Arguments for choosing the theme We have obviously managed to achieve progress in almost all ways and we have

built up a global society whose standards of living are higher that anyone living a century ago could have imagined. In the same tie we also managed to make this whole world not so safe a place any more, since some of the nations have suffered large losses because of acts of extreme violence like the acts of terrorism. Since first seeing the themes, I have decided myself for this one because it concentrates, to my mind, the most dangerous and harmful issue that justice is confronted with nowadays. Taking a close look to a flagellum with such a complex structure is interesting and attractive in the same time. Furthermore, I chose this theme because it also allows me to select the representative features of this issue and to make a more realistic impression of how things have evolved up to this point. Lastly, I do believe that we should all put more emphasize on this kind of project themes that inform us more and make us more conscious of the surrounding reality we sometimes neglect. I personally consider terrorism the best example it has various implications and irremediable effects. The concept of terrorism Terrorism does not have a precise definition or a widely accepted one, in spite of the growing significance of

terrorist attacks. The difficulty in defining terrorism is a problem of cultural, political and social perception of violence and of the terrorists political goal, emphasized by the emotional meaning
of the term. Some governments tend to label as acts of terrorism any violence committed by the members of the opposition, while political sociologists assert the idea that a proper definition cant be given because the elaboration process itself is part of a larger context that questions the political ideologies and objectives. Everybody agrees though that there are two general types of terrorism: national terrorism (exerted by specialized agencies) and the political terrorism (practiced by well trained and strongly motivated groups, at an international or intercontinental level). The definitions maintain the argument that the perspectives change considering the time and place of the attack. Terrorism is a moral problem also and, when giving a definition, one must have in mind the supposition that some types of political violence are amenable, while others are not. Consequently, terrorism has been defined in many ways, implying the idea of force, coercive power, authority and legitimacy. Violence is exerted in many ways, such as kidnapping, taking hostages, murdering, explosions, destruction of public buildings, the sabotage of railways or industrial installations, the producing of infectious disease. Here are some definitions that have been given to this harmful phenomenon: - Terrorism is the ensemble of actions and/or threats which represent a public menace and damage the national security, having the next features: they are made by

terrorist groups which are motivated by

extremist attitudes and conceptions, hostile to other groups against which they act using the violence; they have as purpose the achievement of political objectives; they hint at human and/or material factors from the area of public authorities and institutions and at the civilian population; they have a strong psychological impact on the population, destined to draw attention over the goals the terrorists had in view. - Terrorism means using or threatening with using extreme political violence in order to provoke fear, terror, panic among a group of people that is more numerous than the group of the immediate victims. (Heyman 1980) - The British laws definition of terrorism is so wide that it includes not only the using of violence to achieve political, ideological or religious goals, but also the perturbation or the serious interference in the function of an electronic device. This law is highly criticized and the ones who are against it have also given some examples to show its exaggeration. For example, if an ecologist would threaten to use a shotgun to destroy his own computer as a sign of protest, he would be considered a

terrorist.

The purpose of terrorism is affecting not only the social structure, but the individual also, through the distortion of the societys image, which is trusted by all the civilians. In order to be as harmful as it can, a

terrorist act must provoke a psychological and emotional disconnection between the societys

leadership and its members; it must generate an explosion of comments in the mass-media, having a paralyzing effect on the population. Politically motivated, terrorism always requires an acute sense of frustration, of a political or social injustice, which can only be solved through violence. That is why its self-definition is the tactic of the last solution. More eloquently, Xavier Raufer defines the

terrorist phenomenon as the weapon of the weakest pointed at the most powerful or the attack of

the wasp against the elephant. There are different types of terrorism, classified according to the purpose of the terrorists or to their ideologies. There is a wrecker terrorism, which tries to damage the relation between the state and the citizens, and a coercive terrorism, whose goal is the despondency of the population. If we talk about

their ideologies, the

terrorist groups can be religious or ethnic, radical, anarchistic, individual (do not

have clear goals), neo-fascist (in some countries they are secretly supported by the government) or groups of ideological mercenaries. The ideological syncretism of terrorism should be considered also, because it is a mixture of anarchism, communism, syndicalism, guerilla warfare, Nazism and Islamic fundamentalism. The difference between different types of governing, for them the enemy is everywhere. The history of terrorism causes The

terrorists make no

terrorist phenomenon appeared at the beginnings of the mankind. The term was used for the first

time though in 1798, in the Dictionary of the French Academy. One of the first forms of organized terrorism at a worldwide level recorded by history was the Zealots movement and the Messianic terror. They were a religious sect of the Siccars who acted in Palestine in the first century. They had the belief that their salvation was possible only if they proved their true faith, no matter the ways or the practices they used, and this is why their violence was justifiable for them. They managed to realize a rebellion of the Hebrews against the Romans, but after that their terror spread in the middle of their own people. War on Terror Reaction to the September 11, 2001 events It was with disbelief and shock that around the world, people saw the news footage of the events on September 11, 2001 of the planes-turned-missiles that saw the destruction of the World Trade Center towers and damage of the Pentagon. What is probably the worst totally inexcusable and to be condemned. Some 3000 were killed. Initial fears were that it was over 6000 The subsequent bombing of Afghanistan to attack Osama Bin Ladens Al Qaeda terrorist network and the Taliban for harboring them has also led to some 3,500 civilian deaths, according to an independent study released at the beginning of December 2001. The ghastly As extremist Arab

terrorist attack on the United States, is

terrorist attacks led to a mixture of political, social and economic reaction around the world. terrorists are believed to be the perpetrators, hatred and anti-Islam sentiment,

without distinguishing the despotic militants from ordinary Muslims has increased, even though most of the Muslim communities around the world have condemned this act. While visible efforts were seen by politicians to try to separate terrorists from Muslims in general, it has not been easy. On the one hand, after years of economic and geopolitical history, there are some aspects of distrust, while on the other hand, extremists in the Muslim and Christian communities are adding to the antagonisms. For example, during the height of the shock and anger to the September 11 attacks, extremist tendencies in the West resulted in beatings and even killings of Muslims. Even non-Muslims that just happened to have long beards or in some way resembled Taliban/Al Qaeda members were targeted. Others saw this as proof that Islam is inherently violent or that it is the primary threat to the rest of the world, etc. On the Muslim side, there have also been equally extreme reactions, from support of these

terrorist acts to even being convinced that this was some sort of Zionist conspiracy to blame

Muslims! In both cases these seem to be a minority of people with such extreme views but of course the concern is always that it will increase over time. There was no question that there was going to be some sort of retaliation and response from the United States. One could not have expected them seriously to refrain from wanting to take revenge.Yet the fear was in what form this revenge would be and how it would be carried out, plus the impacts on ordinary Afghans who have suffered at the hands of the Taliban and outside forces and influences for years. In addition, some eight months after the attacks it was revealed in the mainstream press around the world that the CIA had warned George Bush of the threats weeks before September 11. This caused an uproar in many places, including the United States Congress, where members are demanding more information to understand if all those deaths could have been prevented. Resulting War on Terror The terrible events of September 11 saw the considerable quieting of what was until then growing domestic and international criticism of the Bush Administration. The September 11 events resulted in a war on terror which saw support for Bush and his popularity soar at the time. Up to September 11, 2001, the Bush administration was being criticized around the world for its stances on various issues domestically and internationally. Even European and other allies were very critical of positions on numerous global issues. But even before the Bush Administration, throughout the world, many nations and groups of people had

expressed their frustrations at how U.S. foreign policies had affected them on all sorts of issues, ranging from economic/globalization issues that have deepened poverty and/or inequality for most people around the world; geopolitics/arms/missile defense; environmental issues and so on. Protests either directly, or indirectly at U.S. policies have occurred all around the worldespecially on globalization issues. Prezenta lucrare se constituie ntr-o analiz succint a problematicii complexe a terorismului practicat de ctre femeile din lumea arab i nu numai, ncercndu-se evidenierea importanei deosebite a raionamentului factorului uman i a manierei de interpretare a terorismului de ctre acestea. Acest proiect i propune s realizeze o expunere concis, dar edificatoare asupra manierei de desfurare a atacurilor teroriste, mediatizarea de care acestea au parte i ce se ascunde n realitate n spatele acelor acte de crim cu snge rece. n acest sens, au fost expuse ntr-o prim faz cteva repere teoretice, pentru ca mai apoi s se particularizeze pe diferite cazuri din istorie, acestea fiind mprite n dou categorii: teroriste din Europa i teroriste din lumea islamic. Teroristele din Europa Interferenele ntre spionaj i terorism, n afara caracterului ilicit al celor dou forme de activitate, se regsesc mai ales n metodele folosite: nu rareori spionajul a folosit i metode "dure", mergnd chiar pn la suprimri, aa cum teroritii i-au pregtit unele aciuni prin infiltrarea grupurilor pe care le vizau. Dac implicarea femeilor n aciuni de spionaj are o motivaie destul de evident, participarea lor la activiti teroriste poate prea paradoxal. i totui, aceast participare a devenit din ce n ce mai intens n perioada Rzboiului Rece, fapt ce i-a fcut pe cercettori ai domeniului s investigheze cauzele care au fcut c femeile s devin teroriste de temut. Organizaiile teroriste care utilzeaz strategia atacurilor sinucigae au adugat o nou dimensiune terorismului, atrgnd atenia nu numai asupra victimelor, dar i asupra actanilor. Una din cele mai surprinztoare evoluii ale acestui fenomen se refer la modul n care terorismul sinuciga i-a deschis porile pentru femei ntr-o zon care aparinea exclusiv brbailor. Aceast ascensiune a femeilor poate fi explicat , cel puin parial, prin avantajele operaionale pe care acesteale ofer. Femeile provoac mai puine suspiciuni dect brbaii, deoarece acestea pot depi sistemele de control i securitate mai uor avnd explozibilul camuflat sub form unei sarcini. Autoarele volumului "Women and Terrorism", Luisella de Cataldo Neuberger i Tiziana Valentini , analizeaz motivele care au fcut c, de-a lungul istoriei, femeile s fie implicate n aciuni din aceast categorie. ntre altele, se are n vedere i faptul c femeile manifest adesea mai mult aderen i perseveren n atingerea unor scopuri, dar i rezistent psihic la riscuri i represiuni. Un studiu ntocmit de Centre for Foreign Policy Studies arat c, n perioada 1969-2005, femeile au participat la 46 de atacuri teroriste, iar din 1985, 34 la sut din aceste atacuri au fost organizate de femei. n principal, femeile sunt membre ale unor grupuri teroriste de stnga, cum a fost RAF n RF Germania