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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

STATIC ANALYSIS OF AN AIRCRAFT WING STRUCTURE USING SUPERELEMENT

ABDUL MALIK HUSSEIN BIN ABDUL JALIL

Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

July 2006

Abstract
This study describes the use of superelement for the stress and deflection analysis of a typical modern fighter wing structure. Three methods of analyses were carried out and compared. One is the theoretical analysis, the second is the finite element analysis with the conventional finite element modeling approach and the third is the finite element analysis with the superelement approach. The theoretical analysis was divided into stress and deflection calculations. The stress analysis was carried out using the simple beam theory. The deflection analysis was carried out using the integration and energy method. For the finite element analysis, the finite element models of the wing were developed. Both the Finite Element Analysis and Superelement Analyses were performed using the NASTRAN finite element software. CQUAD4 and BAR2 elements were used to represent the individual components of the wing such as the skin and stringers. For the finite element analyses using the superelement approach, the wing was divided to five (5) and seven (7) substructures respectively known as superelements. Analyses were also carried out by reducing the typical wing structure into the center and outer wing without using superelements and the behavior observed. Partial Reanalysis was also carried on one superelement that was modified. Wing loading at 1-g flight condition was assumed. For all these methods, the direct stress and deflection are sought and to be compared. The finite element analysis using the conventional approach produced the same results as the finite element analysis using the superelement approach. Running the partial re-analysis on one superelement reduced the analysis time greatly as compared to running the analysis with the conventional approach, from 12.4 seconds reduced to 1.03 seconds.

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Candidates Declaration

I declare that the work in this thesis was carried out in accordance with the regulations of Universiti Teknologi MARA. It is original and is the result of my own work, unless otherwise indicated or acknowledged as referenced work. This topic has not been submitted to any other academic institution or non-academic institution for any other degree or qualification.

In the event that my thesis be found to violate the conditions mentioned above, I voluntarily waive the right of conferment of my degree and agree to be subjected to the disciplinary rules and regulations of University Teknologi MARA.

Name of Candidate: ABDUL MALIK HUSSEIN BIN ABDUL JALIL Candidates ID No.: 2003307829 Programme: Faculty: Thesis Title: EM780 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING STATIC ANALYSIS OF AN AIRCRAFT WING STRUCTURE USING SUPERELEMENT

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Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Allah s.w.t for his graciousness in giving me the strength and will to fulfill the requirements of this thesis, my supervisor, Dr. Wahyu Kuntjoro, if not for his kind patience and guidance, I will be definitely lost in my quest for answers. I would like to extend my gratitude to Dr Assanah bin Mohd Mydin, Managing Director of Caidmark Sdn. Bhd. for sponsoring and allowing me time occasionally from work to pursue my studies, not forgetting my wife and son for their sacrifice and understanding in order for me to complete my studies. I would like to thank also staff from Msc Software Malaysia for their kind support and also all at Uitm Shah Alam as without any of this support, I will be lost. May Allah s.w.t bless all your kindness.

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Table of Contents
Title Page Abstract Candidates Declaration Acknowledgements Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Abbreviation 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 2. 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 3. 4. 4.1 Introduction Background Problem Identification Objective Theoretical Considerations Superelement Concept Finite Element Analysis Superelement Analysis Literature Review iii iv vi vii x 1 1 2 4 5 5 5 9 16 30 35 36 37 37 38 41 44 44 45 45 45 i ii

Methodology Wing Loading at 1-g Symmetrical Level Flight Condition 4.2 Performing Theoretical Analysis on the Wing 4.2.1 Theoretical Stress Analysis 4.2.1.1 Theoretical Stress Analysis for Point 1 4.2.1.2 Theoretical Stress Analysis for Sections A, B, C and Wing Tip 4.2.2 Theoretical Deflection Analysis 4.3 Performing Finite Element Analysis Using Conventional Approach 4.3.1 Creating the Wing Model (Finite Element Model of the Wing) 4.4 Superelement Analysis 4.4.1 Performing Finite Element Analysis Using Superelement Approach 4.4.2 Creating Five (5) Superelements
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4.4.3 Creating Seven (7) Superelements 4.5 Performing Analysis on Two Separate Wing Structures 4.5.1 Theoretical Stress Analysis for Outer Wing 4.5.2 Theoretical Deflection Analysis for Outer Wing 4.5.2.1 Deflection at Section A Due to Bending Moment Using Energy Method 4.5.2.2 Deflection at Section A Due to Shear Force Using Energy Method 4.5.3 Theoretical Stress Analysis for Center Wing 4.5.4 Theoretical Deflection Analysis for Center Wing 4.6 Partial Re-Analysis on Typical Wing Structure 5. 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 Results and Discussion Typical Wing Structure Stress Analysis Results for A Typical Wing Structure Deflection Analysis Results for A Typical Wing Structure 5.2 Two Separate Wing Structures 5.2.1 Outer Wing Structure 5.2.1.1 Stress Analysis Results for Outer Wing Structure 5.2.1.2 Deflection Analysis Results for Outer Wing Structure 5.2.2 Center Wing Structure 5.2.2.1 Stress Analysis Results for Center Wing Structure 5.2.2.2 Deflection Analysis Results for Center Wing Structure 5.3 Partial Re-Analysis 6. 7. 8. 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Conclusion Bibliography Appendices Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G

51 58 59 60 61 61 62 62 62 63 63 63 65 67 67 67 69 72 72 72 73 75 78 83 83 87 96 98 127 144 147

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List of Tables

1. 2. 3. 4.

Table 5.1: Forces Acting Along the Wing Table 5.2: Theoretical Direct Stress Acting Along the Wing Table 5.3: FEA (conventional approach) Direct Stress Acting along the Wing Table 5.4: FEA (superelement approach) Direct Stress Acting along the Wing with Five (5) Superelements

5.

Table 5.5: FEA (superelement approach) Direct Stress Acting along the Wing with Seven (7) Superelements

6. 7. 8.

Table 5.6: Theoretical Displacement Acting Along the Wing Table 5.7: FEA (conventional approach) Displacement Acting along the Wing Table 5.8: FEA (superelement approach) Displacement Acting Along the Wing with Five (5) Superelements

9.

Table 5.9: FEA (superelement approach) Displacement Acting Along the Wing With Seven (7) Superelements

10. Table 5.10: Theoretical Direct Stress Acting Along the Wing 11. Table 5.11: FEA (conventional approach) Direct Stress Acting Along the Wing 12. Table 5.12: Theoretical Displacement Acting along the Wing 13. Table 5.13: FEA (conventional approach) Displacement Acting along the Wing 14. Table 5.14: Results of Reaction Forces of Partial Outer Wing Structure 15. Table 5.15: Theoretical Stress Acting at Point 1 16. Table 5.16: FEA (conventional approach) Stress Acting at Point 1 17. Table 5.17: Theoretical Deflection Acting at Section c 18. Table 5.18: FEA (conventional approach) Deflection Acting at Section c

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List of Figures
1. Figure 1: Sequence in Finite Element Software Application 2. 3. Figure 2: Example of A Complete Airplane Figure 3: Airplane Broken Down to Six Levels of Substructures or Superelements 4. 5. Figure 4: Layout of Axial Bar Arrangement Figure 5: Superelement 1 and 2 (Residual Structure)

6. Figure 6: Finite Element Model of the Axial Bar 7. Figure 7: Results of Forces acting at Point 1 and 2 8. Figure 8: Results of Displacement at Point 1, 2 and 3 9. Figure 9: Cessnas Finite Element Model of Total Wing

10. Figure 10: Example of Superelements 11. Figure 11: Substructure or Superelement [22] 12. Figure 12: Rigid Body Dynamic Model of Rear Suspension [33] 13. Figure 13: Coupled Rigid Body and Flexible Body Dynamic Model of Rear Suspension [33] 14. Figure 14: Finite Element Model of the Front Link and Knuckle [33] 15. Figure 15: Overall Finite Element Model of the Wing [34] 16. Figure 16: Finite Element Model of Wing Lower Skin [34] 17. Figure 17: Finite Element Model of the Crack Zone [34] 18. Figure 18: Configuration of A typical Aero Engine [42] 19. Figure 19: Finite Element Model of Engine Casing [42] 20. Figure 20: The Global Model of the Space Shuttle Redesigned Solid Rocket Motor (RSRM) [50] 21. Figure 21: Finite Element Model of an Anti-Ship Missile [51] 22. Figure 22: Finite Element Model of A Heat Exchanger [58] 23. Figure 23: End Plate Structure of the Heat Exchanger [58] 24. Figure 24: The Modified Structure of the End Plate [58] 25. Figure 25: Layout of the Aircraft [59] 26. Figure 26: Superelement of the Fuselage [59] 27. Figure 27: Superelement of the Right Wing [59] 28. Figure 28: Layout of F/A-18 Aircraft

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29. Figure 29: Structure of Wing 30. Figure 30: Methodology for Comparison of Analysis for a Typical Wing Structure 31. Figure 31: Wing Model Showing Ribs Section 1 to Section 9 32. Figure 32: Sections of Analysis for Typical Wing Structure 33. Figure 33: Deriving the Bending Moment 34. Figure 34: Reaction Forces Acting at the Wing-Lug Joints 35. Figure 35: Cross Section of Stringer 36. Figure 36: Cross Section of Section 1 37. Figure 37: Theoretical Deflection Diagram 38. Figure 38: Finite Element Model of the Typical Wing Structure 39. Figure 39: Superelement 1: Aft Center Beam 40. Figure 40: Superelement 2: Middle Center Beam 41. Figure 41: Superelement 3: Forward Center Beam 42. Figure 42: Superelement 4: Inner Half Wing 43. Figure 43: Superelement 5: Outer Half Wing 44. Figure 44: Superelement 1: Aft Center Beam 45. Figure 45: Superelement 2: Middle Center Beam 46. Figure 46: Superelement 3: Forward Center Beam 47. Figure 47: Superelement 4: Inner Quarter Wing 48. Figure 48: Superelement 5: Center Quarter Wing 1 49. Figure 49: Superelement 6: Center Quarter Wing 2 50. Figure 50: Superelement 7: Outer Quarter Wing 51. Figure 51: Finite Element Model of Outer Wing Structure 52. Figure 52: Finite Element Model of Center Wing 53. Figure 53: Sections of Analysis for Outer Wing 54. Figure 54: Sections of Analysis for Deflection of Outer Wing 55. Figure 55: Superelement 7: Outer Quarter Wing 56. Figure 56: Direct Stress Distribution of A Typical Wing Structure 57. Figure 57: Comparison of Direct Stress Distribution of A Typical Wing Structure 58. Figure 58: Displacement Distribution of A Typical Wing Structure viii COPYRIGHT UiTM

59. Figure 59: Comparison of Displacement of A Typical Wing Structure 60. Figure 60: Direct Stress Distribution for Outer Partial Wing 61. Figure 61: Comparison of Stress Results of Outer Wing Structure 62. Figure 62: Displacement Distribution of Outer Wing 63. Figure 63: Comparison of Deflection Results of Outer Wing Structure 64. Figure 64: Reaction Force in the x-Direction 65. Figure 65: Reaction Force in the y-Direction 66. Figure 66: Reaction Force in the z-Direction 67. Figure 67: Stress Distribution of A typical Wing Structure after Partial ReAnalysis Appendices 68. Figure 68: Stress Analysis at Point 1 69. Figure 69: Reaction Forces at Fuselage Support 70. Figure 70: Reference for Deflection Analysis 71. Figure 71: Description of Sections 72. Figure 72: Creating a New Group 73. Figure 73: To View New Group Created 74. Figure 74: To Associate the Nodes to the Elements in the Group s1 75. Figure 75: Creating Superelement sp1 76. Figure 76: Superelement 1: Aft Center Beam 77. Figure 77: Superelement 2: Middle Center Beam 78. Figure 78: Superelement 3: Forward Center Beam 79. Figure 79: Superelement 4: Inner Half Wing 80. Figure 80: Superelement 5: Outer Half Wing 81. Figure 81: Superelement 1: Aft Center Beam 82. Figure 82: Superelement 2: Middle Center Beam 83. Figure 83: Superelement 3: Forward Center Beam 84. Figure 84: Superelement 4: Inner Quarter Wing 85. Figure 85: Superelement 5: Center Quarter Wing 1 86. Figure 86: Superelement 6: Center Quarter Wing 2 87. Figure 87: Superelement 7: Outer Quarter Wing 88. Figure 88: Selecting Superelement Subcase

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1.5 List of Abbreviation

1. VPD Virtual Product Development 2. FEA Finite Element Analysis

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1. Introduction 1.1 Background


The Finite Element method synthesizes complicated structural systems as a connected collection of objects, called finite elements that embody local physical laws [1]. The use of finite element analysis has made its way to a stage where they are widely used in various engineering applications and are improving steadily over the past decade. Engineers are able to predict the behaviour of these elements as it would be in the form of mathematical models which will then be solved, resulting in a set of linear algebraic equations. There are many references that can be found to better understand the concept of using finite element as an analysis tool [2,3]. It is a form of numerical analysis which can be used for stress prediction and also to perform structure optimization [4, 5]. Although the name finite element method was a recent invention, the application was put to use much earlier [6]. There are many finite element softwares that can be found in the market today, such as, LUSAS, ANSYS and NASTRAN [7-10]. These softwares has capabilities from low to sophisticated usage combined with excellent graphics capabilities. This thesis utilizes the NASTRAN finite element software. One of the key studies that contributed to the finite element method used today is that carried out by Turner and colleagues in 1956 [11]. This involves the use of simple finite elements (pin jointed bars and triangular plates with in-plane-loads) to analyze aircraft structures. From then on, the development of finite element has expanded to carryout stress analysis [12], all kinds of field problems that can be formulated into variational form [13] and also in fluid mechanics [14]. In general, there are three approaches that can be used to solve various finite element problems. They are the direct equilibrium method, work or energy methods and weighted residual methods. Three terms are often used in application of the finite element software which are pre-processor, solution process and post-processor, as in Figure 1. Pre-processor is the process of preparing the geometry, selecting the elements, discretization of the domain, selection of materials, applications of loadings and the specifications of 1 COPYRIGHT UiTM

boundary conditions. Based on these inputs, the software will set up the equations which will be solved through the solution process. Post-processor is where the user can evaluate the stress distribution, structural displacements, pressure distribution or heat flux distribution.

User Input

Pre-Processor

Solution

Output Presentation

Post-Processor

Figure 1: Sequence in Finite Element Software Application

1.2 Problem Identification


Superelements are defined as grouping of finite elements that, upon assembly, maybe considered as an individual element for computational purposes. It is an analysis procedure that supports collaborative analysis and is very useful for large models that are developed by different organizations.

Figure 2: Example of A Complete Airplane 2 COPYRIGHT UiTM

Figure 2 shows an example of a complete airplane. To analyze this model using the Finite Element Analysis with the conventional approach will take a very long time as it has a very large number of degrees of freedom.

Figure 3: Airplane Broken Down to Six Levels of Substructures or Superelements Figure 3 shows the same airplane model being divided into six different substructures or superelements to ease the analysis. Here, each superelement can be analyzed individually, hence saving analysis time should there be a modification made. These reduce matrices for the individual superelements are combined to form an assembly solution. The results of the assembly are then used to perform data recovery (calculations of stresses, displacement etc) for the superelements [15]. Superelements allow a big, complex structure to be analyzed, by dividing this structure to individual components. These individual components will be analyzed and then assembled together to produce a complete analysis results.

Superelements can consist of physical data (elements and grid points) or can be defined as an image of another superelement or as an external superelement (a set of matrices from an external source to be attached to the model). The image superelement can save processing time in that they are able to use the stiffness, mass and damping from their primary superelement, which reduces the amount of calculations needed. Full data recovery is available for image superelements. An image superelement can be an identical image or a mirror image copy of the primary. 3 COPYRIGHT UiTM

The other type of superelement is the external superelement where a part of a model is represented by using matrices of an outside source. For these matrices, no internal geometry information is available only the grid points to which the matrices are attached are known.

Cardona [16] states that the main advantage of sub structuring techniques is to allow the detailed modeling of components with complex geometry and structural functions while keeping a relatively simple global dynamic model with a number of degrees of freedom as small as possible. Other advantages of using superelements includes the ability to solve problems using components that exceeds computer resources for a single large analysis, partial redesign only requires a partial reanalysis, supports local/global analysis allowing the analyst to refine the model in important regions of the structure allows multiple level of sub structuring for dynamic analysis.

The application of finite element analysis within the aircraft industry has mainly concentrated on providing an inside into both detail and structural behavior. The testing of structures still forms a large part of the design and qualification process, with analysis providing additional information to support these activities [17]. The next era would be to provide detailed simulation of a structure where such testing programmes can be significantly reduced.

1.3 Objective
The objective of this study is to carry out the stress and deflection analysis on a typical fighter aircraft wing structure using superelement. In order to achieve the objective, three methods of analyses were carried out and compared. One is the theoretical analysis, the second is the finite element analysis with the conventional approach and the third is the finite element analysis using the superelement approach.

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2. Theoretical Considerations 2.1 Superelement Concept


The superelement concept is described in detail using the axial bar arrangement as described below. Finite Element Analysis is first conducted, followed by the superelement analysis and compared.

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

1000 N

2000 N

3000 N

2m

2m

2m

2m

Figure 4: Layout of Axial Bar Arrangement Figure 4 shows the layout of the axial bar arrangement. The finite element analysis of the axial bar using the conventional approach was carried out. For the finite element analysis using the superelement approach, the axial bar was divided into 2 superelements. The analysis using the MSC.FEA 2003 software was also carried out. 2.1.1 Finite Element Analysis For the conventional finite element analysis, the elements are arranged in the form of : f = k.u E = 72e3 N/m2 = 0.3 A = 1 m2

AE 1 72 10^3 = = 36 103 L 2 k = 36 103

.. 2.1

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Element 1
1 u1 f 1x 3 1 = 36 10 f 2 x 1 1 u 2

.. 2.2

Expanding the equation:


f 1x 1 1 f 2 x 1 1 3 0 0 = 36 10 3 x f f 4 x 0 0 0 0 f 5x

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

u1 u 2 u 3 u 4 u 5

.. 2.3

Element 2
1 u 2 f 2 x 3 1 = 36 10 f 3x 1 1 u 3

.. 2.4

Expanding the equation:


f 1x 0 0 0 f 2 x 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 = 36 10 3 x f f 4 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 f 5x

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

u1 u 2 u 3 u 4 u 5

.. 2.5

Element 3
1 u 3 f 3x 3 1 = 36 10 f 4 x 1 1 u 4

.. 2.6

Expanding the equation:


f 1x 0 0 0 0 f 2 x 0 0 0 0 3 f 3 x = 36 10 0 0 1 1 f 4 x 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 f 5x

0 0 0 0 0

u1 u 2 u 3 u 4 u 5

.. 2.7

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Element 4
1 u 4 f 4 x 3 1 = 36 10 f 5x 1 1 u 5 Expanding the equation:
f 1x 0 0 f 2 x 0 0 3 f 3 x = 36 10 0 0 f 4 x 0 0 0 0 f 5x

.. 2.8

0 0 0 u1 0 0 0 u 2 0 0 0 u 3 0 1 1 u 4 0 1 1 u 5

.. 2.9

Combining the Matrix for the Structural Equation


f 1x 1 1 0 0 0 u1 f 2 x 1 2 1 0 0 u 2 3 u 3 = 36 10 3 x f 0 0 2 1 0 f 4 x 0 0 1 2 1 u 4 0 0 0 1 1 u 5 f 5x

.. 2.10

These matrices equations are then combined to form the structural equation. The boundary conditions are then applied, u1 = u5 = 0. Then, the forces are applied to the equations. The equations are then solved to calculate the displacement that occurs at the respective elements. The values of these displacements are then applied to the individual element equations to calculate the reaction forces at each node. Applying the Boundary Conditions, u1 = u5 = 0
2 1 0 u 3 f 2 x 3 f 3 x = 36 10 1 2 1 u 4 f 4 x 0 1 2 u 5

.. 2.11

Applying the Forces


0 1000 N 72 E 3 36 E 3 2000 N = 36 E 3 72 E 3 36 E 3 3000 N 0 36 E 3 72 E 3 u 2 u 3 u 4

.. 2.12

Solving the Equations 1000 = (72E3 u2) (36E3 u3) 7


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.. 2.13

2000 = (-36E3 u2) + (72E3 u3) 3000 = (-36E3 u3) + (72E3 u4) From 2.13, u2 =

.. 2.14 .. 2.15

1000 + (36e3 u 3) = 0.014 + 0.5u3 72e3

.. 2.16

Insert 2.16 into 2.14, 2000 = -36e3(0.014 + 0.5u3) + (72E3 u3) (36E3 u4) 2000 = -504 18000u3 + 72000u3 36000u4 = 54000u3 36000u4 -504 u3 = 36000u 4 + 2000 + 504 = 0.67u4 + 0.046 54000 .. 2.17

Insert 2.17 into 2.15, 3000 = -36E3(0.67u4 + 0.046) + 72E3u4 3000 = -24120u4 1656 + 72000u4 = 47880u4 1656 u4 = 3000 + 1656 = 0.097 m = 97 mm 47880

Insert value of u4 into 2.17, u3 = 0.67(0.097) + 0.046 = 0.111m Insert u3 into 2.16, u2 = 0.014 + 0.5(0.111) = 0.014 + 0.056 = 0.0695 = 69.5mm Calculating Reaction Forces f1x = 36 103 [u1 u2] = 36 103 [0 0.0695] = -2502 N ( - sign indicating direction) f5x = 36 103 [-u4 + u5] = 36 103 [-0.097 + 0] = 3492 N

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Total Reaction Forces: f1x + f5x = 3492 + 2502 = 5994N, which is about 6000N, initial forces applied.
2.1.2 Superelement Analysis

Superelement 1

Superelement 2

1000 N

2000 N

3000 N

2m

2m

2m

2m

Figure 5: Superelement 1 and 2 (Residual Structure)

Figure 5 shows the division of the axial bar into two (2) superelements: Structural Matrix for Superelement 1 (Node 1 and Node 3)
f1 AE f 2 = L f 3 1 1 0 u1 1 2 1 u 2 0 1 1 u 3

.. 2.18

Applying boundary conditions, u1 = 0, the boundary of the elements of the equations are transformed. These transformed matrices will then be reduced. Boundary conditions are applied to the forces equations and the stiffness matrices are reduced to the boundary to form superelement 1. When applied boundary conditions, u1 = 0, the stiffness matrices will be reduced: f 2 AE 2 1 u 2 = L f 3 1 1 u 3 This reduced stiffness matrix will be in the form of: AE L Kot = 1 2 1 3 Koo = 2 1 1 = 36 10 Kto = 1 Ktt = 1 9
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.. 2.19

.. 2.20

These values will then be used in the calculation based on the formulas provided. Boundary Transformation This boundary transformation is required to reduce the stiffness matrix from the finite element to the superelement form. The formula to obtain the boundary transformation [Got] for superelement 1 is as follows: [Got] 1 = 36 103 (-Koo-1 Kot) 1 = 36 103 (- -1 ) 2 1 36 103 = 72 10^3 = 0.5 Once the boundary transformation value is obtained, the stiffness matrix is reduced further based on the given formula. Reduce Stiffness Matrix to Boundary [Ktt] 1 = 36 103 [ Ktt + KotT . Got] = 36 103 [1 + (-1 . 0.5)] = 18 103 Resulting Stiffness as seen in grid point 3 = 18 103 Besides the stiffness matrix, the forces applied to the finite element structure too need to be reduced from the finite element form to the superelement form using the formula provided. The formula for applying boundary conditions to the forces is as follows: Pf1 = [
P2 1000 ] ]=[ P1 0

.. 2.21

.. 2.22

.. 2.23

This is reduced to the boundary in the superelement form using the following formula:

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= [Pt] 1 = [ Pt + GotT . Po]


0

.. 2.24

= P31 = [ P 3 1 + (0.5).(1000)] = 500N

Structural Matrix for Superelement 2 (Node 3 and Node 5)


0 K 34 K 34 AE [Kgg] = K 34 K 34 + K 45 K 45 L 0 K 45 K 45
2

.. 2.25

1 1 0 u 3 = 36 10 1 2 1 u 4 0 1 1 u 5
3

.. 2.26

Applying Boundary Condition, u5 = 0, the boundary of the elements of the equations are transformed. These transformed matrices will then be reduced. Boundary conditions are applied to the forces in the stiffness equations and the stiffness matrices are reduced to the boundary to form superelement 2. Applying Boundary Condition, u5 = 0 1 1 u 3 [Kgg] 2 = 36 103 1 2 u 4 .. 2.27

The next step is to apply the boundary conditions to the forces equations for superelement 1 and 2. The procedure for this is similarly applied as superelement 1.

Boundary Transformation [Got] 2 = 36 10^3 K 34 = = 0.5 ( K 34 + K 45) 72 10^3 .. 2.28

Reduce Stiffness Matrix to Boundary [Ktt] 2 =

K 34.K 45 36 10^3 36 10^3 = = 18 103 K 34 + K 45 36 10^3 + 36 10^3


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.. 2.29

Resulting Stiffness as seen in grid point 3 = 18 103

Applying boundary conditions to the forces: Pf1 = [

P4 3000 ] ]=[ P5 0

.. 2.30

[P3]2 = [ Pt + Got . Po] 0 = P32 + (0.5).(3000) = 1500N

.. 2.31

Once the reduce matrices for the superelement 1 and 2 have been formed, the model is now treated as a residual structure with the following equation; For Remaining Grid Point 3 Residual Structure (Figure 5) [Kgg] = [Kaa] = [Kaa1 + Kaa2 0 + Kggo]

.. 2.32

Kaa1 & Kaa2 = [Ktt] 1 & [Ktt] 2, reduced matrix for superelement 1 and 2. Kggo represents the stiffness matrix of any element in the structure. Since there are no elements, Kggo = 0. The force is also created for the boundary condition. K = Kaa1 + Kaa2 = 18 103 + 18 103 = 36 103 For Force: Pt = F1 + F2 + F3 = 500 + 1500 + 2000 = 4000N The following formula is applied when retrieving the Solution Retrieving Solution Residual Structure (Figure 5) ua = Ktt-1. Pt .. 2.35 .. 2.34 .. 2.33

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u3o =

4000 = 0.11 m 36 10^3

.. 2.36

Superelement 1 Fixed Boundary Solution = uo = [Koo]-1 {P2} u20 = .. 2.37

1 1000 = 0.014m 72 10^3 .. 2.38

Solution for Boundary Motion = u2 = [Got] 1 . u3 = 0.5 0.11 = 0.055m

u2 = 0.055 + 0.014 = 0.069m Superelement 2 Fixed Boundary Solution = u4o = [Koo]-2 {P4} =

.. 2.39

1 3000 = 0.0417m 72 10^3

Solution for Boundary Motion = u4a = [Got] 2 . u3 .. 2.40 = 0.5 0.11 = 0.055m u4 = 0.055 + 0.014 = 0.0967m Finite Element Analysis Using MSC.FEA 2003 (Nastran)_Software

Point 1

Point 3

Point 2

Figure 6: Finite Element Model of the Axial Bar

Figure 6 shows the finite element model of the axial bar as calculated in section 1. This model was also divided into two superelements. The finite element

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