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Book 1
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Material Use Restrictions
These written materials are to be used only in conjunction with the associated instructor-led
class. They are not intended to be used solely as reference material.
No part of these written materials may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without
the written permission of QUALCOMM Incorporated.
Copyright 2009 QUALCOMM Incorporated.
All rights reserved.
QUALCOMM Incorporated
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U.S.A.
This technical data may be subject to U.S. and international export, re-export or transfer
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QUALCOMM is a registered trademark of QUALCOMM Incorporated in the United States and
may be registered in other countries. Other product and brand names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks of their respective owners.
CDMA2000 is a registered certification mark of the Telecommunications Industry Association,
used under license. ARM is a registered trademark of ARM Limited. QDSP is a registered
trademark of QUALCOMM Incorporated in the United States and other countries.
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Table of Contents
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview ..................................... 1-1
LTE Coverage Planning and Course Outline ............................................................. 1-2
Introductions ...................................................................................................................... 1-3
Housekeeping ...................................................................................................................... 1-4
Course Goals and Training Materials ........................................................................... 1-5
Prerequisites ...................................................................................................................... 1-6
Course Overview .................................................................................................................. 1-7
Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 1-8
Key Requirements for LTE Evolution .......................................................................... 1-9
Evolution of 3G to 4G Data Technologies ................................................................. 1-11
LTE System Architecture ................................................................................................ 1-12
LTE, EPS, and SAE .............................................................................................................. 1-13
EPS Architecture ................................................................................................................. 1-14
Radio Access Network ...................................................................................................... 1-15
Physical Layer Aspects ..................................................................................................... 1-16
LTE Physical Channels ..................................................................................................... 1-17
Frames and Slots................................................................................................. 1-18
Resource Block .................................................................................................... 1-19
Symbols .................................................................................................................. 1-20
Cyclic Prefix (CP) ................................................................................................................ 1-21
LTE Physical Channels MIMO .................................................................................... 1-22
Downlink Channelization Hierarchy .......................................................................... 1-23
Uplink Channelization Hierarchy ................................................................................ 1-24
Network Planning Overview ......................................................................................... 1-25
2G (TDMA/FDMA) ............................................................................................. 1-26
3G .................................................................................................................... 1-27
4G .................................................................................................................... 1-28
LTE Coverage Planning .................................................................................................... 1-29
LTE Overview What Did We Learn?....................................................................... 1-30
Quiz .................................................................................................................... 1-31
Answers .................................................................................................................. 1-32
Quiz .................................................................................................................... 1-33
Answers .................................................................................................................. 1-34
Appendix and References ............................................................................................... 1-35
LTE Frequency Bands ....................................................................................................... 1-36
LTE Frequency Bands ....................................................................................................... 1-37
Resources and Bandwidth .............................................................................................. 1-38
Reference Signals and Antennas .................................................................................. 1-39
Section 2: Estimating Interference in LTE ...................................................... 2-1
Section Learning Objectives............................................................................................. 2-2
LTE Interference ................................................................................................................... 2-3
SNR Estimation ..................................................................................................................... 2-4
Defining Interference in LTE ........................................................................................... 2-5
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Inter-system Interference ................................................................................................ 2-6
Doppler and Delay Spread Tradeoffs ........................................................................... 2-7
The Need for Cyclic Prefix ................................................................................................ 2-8
Cyclic Prefix 3GPP LTE Specifications ...................................................................... 2-9
Expected Degradation due to EDS ............................................................................... 2-10
Cyclic Prefix Optimization ............................................................................................. 2-11
Doppler Shift .................................................................................................................... 2-12
Bottom Line .................................................................................................................... 2-13
Expected Impact of Doppler Shift on LTE Performance .................................... 2-14
Defining Interference in LTE ......................................................................................... 2-15
Frequency Deployment Scenarios in LTE ................................................................ 2-17
N=1 .................................................................................................................... 2-18
Future Feature Fractional Frequency Reuse ....................................................... 2-19
Inter-system Interference .............................................................................................. 2-20
LTE Interference Mitigation ......................................................................................... 2-21
Interference Mitigation Defined................................................................................... 2-22
SNR Estimation ................................................................................................................... 2-23
Calculated Measurements .............................................................................................. 2-24
Single Tx Antenna SNR Example .................................................................................. 2-25
SNR Example MINO Case ............................................................................................. 2-26
What Did We Learn? ......................................................................................................... 2-27
Quiz .................................................................................................................... 2-28
Answers .................................................................................................................. 2-29
References and Appendix: LTE Measurements ..................................................... 2-30
References .................................................................................................................... 2-31
LTE Physical Layer Measurements ............................................................................ 2-32
Received Interference Power RIP ........................................................................... 2-35
LTE Physical Layer Measurements ............................................................................. 2-36
Reference Signal Received Power RSRP ............................................................... 2-37
Reference Signal Received Quality RSRQ ............................................................... 2-38
RSRP, RSSI, and RSRQ ....................................................................................................... 2-39
RSRQ Estimation................................................................................................................. 2-40
UE Reported Values ........................................................................................................... 2-41
CP Extended Supports MBMS........................................................................................ 2-42
Section 3: Overlay and Coexistence with other Technologies ................ 3-1
Section Learning Objectives ............................................................................................. 3-2
Inter-system Interference ................................................................................................ 3-3
Defining Interference in LTE ........................................................................................... 3-4
Inter-system Interference ................................................................................................ 3-5
Interference Transmitter Emission Model ............................................................. 3-6
Defining LTE Tx Emissions in 3GPP ............................................................................. 3-7
Interference Receiver Response Model ................................................................... 3-8
Interference 3GPP Terminology ................................................................................. 3-9
ACIR .................................................................................................................... 3-10
Defining Receiver Response in LTE ............................................................................ 3-11
Reference Sensitivity ........................................................................................................ 3-12
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Explanation Signal Levels Diagram ......................................................................... 3-13
Near-Far Effect .................................................................................................................... 3-14
Co-Existence Scenarios .................................................................................................... 3-15
3GPP LTE Operating Bands ............................................................................................ 3-16
Likely Co-Existence Scenarios ...................................................................................... 3-17
Process for Co-Existence Planning .............................................................................. 3-18
LTE Spectrum .................................................................................................................... 3-19
Interference Calculation Examples Case 1 ........................................................... 3-20
700 MHz Band Plan ........................................................................................... 3-21
Guard Band Separation .................................................................................... 3-22
eNB ACLR as Discrete Power Density ........................................................ 3-23
Transmitter and Receiver Spec .................................................................... 3-24
Signal Levels Diagram ...................................................................................... 3-25
Calculation Spreadsheet .................................................................................. 3-26
ACI Check ............................................................................................................... 3-27
Out-of-Band Emissions Check ....................................................................... 3-28
Coexistence Scenarios Case 2 .................................................................................... 3-29
2.6 GHz IMT-2000 Band Plan ........................................................................ 3-30
Guard Band Separation .................................................................................... 3-31
eNB ACLR as Discrete Power Density ........................................................ 3-32
Transmitter and Receiver Spec .................................................................... 3-33
Calculation Spreadsheet .................................................................................. 3-34
Signal Levels Diagram ...................................................................................... 3-35
Out-of-Band Emissions Check ....................................................................... 3-36
Coexistence Scenarios Case 3 .................................................................................... 3-37
LTE 10 MHz eNB to UMTS NodeB Rx ......................................................... 3-38
Coexistence Scenarios Case 4 .................................................................................... 3-39
CDMA BTS to UMTS UE Rx .............................................................................. 3-40
Interference Calculation .................................................................................................. 3-41
Inputs Required Tx ........................................................................................................ 3-42
Inputs Required Rx ........................................................................................................ 3-43
What Did We Learn? ......................................................................................................... 3-44
Quiz .................................................................................................................... 3-45
Answers .................................................................................................................. 3-46
Appendix and References ............................................................................................... 3-47
LTE Spectrum Worldwide .............................................................................. 3-48
Spectrum Usage by Band & Location ......................................................... 3-49
U.S. 700 MHz Band Plan ............................................................................... 3-50
FCC License Areas (700 & AWS Spectrum) ............................................. 3-51
IMT-2000 Extension Band 2.5 GHz to 2.69 GHz ................................... 3-52
Section 4: RF Propagation and Mode ling ....................................................... 4-1
Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 4-2
RF Propagation Model for LTE ....................................................................................... 4-3
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Sample RF Propagation Models for LTE ..................................................................... 4-5
RF Propagation Model Comparison .......................................................................... 4-6
Comparative Path Loss Plots
Okumura-Hata & COST-231 ............................................................................. 4-7
Erceg/SUI & COST-231 ...................................................................................... 4-8
RF Model Tuning ................................................................................................................. 4-9
Need for Optimized Propagation Model ................................................................... 4-10
Propagation Model Tuning / Cali bration ................................................................. 4-11
Propagation Model Optimization Example ............................................................. 4-12
Frequency Band and Penetration Loss ..................................................................... 4-13
Impacts of Frequency on Building Penetration Loss ........................................... 4-14
Impact of Frequency Band on Material Loss .......................................................... 4-15
Impact of Frequency Band on Material Loss Example .................................... 4-16
Impact Frequency on Statistical BPL ........................................................................ 4-17
Key Takeaways/Summary ............................................................................................. 4-18
Quiz .................................................................................................................... 4-19
Answers .................................................................................................................. 4-20
Appendix and References ............................................................................................... 4-21
Outdoor Propagation Model .......................................................................................... 4-22
Okumura-Hata Model ....................................................................................................... 4-23
Hata Model .................................................................................................................... 4-24
Path Loss Plots ..................................................................................................... 4-25
Okumura-Hata Model Morphologies ...................................................................... 4-26
COST-231 Propagation Model ....................................................................................... 4-27
Walfisch-Ikegami Model .................................................................................................. 4-28
Standard Model ................................................................................................... 4-29
Rooftop-Street Diffraction Model ................................................................ 4-30
Multi-Screen Diffraction Loss ........................................................................ 4-31
Street Canyon Model ......................................................................................... 4-32
Lees Model .................................................................................................................... 4-33
Standard Propagation Model ......................................................................................... 4-35
Multi-Breakpoint Model .................................................................................................. 4-37
ITU-R P.1546 Model .......................................................................................................... 4-38
Erceg/SUI Path Loss Model ............................................................................................ 4-39
Ericsson 9999 Model ........................................................................................................ 4-41
Comparative Path Loss Plots Okumura-Hata, COST-231, SPM &
9999 Models ......................................................................................................... 4-43
Indoor Propagation Model ............................................................................................. 4-44
Site Specific Model Keenan Motley .......................................................................... 4-45
Generic Model
ITU Indoor Propagation Model ..................................................................... 4-46
Log-Distance Indoor Path Loss Model ....................................................... 4-47
Section 5: LTE Link Budget .................................................................................. 5-1
Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 5-2
Section Overview .................................................................................................................. 5-3
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LTE Link Budget
Definition ................................................................................................................. 5-4
Limitations .............................................................................................................. 5-5
Channels Considered .......................................................................................... 5-6
LTE DL Link Budget
Overall Process Description ............................................................................. 5-7
Overall Process Description ............................................................................. 5-8
LTE Link Budget (DL) Inputs and Assumptions .................................................. 5-9
LTE Link Budget (UL) Inputs and Assumptions ................................................ 5-10
LTE Link Budget Estimation of the Limiting Link ............................................. 5-11
Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 5-12
How SNR Relates to Data Rate ...................................................................................... 5-13
LTE Bearer Efficiency and Rates .................................................................................. 5-14
SNR to CQI
Downlink ................................................................................................................ 5-15
Uplink .................................................................................................................... 5-16
CQI and CQI Offset Example ........................................................................................... 5-17
Answer .................................................................................................................... 5-18
Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 5-19
Maximum eNB Transmit Power ................................................................................... 5-20
Transmit Power per RE
Downlink eNB ...................................................................................................... 5-21
Uplink eNB ............................................................................................................ 5-22
Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 5-23
Sensitivity or MAPL at UE Antenna Connector ...................................................... 5-24
DL MAPLUE Estimation ................................................................................................... 5-25
Geometry
-1
or I
oc
/I
or
......................................................................................................... 5-26
Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 5-27
Propagation and MAPL Calculation ............................................................................ 5-28
DL MAPL Calculation ........................................................................................................ 5-29
UL MAPL Calculation ........................................................................................................ 5-30
Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 5-31
LTE Link Budget Spreadsheet ....................................................................................... 5-32
LTE DL Budget Terms based on Required SNR ..................................................... 5-33
Link Budget Spreadsheet Components ..................................................................... 5-34
LTE DL Budget Outputs based on MAPL .................................................................. 5-35
Link Budget Spreadsheet Components (continue d)............................................ 5-36
Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 5-37
Case 1 of 2
Target SNR vs Data Rate ................................................................................. 5-38
Path Loss versus Target SNR ........................................................................ 5-40
Cell Radii versus Target SNR ........................................................................ 5-41
Cell Area versus Target SNR ......................................................................... 5-42
Case 2 of 2
Coverage versus Frequency Band ............................................................... 5-43
Cell Radii versus Frequency Band ............................................................... 5-44
Cell Area versus Frequency Band ................................................................ 5-45
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Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 5-46
Case Study: Exercise ........................................................................................................ 5-47
Link Budget What Did We Learn? ............................................................................ 5-51
Quiz .................................................................................................................... 5-52
Answers .................................................................................................................. 5-53
Appendix A .................................................................................................................... 5-54
Channel Model .................................................................................................................... 5-55
Key Parameters in an LTE Budget
UE Antenna Gain ................................................................................................. 5-56
Doppler .................................................................................................................. 5-57
E
b
/N
t
.................................................................................................................... 5-59
PBCH .................................................................................................................... 5-60
Interference Margin ......................................................................................... 5-61
Loading .................................................................................................................. 5-61
Frequency Band ................................................................................................. 5-63
Shadowing Margin and Cell Edge Confidence ....................................... 5-64
Standard Deviation ........................................................................................... 5-65
Log Normal Fading ........................................................................................... 5-66
Maximum UE Transmit Power ..................................................................... 5-67
Cable and Connector Losses ......................................................................... 5-68
Noise Figure ......................................................................................................... 5-70
EIRP ................................................................................................................... 5-71
Appendix B .................................................................................................................... 5-73
CQI and CQI Offset .............................................................................................................. 5-74
Section 6: RF Network Planning......................................................................... 6-1
Section Learning Objectives............................................................................................. 6-2
Planning Process .................................................................................................................. 6-3
Network Planning Overview
4G View ..................................................................................................................... 6-4
Required Input ...................................................................................................... 6-5
GIS Data ...................................................................................................................... 6-6
Coverage Objectives ............................................................................................................ 6-7
Site Specific Information ................................................................................................... 6-8
Network Planning Overview
LTE Required Input ............................................................................................. 6-9
Required Input .................................................................................................... 6-10
Defining LTE Coverage RRC Idle .............................................................................. 6-11
Planning For Coverage RRC_Idle Coverage .......................................................... 6-12
S criteria: Cell Reselection Illustration ...................................................................... 6-13
SNR Thresholds for Different Channels .................................................................... 6-14
Defining LTE Coverage RRC Connected: DL ........................................................ 6-15
Planning For Coverage RRC Connected DL Coverage ...................................... 6-16
SNR Thresholds for Different Data Rates ................................................................. 6-17
Reading Minimum Performance Specifications .................................................... 6-18
From MPS to Network Planning ................................................................................... 6-19
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Antenna Configuration Considerations ................................................................... 6-20
MIMO .................................................................................................................... 6-21
MIMO Gain Estimation ..................................................................................................... 6-22
Spatial Diversity .................................................................................................. 6-23
Defining LTE Coverage RRC Connected: UL ........................................................ 6-24
Planning For Coverage Uplink ................................................................................... 6-25
MPS for Uplink .................................................................................................................... 6-26
Uplink SNR Targets ........................................................................................................... 6-27
Planning for Capacity........................................................................................................ 6-28
Geometry Optimization ................................................................................................... 6-30
MIMO Antenna Deployment Considerations .......................................................... 6-31
Space Diversity .................................................................................................... 6-33
Polarization Diversity ....................................................................................... 6-34
Space or Polarization Diversity .................................................................... 6-35
Comparison of Space & Polarization Diversity ...................................... 6-36
Intermodulation in Shared Antenna System ........................................... 6-37
MIMO Deployment Antenna Recommendation ................................................. 6-38
Antenna Parameter Recommendations .................................................... 6-40
LTE Coverage Plots ............................................................................................................ 6-41
Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) ............................................................... 6-42
PBCH Coverage .................................................................................................................... 6-43
PDSCH Coverage ................................................................................................................. 6-44
PDSCH Throughput ........................................................................................................... 6-45
Planning LTE Parameters ............................................................................................... 6-46
LTE Specific Parameters ................................................................................................. 6-47
Physical Cell Identity ........................................................................................................ 6-48
PCI and Cell Overlap .......................................................................................................... 6-49
Neighbor List .................................................................................................................... 6-50
eNB Neighbor List .............................................................................................................. 6-51
NL Example .................................................................................................................... 6-52
NL Cell-Specific Parameters ....................................................................................... 6-53
Cell Offset .................................................................................................................... 6-54
Black List .................................................................................................................... 6-55
Tool Selection Criteria Basic Features ................................................................... 6-56
Basic Tool Requirements ................................................................................................ 6-57
Tool Selection Criteria Basic Features ................................................................... 6-58
Static Downlink and Uplink Prediction ..................................................................... 6-59
Multi-service Monte Carlo Simulation ....................................................................... 6-60
Neighbor and PCI Planning ............................................................................................ 6-61
Tool Selection Criteria Basic Features ................................................................... 6-62
Channel Model and MIMO Performance ................................................................... 6-63
Advanced Predictions ....................................................................................................... 6-64
RF Network Planning What Did We Learn? ........................................................ 6-65
Quiz .................................................................................................................... 6-66
Answers .................................................................................................................. 6-67
Appendix A: MIMO Overview ........................................................................................ 6-68
What is MIMO? .................................................................................................................... 6-69
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LTE Downlink MIMO Overview ................................................................................ 6-70
LTE Downlink MIMO......................................................................................................... 6-71
Spatial Multiplexing of SU-MIMO & MU-MIMO ...................................... 6-72
Appendix B: Transmit Diversity in LTE .................................................................... 6-73
What is Transmit Diversity? .......................................................................................... 6-74
Transmit Diversity in LTE .............................................................................................. 6-75
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other
Technologies ............................................................................................... 7-1
Overlay and Coexistence: Learning Objectives ........................................................ 7-2
Section Overview .................................................................................................................. 7-3
Coverage Prediction & Analysis High Level View ............................................... 7-4
Prediction Tool Description ......................................................................................... 7-5
Common Inputs for LTE Coverage Predictions ....................................................... 7-6
Common Outputs for LTE Coverage Analysis ........................................................... 7-7
Common Analysis Outputs Capacity ......................................................................... 7-8
Section Overview .................................................................................................................. 7-9
Case Studies: LTE Deployment with 1:1 Overlay .................................................. 7-10
Calculation and Computation Zones .......................................................................... 7-11
Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 7-12
Case Study 1 .................................................................................................................... 7-13
LTE Overlay on CDMA 1xEV-DO Network ............................................... 7-14
E
c
/N
o
Prediction Map ........................................................................................ 7-15
E
c
Prediction Map ............................................................................................... 7-16
LTE Prediction Key Settings (1 of 2) ....................................................... 7-17
LTE Prediction Definitions .......................................................................... 7-19
LTE-700 Reference Signal (1 of 6) .............................................................. 7-20
Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 7-26
Case Study 2 .................................................................................................................... 7-27
LTE Overlay on UMTS/HSPA Network ...................................................... 7-28
UMTS Network E
c
/N
o
Prediction Map .................................................... 7-29
UMTS Network RSCP Prediction Map .................................................... 7-30
LTE Prediction Key Settings (1 of 2) ....................................................... 7-31
LTE Prediction Definitions .......................................................................... 7-33
LTE-2600 Reference Signal (1 of 6) ............................................................ 7-34
Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 7-40
Conclusion LTE Overlay on Existing 3G Network ............................................. 7-41
What Did We Learn? ......................................................................................................... 7-42
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
1x One carrier
2x Two carriers
3x Three carriers
3GPP 3
rd
Generation Partnership Project
AAA Authentication Authorization Accounting
AC Access Channel
ACI Adjacent Channel Interference
ACIR Adjacent Channel Interference Power Ratio
ACK Acknowledgment
ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Ratio
ACP Automatic Cell Planning
ACS Adjacent Channel Selectivity
AGL Above Ground Level
AN Access Network
APersistence Access Persistence
ARQ Acknowledge Request
ASET Active Set
AT Access Terminal
Aux Auxiliary
avg average
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
AWS Advanced Wireless Spectrum
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
BCH Broadcast Channel
BLER Block Error Rate
BPL Building Penetration Loss
BS Base Station
BSC Base Station Controller
BTS Basestation Transceiver Subsystem;
Base Transceiver Station (Base Station Transceiver)
BW Bandwidth
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CC Control Channel
CCCH Common Control Channel
CCI Co-Channel Interference
CEPT Commission of European Post and Telecommunications
CFI Control Format Indicator
C/I Carrier to Interference ratio
CMC Connection Mobility Control
C/N Carrier to Noise ratio
COST-231 Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research model
CP Control Plane
Cyclic Prefix
CQI Channel Quality Indicator
CSET Candidate Set
CSG Closed Subscriber Group
CSI Channel State Information
CW Code Word
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dB Decibel
DCCH Dedicated Control Channel
DCI Downlink Control Information
DEM Digital Elevation Map
Digital Elevation Model
DL Downlink
DPA Default Packet Application
DRA Dynamic Resource Allocation
DRC Data Rate Control
DRX Discontinuous Reception
DSC Data source Control
DTM Digital Terrain Map
DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel
DTX Discontinuous Transmission
EDS Excess Delay Spread
eHNB evolved Home NodeB
EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
eNB evolved NodeB (i.e., Base Station)
EMPA Enhanced Multi-Flow Packet Application
EPC Evolved Packet Core
EPS Evolved Packet System
ETU Extended Typical Urban channel model
E-UTRA Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
E-UTRAN Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
EV-DO EVolution Data Only
F1 Frequency Channel 1
F2 Frequency Channel 2
F3 Frequency Channel 3
FA Frequency Assignment
FCC Federal Communications Commission
Fd Doppler Frequency
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
FFR Fractional Frequency Reuse
FL Forward Link
Freq Frequency
FSTD Frequency Shift Time Diversity
FTC Forward Traffic Channel
GAUP Generic Attribute Update Protocol
GB Guard Band
GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
GIS Geographic Information System
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSM Global System for Mobiles
GW Gateway
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H-ARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat ReQuest
HBW Horizontal Beam Width
HeNB Home eNode B
HO Handover
HOM Higher Order Modulation
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSPA High Speed Packet Access
HSPA+ High Speed Packet Access evolved or enhanced
HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access
IC Interference Cancellation
ICI Inter-Carrier Interference
ICIC Inter Cell Interference Coordination
ID Identification
IP Internet Protocol
IRAT Inter-Radio Access Technology
ISI Inter-Symbol Interference
Kbps Kilobits per second
LB Link Budget
Load Balancing
LNF Log Normal Fading
LOS Line of Sight
LTE Long Term Evolution
MAC Medium Access Channel
MAPL Maximum Allowable Path Loss
Max Maximum
MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services
Mbps Megabits per second
MBSFN Multicast/Broadcast over a Single Frequency Network
MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme
MCW Multiple Code Words
MFPA Multi-Flow Packet Application
MHz Megahertz
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
MME Mobility Management Entity
MMPA Multi-Link Multi-Flow Packet Application
MMPA Multi-Link Multi-Flow Protocol
MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error
MPS Minimum Performance Specification
MRU Most Recently Used
MS Mobile Station
MSC Mobile Switching Center
MU-MIMO Multi User MIMO
MUP Multi User Packet
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NL Neighbor List
NLOS Non-Line of Sight
NSET Neighbor Set
NRB Non-Reserved Bandwidth
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OOBE Out Of Band Emission
OSTBC Orthogonal Space/Time Block Code
PA Power Amplifier
PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel
PCCH Paging Control Channel
PCF Packet Control Function
PCI Physical Cell Identity
PDF Probability Distribution Function
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PDSN Packet Data Serving Node
PIC Pilot Interference Cancellation
PMI Precoding Matrix Indicator
PN Pseudo Noise
PPP Point to Point Protocol
PRB Physical Resource Block
PRL Preferred Roaming List
PS Packet Scheduling
PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel
PUSC Partial Usage Sub Channelization
PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QoS Quality of Service
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RAC Radio Admission Control
RACH Random Access Channel
RAN Radio Access Network
RB Radio Bearer
Resource Block
RBC Radio Bearer Control
RBG Resource Block Group
RE Resource Element
Rel 0 Release 0
Rev A Revision A
RF Radio Frequency
RI Rank Indicator
RIGW Random Index Geometry Weight
RIP Received Interference Power
RL Reverse Link
RLC Radio Link Control
RLP Radio Link Protocol
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Table of Contents
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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xvii
r.m.s. Root mean square
RNC Radio Network Controller
RoT Rise over Thermal
RPC Reverse Power Control
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRM Radio Resource Management
RRI Reverse Rate Indicator
RS Reference Signal
RSCP Received Signal Code Power
RSI Random Start Index
RSRP Reference Signal Receive Power
RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality
RSET Remaining Set
RTCMAC Reverse Traffic Channel MAC
RUM Route Update Message
RUP Route Update Protocol
Rx Received
SAE System Architecture Evolution
SAR Segmentation and Reassembly
SCW Single Code Word
SDMA Spatial Division Multiple Access
SFBC Space Frequency Block Code
SFBC-OFDM Space Frequency Block Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
SFN Single Frequency Network
SFR Soft Frequency Reuse
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
SI Start Index
SIB System Information Block
SIC Successive Interference Cancellation
SIGW Start Index Geometry Weight
SM Spatial Multiplexing
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
SON Self Organizing Network
Self Optimizing Network
SPER Sub-Packet Error Rate
SPM System Performance Model
SSI Start Stop Indicator
SUI Stanford University Interim model
SU-MIMO Single User MIMO
SUP Single User Packet
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Table of Contents
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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xviii
T2P Traffic to Pilot power
TA Tracking Area
TB Transport Block
TDD Time Division Duplex
TDM Time Division Multiplex
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TCA Traffic Channel Assignment
TCC Traffic Channel Complete
TIC Traffic Interference Cancellation
TTI Transmission Time Interval
Tx Transmitted
TxT2P Transmitted Traffic to Pilot Power
TxT2Pmax Maximum Transmitted Traffic to Pilot Power
UATI Unicast Access Terminal Identifier
TCA Terrain Clearance Angle
UE User Equipment
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UL Uplink
UP User Plane
UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VBW Vertical Beam Width
W/C Water/Cement
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
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Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
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Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
vi
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Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
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Notes
vii
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Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
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Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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User Throughput and Spectrum Efficiency Requirements
Downlink:
5 percentile Downlink user throughput per MHz 2 to 3 times Release 6 HSDPA
Average Downlink user throughput per MHz 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA
Downlink spectrum efficiency should be 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA
Downlink performance targets assume 2 transmit and 2 receive antennas for E-UTRA, and 1
transmit and enhanced Type 1 receiver for Release 6 HSDPA
Downlink user throughput should scale with spectrum allocation
Uplink:
5 percentile Uplink user throughput per MHz 2 to 3 times Release 6 HSUPA
Average Uplink user throughput per MHz 2 to 3 times Release 6 HSUPA
Uplink spectrum efficiency should be 2 to 3 times Release 6 HSDPA
Uplink performance targets assume 1 transmit and 2 receive antennas for both E-UTRA and
Release 6 HSDPA
Uplink user throughput should scale with spectrum allocation and mobile maximum
transmit power
E-UTRA is expected to outperform Release 6 HSPA by a factor of 2 to 4 in user throughput and
spectrum efficiency. This assumes a maximum cell range up to 5 km. For cell ranges up to 30 km,
slight degradations in achieved performance are expected for user throughput targets; more
significant degradation is expected for spectrum efficiency targets. However, cell ranges up to 100 km
should not be precluded by the specifications.
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Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Heterogeneous Networks
LTE is introduced in Release 8 of the 3GPP standard. The basic concept of Femtocell, or eHNB, was
introduced in the same release; further improvements for eHNB support are included in Release 9.
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Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Evolution of 3G to 4G Data Technologies
3GPP Release 8 Introduces many things, including E-UTRA (also called LTE, based on OFDMA), all-
IP network (also called SAE), and Femtocell operation. Release 8 constitutes a re-factoring of UMTS as
an entirely IP-based fourth-generation network. 3GPP RAN approved the LTE Physical Layer
specifications in September 2007. The specifications are 36.201 to 36.214 and are on the 3GPP site
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm
Each release incorporates hundreds of individual standards documents, each of which may have gone
through many revisions. Current 3GPP standards incorporate the latest revision of the GSMstandards.
Standards documents are available for free at www.3gpp.org. These standards cover the radio
component (Air Interface), the Core Network, billing information, and speech coding down to source
code level. Cryptographic aspects (authentication, confidentiality) are also specified in detail.
More details about the 3GPP releases content can be found at:
http://www.3gpp.org/specs/releases-contents.htm
http://www.3gpp.org/Management/WorkPlan.htm
More information about standards evolution is provided in the following Qualcomm University
courses:
1xEV-DO Rev B Fundamentals
Long Term Evolution (LTE/FDD) Fundamentals
LTE Technical Overview
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Long Term Evolution
Due to its flexibility, in particular in terms of bandwidth, LTE can coexist with a variety of
technologies, including 3GPP (UMTS or WCDMA) and 3GPP2 (1X and 1xEV-DO).
LTE was standardized by 3GPP, evolving the UMTS protocol and signaling to accommodate the
evolved architecture. The evolved architecture is fundamentally different from the UTRA
architecture: EPS is a flat architecture where Radio Network Controller/Base Station Controller
functionalities are pushed to the Evolved Node B (eNB, i.e., Base Station). The eNBs are
interconnected to gateways by all-IP links (the following slides show the EPS architecture).
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Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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ESP architecture and 3GPP/3GPP2 Equivalents
The overall ESP architecture is presented in 3GPP TS 23.401: Technical Specification Group Services
and System Aspects; General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access.
The architecture is defined to interface with existing 3GPP or 3GPP2 networks.
Considering the E-UTRANonly, the main difference is the absence of a centralized node (BSC or RNC).
Each evolved NodeB (eNB, i.e., Base Station) is independent of other eNBs. This is a flat architecture.
Without a centralized node, direct X2 interfaces between eNBs helps perform handovers, and are
necessary for interference mitigation.
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Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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LTE Interfaces
Unlike EV-DO or UTMS, where backhauls are point-to-point, the LTE S1 interface can be multi-point-
to-multi-point. This is possible due to the all-IP architecture. This enables a given function to be load
shared between nodes (e.g., mobility management can be performed by multiple MMEs).
Physically, the different interfaces (S1 and X2) could be on the same IP connection (e.g., port, cable,
etc.), but the (logical) connections would have different terminating addresses.
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Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
1-16 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
1-17 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Resource Blocks and Resource Block Groups
Resource Block and Resource Block Groups are defined in the Downlink. A Resource Block is a matrix
allocation of 6 or 7 OFDM symbols and 12 subcarriers in the frequency domain.
There are 72 (6 symbols *12 subcarriers) Resource Elements (RE) in a Resource Block if
symbols have extended cyclic prefix.
There are 84 (7 symbols * 12 subcarriers) Resource Elements in a Resource Block if symbols
have normal cyclic prefix.
Each RB consists of all OFDM symbols in a slot in time domain, and 180 KHz in frequency domain.
The number of RBs depends on the channel bandwidth. There is minimum of 6 RBs for a 1.4 MHz
channel, and 100 RBs for a 20 MHz channel. A UE is allocated a number of contiguous or non-
contiguous RBs.
The unit of resource allocation in the Downlink is a Resource Block Group (RBG), which is a group of
Resource Blocks. Allocating bandwidth in RBGs reduces allocation overhead since the number of bits
needed to uniquely represent each RBG is much less than the number of bits needed to uniquely
represent each RB. The size and number of RBGs depend on the channel bandwidth.
Carrier spacing is typically 15 kHz. 7.5 kHz is used for MBMS only.
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Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Number of Symbols per Slot
The number of symbols per slot depends on both the selected Cyclic Prefix (CP) and the carrier
spacing.
Symbol Utilization
Symbols can be used for control, traffic, or reference signals. Depending on available bandwidth, the
typical number of symbols used for control changes:
Bandwidth = 1.4 MHz: 4 symbols
Bandwidth greater than 1.4 MHz, but 5 MHz: 3 symbols
Bandwidth > 5 MHz: 2 symbols
The number of symbols used for Reference Signal (RS) also changes, based on the number of antennas.
Over a RB (12 subcarriers * 1 slots, 168 symbols), the number of symbols used for RS will vary:
For 1 antenna: 2 * 4 = 8 symbols
For 4 antennas: 4 * 6 = 24 symbols
The number of symbols per antenna is not constant. For antennas 1 and 2, 8 symbols are used. For
antennas 3 and 4, only 4 symbols are used.
Effective Symbol Time
The effective symbol time is actually less than the duration of the symbol because the Cyclic Prefix is
added to the symbol to ensure orthogonality is maintained.
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Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Cyclic Prefix
In the absence of multipath, a received OFDM signal is free from interference from other subcarriers
and from inter-symbol interference. In a multipath radio environment, however, orthogonality
between subcarriers will be partially lost due to the symbols received from reflected or delayed paths
overlapping into the following consecutive symbol. This is addressed by the use of the Cyclic Prefix
(CP), whereby the tail of each symbol is copied and pasted onto the front of the OFDM symbol. This
increases the length of the symbol (T
s
) from T
u
to T
u
+ T
CP
, where T
CP
is the length of the Cyclic Prefix.
The CP should be considered in the time domain, not the frequency domain. Even if the effective
symbol time is increased to T
u
+ T
CP
, the carrier separation is still 1/T
s
.
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Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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MIMOAntenna Array
With N antennas, by use of pre-coding (effectively phase shift), up to N different spatial channels can
be created on the transmit side. To take advantage of these N spatial channels, the receiver must be
able to also create N different spatial channels, thus requiring N antennas.
MU-MIMOis a special case, because even if each UE has a single antenna, each user can demodulate
the spatial channel that offers the best C/I. In this special case, the system can be seen as N * M, where
N is the number of transmit antennas and M is the number of users. As in the general case, the
maximum number of spatial channels is limited by min(N, M), which typically would be N.
MIMO and Antenna Configuration
MIMO is expected to provide the best performance in strong geometry where multipath spatial
channels are possible. This would be achieved when scattering is observed.
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Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Downlink Reference Signals (DL-RS)
Physical only channel, no control or user information carried.
Defines the absolute coverage boundary; i.e., the area where a cell can be detected.
Broadcast Channel (BCH) , carries the Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Carries system information
Fixed, pre-defined transport format
Requirement to be broadcast in the entire coverage area of the cell for cell acquisition
Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH), carried over the Physical Downlink Shared Channel
(PDSCH)
Unlike UMTS, most of the User and Control Plane channels are carried over the DL-SCH:
Paging Control Channel (PCCH) Carries paging information
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) Carries dedicated (point-to-point) control
information
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) Point-to-Point (unicast) dedicated traffic channel
Common Control Channel (CCCH) Carries common (point-to-multipoint) control
information before RRC connection is established
Support for HARQ and link adaptation (varying modulation, coding, and Tx power)
Possibility to be broadcast in the entire cell
Possibility to use beam-forming
Support for both dynamic and semi-static resource allocation
Support for UE discontinuous reception (DRX) to enable UE power saving
Slow power control (depends on the physical layer)
Details of all channel descriptions are provided in the Qualcomm University LTE Air Interface course.
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Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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RandomAccess Channel (RACH) carries the Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Used when the UE needs to (re-)establish the dedicated connection
Due to its modulation and coding, PRACH performance is much better than PUSCH, thus is not
expected to be limiting in LTE.
Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH), carried over the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Unlike UMTS, most of the User and Control plane channels are carried over the UL-SCH:
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) Carries dedicated (point-to-point) control
information
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) Point-to-Point (unicast) dedicated traffic channel
Common Control Channel (CCCH) Carries common (point-to-multipoint) control
information before RRC connection is established
Uplink Control Information (UCI) Carries channel conditions and acknowledgement
for DL channels
Support for HARQ and link adaptation (varying modulation, coding and TX power)
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Carries the UCI when PUSCH is not transmitted
Details of all channel descriptions are provided in the Qualcomm University LTE Air Interface course.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
1-26 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
1-27 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
1-28 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Coverage and interference for a given tone
This course considers coverage and interference for a given tone. Although this representation
enables easy calculation, it does not reflect reality because a channel always contains multiple tones
(at least 12 should be considered for a given RB).
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
1-29 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
1-30 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
1-31 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
1-32 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
1-33 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Appendix and References
Key information provided in this section will be used throughout this course.
Megafon Use Only
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Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview
80-W2559-1 Rev B
1-37 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
E-UTRA
Operat-
ing
Band
Uplink (UL)
Operating
Band
BS receive
UE transmit
[MHz]
Downlink
(DL)
Operating
Band
BS transmit
UE receive
[MHz]
Duplex
Mode
Duplex
Offset
Supported Channel Bandwidth [MHz]
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
1 1920 1980 2110 2170 FDD 190 X X X X
2 1850 1910 1930 1990 FDD 80 X X X X X X
3 1710 1785 1805 1880 FDD 95 X X X X X X
4 1710 1755 2110 2155 FDD 400 X X X X X X
5 824 849 869 894 FDD 45 X X X X
6 830 840 875 885 FDD 45 X X
7 2500 2570 2620 2690 FDD 120 X X X X
8 880 915 925 960 FDD 45 X X X X
9 1749.9 1784.9 1844.9 1879.9 FDD 95 X X X X
10 1710 1770 2110 2170 FDD 400 X X X X
11 1427.9 1452.9 1475.9 1500.9 FDD 48 x X X X
12 698 716 728 746 FDD 30 X X X X
13 777 787 746 756 FDD - 31 X X X X
14 788 798 758 768 FDD - 30 X X X X
s
/N
t
+ 10log10(40/24) = -5 dB
This represents the value required for the Link Budget computation for PBCH for test case 10.1. A
similar analogy can be used for the other test cases.
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Section 5: LTE Link Budget
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 5: LTE Link Budget
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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LTE Overhead
In LTE, several types of overhead need to be considered:
Physical channel, or Reference Signal: depends on the number of antennas deployed
Acquisition channels: PSS, SSS, and PBCH
Physical overhead (Cyclic prefix): depends on the CP length
Control overhead: Represents the number of symbols used for PDDCH
The following table shows typical total overheads for different bandwidths and antenna configurations,
assuming normal CP.
BW [MHz] 1 antenna 2 antennas 4 antennas
1.4 42 46 48
5 39 42 44
10 38 41 43
20 32 35 37
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Section 5: LTE Link Budget
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Frequency Band
Reference: Section 5.5 in 3GPP TS 36.104 V8.5.0 (2009-03) 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical
Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base
Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (Release 8)
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 5: LTE Link Budget
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 5: LTE Link Budget
80-W2559-1 Rev B
5-65 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 5: LTE Link Budget
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 5: LTE Link Budget
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Maximum UE Transmit Power
Reference: Section 6.2 in 3GPP TS 36.101 V8.5.1 (2009-03). 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical
Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User
Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception (Release 8)
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LTE Network Planning
Section 5: LTE Link Budget
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Cable and Connector Losses
This item accounts for the loss between the antenna and the Node B reference point and is mainly
related to the site configuration, such as:
Feeder type and length
Jumper length and type
Splitter
Combiner
Whether a tower mounted amplifier (TMA) is installed
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 5: LTE Link Budget
80-W2559-1 Rev B
5-69 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 5: LTE Link Budget
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Noise Figure
The noise figure is the ratio of the output noise power of a device to the portion thereof attributable to
thermal noise in the input termination at standard noise temperature T
0
(usually 290 K).
The noise figure is, thus, the ratio of actual output noise to that which would remain if the device itself
did not introduce noise. This number can be used to specify the performance of a radio receiver.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 5: LTE Link Budget
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 5: LTE Link Budget
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 5: LTE Link Budget
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 5: LTE Link Budget
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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E
s
/N
t
Depending on the channel condition (channel type), different E
s
/N
t
would correspond to a given CQI.
Note that E
s
/N
t
to CQI is UE implementation dependent. The UE only reports the data rate (i.e., the
efficiency) that it can support with a Sub-Packet Error Rate (SPER) of 10%.
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Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
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LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
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Notes
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Efficiency
In LTE, the allocated bandwidth for any given user changes over time. Therefore, the concept
of efficiency needs to be introduced. Efficiency can be defined as the number of bits that can
supported for a given allocated bandwidth (bits per Hertz). Higher efficiency would translate
into higher order modulation and higher coding rate.
Efficiency is also affected by the number of overhead symbols during transmission.
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Notes
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GIS Data
Several layers are available from GIS data. Some of these layers are mandatory, while others are
simply nice to have. In the list below, the first two are mandatory, then the nice-to-have layers are
listed in order of importance:
Digital Elevation Map (DEM), also called Digital Terrain Map (DTM) This is the most
fundamental map required, because the RF propagation model uses it to calculate the path
loss at every bin.
Clutter map, also called Land-Use map During RF propagation model optimization,
correction factors are assigned to each clutter type to increase the accuracy of the
prediction. Clutter types can also be used for traffic distribution. For MIMO planning, this
layer can also reflect the scattering observed within a particular clutter. Different MIMO
gains can be assumed for different clutter types.
Vectors Vectors are primarily used to verify site positioning. However, depending on the
capabilities of the tool, they also can be used for traffic distribution.
Ortho-corrected or Satellite images Typically not used by the tool directly. RF
engineers use them to verify site location, clutter classification, or any changes that have
occurred since the site picture was taken. This information now is typically available on-
line, so it is less important to include such data as part of the GIS dataset.
Building data This type of data is mandatory for some RF models, such as ray tracing.
For RF propagation models, actual building data may be replaced with clutter height
information. Clutter height typically is not as accurate as actual building data, but
prediction time from statistical models is less than the time needed for ray tracing.
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Coverage Objectives
To predict clutter-specific coverage probability, several inputs should be defined per clutter.
In the absence of clutter-specific information, only threshold-based coverage probability can
be defined, where the different coverage thresholds are based on the Link Budget.
Main Clutter-Specific Information
Standard deviation
- For RF predictions: per model tuning results. For indoor predictions, the standard
deviation can be set to a combined value (indoor + outdoor), if the BLP is set to a
mean value, or to outdoor only, assuming that the BPL is set to a value that
represents the expected indoor coverage probability.
- For C/I estimation: depends on the assumptions for HO latency. For planning, since
simulations are statics, we can ignore the impact of long HO or reselection and only
consider the best server that the UE would camp on. In this case, the deviation is
impacted only by fading on the best server. Typical deviation would further vary,
depending on the location in the cell: in good coverage (high RSRP) condition, C/I
deviation will be less than 1 dB; at cell edge, variations of ~ 3 dB are expected.
Indoor loss, either car, or building. Typically tools provide only a single BPL value,
which the user can set to a mean value or to X percentile of the indoor area.
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Site configuration flexibility
During the design phase, understanding the flexibility of options for the site configuration
would eliminate the need for multiple site visits to verify if the required configuration can be
implemented. In addition, if an Automatic Cell Planning (ACP) tool is used to optimize the
physical configuration, this information is used to configure the ACP. For each sector, the
information shown below should be available:
Parameter Range Comment
Antenna Azimuth
Either absolute or
relative to the current
setting
Range should take into account any near
field obstructions
Antenna Height
Typically discreet
values
MaximumAntenna
Size
Physical dimension and
weight
Weight limitation is a critical parameter to
ensure that tower loading is kept within
limits
Antenna Mechanical
Tilt
Based on antenna
mounting
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LTE Required Input
Spectrum and Bandwidth
Spectrum allocation (frequency bands) typically would be selected from the 3GPP defined bands (see
LTE Frequency Bands in Section 1).
Bandwidth allocation should be based on available spectrum and limitations from 3GPP (see Section
1). When designing for coverage, planning for the whole band available is preferable.
Power Allocation
The following variables should be considered for power allocation:
Maximum HPA rating: maximum power that can be allocated to a given symbol (typically RS
power)
Offset between RS and other channels
Note that in the Downlink, power control is not defined, as it is for 3G technologies. PDSCH power (if
available) can be varied, but as an implementation-specific power control scheme that typically would
be controlled by the scheduler.
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Bearers
In a network planning tool, the data rate typically is not calculated based on the RF conditions
(link level), but static SNR based on path loss is calculated. To determine the data rate, the
static SNR is mapped to an efficiency (bit/Hz).
At a basic level, this behavior is similar to the CQI reported by the UE.
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Notes
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Detection Threshold
As a reminder, the detection thresholds listed in Section 1 are reported below.
RSRP Threshold [dBm] Frequency Band
s
/I
ot
conditions [dB]
-124
1, 4, 6, 10, 33, 34, 35, 36,
37, 38, 39, 40
- 3
-123 9 - 3
-122 2, 5, 7, 11, 17 - 3
-121 3, 8, 12, 13, 14 - 3
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Cell Reselection Illustration
In the illustration above, the UE chose not to measure neighbors when the S
rxlev, s
> S
intrasearch
. Thus
despite the fact that Cell B has a better S
rxlev, Cell B
, the UE neither measures nor considers Cell B for
reselection. However when the S
servingCell
meets S
intrasearch
, the UE measures other neighbors and
immediately finds Cell B. With Q
Hyst
and Q
offset
considered 0, Cell B is ranked higher than Cell A. But the
UE waits for T
Reselection
timer before performing the reselection to Cell B.
If the SIB3 had not included the S
intrasearch
, the UE would have detected and measured the neighbor cell
much sooner and might have reselected Cell B. But since S
servingCell
is better, it does not impact UE
performance. In other words, correctly configuring the value of S
intrasearch
does not necessarily
improve performance, but it does improve UE battery life by reducing the measurement cycles.
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P/S-SCH
No coding, only physical information. Modulation and coding rate do not apply. Similar to the
P/S-SCHin UMTS.
PBCH
Fix coding and modulation. Effectively, 24 (+ 16 bits CRC) bits of information sent every 10 ms TTI,
repeated four times. Sent over the central 6 RB (72 subcarrier). 1 slot per frame, 4 symbols.
PDSCH
The standard (36.311) only makes reference of the coding rate to be used for transmission of the BCH
(SIB) over the PDSCH. Modulation is not specified and is open for implementation. QPSK is assumed
to minimize the required transmit power for this channel, or to maximize the coverage.
Additional Comments
All values assume 10 MHz for the indicated antenna configuration (n*m). All values are based on
minimumperformance specifications (36.101). The 36.101 document provides SNR values for
different channel models, where a channel model is defined as:
Multipath conditions (EVA, ETU)
Doppler frequency (5, 70)
Correlation matrix (low, high)
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Notes
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Notes
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PDSCH
The standard (36.211) only makes reference of the coding rate (1/3) to be used for transmission of
the BCH (SIB) over the PDSCH. Modulation is not specified and is open for implementation. For
Minimum Performance Specification (36.101) QPSK is assumed, which maximizes the coverage.
All values assume 10 MHz for the indicated antenna configuration (n x m). All values are based on
minimumperformance specifications (36.101).
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Notes
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SNR to CQI (or Data Rate)
This curve should be generated using a system level simulator. If this simulator is not available, the
standard (36.942) provides information for evaluating an LTE system, and is presented above.
This curve corresponds to TU 10 km/h, for a 1 * 2 configuration. For a 2 * 2 configuration, MIMO gain
can be used (as presented later in this section).
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Antenna Configuration Considerations
Multi-user MIMO is not considered for coverage, but for capacity. The spatial diversity is used to serve
multiple users with the same RB, but transmitted in different spatial channels.
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MIMO Performance in Macro-Cellular Networks
Because of the small number of current MIMO deployments, MIMO gain can be estimated only from
simulations and limited field results from similar technologies. MIMO gain can be attributed to two
components:
Transmit diversity
Spatial diversity (using multiple code words MCW).
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MIMO-SCWPerformance
From this figure, the diversity gain can be estimated by comparing the achieved throughput in a 1 * 2
configuration (receive diversity only) and a 2 * 2 configuration.
This comparison shows that no gain is achieved at SNR lower than ~ 8 dB.
If receive diversity is already implemented (1 * 2), marginal gain is obtained at low geometry from the
addition of transmit diversity (2 * 2).
Gain from receive diversity can be estimated only by comparing the 1 * 1 and 1 * 2 configurations.
Since LTE always assumes the availability of receive diversity, the 1 * 1 configuration is not presented
in this figure.
Qualcomm internal simulations studied the effectiveness of equalizer (Minimum Mean Square Error
(MMSE)) and successive interference cancellation (SIC) receivers. Only MMSE results are provided, as
these are more likely to be deployed initially.
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Spatial Diversity Gain
For reference, Spectral Efficiency Assessment and Radio Performance Comparison between LTE and
WiMAX by Ball, Hindelang, Kamborov, and Eder provides an indication of the expected spatial
diversity gain over diversity only. From these results, it can be shown that the spatial diversity gain
for a VA30 channel is only observed at very strong SNR (18 dB in this specific case).
C. Ball, T. Hindelang, I. Kambourov, and S. Eder, Spectral Efficiency Assessment and Radio
Performance Comparison between LTE and WiMAX, in Proceedings of 19th Annual IEEE.
International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC. 2008),
Cannes, 2008.
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Notes
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Section 6: RF Network Planning
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Notes
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Section 6: RF Network Planning
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Notes
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SNR to CQI (or Data Rate)
For the Uplink, the curve should be generated using a system level simulator (same as for the
Downlink). If this simulator is not available, the standard (36.942) provides information to evaluate
an LTE system, as presented above. This curve corresponds to TU 3 km/h, for 1 * 2 configuration.
For the Uplink, MIMO is not expected to be deployed initially (Rel 8); therefore MIMO gains are not
applicable.
The concept of CQI is not defined in the Uplink. CQI should be read as (code rate, modulation), as
defined in Section 5.
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Notes
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Planning for Capacity
Load is related to capacity only; therefore it is not discussed in this course. For coverage studies,
prediction and simulation at the maximum load would give the worst case scenario performance,
while 30% (control channel and overhead) would provide the most optimistic performance.
Fractional load planning would assume that X2 interfaces are available between eNBs and that
information carried over is actually used. In the current standard development, this is only expected
when the same vendors eNBs are deployed throughout the network. During the initial coverage
planning of an LTE network, factional load planning is not critical because it is mainly EPS vendor
dependent. Therefore, this is not addressed in this course.
Inter-system interference was discussed in Section 3.
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Notes
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Notes
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Space Diversity
Additional tower/rooftop space will be required to ensure desired separation between the two
antennas (discussed in the next slide). This separation is necessary to ensure that the signals
transmitted by the two antennas maintain minimum correlation.
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Space Diversity
Diversity gain results from the creation of multiple independent channels between the transmitter
and receiver.
Array gain achieves its performance enhancement by coherently combining the energy received by
each antenna and does not depend on statistical diversity between the channels.
Minimum physical antenna separation of 10 is derived from theoretical calculations supplemented
by field trial results.
Although theoretically either horizontal or vertical separation should be sufficient for space diversity
deployment, vertical separation is not recommended because the different antenna heights would
create variation of coverage span.
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Polarization Diversity
Single X-pole Antenna
This is a typical MIMO deployment scenario: a single antenna package with dual antennas with 45
antenna-element-array to provide both receive and transmit diversity.
This configuration is currently the most common deployment scenario (without a second transmit
chain) and can be very easily transformed into 2 x 2 MIMO with few physical changes (inclusion of a
second transmit chain is all that is necessary).
The disadvantages of this configuration are the need for an additional duplexer for the second port
and the associated loss.
Two X-pole Antennas with Spatial Gap
In this configuration, two dual-polar antennas are physically separated (distance) with a single branch
of each antenna exclusively carrying a transmit path while the other branch carries the receive path.
This configuration eliminates any losses associated with the required duplexers for each transmit and
receive chain. While there is a cost for the additional cabling and the associated ancillary equipment,
an advantage of this configuration is it can also be utilized for 4x2 MIMO deployment.
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Space vs. Polarization Diversity
The first table in the slide shows that both space and polarization diversity perform equally in an
urban environment, assuming than 20 wavelength can be used for space diversity. This spatial gap
may be difficult to achieve (especially at low frequencies), thus giving an advantage to polarization
diversity.
The polarization diversity advantage is reduced in a suburban morphology, but is still maintained if 10
wavelength cannot be achieved for the spatial gap.
In a rural morphology (due to the absence of scattering), space diversity has an advantage, even when
only 5 wavelengths can be achieved.
Reference: C. Chevallier et al., WCDMA (UMTS) Deployment Handbook, Wiley and Sons, 2006.
MIMOChannel Correlation
The second table in the slide shows that the combination of space and polarization diversity provide
the lowest correlation between MIMO spatial channels, thus would lead to the maximum gain.
Polarization diversity provides the second best results, while space diversity only provides the highest
correlation, thus the lowest expected MIMO gain.
These correlations are measured in light urban/industrial morphologies.
Reference: H. Teague, C. Patel, D. Gore, H. Sampath, A. Naguib, T. Kadous, A. Gorokhov, A. Agrawal,
Field Results on MIMO Performance in UMB Systems, Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE 67th Vehicular
Technology Conference, VTC Spring 2008.
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Polarization Diversity and MIMOPerformance in Rural environment
In a rural environment:
Limited MIMO gain is expected, due to the absence of scattering.
Near cell condition where high SNR is detected represents only a fraction of the cell.
Given these limitations, space diversity is recommended in a rural environment due to expected
higher diversity gain.
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Intermodulation in Shared Antenna System
Intermodulation occurs when the input to a non-linear system is comprised of two or more
frequencies. Consider an input signal that contains three frequency components at f
a
, f
b
, and f
c
.
x(t) = M
a
sin(2f
a
t+
a
) + M
b
sin(2f
b
t+
b
) + M
c
sin(2f
c
t+
c
)
where M and are the amplitudes and phases of the three components, respectively.
The output signal, y(t), is obtained by passing the input through a non-linear function:
y(t) = G(x(t))
y(t) will contain the three frequencies of the input signal (f
a
, f
b
& f
c
), known as the fundamental signals,
as well as a linear combination of the fundamental frequencies, known as intermodulation products, in
the arbitrary form of (k
a
f
a
+ k
b
f
b
+ k
c
f
c
) where k
a
, k
b
, k
c
are integral coefficients.
The order of a given intermodulation product is the sum of the absolute values of the coefficients.
So in above example, third order intermodulation product occurs when |k
a
| + |k
b
| + |k
c
| = 3
Intermodulation issues can be mitigated by ensuring that high quality components are utilized and all
physical joints between cables, antennas, and other components are of the highest quality. These
actions should be routinely performed regardless of the specific deployment type, as should regular
maintenance.
It is likely that antenna sharing schemes with increasing complexity will multiply with MIMO
deployments. This should be carefully considered with an increased focus on appropriate deployment
practices, including clearly defined operational guidelines for the maintenance of such systems.
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Notes
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Note
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Antenna Parameter Recommendations
Passive Intermodulation Product is very important and should be treated as one of the most
critical parameters.
Return loss >20 dB indicates superior performance across a wider range of frequencies.
In Beam Power Percent is the amount of power an antenna radiates into the desired azimuth.
Front to Back Ratio is the ratio of peak amplitudes of the main and back lobes.
Peak Power > 300 Watt will prevent possible arc-over within the antenna, especially when
multiple technologies are supported.
Polarization Discrimination applies to X-pole antennas only. A recommended value of 20 dB
corresponds to a cross-correlation of 0.2.
Maximum Mechanical Downtilt should be restricted to VBW / 2 to avoid beam deformity.
DIN connectors, unlike N-type, are designed to be low loss and yield better passive
intermodulation performance.
Connector Location: For most antennas, the power divider usually starts in the center of the
antenna. Feeding the antenna from the center thus minimizes losses for high antenna efficiency.
On the other hand, a bottom-fed antenna may be convenient for wall mounting or for extreme
weather conditions (excessive snowfall / rain).
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Indoor or Outdoor RSRP
Depending on the tool used and the settings, the coverage threshold may include the coverage
reliability (LNF margin) or the building penetration loss (BPL).
The threshold for detection of a cell is not a guarantee of service. Service would be guaranteed only if
the SNR threshold (see following slides) is met.
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PBCH Coverage
For PBCH coverage no MIMO gain should be defined, because PBCH is only transmitted with rank 1,
but with transmit diversity. When PBCH coverage (SNR) is verified, no information is available on the
possibility of a UE to acquire service on the system. To determine this, PDSCH coverage should be
verified, considering the modulation considered for SIB transmission.
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PDSCH SNR
If SNR is optimized the best possible data rate would be achieved, based on available bandwidth (or
assigned number of RBs). For RSRP, PDSCH SNR can be considered indoors or outdoors, with or
without margin (for reliability). Tool implementation for the SNR margin should be fully understood
and configured properly.
MIMOGain
PDSCH coverage (SNR) should consider any possible gain due to transmit diversity. MIMO gain, due to
multiple codewords, will not be observed on SNR, but only on throughput coverage maps.
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PDSCHThroughput
PDSCH coverage (throughput) presents only the maximum possible data rate based on the
assumptions and settings. The actual throughput achieved by a user would depend on the user
location (effectively achieved SNR) and the available bandwidth. Available bandwidth, in turn,
depends on the number of simultaneous users and the scheduler implementation.
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Notes
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Tracking Area, MME, and MME pool
Because these boundaries or connections are not limited by the standard but rather by vendor
implementation, planning for these parameters is not detailed in this workshop.
At a higher level, planning these parameters would be similar to the RNC, BSC, LAU, and Paging Zone
planning for 3G.
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Notes
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Notes
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Black List
In LTE terminology, the black list is a list of cells that the UE should neither reselect nor report. A list
of black listed cells typically would be sent to the UE to ensure that the UE does not consider such a
cell as a reselection candidate, or report the cell if it fulfills the handover condition.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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LTE Handover
In LTE, 5 main events are defined for intra-system handover:
Event A1: Serving Cell becomes better than a defined threshold
Event A2: Neighbor Cell becomes worse than a defined threshold
Event A3: Neighbor Cell becomes better than Serving Cell by a defined Offset value
Event A4: Neighbor Cell becomes better than a defined threshold
Event A5: Neighbor Cell becomes worse than a defined threshold and Neighbor Cell becomes
better than a defined threshold
Event A3 best matches the UMTS intra-frequency handover.
Acceptable Signal Difference Between Serving Cell and Neighbor Cells
The acceptable difference between these cells should be determined based on the network layout and
the relative loading of the neighboring cells.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Ranking Neighbors
Ranking of neighbor cells varies according to the tool used for Neighbor List analysis. Ranking can
depend on the percentage of area overlapping, the symmetry, or other criteria.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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NL Cell-Specific Parameters
Qoffset
s,n
The effect of this parameter should be evaluated together with Qhyst (global
parameter for the serving cell). Qhyst is used to prioritize the serving cell, while Qoffset is used
to (de-)prioritize a given neighbor in relation to the serving cell.
Setting Qoffset to a positive value prioritizes the neighbor
Setting Qoffset to a negative value de-prioritizes the neighbor.
IntraBlackCellList is defined as a range of PCIs, where the range starts for a given PCI. The
range can be 1 (single PCI) or a number of PCIs (from 4 to 504).
For parameter definitions and usage guidelines, see:
3GPP TS 36.311 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Resource Control
(RRC); Protocol specification
3GPP TS 36.304 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE)
procedures in idle mode
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
6-57 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Channel Model and Delay Spread
An other important impact of channel model for LTE is the correct estimation of delay spread, which
would impact the setting of the CP. This delay spread estimation can be obtained from the same type
of data used to estimate the channel model. During network planning, delay spread cannot be
estimated unless a ray tracing model is used.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Exercises
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Exercises
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
6-69 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
What is MIMO?
The benefits of a MIMO system depend on independence (low cross-correlation) of the transmit paths.
Spatial diversity or polarization diversity (45 X-poles) are the most commonly used antenna
configurations.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
6-70 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
LTE Downlink MIMO
The spatial channel is decomposed into its eigenfunctions to create independent spatial channels for
maximum spatial diversity. In practice, the decomposition may be approximated to get reasonable
gains.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
6-71 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
LTE Downlink MIMO
For good performance over a broad range of scenarios, LTE provides an adaptive multistream
transmission scheme in which the number of parallel streams can be continuously adjusted to match
the instantaneous channel conditions.
When channel conditions are very good, up to four streams can be transmitted in parallel, yielding
data rates up to 300 Mbps in a 20 MHz bandwidth. When channel conditions are less favorable, fewer
parallel streams are used.
The multiple antennas could also be used for beamforming to improve cell edge coverage.
Beamforming may also be used to achieve SDMA for multi-user MIMO. When coordinated across cells,
this can lead to significant reduction in interference.
To achieve good coverage (for instance, in large cells or to support higher data rates at cell edges), one
can employ single stream beamforming transmission as well as transmit diversity for common
channels.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Spatial Multiplexing of SU-MIMOand MU-MIMO
SDMA is used with MU-MIMO; however, transmission on each UE in the UE-MIMOmode is restricted
to one layer. Thus, in beamforming mode, only SCW MIMO is allowed.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
6-73 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
6-74 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Transmit Diversity
Open Loop Transmit Diversity
The most popular open loop transmit diversity scheme is space/time coding, where a code known to
the receiver is applied at the transmitter. Of the many types of space/time codes, the most popular is
orthogonal space/time block codes (OSTBCs), or Alamouti code. This code has become the most
popular means of achieving transmit diversity, owing to its ease of implementationlinear at both the
transmitter and the receiverand its superior diversity order.
Closed Loop Transmit Diversity
When feedback is added to the system, the transmitter may use the channel state information.
Because the channel quality changes quickly in a mobile environment, closed loop transmission
schemes tend to be feasible primarily in fixed or low-mobility scenarios. There could, however, be a
substantial gain in many cases from possessing channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter,
particularly in the spatial multiplexing setup.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Transmit Diversity in LTE
Space Frequency Block Code (SFBC)
In SFBC, adjacent subcarriers are coded. This assumes that adjacent subcarriers have the same
amplitude and phase, which typically is approximately true in practice. Space Frequency Block Coded
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (SFBC-OFDM) can be used to increase the resultant Signal
to Noise Ratio (SNR) at the receiver, which increases coverage area in a cellular system.
Frequency Shift Time Diversity (FSTD)
In an FSTDscheme, two orthogonal preambles occupying different groups of subcarrier frequencies
are transmitted through each antenna. The receiver correlates the received samples with two
preambles and then performs a non-coherent combining for the detection of OFDMsymbol timing.
Thus, in a fading environment, the correlation value experiences less amplitude variation, which is in
agreement with the conventional diversity concept.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 6: RF Network Planning
80-W2559-1 Rev B
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Comments/Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-1 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-2 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-3 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-4 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Coverage Prediction & Analysis High Level View
At the outset, a project needs to be created for any market using a network planning tool. Use of
recent and up-to-date GIS data with resolution <50 m is recommended for this purpose.
Next, the site, cell, and transmitter configurations should be defined using relevant inputs such as
frequency band of operation, carrier bandwidth, coverage targets, propagation models, RF
parameters, vendor-specific inputs, and LTE-related configurations.
For coverage predictions, in the absence of known traffic projection/capacity demand, a fixed
network loading for both Downlink and Uplink is recommended. This fixed loading would represent
the statistical impact of the loading on coverage performance.
Finally, the coverage prediction analyses presented earlier (see Section 5) should be performed to
assess the quality of the designed network. This should be done in an iterative manner until the
design targets are met.
Although not specifically mentioned in the flow diagram above, use of an Automatic Cell Planning
(ACP) tool is recommended for determination of the final RF configuration (azimuth, downtilt,
height, etc.).
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-5 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Prediction Tool Description
1
Atoll
TM
is an overall RF planning prediction tool developed by Forsk.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-6 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-7 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-8 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-9 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-10 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Studies: LTE Deployment with 1:1 Overlay
850 MHz CDMA 1xEV-DO
This analysis of LTE coverage and throughput estimation is relevant for North American operators.
The following were used for this case study:
One cluster with 48 eNBs. 3-sector sites for analysis.
Default Okumura-Hata propagation model.
Average Base Station antenna height of 25 m and UE height of 1.5 m.
65-degree antenna with 17 dBi gain.
ACP tool to optimize azimuth and downtilt for the best combination of E
c
and E
c
/I
o
.
2100 MHz UMTS/HSPA
This analysis of LTE coverage and throughput estimation is relevant for European operators. The
following were used for this case study:
One cluster with 77 eNBs. 3-sector sites for analysis.
Default Standard Propagation Model.
Average Base Station antenna height of 25 m and UE height of 1.5 m.
65-degree antenna with 17 dBi gain.
ACP tool to optimize azimuth and downtilt for the best combination of RSCP and E
c
/N
o
.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-11 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-12 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-13 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-14 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-15 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 1: E
c
/N
o
Prediction Map
For accurate analysis and estimation of E
c
/I
o
, the 48-site cluster was divided into two categories:
A Computation Zone was defined with all 48 sites (the red boundary above) to facilitate the
calculation of interference (I
o
) from all sites.
In addition, a smaller category of a 34-site cluster was defined as a Focus Zone for calculation
of quality (E
c
/I
o
). The Focus Zone basically excluded 14 sites located at the outer periphery of
the Computation Zone. Since these sites were located at the boundary areas, interference
experienced by them would have been lower than the remaining sites. As a result, inclusion of
these sites for statistical calculations would have unfairly skewed the overall E
c
/I
o
statistics.
To accurately represent the E
c
/I
o
distribution, E
c
from the sites located within the Focus Zone and I
o
from all 48 sites were used for calculation .
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-16 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 1: E
c
Prediction Map
In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, E
c
distribution was performed
based on sites located within the Focus Zone only.
An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for E
c
prediction.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-17 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 1: LTE Prediction Key Settings (1 of 2)
For details on assumed system configuration, see Section 6.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-18 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 1: LTE Prediction Key Settings (2 of 2)
For details on assumed system configuration, see Section 6.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-19 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-20 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 1: LTE-700 Reference Signal (1 of 6)
To maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, RSRP distribution was performed based on
sites located within the Focus Zone only.
An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for RSRP prediction.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-21 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 1: LTE-700 Reference Signal (2 of 6)
In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, RSRQ distribution was performed
based on sites located within the Focus Zone only.
An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for RSRQ prediction.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-22 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 1: LTE-700 PBCH C/I Distribution (3 of 6)
In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, PBCH C/I distribution was
performed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only.
An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for prediction.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-23 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 1: LTE-700 PDSCH C/I Distribution (4 of 6)
In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, PDSCH C/I distribution was
performed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only.
An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for prediction.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-24 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 1: LTE-700 Best Bearer Distribution (5 of 6)
In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, best bearer distribution was
performed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only.
An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for prediction.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-25 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 1: LTE-700 RLC Throughput (6 of 6)
In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, peak RLC throughput distribution
was performed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only.
An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for prediction.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-26 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-27 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-28 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-29 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 2: UMTS Network E
c
/N
o
Prediction Map
For accurate analysis and estimation of E
c
/N
o
, the 77-site cluster was divided into two categories:
A Computation Zone was defined with all 77 sites (the red boundary above) to facilitate the
calculation of interference (N
o
) from all sites.
In addition, a smaller category of a 63-site cluster was defined as a Focus Zone for calculation
of quality (E
c
/N
o
). The Focus Zone basically excluded 14 sites located at the outer periphery
of the Computation Zone. Since these sites were located at the boundary areas, interference
experienced by them would have been lower than the remaining sites. As a result, inclusion of
these sites for statistical calculations would have unfairly skewed the overall E
c
/I
o
statistics.
To accurately represent the E
c
/N
o
distribution, RSCP from the sites located within the Focus Zone
and N
o
from all 48 sites were used for calculation.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-30 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 2: UMTS Network RSCP Prediction Map
In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, RSCP distribution was performed
based on sites located within the Focus Zone only.
An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for RSCP prediction.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-31 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 2: LTE Prediction Key Settings (1 of 2)
For details on assumed system configuration, see Section 6.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-32 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 2: LTE Prediction Key Settings (2 of 2)
For details on assumed system configuration, see Section 6.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-33 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-34 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 2: LTE-2600 Reference Signal (1 of 6)
In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, RSRP distribution was performed
based on sites located within the Focus Zone only.
An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for RSRP prediction.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-35 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 2: LTE-2600 Reference Signal (2 of 6)
In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, RSRQ distribution was perfomed
based on sites located within the Focus Zone only.
An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for RSRQ prediction.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-36 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 2: LTE-2600 PBCH C/I Distribution (3 of 6)
In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, PBCH C/I distribution was
performed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only.
An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for prediction.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-37 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 2: LTE-2600 PDSCH C/I Distribution (4 of 6)
In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, PDSCH C/I distribution was
performed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only.
An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for prediction.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-38 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 2: LTE-2600 Best Bearer Distribution (5 of 6)
In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, best bearer distribution was
performed based on sites located within the Zone only.
An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for prediction.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-39 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Case Study 2: LTE-2600 RLC Throughput (6 of 6)
In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, peak RLC throughput distribution
was performed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only.
An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for prediction.
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-40 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-41 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only
LTE Network Planning
Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies
80-W2559-1 Rev B
7-42 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Notes
Megafon Use Only