Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Production Engineering is that part of petroleum engineering which attempts to maximize production in a cost-effective manner. In general Production Engineers are involved with the design, analysis, optimization and troubleshooting of production systems. Production system consists of:
The reservoir The near wellbore zone The well production and artificial lift completion The production gathering system
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Usually the system is modeled from the reservoir up to a certain known boundary condition such as the separator pressure and temperature. Usually the separator performance, the flow of the fluids streams downstream of the separator gas and liquid measurements is under responsibility of fluid processing and surface facilities engineers.
As fluids move through the production system, the pressure, temperature, gas-liquid-solid equilibrium and phase properties will be changing. Those changes are all inter-related but the pressure changes are very important since they determine the production flowrates for the well.
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Equilibrium Flowrate
The equilibrium flowrate q is the solution to the following equation
Pr Ps = Pc (q)
Potential Pressure Drops in System Components
Reservoir
Tubing
Flowline
Preservoir (q )
Ptubing (q )
Pflowline (q )
10000 Distance (ft) 15000
Equilibrium Flowrate
The system components are: reservoir, tubing, flowline, etc...
Pr Ps = Preservoir (q) + Pnear wellbore (q ) + Ptubing (q ) + Pflowline (q ) + Pchoke (q ) + Partificial lift (q )
Equilibrium Flowrate
Regrouping the terms:
Pr Preservoir (q) Pnear wellbore (q) = Ps + Ptubing (q) + Pflowline (q) + Pchoke (q) + Partificial lift (q)
Flowrates
The source of the produced fluids is the reservoir. During production, the fluids will flow inside the porous media losing pressure as they flow towards the perforations. The driving force for the fluids to move inside the porous media is the pressure drop in the reservoir. The fluids will arrive at the mid point of the perforations with a pressure Pwf also called Inflow Bottomhole Pressure.
Equilibrium Flowrate
Then:
Pr Preservoir (q) Pnear wellbore (q) = Ps + Ptubing (q) + Pflowline (q) + Pchoke (q) + Partificial lift (q)
inflow wf
(q)
or
q( P
inflow wf
Flowrates
After the fluids get into the production system throught the perforations, they will flow through the remaining components of the production system (tubing, flowline, etc) losing pressure as they flow towards the separator. The driving force for the fluids to move through those element is the pressure at the bottom of the well. The fluids will require a certain pressure at the mid point of the perforations to flow. This pressure, Pwf is called outflow bottomhole pressure.
Equilibrium Flowrate
Then:
Pr Preservoir (q) Pnear wellbore (q) = Ps + Ptubing (q) + Pflowline (q) + Pchoke (q) + Partificial lift (q)
outflow wf
(q)
or
q( P
outflow wf
Equilibrium Flowrate
Then:
Pr Preservoir (q) Pnear wellbore (q) = Ps + Ptubing (q) + Pflowline (q) + Pchoke (q) + Partificial lift (q)
inflow wf
(q)
outflow wf
(q)
Equilibrium Flowrate
Usually an increase in flowrate causes an increase in the pressure drops inside the tubing and flowline and chokes or restrictions
outflow Pwf (q ) = Ps + Ptubing (q) + Pflowline (q) + Pchoke (q ) + Partificial lift (q)
An increase in flowrate cause an increse in the pressure drop in the reservoir and near wellbore region
Equilibrium Flowrate
5000 4500 4000 3500
OPR
o Pwf
Pwf
IPR
qe
Pwf
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
F lo w rate (b p d )
Performance Relationships
A wells Inflow Performance Relationship is a measure of the reservoir ability to produce fluids under an imposed reservoir pressure drop or bottom hole flowing pressure Pwf. The IPR represents the pressure available at the bottom of the well for a certain flowrate. It represents the pressure available in front of the perforations for the fluids to flow inside the porous media at a certain flowrate A wells Outflow Performance Relationship is a measure of the production system requirements to produce fluids under an imposed system pressure drop or bottom hole flowing pressure Pwf The OPR represents the pressure required at the bottom of the well to flow fluids at a certain flowrate from that location to the surface separator.
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Performance Relationships
The natural equilibrium flowrate is the flowrate at which the Inflow and Outflow Performance Relationships are the same. The IPR and OPR represent a relationship between the bottonhole flowing pressure and the flowrate. For a certain condition there is only one equilibrium flowrate and only one bottomhole flowing pressure. The equilibrium flowrate is the one that causes the IPR and OPR pressures to be the same. Proper System design requires Knowledge of the IPR and OPR at current as well as future reservoir pressure levels and operational conditions.
Performance Relationships
The bottomhole flowing pressure is defined as the pressure occurring inside the well at mid perforation depth
outflow Pwf (q ) = Ps + Ptubing (q ) + Pflowline (q ) + Pchoke (q ) + Partificial lift (q )
Performance Relationships
The flowrate is usually the flowrate at standard conditions of the fluid of interest For oil wells Oil flowrate in stock tank conditions For gas wells Gas flowrate in some standardized condition Sometimes the flowrate can also be the total liquid flowrate (oil and water) but it must be clearly stated which fluid/fluids is being used for the flowrate
Flowrate in Standard Conditions for the Fluid of Interest
Performance Relationships
The models for solving the balance equations usually require some parameters such as pipe roughness, thermal conductivities, choke discharge coefficient, permeability, etc For the production equipment:
Accurate models exist for single phase flow and the characteristic parameters are known or can be easily determined for each component. For two phase flow, models do exist but experimental closure equations are required (the problem is too complex) and some degree of uncertainty exist in the predictions.
Darcys Law
We focus now on the prediction of single phase pressure losses inside the reservoir. In1856 Darcy (1803-1858) performed experiments for the design of sand filters for water purification in France
Darcys Law
Henry Darcy's law of fluid flow through porous media forms the basis of hydrogeology. Experiments on water flow through sand led Darcy to formulate the empirical law that he published in1856 as an appendix to his book Les Fontaines publiques de la ville de Dijon. Darcy wrote the book to describe the construction of Dijon's water supply system in 183940 and to provide practical guidance to engineers involved in similar projects. Darcy's water supply system transformed Dijon from a pestilential provincial capital to the second-best city in Europe (after Rome) in terms of water supply and quality. As a young Engineer of the Corps of Bridges and Roads assigned to his native city, Darcy gauged nearby springs and selected an abundant spring to divert to Dijon via a 12-km underground aqueduct. In 18391840, he built two reservoirs, 13 kilometers of pipes and 115 street fountains in Dijon. These fountains supplied free water for all inhabitants, water for flushing the streets, and water for fire pumps. The book contains 4 parts and an appendix.
Part 1 describes the historical water situation of Dijon and proposals to provide water for its residents. Part 2 discusses the construction of the aqueduct and the internal distribution system. Part 3 presents experiments that Darcy conducted on the aqueduct and distribution system. Part 4 discusses the expropriation of the springs, which belonged to a nearby village. The appendix contains eight sections on such topics as the water supply systems of London and major French cities, artificial and natural filtration of river water, and pipe making. Appendix D contains the experiments that Darcy conducted in developing his law of fluid flow through porous media. A separate 28-plate atlas includes Darcy's drawings of the components of the Dijon water supply system, the Pitot tube, and the apparatus Darcy used for the experiments that led to the formulation of Darcy's Law.
Darcy Experiment
Viscous Fluid
Sand
P + dP
dx
Darcys Law
After several concluded that: experiments Darcy
A dP q is proportional to dx k A dP q= dx
Where k is defined as the permeability of the porous media. In 1933 Muskat et al, proposed to measured permeability in a unit called Darcy
Darcys Law
The units of k can be obtained by:
q dx k= dP A
L M Lt t L 1 2 k= L =L 2 2 2 t t L MLL
The permeability k has the units of area
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Darcys Law
The definition of 1 Darcy is the permeability of a porous media that will allow the flow of 1 cm3/s of a fluid with 1 cp viscosity when the pressure gradient is 1 atm/cm and the flow area is 1 cm2
q dx k= dP A
cm3 cp cm 13 2 1 Darcy = 1 = 9 . 869 10 m s atm cm 2
Darcys Law
The value of 1 Darcy by definition is then:
1 D = 9.869 10 13 m 2
Curiosity: Human hair thickness ~ 60 microns = 6 x 10-5 m Human hair cross section area
d
4
(6 10
4
5 2
= 28.27 10 10 m 2
Darcys Law
k A dP q= dx
q A - Liquid flow rate - Cross Section Area - Liquid Viscosity
dP - Pressure Gradient dx
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Darcys Law
Darcys law is in reality an expression for the steady state momentum conservation equations (or pressure losses) through the porous media channels. This can be verified by comparing Darcys equation with a simplified model for laminar flow in the porous media based on momentum balance equations for pipes.
P + dP
dx
mD bpd ft 2 psi/ft
k A dP q= dx
0.001127 k A dP q= dx
cp
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
P + dP q
bbl/d
dl
in psi/ft
1 d 4 dP q= 7.9628 10 6 dl
cp bbl/d ft psi/ft
12 4 d 4 dP q= 7.9628 10 6 dl
cp
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
0.001127 k A dP q= dx
cp
Darcys Law
ft psi/ft
12 4 d 4 dP q= 7.9628 10 6 dx
cp
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Darcys Law
Lets obtain a version of Darcys in cylindrical coordinates system.
rw
dr
q A
h
Darcys Law
k A dP q= dr q= 2 k h
A = 2 r h
dP r dr
Darcys Law
q=
2 k h
dP r dr
This ordinary differential equation (ODE) represents the steady stage momentum balance equation for the pressure losses in the porous media and must be solved in conjunction with a mass balance equation
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Darcys Law
In field units
mD ft
bpd psi/ft
dP q = 0.00708 r dr
cp
kh
Darcys Law
In Darcys equation, the flowrate is the flowrate at in-situ conditions. Even for low compressibility fluids, the difference between the fluid volumes at reservoir condition and the fluid volumes at the surface separator conditions (where fluids are measured and sold) needs to be considered. This is done taking into account the fluid compressibility or the fluid formation volume factor B to convert from in-situ conditions to surface or standard conditions This may be important for two reasons:
The standard conditions or surface conditions flowrate is a measure of mass rate and may help in solving the mass balance equation We are interested in obtaining the IPR which will relate the bottomhole pressure available for producing a certain amount of fluids on the surface that can be sold.
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Darcys Law
The fluid compressibility is defined as:
1 V c= V P
c=
1 P
As a consequence:
c= 1 B B P
Darcys Law
Two important cases exist: Liquids Constant compressibility
1 B c= B P
B=e
c ( P Pstd )
c=
1 P
= std e c ( P P
std
Ideal gases
1 dB c= B dP
Pstd = PB
P B = std P
c=
1 P
Pstd std = P
Pstd std P
Darcys Law
Then Darcys law can be modified to:
mD ft
qstd
k h dP = 0.00708 r B dr
cp
Darcys Law
The single phase reservoir model consists of a transient mass balance equation and the steady state momentum balance equation represented by Darcys Law:
q 1 t = 2 r h r q = 2 k h r P r
This system must be solved with the proper initial condition as well as boundary conditions.
Darcys Law
Reservoir Engineers are familiar with the Diffusivity equation which can be obtained by substituting Darcy law in the mass balance equation:
1 q = t 2 r h r
2 k h r P q= r
2 k h r P 1 = t 2 r h r r 1 k r P = t r r r
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Darcys Law
But from the compressibility we have:
1 c= P 1 t c= t P P = c t t
1 k r P = t r r r
P 1 k r P c = t r r r
Darcys Law
The diffusivity equation becomes then:
P 1 k r P c = t r r r
psi-1
mD
psi
P 1 k r P = 162.6 c t r r r
lb/ft3 day cp ft
Darcys Law
Once the diffusivity equation is solved yielding a solution for the pressure as a function of time and radial position, Darcys law can be used to find a solution for the flowrate as a function of time and radial position. Finally the solution at the wellbore yields the bottomhole pressure and sandface production as a function of time
P 1 k r P = t r r r
P(r , t )
2 k h r P r
q=
qsf (t )
Pwf (t )
q(r , t )
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
162.6 c
P 1 k r P = t r r r
= 1 P r r r r
1 P
162.6
c P
k t
162.6
c P
k
1 P P = r r + + t r r r r r 1 P P P = r rc + + t r r r r r
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
c=
162.6
c P
k
162.6
c P
k
1 P P P = r rc + + t r r r r r 1 P P P = r rc 1 + + t r r r r r
2
162.6
c P
k
162.6
c P
k
1 P P P + rc = r + r r r t r r
1 P P = r + t r r r r
162.6
c P
k
162.6
c P
k
1 P P = r + t r r r r
psi-1
cp psi
162.6
c P
k
1 P = r t r r r
day ft
mD
c=
1 P
psi-1
psi
bpd
P 0.8935 P q = + c q rh t r r
ft
day
Darcys Law
In principle, an infinite number of solutions to the diffusivity equations can be obtained depending on initial and boundary conditions imposed.
Initial conditions refer to the pressure and flowrate distribution inside the porous media at a certain moment. Boundary conditions refer to the conditions both at the wellbore as well as at the edge of the reservoir.
The BC at the reservoir edger could be:
Infinite reservoir Sealed reservoir (no flow at the edge) Constant pressure (pressure maintenance at the edge)
Darcys Law
Lets imagine a reservoir at a certain initial state where a disturbance is created. Examples of this case could be:
Opening a well to produce at a constant flowrate or constant bottomhole pressure. Changing the well production conditions (modifying the flowrate or modifying the bottomhole flowing pressure) Shutting in a well.
In all those cases there is a period of time, called transient, where the pressure response in the reservoir is not affected by the presence of the outer boundaries, since the perturbation created at the wellbore is still traveling across the well. In this condition, the well appears to be infinite in extent. This condition applies for a small period of time and mainly occur when wellbore conditions are deliberately changed.
Opening a well Changing operational conditions (chokes, artificial lift) Well testing disturbances
Pr
Pwf
rw
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
rr
Darcys Law
At a certain point in time after the disturbance is generated, the pressure response will start to feel the effects of the outer boundary. The outer boundary can be:
Closed boundary representing a sealed reservoir Constant pressure representing a water influx or water injection.
In reality the conditions at the wellbore (flowrate or pressure) may be constantly slowly changing with time even for a stable well. But those changes do not compare with disturbances created by well testing operations or changes in choke opening or artificial lift parameters to produce more or less fluids. For practical purposes we can assume that during normal stable operation the conditions at the wellbore are reasonably constant. When operational conditions (choke or artificial lift) are changed we need to estimate the time it will take for the transitent period to die out and for the well to stabilize again. For those conditions two other solutions for the diffusivity equation are possible
Semi Steady State condition for a sealed reservoir Steady State condition for a constant pressure at the edge.
Transient Condition
This conditions is applicable to a relatively short period after some disturbance has been created. The condition is mainly applied to the analysis of well test in which the wellbore condition is changed and the pressure and flworate response is measured and analyzed. Comparison of the measured values with a model can help in determining key reservoir parameters. This condition can also be used to determine the transient IPR The mathematical solution to the diffusivity equation is very complex.
Pr
Pwf
rw
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
rr
c=
1 V V P
1 V dP = dt V t
bpd
psi
dP q = = cte 2 dt c re2 rw h
dP q = 1.787 2 dt c re h
day ft
Pr P
Pwf
rw
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
rr
Pr
Pwf
rw
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
rr
c P 1 P = r k t r r r q (rw , t ) = cte P =0 r rr
dP q = dt c rr2 h
1 P q r = 2 r r r r hk r q (rw , t ) = cte P =0 r rr
q 1 P = r r rr2 h k r r
q P = 2 r r rr h k r r
r
q P 2 = r +A 2 2 rr h k r
0=
q 2 r r + A 2 rr2 h k
A=
q 2 h k
P q r2 = r 1 2 r 2 h k rr P q 1 r = 2 r 2 h k r rr q r2 P= ln(r ) 2 +B 2 h k 2rr
Using the inner boundary condition
2 rw q + B ( ) Pwf = ln r w 2 2 h k 2rr 2 rw q B = Pwf ln ( r ) w 2 2 h k 2rr
P=
r q + B ( ) ln r 2 2 h k 2rr
2
2 rw q B = Pwf ln ( r ) w 2 2 h k 2rr
rr 1 q Pr = Pwf + ln 2 h k rw 2
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
P=
rw
P(r ) 2 h rdr
2 )h (rr2 rw
r 2 P 2 2 P (r ) rdr rr rw rw
Then:
2 P 2 2 rr rw
2 P 2 2 rr rw
2 P 2 2 rr rw
2 2 2 rr rw rr + 2rr ln 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 rr rw q rw rr rw + rr rw rw + P 2 2 Pwf 2 2 2 h k 2 4 8 r 4 r rr rw r r
2 rr 2rr ln 2 2 2 rw rr + rw rw q 1 P Pwf + 4 + 4 r 2 r 2 8r 2 + 4 r 2 h k r w r r
2 rr 2rr ln 2 2 2 q 1 rw rr + rw + rw P Pwf + + 2 2 2 2 hk 4 4 r r 8 r 4 r r w r r
P = Pwf +
q ln rr 3 r 4 2 h k w
rr 1 q ln Pr = Pwf + r 2 2 h k w
rr 3 q P = Pwf + ln 2 h k rw 4
rr 1 q ln Pwf = Pr 0.00708 h k rw 2
Pwf = P
rr 3 q ln r 4 0.00708 h k w
Pr Pwf
rw
Pr
rr
2 k h r P q= r P = P @ r r r
P q 1 = r 2 k h r
q P= ln(r ) + A 2 k h
Pr =
A = Pr
q P= ln(r ) + A 2 k h
P= r q ln + Pr 2 k h rr
P = Pr
q r ln r 2 k h r
And the pressure inside the reservoir can also be written as:
P = Pr q r ln r 2 k h r q r ln w 2 k h r
P = Pwf
P=
rw
P(r ) 2 h rdr
2 )h (rr2 rw
r 2 P 2 2 P (r ) rdr rr rw rw
Then:
2 P 2 2 rr rw
Pwf + q ln r rdr 2 h k rw rw
rr
2 P 2 2 rr rw
Pwf + q ln r rdr 2 h k rw rw
rr
2 rr 2rr ln q 1 rw P Pwf + + 2 2 hk 4 4 r r r w
P = Pwf +
q ln rr 1 r 2 2 h k w
rr q ln Pr = Pwf + 2 k h rw
rr 1 q P = Pwf + ln 2 h k rw 2
Pwf = Pr
rr q ln 0.00708 h k rw
Pwf = P
rr 1 q ln r 2 0.00708 h k w
psi
cp
rr P (r ) = Pr ln 0.00708 k h r
ft mD
bpd psi/ft
cp
dP q 1 = dr 0.00708 k h r
mD ft
Darcys Law
6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 200 400 600 Radial Position (ft) 800 1000 1200
rr P (r ) = Pr ln 0.00708 k h r
Pressure (psi)
Reservoir Pressure Viscosity Flowrate Permeability Thickness Well Diameter Reservoir Radius
psi cp bpd mD ft in ft
Darcys Law
Reservoir Pressure Viscosity 5000 8 2000 500 10 9 1000 psi cp bpd mD ft in ft
rr ln P(r ) = Pr 0.00708 k h r
20 40 60 80 100
Darcys Law
1400 Radial Pressure Gradient (psi/ft) 1200
Reservoir Pressure 5000 8 2000 500 10 9 1000 psi cp bpd mD ft in ft
dP q 1 = dr 0.00708 k h r
100
1000
Darcys Law
Pr
6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 200 400 600 Radial Position (ft) 800 1000 1200
rr P (r ) = Pr ln 0.00708 k h r
Pressure (psi)
psi cp bpd mD ft in ft
i wf
Darcys Law
Well Centerline Sand Face
3000
rr P (r ) = Pr ln 0.00708 k h r
2200
Viscosity Flowrate
1800
Permeability
i Pwf
1400
rw
1000 0 2 4 6 8 10 Radial Position (ft)
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Darcys Law
6000 5000 4000
2000 Reservoir Pressure Viscosity 2500 Permeability Thickness Well Diameter 5000 8 500 10 9 1000 psi cp mD ft in ft Flowrate (bpd) 1000 1500
rr ln P(r ) = Pr 0.00708 k h r
Pressure (psi)
Reservoir Radius
800
1000
1200
Darcys Law
7000 6000
4500 Reservoir Pressure (psi) 6000 5000 5500
rr ln P(r ) = Pr 0.00708 k h r
5000 Pressure (psi) 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 200 400 600 Radial Position (ft) 800 1000 1200
bpd cp mD ft in ft
Darcys Law
Fluid Viscosity (cp)
6000
8 6 4
rr ln P(r ) = Pr 0.00708 k h r
5000 4000
10
Pressure (psi)
Reservoir Pressure
psi bpd mD ft in ft
800
1000
1200
Darcys Law
Permeability (mD)
6000
500
600
800
rr ln P(r ) = Pr 0.00708 k h r
5000 4000
400
Pressure (psi)
Reservoir Pressure
psi bpd cp ft in ft
800
1000
1200
Darcys Law
Thickness (ft)
6000
20 10
30
50
rr ln P(r ) = Pr 0.00708 k h r
5000 4000
Reservoir Pressure 5000 2000 8 500 9 1000 psi bpd cp mD in ft
Pressure (psi)
800
1000
1200
Darcys Law
Reservoir Radius (ft)
500
1000
2000
3000
rr ln P(r ) = Pr 0.00708 k h r
Pressure (psi)
Reservoir Pressure
psi bpd cp mD in ft
2000
2500
3000
3500
psi
cp
bpd
rr 1 Pwf = P ln 0.00708 k h rw 2
qsc B
mD
ft
qsc B
qsc B
qsc B
But
= 1.78
Then we have:
1 4 Adrainage Pwf = P ln 2 0.00708 k h 2 C A rw
qsc B
56.32
qsc B
But
rr 1 1 rr2 1 1 rr2 1 1 rr2 1 4 rr2 ln r 2 = 2 ln r2 2 = 2 ln r2 2 ln(e ) = 2 ln e r2 = 2 ln e 4 r 2 w w w w w
rr 1 1 4 Adrainage ln r 2 = 2 ln e 4 r 2 w w
= 1.78
Then we have:
1 4 Adrainage Pwf = P ln 2 0.00708 k h 2 C A rw
qsc B
And the shape factor for a circular area under steady state is:
Steady State CA =
34.159
qsc B
qsc =
0.00708 k h B
cp
qsc =
0.00708 k h B
cp
mD bpd
ft psi
qsc =
0.00708 k h B
cp
qsc =
0.00708 k h B
2 4 r ln C r
2 e 2 A w
(P P )
wf
qsc =
0.00708 k h B
P Pwf 2.657 re ln r + ln C w A
qsc =
0.00708 k h B
cp
P Pwf 2.657 re ln r + ln C w A
acres
ft2
acres
in2
t pss =
psi-1 cp hours ft
2
cA
k
t da
psi-1 cp hours acres
t pss =
cA
0.000264 k
hours
t da
mD cp psi-1
t pss =
ft2
cA
6.054 10 k
9
t da
mD
t pss = 11900
c re2
k
t da
mD
i q = J P Pwf
J=
0.00708 k h B
1 2.657 re ln r + ln C w A
q qmax
Maximum flowrate that would occur if the bottom hole flowing pressure could be zero. It is also known as Absolute Open Flow or AOF
= 1
i Pwf
P
Reservoir Average Pressure
qmax = J P
0.00708 k h B 1 2.657 re ln r + ln C w A
J=
q = J (P Pwf )
Pe
dq J = dPwf
qmax = J P
q
qmax
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
k - 20 mD h - 60 ft
- 10 cP
rr - 600 ft rw - 3.5 Pr - 1250 psi
k - 20 mD h - 60 ft
- 10 cP
rr - 600 ft rw - 3.5 Pr - 1250 psi
k - 20 mD h - 60 ft
q = 0.1114 P P
qmax = 0.1114 1250 qmax = 139.25 stb/d
i wf
- 10 cP
rr - 600 ft rw - 3.5 Pr - 1250 psi
Pwf
1250
q = 0.1114 P P
i wf
q
139.25
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
q= J P P
600 = J (1250 900 )
i wf
J = 1.71 stb/d/psi
q= J P P
qmax = 1.71 (1250 - 0)
i wf
Pwf
1250
q = 1.71 P P
i wf
q
2137.5
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Homework 1
Well Tests 30 stb/d @ Pwf = 1000 psi 60 stb/d @ Pwf = 800 psi
Homework 1
Well Tests 30 stb/d @ Pwf = 1000 psi 60 stb/d @ Pwf = 800 psi Well Tests 30 = J ( Pr 1000) 60 = J ( Pr 800)
q= J P P
i wf
( P 800) 2= (P 1000)
Pr = 1200 psi
J = 3/20 stb/d/psi
Pwf
Pr = 1200 psi
Homework 1
Q
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
As we produce fluids from the reservoir, a depletion in reservoir pressure will take place. What is the effect of depletion on the Inflow Performance Relationship ? Can we estimate Future IPR ?
Pr
q= J P P
i wf
)
q
qmax
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Other topics
Transient single phase IPR Include B and viscosity integration with pressure for single phase Gas IPR Other models partial penetration Skin Etc.
IPR
The IPR equation is valid for a well without damage or stimulation effects In actual wells, sometimes a damage area around the wellbore exists. This area usually is of very small radius and the permeability is also reduced. This causes an different pressured drop behavior that must be taken into account. In some wells, stimulation practices can create a small radius area around the wellbore where the permeability is higher than the original reservoir permeability and this effect must also be considered.
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Skin Effect
The pressure profile changes in this region. The region has a very small radius, and because of this, the reduction or increase in pressure is called skin effect. We can use Steady State Darcys Law for single phase flow to illustrate the problem
qsc B rr ln P(r ) = Pr 2 k h r
Skin Effect
rw ri
rr
k skin
Pwf
Pi
Pr
P(r ) = Pi
qsc B ri ln 2 k skin h r
P(r ) = Pr
qsc B rr ln 2 k h r
Skin Effect
The pressure at the edge of the affected zone can be obtained by:
P(r ) = Pr
qsc B rr ln 2 k h r
qsc B rr Pi = Pr ln 2 k h ri
qsc B r ln i 2 k skin h r
ri qsc B ln 2 k skin h rw
Pwf = Pi
Skin Effect
Then, the bottonhole flowing pressure can be written as:
qsc B rr Pi = Pr ln 2 k h ri
Pwf = Pi ri qsc B ln 2 k skin h rw
Pwf = Pr
Skin Effect
The bottonhole flowing pressure that would exist if the well had no skin would be:
P
no skin wf
qsc B rr = Pr ln 2 k h rw
Defining the Skin pressure drop as the difference between the real bottonhole flowing pressure and the bottonhole flowing pressure without skin:
no skin wf
qsc B rr = Pr ln 2 k h rw
Pskin = P
no skin wf
Pwf
Pskin
Skin Effect
The skin pressure drop becomes:
Pskin ri qsc B rr qsc B 1 rr 1 = Pr Pr + + ln ln ln 2 k h rw 2 h k ri k skin rw Pskin ri 1 rr qsc B 1 rr 1 = + ln ln ln 2 h k ri k skin rw k rw
Pskin
Pskin =
qsc B ri 1 1 ln 2 h rw k skin k
Skin Effect
The skin pressure drop becomes:
Pskin
Pskin =
Pskin
The skin effect is usually determined with a pressure build up test. Usually it is related to a skin factor S which is a parameter determined by the build up test analysis:
Pskin
ri k k skin S = ln r w k skin
Skin Effect
Summary S
Positive S indicates a damage Zero indicates no skin Negative indicates stimulation
Pskin = S
qsc B 2 k h
Pskin = S
qsc B
0.00708 k h
ft mD
Skin Effect
The pressure in the unnafected region is given by:
psi cp bpd
P (r ) = Pr
r ln r 0.00708 k h r
mD ft
qsc B
P (r ) = Pi
r ln i 0.00708 k h r
qsc B
Skin Effect
The bottonhole flowing pressure is given by
no skin Pwf = Pwf + Pskin
qsc B
psi
cp
bpd
rr ln + Pwf = Pr S 0.00708 k h rw
qsc B
mD
ft
Skin Effect
P(r ) = Pr
3000 2500 Pressure (psi) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Radial Position (ft)
r ln r 0.00708 k h r
qsc B
P(r ) = Pi
r ln i 0.00708 k h r
qsc B
Pskin = S
qsc B
0.00708 k h
ri
ri k k skin S = ln r w k skin
Pwf = Pr
rr ln + S 0.00708 k h rw
qsc B
Skin Effect
The Steady State Linear IPR for a reservoir that presents some Skin effect is then:
bpd mD ft psi
qsc =
0.00708 k h i Pr Pwf rr ln + S B r w
cp
psi
cp
bpd
Pskin = S
qsc B
0.00708 k h
ft mD
Skin Effect
qsc =
6000
0.00708 k h i Pr Pwf rr B ln r w
)
Reservoir Pressure Viscosity Permeability Thickness Reservoir Radius 5000 10 500 10 1000 6 psi cp mD ft ft in
5000
4000
Well Radius
3000
2000
1000
Skin Effect
qsc =
6000 5000
0.00708 k h i Reservoir Pressure Pr Pwf rr Viscosity B ln r Permeability w 0.00708 k h Thickness i ( ) Pr Pwf qsc = rr Reservoir Radius B ln S + r Well Radius w
psi cp mD ft ft in
4000
3000
Pskin = S
2000
qsc B
0.00708 k h
0
Skin Factor
1000
Skin Effect
A similar analysis yield similar results for the semi-steady state IPR as well in terms of average pressure
In summary we have:
psi cp bpd
Pskin = S
qsc B
0.00708 k h
ft mD
mD bpd
ft
psi
bpd
qsc =
0.00708 k h i P Pwf rr 3 + S B ln r 4 w
cp
Skin Effect
In general we have:
psi cp bpd
Pskin = S
qsc B
0.00708 k h
ft mD
mD bpd
ft psi
qsc =
0.00708 k h B
cp
ln
1 2.657 re + ln C rw A
+S
(P P )
i wf
Skin Effect
Or in terms of the productivity index and AOF:
mD bpd/psi ft
q= J P P
i wf
J=
0.00708 k h B
cp
ln
1 2.657 re + ln C rw A
+S
mD bpd
i Pwf
ft psi
q qmax
= 1
qmax =
0.00708 k h B
cp
ln
1 2.657 re + ln C rw A
+S
Skin Effect
A comparison with the skinless variables yields:
q= J P P
i wf
q=J
no skin
(P P
no skin wf
J J no skin
q qmax
= 1
i Pwf
q
no skin qmax
= 1
no skin Pwf
J = FE J
no skin
Skin Effect
How to relate the Flow Efficiency with the Skin S:
no Skin P Pwf i P Pwf
FE =
J = FE J no skin
J=
0.00708 k h B
ln
1 2.657 re + ln C rw A
+S
J no skin =
0.00708 k h B
1 2.657 re + ln ln r C w A
2.657 re ln + ln r CA w FE = 2.657 re +S ln + ln r w CA
Skin Effect
How to calculate the skin pressure drop from the flow efficiency:
FE =
no Skin P Pwf i P Pwf
i no Skin FE P Pwf = P Pwf i no Skin FE P FE Pwf = P Pwf i i i no Skin FE P P FE Pwf + Pwf = Pwf Pwf
i (FE 1)P (FE 1) Pwf i i (FE 1)(P Pwf ) = Pwf no Skin Pwf
i Pskin = (1 FE ) P Pwf
Skin Effect
Finally how to relate FE with well test data
i Pskin = (1 FE ) P Pwf
)
qsc B
0.00708 k h
Pskin FE = 1 i P Pwf
bpd
Pskin = S
cp
FE = 1
Skin Effect
Example The following data is available for a well without damage
Reservoir Pressure Viscosity Permeability Thickness Reservoir Radius Well Radius 5000 10 500 10 1000 6 psi cp mD ft ft in
Estimate the skin factor for this well and the production for the same bottonhole flowing pressure if the skin is removed
Skin Effect
We first calculate the IPR for the well with damage
q= 0.00708 k h i Pr Pwf re ln r +S w
rr 0.00708 k h i S= Pr Pwf ln q rw
S=
S = 1.84
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Skin Effect
The production without skin for the same bottonhole flowing pressure is
q= 0.00708 k h i Pr Pwf re ln r w
q=
q = 931 bpd
+S
(P P )
i wf
qsc =
0.00708 k h B
2.657 e S rwa re + ln ln ln + r r w wa CA
(P P )
i wf
If:
rwa =
Then
mD bpd ft
rw eS
psi
qsc =
0.00708 k h B
2.657 re + ln ln r wa CA
(P P )
i wf
cp
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Darcys Law
Viscous Fluid
P + dP
dx
k A dP q= dx
Darcys Law
Viscous Fluid Sand Partially Saturated with Fluid
P + dP
dx
k f A dP q= dx
k f = k f (Rock , Fluids, Saturation )
Darcys Law
0.6 0.5 Permeability (mD) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Fluid Saturation (Fraction)
Absolute Permeability - k
Critical Saturation
Darcys Law
The relative permeability is defined as the ratio between the permeability to a fluid and the rock absolute permeability:
k rf =
kf k
k f A dP k rf dP =kA q= dx dx
Darcys Law
1.0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Fluid Saturation (Fraction)
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
k = k (r , , z )
P = P(r , , z , t )
S f = S f (r , , z , t ) k rf = k rf (r , , z , t )
k f = k f (S f , k )
k f = k f (r , , z , t )
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
q = B f qsc
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Darcys Law
k rf dP q=kA f dx
q = B f qsc
kf
dP qsc = A B f f dx
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Darcys Law
For radial flow we have :
qsc = A dP B f f dr kf
A = 2 r h
qsc =
2 r k f h dP f B f dr
dr kf r =
2 h q sc f
B
1
f
1
f
dP
q = 2 h
sc f
dP
dr kf r
Pr
2 k h dP q= re Pwf ln r w
Pr
q = 2 h
sc f
1
f
dP
dr kf r
q
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Vogel IPR
Vogel used a numerical reservoir simulator to generate the IPR. He studied several cases for a specific condition:
Mechanism of production Solution Gas Drive No water production Reservoir pressure below bubble point Saturated conditions
He changed several other conditions such as fluid and rock properties He then plotted the results of the simulation for the several cases
Vogel IPR
3500 3000 2500 Pressure (psi) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 500 1000 Flowrate (sbpd)
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
1500
2000
Vogel IPR
Like expected, all IPRs showed a curved shape. He then tried to find a common shape to describe all the IPRs. He tried to normalize the curves. For each case, he divided the pressure by the reservoir pressure and the flowrate by the maximum flowrate. The result was not a perfect correlation, but the points were clustered along a curved line.
Vogel IPR
Pwf P
0.8 1
Pressure (dimensionless)
0.6
0.4
0.2
Flowrate (dimensionless)
q qmax
Vogel IPR
A linear relationship is clearly applicable. Vogel tried then a quadratic form not
q qmax
Pwf = a +b P
+c
Pwf P
Vogel IPR
Pwf P
0.8 Pressure (dimensionless) 1
q qmax
Pwf = a +b P
+c
Pwf P
0.6
0.4
0.2
Flowrate (dimensionless)
q qmax
Vogel IPR
q qmax Pwf = a +b P
+c
Pwf P
The following conditions must be met by this expression q = qmax for and q=0 for Pwf = P Pwf = 0
Vogel IPR
The results of those conditions are: a=1 and c=-(1+b) So the proposed expression becomes:
Pwf = 1+ b P
q qmax
(1 + b)
Pwf P
q qmax
Pwf = 1+ b P
0.2
(1 + b)
0.4 0.6
Pwf P
-1 - 0.8
0.6
- 0.6 - 0.4
0.4
b
0.2
- 0.2 0
Vogel IPR
Pwf = 1+ b P
q qmax
(1 + b)
Pwf P
-1 < b < 0
Vogel IPR
Vogel then used his numerical results from the simulations to get the best value of b that would fit his data.
Vogel IPR
1 0.8 Pressure (dimensionless)
b = - 0.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
Flowrate (dimensionless)
q qmax
Pwf = 1 0.2 P
0.8
Pwf P
0.6
0.4
0.2
Flowrate (dimensionless)
Vogel IPR
Vogel IPR can be obtained only from well tests as opposed to the linear IPR that can be determined from well tests of rock and fluid properties. Although the method was develloped for solution gas drive reservois, the equation is generally accepted and used for other drive mechanisms as well. It is found to give excellent results for any well with a reservoir pressure below the oil bubble point, i.e., saturated reservoirs. WHY ?
Caution: When using a quadratic type IPR the equation must follows:
q qmax Pwf = 1+ b P
(1 + b)
Pwf P
q qmax
Pwf = 1+ b P
(1 + b)
Pwf P
0.6
0.8
Dimensionless Flowrate
Vogel IPR
Example: Saturated Reservoir
Pr = 1500 psi
Test
qo = 200 bpd @ Pwf = 1400 psi
Determine Vogel IPR (b = - 0.2)
Vogel IPR
Example:
q qmax Pwf = 1 0.2 P
0.8
2
Pwf P
1600 1400 1200 Pressure (psi) 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 500 1000 Flowrate (bpd) 1500 2000
Homework 1
Well Test
100 bpd @ Pwf = 1400 psi Pr = 2000 psi
We know the reservoir is saturated Calculate and Plot the Vogel IPR Calculate and Plot a linear IPR What can you say of the use of linear IPR for saturated reservoirs ?
Homework 1 - Vogel
q qmax Pwf = 1 0.2 P
0.8
Pwf P
Homework 1 - Vogel
q = J ( P Pwf )
100 = J (2000 1400)
J = 1/6 stb/d/psi Qmax = J Pr = 1/6 2000 = 333.33 stb/d
Homework 1
2000 B ottomhole flow ing pressure (psi) 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
unde r pre dicting re gion for line a r IP R ove r pre dicting re gion for line a r IP R
Homework 1a
Well Test
100 bpd @ Pwf = 1400 psi Pr = 2000 psi
We know the reservoir is saturated Calculate and Plot the Vogel, Fetkovich, Klins, Wiggins and the linear IPR Compare the results
Homework 1a - Vogel
q qmax Pwf = 1+ b P
(1 + b)
Pwf P
Homework 1a
2000 1800 1600 Pressure (psi) 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Flowrate (bpd)
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Productivity Index
The value of the productivity index J needs to be redefined for the case of the saturated IPR. The value of J is given by:
dq J = dP wf
q J = max P
Pwf 2 ( 1 ) + b b P
Productivity Index
In particular, the values of J* and J0 are defined as:
dq J = dP wf
*
Pwf = Pr
dq J = dP wf
0
Pwf =0
( 2 + b ) qmax =
P
b qmax J = P
0
J* =
1500
(2 + b ) qmax
P
Pressure (psi)
1000
500
b qmax J = P
0
Assume the test flowrate error can be off by 5% Assume the test pressure error can be off by 1% So the test pressure and flowrate ranges are:
285 bpd < q < 315 bpd 792 psi < Pwf < 808 psi
(q
(q, P )
wf
+ , Pwf
Test Data
(q
, Pwf
)
q
max
qmax
+ qmax
qt
0.8
Pwf P
qt+ P 1 0.2 P
+ wf
+ Pwf 0.8 P qt
= qmax
P 1 0.2 P
wf
P 0.8 wf P
qmax = 450 q q
+ max max
= 477 = 424
qmax 450 6%
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
max
qmax
+ qmax
400
500
600
qmax = 5075
q
q
+ max
max
= 7473
= 3754
max
qmax
+ qmax
6000
8000
Future IPR
The prediction of the future IPR is very important to forecast future well production. It is necessary to have simplified methods for estimating future IPR. One of those methods (Eickemeier) states that the productivity index J* is proportional to square of reservoir pressure. In this way, if we know the evolution of the reservoir pressure with depletion, we can also estimate the evolution of the IPR.
Future IPR
q =
sc f
2 k h B
sc
1
f
rf
dP
dr krf r
Future IPR
Vogels Type Productivity Index is defined as
(2 + b) qmax J = P
*
P J 1 = J P 2
* 1 * 2
Then
qmax1 P 1 = qmax2 P2
Estimate the Vogel IPRs for: Pr = 1500, 1350, 1200, 1050, 900 and 750 psig
Future IPR
Pr 1500 1350 1200 1050 900 750
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
qmax 1200
J*
Future IPR
Pr 1500 1350 1200 1050 900 750 qmax 1200 874.8 614.4 411.6 259.2 150
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Future IPR
1600 1400 1200
Pressure (psi)
1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Flowrate (bpd)
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Future IPR
This is not the only available method to estimate future Vogel type IPR for saturated reservoirs. Usually all those methods try to use a Vogel type IPR (quadratic equation) and use some form of relationship between the value of the productivity index J* or the maximum flowrate qmax and the reservoir pressure Pr.
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Future IPR
Vogels type Productivity Index is defined as
(2 + b) qmax J = P
*
P qmax 2 P 1 1 = F qmax1 P2 P2
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Future IPR
Method
* P J2 1 = F * J1 P 2
Eickmeier
P 1 P 2
P 1 P 2
Fetkovich
Wiggins Oil
Wiggins - Water
Future IPR
1
Wiggins - Water
0.8
0.6
Wiggins - Oil
0.4
Fetkovich Eickmeier
0.2
qmax = 1200 bpd Using Fetkovich, Eickemeier and Wiggins methods for evolution of the value of J*, estimate the Vogel IPRs (with b = -0.2) for the following reservoir pressures Pr = 1500, 1350, 1200, 1050, 900 and 750 psig
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Future IPR
Future Vogel IPR (b = - 0.2) Fetkovich Pr qmax 1500 1350 1200 1050 900 750 1200 J* qmax 1200 J* qmax 1200 J* Eickmeier Wiggins
Future IPR
Future Vogel IPR (b = - 0.2) Fetkovich Pr qmax 1500 1350 1200 1050 900 750 1200 972 768 588 432 300 J* 1.44 1.30 1.15 1.01 0.86 0.72 qmax 1200 875 614 412 259 150 J* 1.44 1.17 0.92 0.71 0.52 0.36 qmax 1200 989 799 628 478 348 J* 1.44 1.32 1.20 1.08 0.96 0.84 Eickmeier Wiggins
Future IPR
1600 1400 1200 Pressure (psi) 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Flowrate (bpd)
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
IPR
The linear IPR is valid for single phase flow of fluids in the reservoir. It is not valid for compressible flow. For saturated reservoirs, the linear IPR is no longer valid and correlations should be used. Vogel type correlations although develloped for solution gas drive reservoirs have been applied successfully in fields producing with other mechanisms. They are only valid for saturated reservoirs.
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
The linear IPR concept is valid when the flow of fluids in the reservoir is single phase Single Phase Reservoir The Vogel IPR concept is valid when the flow of fluids in the reservoir is always in two phase flow Saturated Reservoir
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Pr
Pwf q
rw
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
rr
Pwf q
rw
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
rr
Pr Pb
Pwf q
rw
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
rr
Undersaturated Reservoir
P
Pr Pwf Pb
For undersaturated reservoirs, if the bottomhole flowing pressure is above the bubble point, the linear IPR approach can be used
rw
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
rr
Undersaturated Reservoir
P q Pr Pwf = Pb
For undersaturated reservoirs, the linear IPR approach can be used for low flowrates. There is a upper limit that the linear IPR can be used in this case. The limit is given by the flowrate that causes the bottomhole flowing pressure to be equal to the bubble point.
rw
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
rr
Undersaturated Reservoir
P q Pr Pb
Beyond this limit, we will have two regions in the reservoir. One close to the wellbore where free gas is present and the pressure is below the bubble point. The other region far away from the wellbore the fluid is single phase since the pressure is above the bubble point.
Pwf
rw
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
rr
Undersaturated Reservoir
P Pr Pr P
Pb
Pb
In an undersaturated reservoir, for low flowrates, the IPR is linear and for higher flowrates, the IPR will not follow the linear behavior any longer, since there is a region close to the wellbore that contains free gas.
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Undersaturated Reservoir
q = J (P Pwf )
For the linear part, we can use the linear IPR equation, but for higher flowrates we can not use Vogel approach directly since in his work it was assumed that the whole reservoir was below the bubble point. The important question then is how to adapt Vogel approach for this case.
P
Pb
?
q qb qmax
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
q = 2 h
sc f
Pwf
1 Bf f
rr
dP =
rw
dr kf r
2 hk Bf f
dP dr r
Pr
P
Pb
Pwf qf q rw re
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Saturated Reservoir
Pr
P Pb Pr
q = 2 h
sc f
Pwf
1 Bf f
rr
dP
rw
dr kf r
P
P
Pb
Pwf qf q rw re
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Undersaturated Reservoir
Pr
q = 2 h
sc f
Pwf
1 Bf f dr k r rw f
rr
Pb
dP = 2 h
Pwf
1 Bf f
dP + dr k r rw f
rr
Pr
1 Bf f
dP
Pb
P Pr
Pb
Pb Pwf qf
q sc 2 h f =
Pwf
1 Bf f dr k r rwf f
rb
Pr
dP = 2 h
Pb
B
rr
1
f
dP
dr kf r rb
rw
re
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Undersaturated Reservoir
Pr
2 h q sc f =
Pwf
1 Bf f dr k r rw f
rr
dP
P Pr Pb Pwf
qb q
q sc f = 2 h
Pb
Pwf
1 Bf f
dP + dr k r rw f
rr
Pr
Bf f Pb
dP
rw
re
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Undersaturated Reservoir
Pr
Pwf > Pb
q = 2 h
sc f
Pwf
1 Bf f dr k r rw f
Pr
rr
dP
Pwf = Pb
q = qb = 2 h
sc f
Pb
1
f
dP
dr k r rw f
rr
Undersaturated Reservoir
Pb
Pwf < Pb
2 h q sc f =
Pwf
1 Bf f
dP + dr k r rw f
rr
Pr
1 Bf f
dP
Pb
Pb
Pwf < Pb
q sc 2 h f =
Pwf
1 Bf f dr k r rw f
rr
dP + qb
Undersaturated Reservoir
q = J (P Pwf )
Pb
Pb
2 h q sc f qb =
Pwf
1 Bf f dr k r rw f
rr
dP
q qb qmax
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Undersaturated Reservoir
Pb
P
Pb
P ' = Pb
q qb = 2 h
sc f
Pwf
1 Bf f dr k r rw f
rr
dP
q = q - qb q qb qmax
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Undersaturated Reservoir
Pr'
P Pr
P ' = Pb
qsc = 2 h
'
Pwf
1 Bf f dr k r rw f
rr
dP
q = q - qb
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
qmax - qb
Undersaturated Reservoir
P Pr
P ' = Pb
(1 + b)
Pwf ' P
q = q - qb qmax = qmax - qb
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Undersaturated Reservoir
q = J (P Pwf )
Pwf q qb = 1+ b P qmax qb b
Pb
(1 + b)
Pwf Pb
q qb qmax
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Undersaturated Reservoir
J* = J
b
J
Pb
( 2 + b )(qmax qb ) =
Pb
qmax
J b Pb = + qb (2 + b )
q qb qmax
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Undersaturated Reservoir
Parameters : J and P '
P
Pb Parameters : Pb , qb and Jb
q qb qmax
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Undersaturated Reservoir
Parameters : J and P
q
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Undersaturated Reservoir
Parameters : J , P and Pb
P
Pb
q
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Undersaturated Reservoir
Parameters : J , P and Pb
Pb Parameters : qb and Jb
q
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Undersaturated Reservoir
Parameters : J , P and Pb
qb = J (Pr Pb )
Pb Parameters : Jb
q
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Undersaturated Reservoir
Parameters : J , P and Pb
P
Pb
qb = J (P Pb )
Jb = J
q
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Undersaturated Reservoir
q = J (P Pwf )
Pwf q qb = 1+ b P qmax qb b
P
Pb
(1 + b)
Pwf Pb
qb = J (P Pb )
qmax J Pb = + qb (2 + b )
q qb qmax
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
q 0
qmax =
q 0 500
2000
Pressure (psi)
1500
1000
500
2000
2500
3000
Evolution of IPR
2000 1800 1600 1400 Pressure (psi) 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 500 1000 1500 Flowrate (bpd)
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
J = Constant
* J = Jb
Pb
P J* = F * Jb P b
2000
2500
3000
Initial Reservoir Pressure Pr = 2000 psi Bubble Point Pressure Pb = 1400 psi Initial Productivity Index J* = 2 stb/d/psi Assume Eickmeier model for future IPR
Evolution of IPR
2000 1800 1600 1400 Pressure (psi) 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 500 1000 1500 Flowrate (bpd)
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
J = Constant
Pb
P J = * Jb P b
*
2000
2500
3000
Skin Effect
The problem now is how to obtain expressions for the IPR for saturated and undersaturated reservoirs that present skin. The linear portion is a trivial exercise, but for the saturated region, you must remember that the methods of Vogel, Fetkovich, etc... Are valid only for reservoirs without damage. The problem is that the real data obtained from production tests for reservoir that have a damage reflects a bottomhole flowing pressure with the skin effect. For those cases to be properly analysed, we must have information on the skin effect (skin factor and reservoir properties or flow efficiency) so that we can recover the tests bottonhole flowing pressures without skin. Once the test data is corrected by the skin, we can estimate the IPR parameters After the parameters for the IPR without skin have been obtained, we can estimate the real IPR by re-incorporating the skin effect on the bottomhole flowing pressures
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Skin Effect
The first method was proposed by Standing as an extension to Vogel method. The follwoing procedure illustrates Standing Method
Skin Effect
Example The following data is available for a well test
Reservoir Pressure Bubble Point Pressure Bottomhole Test Pressure Test Flowrate Flow Efficiency 2400 3000 1800 70 0.7 psi psi psi bpd
Skin Effect
3000
Bottomhole Flowing Pressure (psi)
200
250
300
Skin Effect
The data seems to be from a saturated reservoir. The well presents a damage, so we can not use Vogel equation direclty.
The first step is to correct the test data for the skin
test Pwf = 1800
Pskin = (1 FE ) Pr Pwf
Skin Effect
3000
Bottomhole Flowing Pressure (psi)
200
250
300
Skin Effect
There is no need to calculate the reservoir pressure, since it is known.
Pr = 2400
The maximum flowrate parameter for Vogel Equation (b=-0.2) for the undamaged reservoir:
qmax =
q P P ( ) + b 1+ b 1 P P r r
70
2
qmax =
qmax = 241bpd
Skin Effect
The IPR for the undamaged reservoir is then:
Skin Effect
3000
Bottomhole Flowing Pressure (psi)
q qmax
100
150
Flowrate (bpd)
200
250
300
Skin Effect
We can now use the undamage IPR to calculate the damaged IPR:
Pskin = (1 FE ) Pr Pwf
Skin Effect
The IPR for the damage well becomes:
Pwf no skin Pwf no skin q = 1 0.2 0 . 8 241 2400 2400
2
Skin Effect
3000
Bottomhole Flowing Pressure (psi)
qmax
Pwf Pwf ( ) ( ) = 1+ b + + + FE FE b FE FE 1 ( 1 ) 1 Pr Pr
Sandface IPR
150
Flowrate (bpd)
200
250
300
Skin Effect
The maximum flowrate for the IPR with skin is:
720 + 0.7 Pwf q = 1 0.2 241 2400 720 + 0.7 Pwf 0.8 2400
2
q = 209 bpd
Skin Effect
3000
Bottomhole Flowing Pressure (psi)
q qmax Pwf no skin Pwf no skin = 1+ b ( 1 + ) b P P r r
2
q qmax
Pwf Pwf ( ) ( ) = 1+ b 1 + ( 1 + ) 1 + b FE FE FE FE P P r r
The IPR with skin is less curved than the skinless IPR. Why ??? Sandface IPR
100
150
Flowrate (bpd)
200
250
300
Skin Effect
3000
Bottomhole Flowing Pressure (psi)
Similar
q re P r P ( ) ln = r Saturation 0.00708 k h r
Profiles
200
250
300
Skin Effect
For a saturated IPR we have:
q qmax
Pwf Pwf = 1 + b (1 FE ) + FE (1 + b) (1 FE ) + FE Pr Pr
Skin Effect
For a saturated IPR using Vogel we obtain:
Bottomhole Flowing Pressure / Reservoir Pressure 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
q qmax
Pwf Pwf ( ) ( ) = 1+ b 1 + ( 1 + ) 1 + b FE FE FE FE P P r r
Skin Effect
The value of J is
Skin Effect
The value of J is
d Pwf noskin dq dq J = = d Pwf d Pwf noskin d Pwf b 2 (1 + b) J = qmax Pwf no skin FE 2 Pr Pr Pwf no skin = (1 FE )Pr + FE Pwf
Then:
FE
Skin Effect
The value of J is
FE
b ( 1 FE )Pr J = qmax 2 (1 + b) FE 2 Pr Pr
o
J o = FE
qmax [ b 2 (1 + b) (1 FE )]FE Pr
0 = b 2 (1 + b) (1 FE )
FE = 1
b 2 (1 + b)
FE =
2+b 2 + 2b
Skin Effect
The maximum value of FE is:
FE =
2+b 2 + 2b
b
0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.8 -0.9 -1
FEmax
1 1.125 1.333 3 5.5 Infinite
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Linear
Skin Effect
For Vogel the maximum value of FE is 1.125:
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 Bottomhole Flowing Pressure / Reservoir Pressure
Flow Efficiency
0.3 0.2
1.0
0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
FE
(1 FE )Pr + FE Pwf b 2 (1 + b) 0 2 Pr Pr
b Pr 2 (1 + b) (1 FE )Pr 2 (1 + b) FE Pwf 0
Pwf Pr
b 2 (1 + b) (1 FE ) 2 (1 + b) FE
Skin Effect
Vogel IPR for J Positive:
1 Bottomhole Flowing Pressure / Reservoir Pressure
Flow Efficiency
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Flowrate / Skinless Maximum Flowrate
3.00 2.50 2.25 2.00 1.75 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.25
1.50
Pwf
b 2 (1 + b) (1 FE ) Pr 2 (1 + b) FE
1.0 1.125
Pr
q qmax
Pwf
noskin
= 1.2 0.2 6
Pr
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Flowrate / Skinless Maximum Flowrate
q qmax
Pwf
noskin
= 1.2 0.2 6
Pr
q qmax
= 1.2 0.2 6
Pr
q qmax
= 1.2 0.2 6
(1 FE )+ FE
dq dPwf noskin
Pr
noskin
Pr
Skin Effect
But ..... This second Harrison method is not good since it limits the maximum flowrate even for very high flow efficiencies:
Bottomhole Flowing Pressure / Reservoir Pressure 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 Flowrate / Skinless Maximum Flowrate
q qmax
= 1.2 0.2 6
(1 FE )+ FE
Pwf Pr
Skin Effect
Harrison observed that:
1 Bottomhole Flowing Pressure / Reservoir Pressure
Flow Efficiency
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Flowrate / Skinless Maximum Flowrate
3.00 2.50 2.25 2.00 1.75 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.25
1.50
Pwf
b 2 (1 + b) (1 FE ) Pr 2 (1 + b) FE
1.0 1.125
Skin Effect
Harrison observed that:
10
Pwf 1 P r
0.1
Skin Effect
Harrison proposed to approximate the IPRs when the FE is greater than the critical value by:
10
Pwf 1 P r
P q wf = C 1 P qmax r
1
0.1
IF FE is greater thant the critical value, calculate the critical value for the bottomhole flowing pressure :
crit = Pr Pwf
b 2 (1 + b) (1 FE ) 2 (1 + b) FE
Determine two extra points on the IPR where the regular behavior is observed:
crit PA = Pwf +
4 crit Pr Pwf 6
crit PB = Pwf +
5 crit Pr Pwf 6
Calculate the flowrates at those two points by using the regular equation for the quadratic IPR with flow efficiency.
qA (1 FE ) + FE PA (1 FE ) + FE PA = 1+ b (1 + b) Pr Pr qmax
2
qB (1 FE ) + FE PB (1 FE ) + FE PB = 1+ b (1 + b) Pr Pr qmax
C=
qA qmax P 1 A P r
2
If Flow Efficiency is smaller than the critical value, the IPR is:
q qmax Pwf Pwf ( ) ( ) = 1+ b 1 + ( 1 + ) 1 + b FE FE FE FE P P r r
2
If Flow Efficiency is greater than the critical value, the IPR is:
P q wf = C 1 P qmax r
2
Skin Effect
Bottomhole Flowing Pressure / Reservoir Pressure 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 Flowrate / Skinless Maximum Flowrate
q qmax
Pwf Pwf ( ) ( ) = 1+ b + + + 1 ( 1 ) 1 FE FE b FE FE P P r r
P q wf = C 1 P qmax r
FEcrit =
2+b 2 + 2b
Now we can calculate the new flowrate that would occur at the bubble point for this FE
q A = J FE ( Pr Pb )
The maximum flowrate for the saturated IPR with this FE is:
qC = J FE Pb + qA 2+b
Pwf 1 + b P b
Pwf b ( 1 ) + P b
Skin Effect
4000 3500 Bottomhole Flowing Pressure (psi) 3000
1.0
Pwf 1 + b P b
Pwf b ( 1 ) + P b
2500
0.5
1.2 1.4
Flow Efficiency
0.6
0.8 0.9
1000
2000
4000
5000
6000
C=
qA qmax P 1 A P r
2
) )
2
qA PA PA = 1+ b (1 FE ) + FE P (1 + b) (1 FE ) + FE P qmax r r qB (1 FE ) + FE PB (1 FE ) + FE PB = 1+ b (1 + b) qmax Pr Pr
Skin Effect
This method has several disadvantages and given the nature of the approximation given by the IPR expressions another simpler method is proposed. In this method we just recover from the test data and skin data the undamaged bottom hole flowing pressure. Then the undamage bottom hole flowing pressure and the real bottom hole flowing pressure are used to calculate the IPR parameters for the undamaged and real IPRs
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Skin Effect
Example The following data is available for a well test
Reservoir Pressure Bubble Point Pressure Bottomhole Test Pressure Test Flowrate Flow Efficiency 2400 3000 1800 70 0.7 psi psi psi bpd
Skin Effect
3000
Bottomhole Flowing Pressure (psi)
200
250
300
Skin Effect
The first step is to correct the test data for the skin
test Pwf = 1800
Pskin = (1 FE ) Pr Pwf
Skin Effect
3000
Bottomhole Flowing Pressure (psi)
200
250
300
Skin Effect
There is no need to calculate the reservoir pressure, since it is known.
Pr = 2400
The maximum flowrate parameter for Vogel Equation (b=-0.2) for the undamaged reservoir:
no skin = qmax
q P P ( ) + b 1+ b 1 P P r r
2
no skin = qmax
Skin Effect
For the damaged reservoir we have:
qmax = q P P ( ) b 1+ b 1 + P P r r
2
qmax =
Skin Effect
3000
Bottomhole Flowing Pressure (psi)
1000
Vogel IPR
200
250
300
q = J (P Pwf )
Pwf q qb = 1+ b P qmax qb b
Pb
(1 + b)
Pwf P b
q qb qmax
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
The bubble pressure can be obtained from a fluid sample. The remaining 4 parameters are not independent, since the IPR should be continuous and smooth at the bubble point.
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
q = J (P Pwf )
qb = J (P Pb )
P
Pb
Pwf q qb = 1+ b P qmax qb b
(1 + b)
Pwf P b
q qb qmax
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
q = J (P Pwf )
Jb =
Pwf = Pb
Pb
dq dPwf
=
Pwf = Pb
(2 + b )(qmax qb )
Pb
Pwf q qb = 1+ b P qmax qb b
(1 + b)
Pwf P b
q qb qmax
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
q = J (P Pwf )
qmax J Pb = + qb 2+b
Pwf q qb = 1+ b P qmax qb b
Pb
(1 + b)
Pwf P b
q qb qmax
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
The remaining 2 parameters can be calculated by the auxiliary equations for continuity and smoothness
q = J (P Pwf )
Pwf q qb = 1+ b P qmax qb b
Pb
(1 + b)
Pwf P b
qb = J (P Pb )
qmax J Pb = + qb 2+b
q qb qmax
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Pb
2000
2500
3000
Pb
2000
2500
3000
Pb
2000
2500
3000
The mathematical procedure is very simple. The test data must satisfy the appropriate equation for the IPR The IPR must be continuous and smooth at the bubble point
Pwf q qb = 1+ b P qmax qb b
(1 + b)
Pb
Pwf Pb
qb = J (P Pb )
qmax J Pb = + qb (2 + b )
3000
2000
2500
q2 = J (P P2 )
For the IPR to be continuous and smoth at the bubble point we have:
qb = J (P Pb )
qmax J Pb = + qb (2 + b )
q1 = J (P P 1)
q1 = J (P P 1)
q2 = J (P P2 )
q2 P 1 q1 P 2 P= q2 q1
( q1 J (P P P P 1) 1) = = q2 J (P P2 ) (P P2 )
q1 q2 = J (P P 1 ) J (P P 2 ) = J (P 2 P 1)
q2 q1 J= P 1P 2
q2 q1 J= P 1P 2
qb = J (P Pb )
qmax J Pb = + qb (2 + b )
q2 P 1 q1 P 2 P= q2 q1
Pb
q2 q1 J= P 1P 2
qb = J (P Pb )
qmax J Pb = + qb (2 + b )
2000
2500
3000
q2 P 1 q1 P 2 P= q2 q1
Pb
q2 q1 J= P 1P 2
qb = J (P Pb )
qmax J Pb = + qb (2 + b )
2000
2500
3000
Case A Example
Test 1 Pwf = 1700 q = 200 Test 2 Pwf = 1500 q = 600 Bubble Point Pb= 1400
q2 P 1 q1 P 2 P= = q2 q1
q2 q1 J= = P 1P 2
J Pb = + qb = 1.8
qb = J (P Pb ) =
qmax
Case A Example
Test 1 Pwf = 1700 q = 200 Test 2 Pwf = 1500 q = 600 Bubble Point Pb= 1400
qmax
Pb
2000
2500
3000
2000 1800 1600 1400 Pressure (psi) 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
1 Pb 2
Pwf q qb = 1+ b P qmax qb b
(1 + b)
Pwf Pb
qb = J (P Pb )
qmax
J Pb = + qb (2 + b )
3000
500
1000
2000
2500
q1 = J (P P 1)
P2 P2 q2 qb = 1+ b (1 + b) P qmax qb Pb b
qb = J (P Pb )
qmax J Pb = + qb (2 + b )
For the IPR to be continuous and smoth at the bubble point we have:
P2 P2 q2 qb = 1+ b (1 + b) P qmax qb Pb b
qmax
J Pb = + qb (2 + b )
P2 (q2 qb )(2 + b ) = 1 + b P2 (1 + b)
J Pb P b
P b
qb = J (P Pb )
(q
P2 P2 J (P Pb ))(2 + b ) = 1+ b (1 + b) P J Pb Pb b
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
(q
P2 P2 J (P Pb ))(2 + b ) = 1+ b (1 + b) P J Pb Pb b
q1 = J (P P 1)
q P q2 J 1 + P 1 b (2 + b ) P2 P2 J = 1+ b (1 + b) P J Pb Pb b
P2 P2 (1 + b) q2 (2 + b ) (2 + b )q1 J (2 + b )P 1 + J (2 + b )P b = J P b 1+ b P Pb b
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
J=
(2 + b )(q2 q1 )
P22 (2 + b ) P1 + b P2 (1 + b ) Pb + P b
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
q1 = J (P P 1)
q1 Pr = + P 1 J
Once we know J and Pr, we have:
qb = J (P Pb )
qmax J Pb = + qb (2 + b )
J=
1 Pb
(2 + b )(q2 q1 )
P22 (2 + b ) P1 + b P2 (1 + b ) Pb + P b
P= q1 + J P 1 J
qmax
J Pb = + qb (2 + b )
2000
qb = J (P Pb )
2500
3000
J=
1 Pb
(2 + b )(q2 q1 )
P22 (2 + b ) P1 + b P2 (1 + b ) Pb + P b
P= q1 + J P 1 J
qmax
J Pb = + qb (2 + b )
2000
qb = J (P Pb )
2500
3000
Case B Example
Test 1 Pwf = 1700 q = 200 Test 2 Pwf = 1190 q = 1192 Bubble Point Pb= 1400
J=
P=
qb = J (P Pb ) =
qmax
J Pb = + qb = 1.8
Case B Example
Test 1 Pwf = 1700 q = 200 Test 2 Pwf = 1190 q = 1192 Bubble Point Pb= 1400
J=
1.8(1192 200 ) 1190 1.8 1700 0.2 1190 0.8 1400 0.8 1400
2
=2
P=
qmax
1 Pb 2
2000
2500
3000
q = J (P Pwf )
Pwf q qb = 1+ b P qmax qb b
(1 + b)
Pwf Pb
Pb 1 2
qb = J (P Pb )
qmax
J Pb = + qb (2 + b )
2000
2500
3000
P P q1 qb 1 1 ( 1 ) = 1+ b + b P P qmax qb b b P2 P2 q2 qb = 1+ b (1 + b) P qmax qb Pb b
For the IPR to be continuous and smoth at the bubble point we have: qb = J (P Pb ) J Pb qmax = + qb (2 + b )
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
P P q1 qb 1 1 ( 1 ) + = 1+ b b P qmax qb Pb b
q1 qb
P2 P2 q2 qb = 1 + b (1 + b) P qmax qb Pb b
q2 qb
P P 1 1 1+ b ( 1 ) + b P P b b
= qmax qb
P2 P2 1+ b P (1 + b) P b b
= q1 qb
= qmax qb
q2 qb
P2 P2 1+ b (1 + b) P P b b
P P 1 1 1+ b ( 1 ) b + P P b b
P2 P2 1+ b (1 + b) P P b b
q1 qb
P P 1 1 1+ b ( 1 ) b + P P b b
2 2 P 1 1 1 + b P2 (1 + b ) P2 q 1 + b P q ( ) b + 1 1 P P 2 Pb P b b b qb = 2 2 P P P P 2 2 1 1 1 + b (1 + b ) 1 + b (1 + b ) P P Pb Pb b b
2 2 P 1 1 1 + b P2 (1 + b ) P2 q 1 + b P q ( ) b + 1 1 P P 2 Pb P b b b qb = 2 2 P P P P 2 2 1 1 1 + b (1 + b ) 1 + b (1 + b ) P P Pb Pb b b
Pb 1 2
qb 0
2000
2500
3000
P2 P2 q2 qb = 1+ b (1 + b) P qmax qb Pb b
qmax
J Pb = + qb (2 + b )
2
P2 (q2 qb )(2 + b ) = 1 + b P2 (1 + b)
J Pb P b
P b
J=
(2 + b ) (q2 qb )
2 P2 P2 Pb 1 + b (1 + b) P Pb b
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
qmax
J Pb = + qb (2 + b )
2000 1800 1600 1400 Pressure (psi) 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
Pb 1 2
P = Pb +
qb J
qmax =
J Pb + qb (2 + b )
500
1000
2000
2500
3000
2 2 P 1 1 1 + b P2 (1 + b ) P2 q 1 + b P q ( ) b + 1 1 P P 2 Pb P b b b qb = 2 2 P P P P 2 2 1 1 1 + b (1 + b ) 1 + b (1 + b ) P P Pb Pb b b
Pb 1 2
qb 0
2000
2500
3000
Case C1 Example
Test 1 Pwf = 980 q = 1528 Test 2 Pwf = 770 q = 1808 Bubble Point Pb= 1400
Case C1 Example
Test 1 Pwf = 980 q = 1528
2
P2 770 P2 770 1 0.2 0.8 = 1 0.2 0.8 = 0.648 1400 Pb 1400 Pb P 980 P 980 1 1 1 0.2 0.8 = 1 0 . 2 0 . 8 = 0.468 1400 Pb 1400 Pb
2 2
2000 1800 1600 1400 Pressure (psi) 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
Pb 1 2
P = Pb +
qb J
qmax =
J Pb + qb (2 + b )
500
1000
2000
2500
3000
Case C1 Example
Test 1 Pwf = 980 q = 1528 Test 2 Pwf = 770 q = 1808 Bubble Point Pb= 1400
J=
qb P = Pb + = J
qmax
J Pb = + qb = 1.8
Case C1 Example
Test 1 Pwf = 980 q = 1528 Test 2 Pwf = 770 q = 1808 Bubble Point Pb= 1400
J=
1.8 (1808 800 ) 770 770 0.8 1400 1 0.2 1400 1400
2
=2
Pb 1 2
2000
2500
3000
Pb
q qmax
Pwf = 1+ b P
(1 + b)
Pwf P
2000
2500
3000
Pb
2 2 P 1 1 1 + b P2 (1 + b ) P2 q 1 + b P q ( ) b + 1 1 P P 2 Pb P b b b qb = 2 2 P P P P 2 2 1 1 1 + b (1 + b ) 1 + b (1 + b ) P P Pb Pb b b
qb < 0
2000
2500
3000
P q1 P 1 1 = 1 + b (1 + b) qmax P P
P2 q2 P2 = 1 + b (1 + b) qmax P P
q1
P P 1 1 1 + b (1 + b) P P
= qmax
q2
P2 P2 1 + b (1 + b) P P
= qmax
P P 1 1 1 + b (1 + b) P P
P2 P2 1 + b (1 + b) P P
2
P2 P2 q1 1 + b (1 + b) P P
2 P P 1 1 = q2 1 + b (1 + b) P P
P P2 P 2 1 (q1 q2 ) + b + q q ( 1 b ) q 1 2 1 P P P
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
q2
P 1 =0 P
2
q2
P 1 =0 P
2
P P 1 1 1 + b (1 + b) P P
P2 P2 1 + b (1 + b) P P
( 2 + b ) qmax J=
P
Pb
qmax = q P P 1 + b (1 + b ) P P
2
P >0
( 2 + b ) qmax J=
P
2000 2500 3000
Pb
2 2 P 1 1 1 + b P2 (1 + b ) P2 q 1 + b P q ( ) b + 1 1 P P 2 Pb P b b b qb = 2 2 P P P P 2 2 1 1 1 + b (1 + b ) 1 + b (1 + b ) P P Pb Pb b b
qb < 0
2000
2500
3000
Case C2 Example
Test 1 Pwf = 770 q = 1008 Test 2 Pwf = 560 q = 1232 Bubble Point Pb= 1400
Case C2 Example
Test 1 Pwf = 770 q = 1008
2
P2 560 P2 560 1 0.2 0.8 = 1 0 . 2 0 . 8 = 0.792 1400 Pb 1400 Pb P 770 P 770 1 1 1 0.2 0.8 = 1 0.2 0.8 = 0.648 1400 Pb 1400 Pb
2 2
Pb
qmax = q P P 1 + b (1 + b ) P P
2
P >0
1
( 2 + b ) qmax J=
P
2000 2500 3000
Case C2 Example
Test 1 Pwf = 770 q = 1008 Test 2 Pwf = 560 q = 1232 Bubble Point Pb= 1400
qmax =
q P P 1 0.2 0.8 P P
2
1.8 qmax J= P
Case C2 Example
Test 1 Pwf = 770 q = 1008 Test 2 Pwf = 560 q = 1232 Bubble Point Pb= 1400
(1008 560 1232 770) (1008 560 1232 770) 2 + 80 (1008 1232) (1008 560 2 1232 770 2 ) P= 10 (1008 1232)
P = 1400
qmax = 1008 770 770 1 0.2 0.8 1400 1400
2
= 1555
Pb
1 2
1500
2000
With those parameters determined we can draw or calculate the IPR for each case. Usually we will either have:
Saturated Reservoir Under saturated Reservoir
Summary
2000 1800 1600 Bottom Hole Flowing Pressure (psi) 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 500 1000 Flowrate (bpd) 1500 2000 2500
q = J (P Pwf )
Pwf q qb = 1+ b P qmax qb b
Pwf (1 + b) P b
Pwf q = 1+ b P qmax
Pwf P (1 + b)
Summary
2000 1800 1600 Bottom Hole Flowing Pressure (psi) 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 500 1000 Flowrate (bpd) 1500 2000 2500
q = J (P Pwf )
Pb
Pwf ( 1 + b ) P'
qmax
J P' = + qb 2+b
qb = 0
qb = J (P Pb )
P' = P
P ' = Pb
Examples
3000
Pb = 2000 psi
2500 Test 1 Test 2 2000
1500
1000
b=0 qmax = 2750 bpd Pr = 2650 psi b = -0.2 qmax = 2935 bpd Pr = 2650 psi
500
Examples
3000
b = 0 (Fetkovick)
2500 Test 1 Test 2 2000
1500
Pb = 1600 psi qmax = 3083 bpd Pr = 2650 psi Pb = 2000 psi qmax = 2750 bpd Pr = 2650 psi Pb = 1800 psi qmax = 2916 bpd Pr = 2650 psi
1000
500
Examples
3500
Pb = 2000 psi
3000
2500
Test 1
1000
b=0 qmax = 1122 bpd Pr = 2930 psi b = -0.2 qmax = 1181 bpd Pr = 2932 psi
0 200 400 600 800 1000
500
Examples
3500
b = 0 (Fetkovick)
3000
2500
Test 1
1000
Pb = 2000 psi qmax = 1122 bpd Pr = 2930 psi Pb = 1900 psi qmax = 1134 bpd Pr = 2938 psi
500
Examples
2500
Pb = 2000 psi
2000 Bottom Hole Flowing Pressure (psi)
Test 1 1500
Test 2
1000
Examples
2500
b = 0 (Fetkovick)
2000 Bottom Hole Flowing Pressure (psi)
Test 1 1500
Test 2
1000
500
600
700
800
Examples
2500
Pb = 2350 psi
2000 Bottom Hole Flowing Pressure (psi)
1000
b = -0.4 qmax = 846 bpd Pr = 2116 psi b=0 qmax = 726 bpd Pr = 2088 psi
500
Zone 1 Zone 2
q1 q2 q
q1
q1 q2 q
q1
Zones 1 + 2
1200 Pressure (psi) 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Flowrate (bpd)
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
q1
q2 q
1500
q1
2000
2500
Zones 1 + 2
Can we estimate the IPR when the well is producing oil and water from different zones ?
Composite IPR
q
Composite IPR
1600 1400 1200 Pressure (psi) 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Flowrate (bpd)
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Composite IPR
1600 1400 1200 Pressure (psi)
1000 800
2000
2500
3000
Composite IPR
1 0.8 Water Cut (Fraction)
0.6
0.4
0.2
Composite IPR
1600
Oil Zone
1400 1200 Pressure (psi)
Water Zone
1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Flowrate (bpd)
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Composite IPR
1600
Oil Zone
1400 1200 Pressure (psi) 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 500 1000 1500 Flowrate (bpd)
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
2000
2500
3000
Composite IPR
1 0.9 0.8 Water Cut (Fraction) 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Total Flowrate (bpd)
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Composite IPR
q
Composite IPR
1600 1400 1200 Pressure (psi) 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Flowrate (bpd)
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Composite IPR
1600 1400 1200 Pressure (psi) 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Flowrate (bpd)
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Composite IPR
qw WC = q w + qo
WC = WC P
*
wf
= Pr
J = * * Jw + Jo
* w
qw WOR = qo
WOR = WOR P
*
wf
= Pr
J = J
* w * o
Composite IPR
0.7 0.68 0.66 Water Cut (Fraction) 0.64 0.62 0.6 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.5 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Total Flowrate (bpd)
Mauricio G. Prado The University of Tulsa
Jo = qo / ( Pr - Pt ) = 420 / ( 1800 1400 ) = 1.05 bpd/psi qb = Jo ( Pr Pb) = 1.05 ( 1800 1300 ) = 525 bpd qmax = Jo Pb /1.8 + qb = 1.05 1300 / 1.8 + 525 = 1283.33 bpd
Oil
Qo
Qw
Qt
WC
WOR
Economics When producing oil and water not always it is desirable to maximize oil production
Cw = 6 US$/stb
Calculate the profit for each total flowrate when the oil sale price is So = 11, 12 and 13 US$/stb
11 P
12 P
13 P
Pwf 1800 1550 1300 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
Co
Cw
Pwf 1800 1550 1300 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
S o (US$/stb)
13
2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
12
11