Introduction

Measuring the development of crime in the world is a difficult task, due to the different ways of collecting the informations in each country. However the political and social importance of crime, together with public concern about the phenomenon, has made it increasingly important to try to obtain an overview of the situation in the world. There are some indicators that are known they influence the increase in the number of criminal acts such as drugs and alcohol consumption, the high degree of poverty, the level of education, the age of population, the number of crimes that are reported to the police and others. In this project I will analyse some possible factors with an impact in the total number of crimes recorded by the police during th year 2 ! in "# different countries countries in the world including a big part of $urope and some big developed countries in the world, such as the %nited &tates, 'apan, (ew )ealand, *ustralia, &outh *frica and +anada.

,igure no.- . The number of total crimes by country, based on Eurostat data

Source: eurostat.ec.europa.eu.

,rom the graph above, we can observe that the number of total crimes recorded is higher in the countries that have a higher population. This is why the first factor analysed is the number of total population reported by each country in the year 2 !.

The second factor taken into consideration is the yearly average of unemployment rate e/pressed in percentages for each country in 2 !. %sually, when the unemployment rate is high, it means that there is a great number of people in that country without a job, which leads to low incomes for them. In such situations, people belive that they don0t have many options and they do things that they wouldn0t do under better circumstances. 1n the other side, a higher number of police officers influences in a negative way the development of criminal acts in a country. The higher the number of policemens, the smaller the number of total crimes recorded in that country. ,inally, another factor that is considered to have impact in the increased number of criminality is the number of immigrants. %sually the people migrate due to their low level in the standard of living in their countries. This is why in their host country arrive a high number of poor immigrants which leads to the increase in the number of criminal acts in that country due to poverty. The data used in this paper are recorded from $%21&T*T and the reference year is 2 Table no -. The analysed variables of the model
Total crimes(0 00) 1003 135 357 445 "85 50 103 4"3 "310 "1!7 "!33 8 5 8 "8 4"7 15 1"14 5!4 total population(0 00) 10585 7 7! 10"87 5447 8"315 134" 4313 1117" 44475 3 "3 5!131 77! ""81 3385 47 100 408 1 358 8"83 police officers(00 0) 38 18 44 11 "50 3 13 51 "15 1"4 107 5 8 11 " " 1" 3 "7 no of immigrants(0 00) 14 " 104 5 81 4 8! 133 !58 18" 557 1! 4 ! 17 "4 7 117 107

Country Belgium Bulgaria C#ec$ %epu&lic 'enmar( )ermany *stonia +relan, )reece -pain .rance +taly Cyprus /at0ia /it$uania /u1em&ourg 2ungary 3alta 4et$erlan,s 5ustria

unemployme nt rate(%) 7.5 .! 5.3 3.8 8.4 4.7 4. 8.3 8.3 8.4 .1 4 4.3 4." 7.4 .4 3." 4.4

6olan, 6ortugal %omania -lo0enia -lo0a(ia .inlan, -7e,en 8nite, 9ing,om Croatia Tur(ey 4or7ay -7it#erlan, 5l&ania 8nite, -tates :apan 4e7 ;ealan, 5ustralia -out$ 5frica %ussian .e,eration Cana,a 3ontenegro -er&ia 8(raine /iec$tenstei n +celan, 3ace,onia

1153 400 "81 88 111 344 130 4!4 7 ! 3 "7" 3" 5! 11"5" "051 4" 831 " 3! 3555 "303 ! 105 1!75 1 13 "

381"5 105!! "15 "010 53!4 5"77 !113 0817 4441 ! 8! 4 81 750! 3157 30113! 1"7433 4115 "0434 43!!7 14"""0 333!0 "4 73!7 4 4 5 35 307 "041

!. 8.1 .4 4.! 11.1 .! ." 5.3 !. 8.5 ".5 ".8 13.8 4. 3.! 3. 4.4 "4.3 5.! 14.7 18.8 ".7 1.3 1 34.!

!8 5" 45 8 14 8 18 "" "0 330 7 17 1" 700 4 8 47 133 177! 4 5 "0 17 0.0! 0. 10

15 4 10 "! 1 " !! 5"7 15 17! " 1 83 3835 "04! 4" 40!7 1107 1"081 107 ! 458 834 0.0! 8 1

Source: eurostat.ec.europa.eu.

Regression analysis
,rom the econometric point of view, in order to prove the relationship between the number of total crimes and the total population, the unemployment rate, the number of police officers and number of immigrants, I will use the multiple linear regression analysis, a model which assumes a linear relationship between a dependent variable given by the number of total crimes, and a set of e/planatory variables, the total population3 4, the unemployment rate354, the number of police officers3 4 and number of immigrants3 4, also called independent variables. The relationship between the dependent variable and the independent ones is given by the function.

Y = 0 + 1 X1 + 2 X2 + 3X3 + 4X4+ e

6here. 78number of total crimes3

4 4

9-8number of total population3 928unemployment rate354 9:8number of police officers3 9"8number of immigrants3 4 4

In this case, each of the slope coefficients, meaning 1, 2, 3, 4 are the partial derivatives of 7 with respect to the 9 variable which they multiply. In order to calculate this coefficients, we have to solve the system given by these derivatives.

In this way, we obtain the regression model e/pressed by the function. Y = 107.97 + 0.02 X1 + 12.80 X2 0.62X3 + 0.06X4

Interpretation of the coefficients

The intercept b 8- !.;! predicts the number of total crimes in a country when all the e/planatory variables are e<ual to =ero. In this case, the intercept doesn0t have an interpretation. 2egarding the relationship between the total number of crimes and the population of the country, it can be e/plained by the second coefficient b-8 . 2. This means that, assuming that all the other variables remain constant, for each increase in the number of population of the country by people, the total number of crimes in that country increases by 2 . This is why in the countries with a high number of population, the level of criminality is higher than in other countries. The coefficient b28-2.> specifies that for each increase of - percentage in the unemployment rate, the number of crimes in the country increases by -2> , with all other variables being constant. This is a high figure, meaning that not having a job pushes desperate people to perform criminal acts.

The relationship between the total number of criminal acts performed in a country during 2 ! and the number of police officers employed in the public service is negative and is given by the coefficient b:8 ? .@2. The negative sign of this coefficient specifies a negative relationship between the two variables, meaning that for an e/tra police officers employed in this service, the total number of crimes in the country decreases by @2 , keeping fi/ed all the other variables. *s regarding the number of immigrants in a country in relation with the increase in the level of the criminality in that country, this is given by b"8 . @, meaning that for each of immigrant people more in a country, the number of criminal acts increases by @ , for all the other variables remaining constant. %sually that people that leave their countries do that because of bad life conditions in their mother country. The standard of living in the new country doesn0t change in a good way for all of them and this is why it occurs the situation of they increasing the level of criminality in the host country, instead of increasing their incomes. The sign of the coefficients is positive for all the coefficients, e/cept for the total number of police officers, meaning that there is a positive relationship between the dependent variable 3number of total crimes4 and the independent ones 3total population, unemployment rate, number of immigrants4.

esting hypothesis ! t test

This model works with a sample of "# states out of the total number of countries in the world, and knowing the sampling distribution for the standardised estimator allows us to carry out the hypothesis testing. In this case, the null hypothesis is. H . <i 8 , meaning that if we accept it, 9i doesn0t have effect on 7, and there is no linear relationship between the two variables. In order to verify this, we will use the t test for a population slope. H0: b1 = 0 H1: b1 $ 0 b- Test Statistic: t = Sb6here. ( o !inear "elationship# (!inear "elationship#

Sb- =

S%&

3 &
i =-

and df 8 n?k?&4
2

The standard error of estimate, S y( =

SSE 8 n ' -

3%
i =-

%i 4 2

n ' -

In order to perform this test, we choose to have only #5 probability of rejecting H if it is really true, meaning the significance level is #5 3A 8 . #4. ,or the first coefficient, meaning <1, the calculated value is tcalc8#.!The critical value is tA,n?k?-82. 2-- as compared with the calculated value tcalc8#.!-, meaning there a linear relationship between the total number of crimes reported in a country and the total number of population in that country. ,igure no 2. ,ail to reject

AB2

-?A

AB2

?tn?k?-

tn?k?-

,or the second coefficient, meaning <), the calculated value of tcalc8 .@6e have to compare again the critical value of tA,n?k?-82. 2-- with the calculated value of t for the second coefficient tcalc8 .@-. In this case, the critical value is higher than the calculated one, meaning there is no relationship between the number of total crimes in a country and the unemployment rate. &uch an observation observation can be made for the fourth coefficient also, having a tcalc8-.##;@:>, it is smaller than the critical value and the linear relationship between the number of total crimes and the level of immigrant peoples ia a country has no proof enough. ,or the third coefficient, meaning <*, the calculated value of tcalc8 ?-. @ !2 *s compared with the critical value of tA,n?k?-82. 2--, the calculated value of t for the third coefficient has a negative value, but tcalc8 ?-. @ !2 is situated in the acception region, meaning there is a linear relationship between the number of total crimes and the number of police officers in the countries, even if this relationship is a negative one.

,igure no :. ,ail to reject

AB2

-?A

AB2

?2. 2--

?-. @ !2

2. 2--

"o#puting p$%alues for t test

*n alternative to the classical approach is to ask what is the smallest significance level at which the null hypothesis can be rejectedC In order to find out this thing, we have to have a look at the p?value. Table no 2.
t Stat 0.4!781! !57 5.70 8" 173 0. 0!807 038 = 1.0 071! 38 1.55! 38 183 P-value 0. "133 8 !8 1.""058*= 0 0.5454384 4! 0."!51803 4 0.1" 7"3" 75

Source:E(cel file based on eurostat.ec.europa.eu. data *ccording to the p?value distribution, if we compare the critical value of A8 . # with the p?values for each coefficient, we can deduct that there is no linear relationship between none of the independent variables 3total population, unemployment rate,number of police officers, number of immigrants4 and the dependent one 3number of total crimes4.

he &'()& output

Table no :.
54>?5 df %egression %esi,ual Total 4 40 44 SS 14440 7 38 "7784 4 8 17"1!13 8 MS 3 101 84. 48 !4 1 ."0 18 Significanc eF ".544 4*= 51.!73571 15 F

Source:E(cel file based on eurostat.ec.europa.eu. data The analysis of variance 3*(1D*4 provides an ,?test of the regression model0s overall statistical significance. The ,?test looks at the estimated coefficients0s statistical properties and is calculated as the ratio of the 2egression0s Mean of &<uares to the 2esidual0s Mean of &<uares. The Regression*s +ean of ,-uares measures how much of the number of the total crimes produced in a country during a year is e/plained by the total population, unemployment rate,number of police officers and number of immigrants. The Residual*s +ean of ,-uares measures how much of the number of the total crimes produced in a country during a year is e/plained by other factors than the total population, unemployment rate,number of police officers and number of immigrants.

he .$test

Testing the validity of the model, I have to ask one <uestion. If there is at least one independent variable linearly related to the dependent variableC In order to answer this <uestion, we have to test the following hypothesis. H . Ei 8 H-. *t least one Ei is not e<ual to

This means that if at least one Ei is not e<ual to , the model is valid. Total &um of &<uares. ,, 8F37i? 4G8 -!2-;-:>@ 2egression &um of &<uares. ,,R8F3Hi? 4G8 -""" @!:> $rror &um of &<uares. ,,/8F37i?Hi4G8 2!!>"@"> Mean &<uare. +,R= +,/= The , test. .= 8:@- -@>".#B@;"@-@.28#-.;!:# =-""" @!:>B 3#?-4 8:@- -@>".# =2!!>"@">B3"#?#48@;"@-@.2

To test these hypotheses we perform an analysis of variance procedure.

,or the , test to be valid, .0.1,2,n$2, which means that the null hypothesis will be rejected. Higher the ,?statistic, the more significant is the model is. In this case. .1,2,n$28, . #,#,"#?#82."";" 3,I(D function in Microsoft 1ffice $/cel4. This means that .0.1,2,n$2 =0 31.4502.44 is true, making the level of significance of the model to have a high degree of significance.

Interpretation of the coefficients

Table no ".
Regression Statistics 0.!1577 3ultiple % 34 0.838 4 % -@uare 0! 5,Auste, % 0.8""50 -@uare 5 -tan,ar, 833.43 *rror 38 >&ser0ation s 45

Source:E(cel file based on eurostat.ec.europa.eu. data The R$,-uare or "oefficient of 6eter#ination

R7=

= .>:>@

The +oefficient of Ietermination indicates that >:5 of the variation in the total number of crimes reported in a country for the year 2 ! can be e/plained and accounted by the total population, unemployment rate,number of police officers and number of immigrants in this regression analysis. Jut taking into consideration the fact that we deal with a multiple regression, he &d8usted R$,-uare takes into account the fact that there could be other independent variables which are not accounted by this model and that can have an influence over the number of criminal acts in a country.

The +ultiple R or "oefficient of "orrelation r= 8 8 K .;-

The +oefficient of +orrelation measures the correlation between the actual dependent variable 374 and the estimated or fitted 374 based on the regression e<uation. Its value of .;leads us to the conclusion that there is a positive relationship between the four independent variables3the total population, unemployment rate,number of police officers and number of immigrants4 and the dependent one3total number of crimes4, as the figure is bigger than and that the relation is very strong, as the value is almost e<ual to -. he ,tandard /rror of the /sti#ates

&L8

8 >::.":

The &tandard $rror describes the dispersion of data points above and below the regression line or plane. In order to verify if the data fits the model, we have to compare the &L8 with the mean value of the independent variable 7, model does not fit the data very well. 8-- ",@@. ,rom here, we can

observe that the &tandard $rror of the $stimates is not particularly small, which signifies that the

9eteros2edasticity
-. Heteroskedasticity between the number of total crimes and the total population

Table no #.
Country /iec$tenstein +celan, 3alta /u1em&ourg 3ontenegro Cyprus *stonia -lo0enia 3ace,onia %omania /at0ia 5l&ania /it$uania 4e7 ;ealan, +relan, Croatia 4or7ay .inlan, -lo0a(ia 'enmar( -er&ia -7it#erlan, Bulgaria 5ustria -7e,en 2ungary C#ec$ %epu&lic Belgium 6ortugal )reece 4et$erlan,s 5ustralia Cana,a 6olan, -out$ 5frica -pain 8(raine +taly total crimes(000) 1 13 15 "8 ! 8 50 88 " "81 5 5! 8 4" 103 7 "7" 344 111 445 105 3" 135 5!4 130 4"7 357 1003 400 4"3 1"14 831 "303 1153 " 3! "310 1!75 "!33 total population(000) 35 307 408 47 "4 77! 134" "010 "041 "15 ""81 3157 3385 4115 4313 4441 4 81 5"77 53!4 5447 73!7 750! 7 7! 8"83 !113 100 10"87 10585 105!! 1117" 1 358 "0434 333!0 381"5 43!!7 44475 4 4 5 5!131

8nite, 9ing,om .rance Tur(ey )ermany :apan %ussian .e,eration 8nite, -tates

4!4 "1!7 ! 3 "85 "051 3555 11"5"

0817 3 "3 ! 8! 8"315 1"7433 14"""0 30113!

Source:E(cel file based on eurostat.ec.europa.eu. data

Table no @. + ,-+ output for the first set of data

54>?5 df %egressi on %esi,ual Total 1 17 1 SS 1374 !.! 14!71 . "8718 .5 MS 1374 !.! !357." 88 F 14. !1 "1 Significa nce F 0.0014 7

Source:E(cel file based on eurostat.ec.europa.eu. data Table no !. + ,-+ output for the second set of data
54>?5 df %egressi on %esi,ual Total 1 17 1 SS 87 !10 "3 "8743! 07 1.1 *B 08 MS 87 !10 "3 17! 4! 4 F 48.81" 31 Significa nce F 3.07*=0

Source:E(cel file based on eurostat.ec.europa.eu. data &&$-8-";!-@.@ &&$282>!":; !

8 he . test

8-;-.;;M The ratio is significantly different from =ero.

Table no >. The + ,-+ output for the entire set of data
54>?5 df %egression %esi,ual Total 1 43 44 SS 14183084!.4 303 053 . 3 17"1!138 MS 1.4"*B 08 70 05 ! F "00.87 8 Significa nce F 8."8*=18

Source:E(cel file based on eurostat.ec.europa.eu. data

.calc=

82

.>>

.1, df,df8, . #, -@, -@82.:::" 3,I(D function in Microsoft 1ffice $/cel4

df8 df8 A8 . #

, where 8:2B28-@

8N .calc0 .1, df,df 8N It rejects the null hypothesis 8N 9eteros2edasticity 2. Heteroskedasticity between the number of total crimes and the unemployment rate

Table no ;.
Country +celan, /iec$tenstein 4or7ay 8(raine -7it#erlan, 4et$erlan,s 4e7 ;ealan, 'enmar( total crimes(000) 13 1 "7" 1!75 3" 1"14 4" 445 unemployment rate(%) 1 1.3 ".5 ".7 ".8 3." 3. 3.8

:apan Cyprus /u1em&ourg /it$uania 5ustria 5ustralia +relan, 8nite, -tates *stonia -lo0enia C#ec$ %epu&lic 8nite, 9ing,om %ussian .e,eration /at0ia Cana,a +taly -7e,en 3alta %omania Bulgaria .inlan, 2ungary Belgium 6ortugal )reece -pain )ermany .rance Tur(ey 6olan, Croatia -lo0a(ia 5l&ania 3ontenegro -er&ia -out$ 5frica 3ace,onia

"051 8 "8 8 5!4 831 103 11"5" 50 88 357 4!4 3555 5 "303 "!33 130 15 "81 135 344 4"7 1003 400 4"3 "310 "85 "1!7 ! 3 1153 7 111 5! ! 105 " 3! "

3.! 4 4." 4.3 4.4 4.4 4. 4. 4.7 4.! 5.3 5.3 5.!

.1 ." .4 .4 .! .! 7.4 7.5 8.1 8.3 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.5 !. !. 11.1 13.8 14.7 18.8 "4.3 34.!

Source:E(cel file based on eurostat.ec.europa.eu. data

Table no 10C The ANOVA output for the first set of data
54>?5 df %egressi on %esi,ual Total 1 17 1 SS 4!377 7! 1.11*B 08 1.1 *B 08 MS 4!377 7! !513 "7 F 0.7103 3 Significa nce F 0.411755

Source:E(cel file based on eurostat.ec.europa.eu. data Table no --. The + ,-+ output for the second set of data
54>?5 df %egressi on %esi,ual Total 1 17 1 SS 58"157 . 40 45 !5 41""78 53 MS 58"15 7. "5403 5 F 0.""!1 4 Significa nce F 0. 38 "1

Source:E(cel file based on eurostat.ec.europa.eu. data

8 .:@#"M The ratio is different from =ero. he . test Table no -2. The + ,-+ output for the total set of data
54>?5 df %egression %esi,ual Total 1 43 44 SS "3 831.7077 171!54554.3 17"1!138 MS "3 83 1.7 3!!8! 43 F 0.05!" "4 Significa nce F 0.808885

Source:E(cel file based on eurostat.ec.europa.eu. data

.calc=

8 . #;

.1, df,df8, . #, -@, -@82.:::" 3,I(D function in Microsoft 1ffice $/cel4

df8 df8 A8 . #

, where 8:2B28-@

.calc: .1, df,df 8N It does not reject the null hypothesis 8N ho#oscedasticity.

:. Heteroskedasticity between the number of total crimes and the number of police officers Table no -:.
Country /iec$tenstein +celan, /u1em&ourg *stonia Cyprus 3ontenegro 4or7ay /at0ia -lo0enia .inlan, 4e7 ;ealan, 3ace,onia 'enmar( /it$uania 3alta 5l&ania +relan, -lo0a(ia -7it#erlan, Bulgaria -7e,en Croatia -er&ia 8nite, 9ing,om total crimes(000) 1 13 "8 50 8 ! "7" 5 88 344 4" " 445 8 15 5! 103 111 3" 135 130 7 105 4!4 police officers(000) 0.0! 0. " 3 5 5 7 8 8 8 8 10 11 11 1" 1" 13 14 17 18 18 "0 "0 ""

2ungary 5ustria 4et$erlan,s Belgium C#ec$ %epu&lic %omania :apan 5ustralia )reece 6ortugal Cana,a 6olan, +taly .rance -out$ 5frica 8(raine -pain )ermany Tur(ey 8nite, -tates %ussian .e,eration

4"7 5!4 1"14 1003 357 "81 "051 831 4"3 400 "303 1153 "!33 "1!7 " 3! 1!75 "310 "85 ! 3 11"5" 3555

" "7 3 38 44 45 4 47 51 5" 4 !8 107 1"4 133 17 "15 "50 330 700 177!

Source:E(cel file based on eurostat.ec.europa.eu. data

Table no -". The + ,-+ output for the first set of data
54>?5 df %egressi on %esi,ual Total 1 17 1 SS "838". 01 33! ! 3.8 3 807 5.8 MS "838". 01 "1"30. 8 F 1.33 8 "8 Significa nce F 0." 45 7

Source:E(cel file based on eurostat.ec.europa.eu. data Table no -#. The + ,-+ output for the second set of data

54>?5 df %egressi on %esi,ual Total 1 17 1 SS ""3804 17 !77083 38 1."*B0 8 MS ""3804 17 10 77 1 F 3. 48 53 Significa nce F 0.073 "!

Source:E(cel file based on eurostat.ec.europa.eu. data 82>!.@:M The ratio is significantly different from =ero. he . test Table no -@. The + ,-+ output for the total set of data
54>?5 df %egression %esi,ual Total 1 43 44 SS 5111"3!!.08 1"1078!8 .! 17"1!138 MS 5111"3 !! "8157! 0 F 18.15" 0 Significa nce F 0.00010!

.calc=

8 ->.-#

.1, df,df8, . #, -@, -@82.:::" 3,I(D function in Microsoft 1ffice $/cel4

df8 df8 A8 . #

, where 8:2B28-@

8N .calc0 .1, df,df 8N It rejects the null hypothesis 8N 9eteros2edasticity ". Heteroskedasticity between the number of total crimes and the number of immigrants

Table no -!.
Country Belgium Bulgaria C#ec$ %epu&lic 'enmar( )ermany *stonia +relan, )reece -pain .rance +taly Cyprus /at0ia /it$uania /u1em&ourg 2ungary 3alta 4et$erlan,s 5ustria 6olan, 6ortugal %omania -lo0enia -lo0a(ia .inlan, -7e,en 8nite, 9ing,om Croatia Tur(ey 4or7ay -7it#erlan, 5l&ania 8nite, -tates :apan 4e7 ;ealan, 5ustralia -out$ 5frica %ussian total crimes(000) 1003 135 357 445 "85 50 103 4"3 "310 "1!7 "!33 8 5 8 "8 4"7 15 1"14 5!4 1153 400 "81 88 111 344 130 4!4 7 ! 3 "7" 3" 5! 11"5" "051 4" 831 " 3! 3555 no of immigrants(000) 14 " 104 5 81 4 8! 133 !58 18" 557 1! 4 ! 17 "4 7 117 107 15 4 10 "! 1 " !! 5"7 15 17! " 1 83 3835 "04! 4" 40!7 1107 1"081

.e,eration Cana,a 3ontenegro -er&ia 8(raine /iec$tenstein +celan, 3ace,onia

"303 ! 105 1!75 1 13 "

107 ! 458 834 0.0! 8 1

Source:E(cel file based on eurostat.ec.europa.eu. data Table no -> . The + ,-+ output for the first set of data
54>?5 df %egressi on %esi,ual Total 1 17 1 SS " !44! 50 1 4141 !7 4335!1 47 MS " !44! 50 10"588 7 F " ." 5 0" Significa nce F 0.00010"

Source:E(cel file based on eurostat.ec.europa.eu. data

Table no -; . The + ,-+ output for the second set of data

54>?5 df %egressi on %esi,ual Total 1 17 1 SS 1.15*B 08 !440 4" 1."1*B 08 MS 1.15*B 08 43400 ". F " 3.8! 4 Significa nce F ".3*=11

8 ."2M The ratio is different from =ero.

he . test

Table no 2 . The + ,-+ output for the total set of data

54>?5 df %egressi on %esi,ual Total 1 43 44 SS 1"0344!43.3 5184 44".73 17"1!138 MS 1."*B 08 1"057 31 F !!.810 75 Significa nce F 8.88*=13

Source:E(cel file based on eurostat.ec.europa.eu. data

.calc=

8 ;;.>-

.1, df,df 8 , . #, -@, -@ 8 2.:::"

df 8 df 8 A8 . #

where 8 :2B2 8 -@

8N .calc0 .1, df,df 8N It rejects the null hypothesis 8N 9eteros2edasticity

esting the autocorrelation ;6ur<in$=atson test>

%sually, autocorrelation means that you have 3linear4 dependence over the time. In our case we don0t have a time series, but we can test if there is an autocorrelation over the countries.

6here. n 8no. of observations 8 "# k 8 no. of variables 8 # %sing the Iurbin?6atson statistics table. 8N dcalc8 8 -.;@

This means that in this case, as dOPd%Pdcalc 8N

-.!>P-.;@, it rejects the autocorrelation

hypothesis. There is no autocorrelation between the countries.

"onclusions
In this project analysed some possible factors with an impact in the total number of crimes recorded by the police during th year 2 immigrants. *fter aplying the multiple regression analysis over the model, I can conclude that it is a significantly valid model and the impact that the analysed indicators have a high impact over the total number of crimes in the countries. ! in "# different countries countries in the world. These indicators were the total population, unemployment rate,number of police officers and number of

References
eurostat.ec.europa.eu. the teacher.s course notes http://000.ne'.lu.se/ E1+-2/re3ression4)0analysis.pdf http://fm000.bc.edu/ec5c/f)006/))7/E8))7.9)006.nn0:.pdf