fx (x, y ) = d 1 d 3x + 4x (y 2 ) = 2 + 8xy . dy y dy y 3(1) Hence, fy (1, 1) = + 8(1)(1) = 5. 12 Similarly, fy (x, y ) = 3x

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Partial Derivatives Exercises

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Partial Derivatives

Notations. Let z = f (x, y ). The following denotes the partial derivatives of f with respect to x: f x (x , y ) Dx f (x, y ) f (x , y ) x z x f (x , y ) y z y

Similarly, the partial derivatives of f with respect to y are denoted by: f y (x , y )

Dy f (x, y )

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Partial Derivatives Exercises

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Partial Derivatives
Example Evaluate Solution. sin2 (2x 3y ) y = = = 2 sin(2x 3y ) y 2 sin(2x 3y ) cos(2x 3y )(3) 6 sin(2x 3y ) cos(2x 3y ) sin2 (2x 3y ). y

Note. fx and fy are also called the derivatives of f in the x- and y -directions, respectively. Moreoever, they can also be interpreted as rates of change.

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Partial Derivatives Exercises

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Partial Derivatives in Functions of n Variables

Remark. For a function of n variables x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , there are n partial derivatives. The partial derivative with respect to the ith variable is fxi (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = lim f (x1 , . . . , xi1 , xi + xi , xi+1 , . . . , xn ) f (x1 , . . . , xn ) . xi

x i 0

Also, fxi (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) is obtained by performing ordinary differentiation with respect to xi while treating the other variables constant. Notation. Let u = f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ). The following are the other notations for the partial derivative with respect to xi : Dxi f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) u xi
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Partial Derivatives Exercises

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Partial Derivatives of Functions of n Variables

Example Let f (x, y , z) = Solution. f x (x , y , z ) f y (x , y , z ) f z (x , y , z ) = = =

2 z + 2 cos(2x + 3y + 4z) + 2xzex z 2 y 2xz + 3 cos(2x + 3y + 4z) y3 2 x + 4 cos(2x + 3y + 4z) + x2 ex z y2

xz 2 + sin(2x + 3y + 4z) + ex z . Find fx , fy and fz . y2

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Partial Derivatives Exercises

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Let z = f (x, y ). The functions fx (x, y ) and fy (x, y ) are also functions of x and y. These functions also have partial derivatives. In fact, there are four of them. z x x z y x z x y z y y 2 z = fxx x2 2 z = fxy y x 2 z = fyx xy 2 z = fyy y 2

= = = =

The above derivatives are called the second order partial derivatives of f . Remark. Analogous denitions can be made for functions of three or more variables and for third or higher order partial derivatives.
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Partial Derivatives Exercises

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Example Let w = f (x, y ) = ln(2x + 3y ). Find (a) Solution. (a) 2 w and (b) fxy (x, y ). xy

1 3 w (3) = = f y (x , y ) = 2x + 3y 2x + 3y y

2 w 6 3(2x + 3y )1 = (3)(2x + 3y )2 (2) = = fyx (x, y ) = xy x (2x + 3y )2 (b) w 1 2 = f x (x , y ) = (2) = x 2x + 3y 2x + 3y

2 w 6 = fxy (x, y ) = 2(2x + 3y )1 = (2)(2x + 3y )2 (3) = y x y (2x + 3y )2 Remark. The above example shows that fxy = fyx .

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Partial Derivatives Exercises

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Clairauts Theorem Let f be a function of x and y . If fxy and fyx are continuous on some circular region R on a plane, then for all (x, y ) on R, fxy = fyx .

Example No function f (x, y ) exists such that fx (x, y ) = 3x + 2y and fy (x, y ) = 4x + 5y . Indeed, if such a function exists, then fxy = fyx . But fxy (x, y ) = 2 and fyx (x, y ) = 4, which are both continuous, yet are not equal.

Remark. Clairauts theorem can also be extended to functions of n variables, n N.

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Partial Derivatives Exercises

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

Example Let f (x, y , z) = z ln(x2 y cos z). Find Solution. f (x, y , z) z = = 2 f (x, y , z) xz ln(x2 y cos z) + z 1 x2 y ( sin z) x2 y cos z 2 ln x + ln y + ln(cos z) z tan z 2 x 3 f (x, y , z) 2 = 2 xxz x 3 f and fxzx . xxz

For fxzx , recall that fzx = fxz for all (x, y , z) in the domain of f . Thus, fxzx = fzxx = 2 . x2
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Partial Derivatives Exercises

Exercises

x Find fx and fy for f (x, y ) = tan(3x y ) + . y Find gx and gy for g (x, y ) = xy . Find hx and hy for h(x, y ) = x y x2 y .

Find fx , fy and fz for f (x, y , z) = logx (y ) xz2 . Solve for 2 f x 2 3y if f (x, y , z) = . xz z

Evaluate fyxz (1, 2, 0) for f (x, y , z) = 9x2 z e2xy .

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