Air Heater Performance Presentation Coverage Performance Indices & Assessment AH Performance Enhancement Options Calculation of Boiler Efficiency

- Sample Calculations

Air Heaters Boiler efficiency and APC deteriorate with Air Heater performance degradation fr om O/H to O/H. The symptoms include Lower fan margins (ID amperes 95 to 135A) Lo wer gas exit temperatures due to high AH leakage Increased flue gas volume - aff ects ESP performance Boiler operation at less than optimum excess air - Speciall y in units where in ID fans are running at maximum loading

Air Heater - Performance Indicators Air-in-Leakage (~13%) Gas Side Efficiency (~ 68 %) X ratio (~ 0.76) Flue gas tem perature drop (~220 C) Air side temperature rise (~260C) Gas & Air side pressure drops (The indices are affected by changes in entering air or gas temperatures, their flow quantities and coal moisture)

AH Performance Monitoring O2 & CO2 in FG at AH Inlet O2 & CO2 in FG at AH Outlet Temperature of gas enteri ng / leaving air heater Temperature of air entering / leaving air heater Diff. P ressure across AH on air & gas side (Above data is tracked to monitor AH performance)

Air heater Air-in-leakage All units that operate with a rotary type regenerative air heater experience som e degree of air leakage across the air heater seals. An increase in air leakage across the seals of an AH results in increased ID and FD fan power and flow rate of flue gas. Sometimes it can put limitations on unit loading as well. Typicall y air heater starts with a baseline leakage of 6 to 10% after an overhaul.

Air Heater Leakage (%) The leakage of the high pressure air to the low pressure flue gas is due to the Differential Pressure between fluids, increased seal clearances in hot condition , seal erosion / improper seal settings. Increased AH leakage leads to Reduced A H efficiency Increased fan power consumption Higher gas velocities that affect E SP performance Loss of fan margins leading to inefficient operation and at times restricting unit loading

Air Heater Leakage (%) Direct - Hot End / Cold End (60% through radial seals + 30% through Circumferential bypass) Air leakage occurring at the hot end of the air heater affects its thermal and h ydraulic performance while cold end leakage increases fans loading. Entrained Leakage due to entrapped air between the heating elements (depends on speed of rotation & volume of rotor air space)

Rotary Air heater BYPASS SEAL RADIAL SEAL HOT END AXIAL SEAL COLD END HOT INTERMEDIATE

SEALS ARRANGEMENT

Leakage Assessment Leakage assessment must be done by a grid survey using a portable gas analyser. Calculation of leakage using CO2 values is preferred because of higher absolute values and lower errors. Method of determination of O2 or CO2 should be the same at inlet and outlet - wet or dry (Orsat) Single point O2 measurement feedback u sing orsat is on dry basis while zirconia measurement is on wet basis. Leakage a ssessment is impacted by air ingress from expansion joints upstream of measureme nt sections.

Air Heater Leakage - Calculation This leakage is assumed to occur entirely between air inlet and gas outlet; Empi rical relationship using the change in concentration of O2 or CO2 in the flue ga s = CO2in - CO2out * 0.9 * 100 CO2out = O2out - O2in * 0.9 * 100 (21- O2out) = 5.7 2.8 * 90 (21-5.7) = 17.1 % CO2 measurement is preferred due to high absolute values; In case of any measure ment errors, the resultant influence on leakage calculation is small.

Gas Side Efficiency Ratio of Gas Temperature drop across the air heater, corrected for no leakage, t o the temperature head. = (Temp drop / Temperature head) * 100 where Temp drop = Tgas in -Tgas out (no leakage) Temp head = Tgasin - T air in Gas Side Efficiency = (333.5-150.5) / (333.5-36.1) = 61.5 %

Tgas out (no leakage) = The temperature at which the gas would have left the air heater if there were no AH leakage = AL * Cpa * (Tgas out - Tair in) + Tgas out Cpg * 100 Say AH leakage 17.1%, Gas In Temp 333.5 C, Gas Out Temp 133.8 C, Air In Temp 36. 1 C Tgasnl = 17.1 * (133.8 36.1) + 133.8 = 150.5 C 100

X Ratio Ratio of heat capacity of air passing through the air heater to the heat capacit y of flue gas passing through the air heater. = Wair out * Cpa Wgas in * Cpg Tga s in - Tgas out (no leakage) Tair out - Tair in = Say AH leakage 17.1%, Gas In Temp 333.5 C, Gas Out Temp 133.8 C , Air In Temp 36 .1 C, Air Out Temp 288 C X ratio = (333.5 150.5) / (288 36.1) = 0.73

X-Ratio depends on moisture in coal, air infiltration, air & gas mass flow rates leakage from the s etting specific heats of air & flue gas X-ratio does not provide a measure of th ermal performance of the air heater, but is a measure of the operating condition s. A low X-ratio indicates either excessive gas weight through the air heater or that air flow is bypassing the air heater. A lower than design X-ratio leads to a higher than design gas outlet temperature & can be used as an indication of e xcessive tempering air to the mills or excessive boiler setting infiltration.

Pressure drops across air heater Air & gas side pressure drops change approximately in proportion to the square o f the gas & air weights through the air heaters. If excess air is greater than e xpected, the pressure drops will be greater than expected. Deposits / choking of the basket elements would lead to an increase in pressure drops Pressure drops also vary directly with the mean absolute temperatures of the fluids passing thr ough the air heaters due to changes in density.

Air Heaters - Exit Gas Temperatures Factors affecting EGT include Entering air temperature - Any changes would chang e gas temperature in same direction. (10C rise in air temp ~ 10*0.7 = 7C rise in EGT) Entering Gas Temperature - Any changes would change exit gas temperature i n same direction (10C rise in gas temp ~ 10*0.3 = 3C rise in EGT) X-ratio - An i ncrease in X-ratio would decrease exit gas temperatures & vice versa Gas Weight - Increase in gas weight would result in higher exit gas temperatures AH leakage - An increase in AH leakage causes dilution of flue gas & a drop in `As read' exit gas temperatures

Air Heaters Good Practices AH sootblowing immediately after boiler light up Monitoring of Lub oil of Guide & Support bearings through Quarterly wear-debris analysis Hot water washing of a ir heaters after boiler shutdown - flue gas temperature ~ 180 to 150 C with draf t fans in stopped condition. (Ideally pH value can verify effective cleaning) Ba sket drying to be ensured by running draft fans for atleast four hours after bas ket washing

Air Heaters Good Practices contd Baskets cleaning with HP water jet during Overhauls after removal from position Heating elements to be covered with templates during maintenance of air heaters Gaps between diaphragms & baskets to be closed for better heat recovery & lower erosion rate at edges Ensuring healthiness of flushing apparatus of Eco & AH ash hoppers

Air Heaters Good Practices contd Replacement of baskets recommended when Weight loss of heating element baskets > 20-30 % Thinning of element thickness > one-third Erosion of heating elements i s > 50 mm depth Trends of Gas side and air side efficiency before and after Over haul may also supplement the replacement decision. Reversal of baskets not recom mended

O2 Stratification at AH Outlet FG Duct 8 7 6 7-8 % 6-7 5-6 4-5 3-4 Stratification in Gas ducts at AH outlet 5 4 S3 3 S1 A B C D E F Probe Temperature Stratification in AH Outlet FG Duct (Trisector Air heater) 170 160 Temp C 150 140 130 A B S2 S3 Grid sampling is needed for correct assessment of gas temperature & composition at AH outlet due to stratification in flue gas 160.0-170.0 150.0-160.0 140.0-150.0 130.0-140.0 C Probes D E S1 F

Air Heaters Thermocouples for flue gas temperatures at AH inlet as well as exit are generall y clustered on one side. A grid survey is needed for representative values. Exit gas temperatures need to be corrected to a reference ambient and to no leakage conditions for comparison. Thermocouples for SA temperature measurement at AH ou tlet are mounted too close to air heaters and need to be relocated downstream to avoid duct stratification. Additional mill or changes in coal quality change th ermal performance of a tri-sector air heater in a very major way; performance ev aluation is difficult.

It's worthwhile to re-look at all the instrumentation around Air heaters for air t emperatures / Flue gas composition & temperature measurement. The unit operation , equipment efficiency assessments and maintenance decisions are based on the sa me.

Case Study Air Heaters High air temp rise Low gas temp drop High AH leakages Low X-ratio Unit 2 A B 222 217 166 155 15.4 16.9 182 195 0.67 0.61 50.2 45.4 Unit 3 A B 219 222 155 158 16.5 18.4 185 188 0.62 0.61 47.9 47.5 Unit 1 Design PGT A B Air Temp Rise C 230 228 228 221 Gas Temp Drop C 200 185 16 5 162 Leakage % 8.8 6.6 15.9 16.6 Gas Out Temp (NL) C 146.8 164.5 190 188 X rati o % 0.83 0.73 0.64 0.64 Gas Side Efficiency % 62.6 56.1 49.1 49.1 Increased air flows ~ better heat recovery across Air Heaters Constraint ID fan margins - reduction in AH leakage boiler casing air-in-leakage gas ducts' air ingr ess

Air heater Performance Enhancement through Up gradations Double sealing retrofits with Fixed sealing plates Before After

Double Sealing

Rotor modifications Before Typical 24 sector rotor design New axial seal carrying bars fitted After Rotor modified to 48 sectors

Flexible seal assembly - Cold Condition

Flexible seal assembly - Hot Condition

Heating Surface Element retrofits All our air heaters have DU & NF profile at Hot end & Cold end Potential for imp rovement by changing basket profiles Reduction in Air heater exit gas temperatur es to 125C

Additional Surface area & 150mm height HE baskets Minimum Basket Hot End Hot Intermediate Cold End

Boiler Performance Boiler Efficiency The % of heat input to the boiler absorbed by the working fluid (Typically 85-88 %)

Boiler Efficiency Boiler Efficiency can be determined by a) Direct method or Input / Output method b) Indirect method or Loss method

Direct Method Steam Flue Gas Fuel + Air Boiler Efficiency = Heat addition to Steam x 100 Gross Heat in Fuel Boiler Efficiency = Steam flow rate x (steam enthalpy - feed water enthalpy) x 100 Fuel firing rate x Gross calorific value Water

Boiler Efficiency Direct method or Input / Output method measures the heat absorbed by water & ste am & compares it with the total energy input based on HHV of fuel. Direct method is based on fuel flow, GCV, steam flow pressure & temperature measurements. For coal fired boilers, it's difficult to accurately measure coal flow and heating va lue on real time basis. Another problem with direct method is that the extent an d nature of the individual components losses is not quantified.

Boiler Efficiency Indirect method or Loss method For utility boilers efficiency is generally calcu lated by heat loss method wherein the component losses are calculated and subtra cted from 100. Boiler Efficiency = 100 - Losses in %

Indirect Method 1. Dry Flue gas loss 2. H2 loss 3. Moisture in fuel 4. Moisture in air 5. CO los s Steam 6. Radiation 7. Fly ash loss Fuel + Air Boiler Flue gas Water 8. Bottom ash loss Efficiency = 100 (1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8) The unit of heat input is the higher heating value per kg of fuel. Heat losses f rom various sources are summed & expressed per kg of fuel fired.

Indirect or Loss method This method also requires accurate determination of heating value, but since the total losses make a relatively small portion of the total heat input (~ 13 %), an error in measurement does not appreciably affect the efficiency calculations. In addition to being more accurate for field testing, the heat loss method iden tifies exactly where the heat losses are occurring.

Boiler Efficiency Commonly used standards for boiler performance testing are ASME PTC 4 (1998) BS 2885 (1974) IS: 8753: 1977 DIN standards

Parameters required for computing Boiler Efficiency AH flue gas outlet O2 / CO2 / CO AH flue gas inlet and outlet temp C Primary / S econdary air temp at AH inlet / outlet C Total Airflow / Secondary Air Flow t/hr Dry/Wet bulb temperatures C Ambient pressure bar a Proximate Analysis & GCV of Coal kcal / kg Combustibles in Bottom Ash and Flyash

Boiler Losses Typical values Dry Gas Loss 5.21 Unburnt Loss 0.63 Hydrogen Loss 4 .22 Moisture in Fuel Loss 2.00 Moisture in Air Loss 0.19 Carbon Monoxide Loss 0. 11 Radiation/Unaccounted Loss 1.00 Boiler Efficiency 86.63

Dry Gas Loss (Controllable) This is the heat carried away by flue gas at AH outlet It's a function of flue gas quantity and the temperature difference between air heater exit gas temperature and FD fan inlet air temperature Typically 20 C increase in exit gas temperatur e ~ 1% reduction in boiler efficiency.

Dry Gas Loss Sensible Heat of flue gas (Sh) Sh = Mass of dry flue gas X Sp. Heat X (Tfg Tair) Dry Flue Gas Loss % = (Sh / GCV of Fuel) * 100

Dry Gas loss reduction requires Boiler operation at optimum excess air Cleanliness of boiler surfaces Good combu stion of fuel Reduction of tempering air to mill. Reduction in air ingress Clean ing of air heater surfaces and proper heating elements / surface area

Unburnt Carbon Loss (Controllable) The amount of unburnt is a measure of effectiveness of combustion process in gen eral and mills / burners in particular. Unburnt carbon includes the unburned con stituents in flyash as well as bottom ash. Ratio of Flyash to Bottom ash is arou nd 80:20 Focus to be on flyash due to uncertainty in repeatability and represent ative ness of unburnt carbon in bottom ash +50 PF fineness fractions to be < 1-1 .5%

Unburnt Carbon Loss (Controllable) Loss due to Unburnt Carbon = U * CVc * 100 / GCV of Coal CVc CV of Carbon 8077.8 kcal/kg U = Carbon in ash / kg of coal * C (Carbon in coal) 100 - C = Ash 100

Influencing Factors - Unburnt Carbon Loss Type of mills and firing system Furnace size Coal FC/VM ratio, coal reactiv urners design / condition PF fineness (Pulveriser problems) Insufficient excess air in combustion zone Air damper / register settings Burner balance / worn orif ices Primary Air Flow / Pressure

Moisture Loss Fuel Hydrogen Loss This loss is due to combustion of H present in fuel. H is bur nt and converted in water, which gets evaporated. Fuel Moisture Loss This loss i s due to evaporation and heating of inherent and surface moisture present in fue l. (Can be reduced by judicious sprays in coal yards)

Computation - Moisture Loss Total Moisture Loss = (9H+M) * Sw / GCV of Coal Sw Sensible Heat of water vapour = 1.88 (Tgo 25) + 2442 + 4.2 (25 - Trai) The moisture in flue gases (along with Sulphur in fuel) limits the temperature to which the flue gases may be cooled d ue to corrosion considerations in the cold end of air heater, gas ducts etc.

Other Losses 1. Sensible Heat Loss of ash Bottom Ash Hoppers Eco Hoppers AH Hoppers ESP hoppe rs (~0.5-0.6 %) Sensible Heat Loss (%) = (X / GCV) *100 X = [{Ash * Pflyash * C pash * (T go - T rai)} + {Ash * Pahash * C pash * (T go - T rai)} + {Ash * Peash * C pash * (T g i -T rai )} + {Ash * Pba * C pash * (T ba - T rai )}]

Other Losses 2. Radiation Loss through Bottom Ash Hopper Coal Flow Rate 135 Tons/Hr GCV of Coal 3300 Kcal/Kg Eqv. Heat Flux thro' Bottom op ening 27090 Kcal/hr/m2 Bottom opening area of S-Panel 15.85 m2 Radiation Loss through Bottom Ash Hopper = [H BOTTOM * A S-PANEL *100 ] / [Coal Flow * GCV * 1000] = 0.096 %

Other Losses 3. Coal Mill Reject Loss Coal Flow Coal Mill Rejects GCV of Coal CV of Rejects ill Outlet Temp Tmillout Reference Temperature Trai Specific Heat of Rejects CpR EJECT 135 T/hr 200 kg/hr 3300 kcal/Kg 900 kcal/Kg 90 C 30 C 0.16 kcal/Kg/C Loss due to Mill Rejects = X / (Coal Flow * GCV * 1000) X = [Rejects * (CVREJECT + CpREJECT (Tmillout Trai))* 100 ] = (0.0408 %)

Other Losses 4. Radiation Loss Actual radiation and convection losses are difficult to assess because of particular emissivity of various surfaces.

HEAT CREDIT Heat Credit due to Coal Mill Power = [MP * 859.86 * 100] / [Coal Flow * GCV * 10 00] Coal Flow Rate Coal FLOW Tons/Hr Total Coal Mill Power MP kWh GCV of Coal Kc al/Kg

Computations Two Excel spreadsheets for determination of Boiler and Air Heater performance in dices are being provided with this presentation. These also include methodology for correcting these indices for deviation in coal quality and ambient temperatu re from design. The operating equipment performance should be corrected for boun dary conditions before comparison with design parameters.

THANKS