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SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
ACTION PLAN

MARCH 2013
Prepared by the Department of Sustainable Development of the General Secretariat of the
Organization of American States with the expert advice of IT Power Group European Division
under the European Union funded initiative Caribbean Sustainable Energy Program (CSEP).
The views expressed herein are presented for informational purposes only and do not represent
the opinions or official positions of the European Union, the Organization of American States,
its General Secretariat, or any of its member States.
Cover photo: Courtesy of Girvan Pigott
EAP_AntiguaBarbuda_Layout 1 6/13/13 11:33 AM Page C2
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Antigua & Barbuda is a Caribbean island state that relies almost exclusively on imported fossil fuels
for electricity generation, transportation and cooking. This imposes a very big financial burden for
the economy of the country.
In terms of electricity generation Antigua & Barbuda relies almost exclusively on fossil fuels (diesel
and HFO). The electrical installed capacity is approximately 121MW and the production capacity is
105.5MW. In 2009, net generation in Antigua and Barbuda was of 326GWh, derived from fossil fuel
generating plants. Besides fossil fuel generation plants, since the end of 2009, there is a small
photovoltaic grid-connected pilot project of 3kW installed in Antigua. This small renewable energy
facility in the full year of 2010 supplied to the grid 4.8MWh of electricity.
Antigua & Barbuda is endowed with renewable energy resources, mostly wind and solar, and these
renewable resources have not been exploited yet. Studies indicate 400MW and 27MW potential for
wind and solar respectively. Nevertheless, additional studies need to be carried out to evaluate the
useful extent of this technology as well as other resources such as biogas and waste to energy
(WTE).
In terms of consumption, from 2001 to 2010 total energy consumption increased 45%. Between 2001
and 2006 energy consumption increased at an annual average rate of 3.2% and from 2007 until 2010
at an annual average rate of 5.6% From 2007 to 2010 electricity demand in Antigua & Barbuda, and
consequently consumption increased approximately 16%, from 200GWh in 2007 to 232GWh in 2010.
The main electricity consumption sectors in 2010 were the Commercial (45%), Domestic (38%) and
Government/Public sector (11%). From 2010 to 2011, the total consumption in the country in these
three sectors increased 2%, from 94% in 2010 to 96% in 2011.
In recent years, Antigua & Barbuda has made important strides in its energy policy by drafting and
approving their National Energy Policy (NEP) in November 2011. This is the main policy in terms of
renewable energy and energy efficiency development. The National Energy Policy document sets
out the Government of Antigua & Barbudas approach in achieving its vision that:
By 2030 Antigua & Barbuda will meet the needs of the present generation while safeguarding the
environment and enabling future generations to meet their own energy needs. All citizens and
residents will have access to affordable efficient, socially responsible and reliable forms of
energy.
According to the NEP of Antigua & Barbuda approved in 2011 (herein referred as NEP 2011), the
following five (5) sector priorities for the energy sector have been defined:
Energy Cost Reduction - Targeted efficiency and conservation measures designed to
reduce the overall energy intensity of the economy by 10% below a 2010 baseline within 10
years.
Diversification of Energy Sources - Reformed market framework and mandated targets to
achieve 15% renewable energy in the electricity supply by 2030.
Electricity Reliability Improvement - Regulatory reform designed to protect consumer
interest and improve the quality of electricity supply.
Environmental Protection Laws and regulations which ensure that environmental
considerations are an integral part of the energy permit process and in the planning and
execution of energy related projects.
Stimulate new Economic Opportunities Incentives and market mechanisms to create an
enabling environment for private investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency
measures, including support for education and training.
Particular attention has been provided to the power and transportation sectors, as those are the
major consumption sectors in terms of energy.
ii
on August 20th 2011.
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March 2013
The SEAP, as defined in the Antigua & Barbudas National Energy Policy (NEP) is intended to serve
as a roadmap for the energy future in Antigua and Barbuda from 2010 until 2030. It contains short
(1-5 years), medium (5-10 years), and long (10-20 years) term actions designed to enhance the
implementation of the policies and goals of Antigua & Barbudas NEP. The specific activities
contained in the SEAP will foster energy conservation and energy efficiency, diversification of
energy sources, sustainable energy consumption and generation as well as the utilization of
renewable energy sources available in Antigua and Barbuda (the five main pillars of the NEP).
Within the SEAP and to achieve the referred objectives, three specific strategies and one general
cross-cutting strategy have been defined:
1. Strategy 0: General Cross Cutting Strategy: intends to address some of the institutional
and regulatory barriers identified for A&B. It addresses the Institutional barriers that have
hindered active Energy Efficiency/Renewable Energy development in A&B and those
frameworks that should be instituted before active implementation of the SEAP. Moreover,
it also addresses the lack of specific attention to the energy sector (energy is a matter that
is dealt under the Cabinet of the Prime Minister by the Government and lacks a dedicated
specific institution).

2. Strategy I: Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency - intends to address the following
barriers:
" A&B high energy intensity index;
" Low levels of energy efficiency in the electricity sector;
" Low levels of energy efficiency in the energy consuming sectors, in particular the
commercial, public, residential, agro-industrial and transport sectors;
" Low levels of energy efficiency from building designs, electrical installations and low
levels of energy efficiency of end use devices.

3. Strategy II: Renewable Energy Development intends to address the following barriers:
" High dependency on imported petroleum (fossil fuels);
" Lack of know indigenous fossil fuel sources;
" High energy import bill;
" High electricity costs;
" Lack of detailed data for determining renewable energy projects;
" Lack of renewable energy projects;
" Inexistent independent regulatory agencies;

4. Strategy III: Education and Awareness - intends to address the following barriers:
" Low awareness and technical capacity on energy efficiency and renewable energy;
" Low level of education on energy efficiency and renewable energy;
" Low level of resources dedicated to the energy sector;
" Low involvement of the financial sector on energy efficiency and renewable energy
projects;
" Lack of certified renewable energy installers;
" Lack of certified energy efficiency auditors.
To address these issues, and achieve the strategic intent of the SEAP, the most efficient, reliable
and accessible forms of energy to be developed and promoted, especially renewable energy
technologies, energy efficiency practices and energy saving measures were identified and analysed.
Research into the development of an appropriate legal, institutional and economic framework and
management structure for enabling sustainable and economically sound energy activities and
services within A&B and in cooperation with Caribbean initiatives was also undertaken. This
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methodology seeks to encourage regional and international technical and funding collaboration to
stimulate an enabling environment for the implementation and integration of appropriate RE/EE
measures in A&B.
The four strategies delineated under the SEAP identify different, strategic intents, lines of actions
and specific measures to be implemented. The following table summarise the strategic intents and
lines of action proposed under each of the four strategies.
Table 1: Summary of the strategic intent and lines of actions proposed in the different strategies in the
SEAP
Strategy Strategic intents Policy/Line of Action
Strategy 0: Cross-
Cutting Strategy
01: Reformulation of the
Energy Related
Institutional and
Organisational
Framework
01.1 Create the Energy Unit
01.2 Create the Energy Advisory Panel
01.3 Create Independent Regulatory Agency
02: Finalise and adopt
NEP and SEAP
02.1 Finalise and adopt NEP and SEAP
0.3: Diversification of
Energy Sources
03.1: Enhance the contribution of the energy sector to
climate change mitigation and adaptation
03.2: Define a fuel diversification strategy for the
short, medium and long term and develop priorities
for diversification
Strategy I: Energy
Conservation and
Energy Efficiency
I.1: Create appropriate
structures, instruments
and tools to enable the
development and
implementation of energy
efficiency programmes
and measures
I1.1: Elaborate energy end-uses statistics and
monitoring tools
I1.2: Define and implement incentives for the efficient
use of energy
I1.3: Define the role of APUA and other market actors
in the promotion of energy efficiency
I1.4: Revise electricity tariffs to stimulate energy
efficiency
I.2: Coordinate national
energy efficiency
programmes with
international and regional
initiatives
I2.1: Coordinate national energy efficiency
programmes with international and regional initiatives
I.3: Develop and
implement horizontal
energy efficiency
measures
I3.1: Energy auditing and management programme
I3.2: Building codes
I3.3: Energy efficiency standards and labelling
I3.4: Replacement of energy consuming equipment
I3.5: Energy efficient lighting
I.4: Develop and
implement targeted
sector specific energy
efficiency programmes
and measures
I4.1: Energy efficiency programme in the electricity
sector
I4.2: Energy efficiency programme in the public sector
I4.3: Energy efficiency programme in the residential
sector
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Strategy Strategic intents Policy/Line of Action
I4.4: Energy efficiency programme in the tourist sector
I4.5: Energy efficiency programme in the agro-
industrial sector
I4.6: Energy efficiency programme in the transport
sector
Strategy II:
Renewable Energy
Development
II1: Create an enabling
environment for the
development of
renewable energy
through private sector
participation
II1.1: Provide Incentive package to directly stimulate
renewable energy deployment
II1.2: Open the market for private generation of RES
electricity
II1.3: Provide incentive package for utilisation of
cleaner technologies in the transport sector
II.2: Integration of
renewable energy in the
grid
II2.1: Analysis of the impacts of integration of
renewable energy in the grid
II.3: Develop appropriate
renewable energy
sources
II3.1: Strengthen economic and scientific data through
resource assessments on the countrys energy resource
potential (namely wind, solar and waste to energy
(WTE))
II3.2: Develop renewable energy diversification
priorities (based on cost, efficiency, environmental
considerations)
II3.3: Promote the use of small renewable generation
through the production of a fast track approval
process and by streamlining the procedures and
standards
II4: Diversification of
Energy Sources
II4.1: Promote incorporation of biodiesel
II4.2: Diversify energy sources by type and
geographical location
II4.3: Engage in multilateral/regional a/ bilateral
partnerships and cooperative agreements that
contribute to Antigua & Barbuda energy goals and
objectives
II5: Application of
emerging technologies
II5.1: Undertake review of new emerging technologies
II6: Establish policy,
enforce laws, regulations
and institutions that
create equitable and
transparent opportunities
for all stakeholders in the
energy sector
II6.1: Develop transparent and comprehensive policy
framework for the electricity sector and or amend
existing legislation
II6.2: Promote a market based approach and increase
competition in the sector
II6.3: Amend existing legislation and regulations or
promulgate new ones where necessary to ensure
responsible market behaviour
II6.4: Develop and implement a comprehensive
regulatory framework for the energy sector
II6.5: Continuously review the existing internal
regulatory framework for performance, strengths,
weaknesses and lessons learnt while recognising the
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Strategy Strategic intents Policy/Line of Action
implications of external dimensions and formulate and
implement programmes of regulatory reform
II6.6: Review and modify national framework and
industry structure for the energy sector towards the
achievement of the NEP goals
Strategy III:
Education and
Awareness
III1: Develop and
Implement programmes
to influence non-market
behaviour toward and to
promote efficient use of
energy
III1.1: Draft and Implement a public consumer
awareness and education program and end-use
statistics on energy efficiency awareness
III1.2: Encourage research development and timely
and efficient implementation of renewable energy
projects
III2: Capacity Building and
Training
III.2.1: Build Capacity of the Energy Unit in the field of
RE and EE
III.2.2: Train professional staff in relevant public and
private sector
III2.3: Systematic inclusion of RE and EE topics in
school curriculum
III2.4: RE installers certification programmes
III2.5: Energy auditing and management programme
III2.6: EE in the transport sector
III2.7: Articulation with other programmes and
initiatives in the region
III3: Undertake public
information sessions for
the general public and
target groups about
support measures
III3.1 Raising public awareness and acceptance
III3.2 Identify and promote funding assistance
programs for the public

For each line of action proposed the SEAP defines specific measures for its implementation. For
details on the measures proposed please consult the Sections 6.2, 7.2, 8.2 and 9.2 of the SEAP.
As part of the development of the SEAP, these four strategies (including institutional reform) were
subjected to analysis as it relates to:
o Timeline for implementation (ranging from 5-20 years);
o Priority - Based on the evaluation criteria of: Relevance to the NEP and its goals,
Influence to existing and future policies, Impact/Reach, Environmental impact (GHG
reduction), Cost Benefit, Feasibility and Synergies with other programmes;
o Responsible Agencies to implement and coordinate the actions and measures outlined;.
o Outcomes and Indicators as it relates to the 2010 baselines.
These criteria have been identified based on requirements expressed in the NEP as the criteria to
be used to identify the priorities and timeline for the implementation of each line of action. These
have been used to build up the Roadmap for SEAP implementation.
The Roadmap for SEAP implementation presented in the figure below highlights the proposed path
towards reversing the negative and significant impact that almost exclusive dependency on fossil
fuel has on the economy and environment of A&B.

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March 2013
The implementation of the proposed roadmap (which does not include RE and EE equipment,
installation and maintenance) will need investments of approximately EC#$% &'((')* +,-./0*
1,0'22/,* 3)((,0-4 )5/0 , 6/0')7 )8 $9 :/,0-; </=.')* >> 60)5'7/- , 20/,?7)@* )8 .A/ /-.'&,./7
2B7C/. 6/0 60)6)-/7 -.0,./C:;
D)0 .A/ '&6(/&/*.,.')* )8 .A/ <+EF4 EGH =,* -//? 8'*,*='*C 80)& 5,0:'*C -)B0=/- @A) .0,7'.')*,((:
8B*7 60)I/=.- @'.A'* .A/ 1,0'22/,* J/C')* ,*7 <K3<. A description of these sources of financing and
its role in the Caribbean regions is provided under the Annex III of the SEAP.
With the proposed strategies, lines of actions and measures, A&B will successfully integrate an
economic development model which is less carbon intensive and less dependent on fossil fuels.


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01: Reformulation of the
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l1.3: uene Lhe role of
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l1.4: 8evlse elecLrlclLy Larls Lo sumulaLe energy
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I4: Develop and
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l4.3: Lnergy emclency programme ln Lhe resldenual secLor
l4.4: Lnergy emclency programme ln Lhe LourlsL secLor
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II1: Create an enabling
environment for the
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energy through private
sector participation
implementation of energy
efficiency programmes
and measures
ll1.1: rovlde lncenuve
package Lo dlrecLly
sumulaLe renewable energy
deploymenL
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elecLrlclLy
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Lechnologles
ln Lhe
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grid
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ln Lhe grld lnluauves
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renewable energy
sources
ll3.1: SLrengLhen economlc and sclenuc daLa
Lhrough resource assessmenLs on Lhe counLry's
energy resource poLenual (namely wlnd, solar and
wasLe Lo energy (W1L))
ll3.2: uevelop renewable energy dlverslcauon
prlorlues (based on cosL, emclency, envlronmenLal
conslderauons)
ll3.3: romoLe Lhe use of small renewable generauon Lhrough Lhe producuon of a fasL Lrack
approval process and by sLreamllnlng Lhe procedures and sLandards
II4: Diversification of
Energy Sources
ll4.1: romoLe lncorporauon of blodlesel
II5: Application of
emerging technologies ll3.1: underLake revlew of new emerglng Lechnologles
ll6.1: uevelop LransparenL
and comprehenslve pollcy
framework for Lhe energy
secLor and or amend
exlsung leglslauon
II6: Establish policy,
enforce laws, regulations
and institutions that
create equitable and
transparent opportunities
for all stakeholders in the
energy sector
ll6.2: romoLe a markeL based approach and lncrease
compeuuon ln Lhe secLor
ll6.3: Amend exlsung
leglslauon and
regulauons or
promulgaLe new ones
where necessary Lo
ensure responslble
markeL behavlour
ll6.4: uevelop and
lmplemenL a
comprehenslve regulaLory
framework for Lhe energy
secLor
ll6.3: Conunuously revlew Lhe exlsung lnLernal regulaLory framework for performance, sLrengLhs,
weaknesses and lessons learnL whlle recognlslng Lhe lmpllcauons of exLernal dlmenslons and
formulaLe and lmplemenL programmes of regulaLory reform
ll4.2: ulverslfy energy sources by Lype and geographlcal locauon
ll4.3: Lngage ln mululaLeral/reglonal a/ bllaLeral parLnershlps
and cooperauve agreemenLs LhaL conLrlbuLe Lo Anugua &
8arbuda energy goals and ob[ecuves
ll6.6: 8evlew and modlfy
nauonal framework and
lndusLry sLrucLure for Lhe
energy secLor Lowards
Lhe achlevemenL of Lhe
nL goals



















































































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20


















































































a e t a e r C : 1 I I
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gy r e n e e l b
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tion of
s u e Lh Le o m o r : 3 . ll3
d an s s e c o r p al v o r p ap
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n o au c l s r e v l d y g r e n e e l ab w
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d an s e r u d e c o r p e Lh g n l n l l am e Lr s y b d
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y g r e n e y f l s r e v l u : 2 . ll4
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k ac Lr L as f a f o n o u c u d o r p e Lh h g u
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tion of a lic
s e gi o l o n h c l v e r e Lak r e d n u : 1 . ll3
p s an Lr p o l e v e u : 1 . ll6
e v l s n e h e r p m o c d an
e e Lh r o f k r o w e am r f
d n e am r o d an r Lo c e s
n o au l s l g e l g n u s l x e
g n u s l x e d n e m A : 3 ll6



















































































s e l g o l o n h c Le g n l g r e m e w e n f o w e l
L n e ar p
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d
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e as e r c n l d an h ac o r p ap d e as b L e
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lis b ta s II6: E
e r , s w a l e c r o ffo n e
ut t i st n i d an
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p p nt o re a p ns a tr
akeholder st all for
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, yy, olic p h lis
s n o i t a l gu e
hat t s on i ut
d n a e l b a t i
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g n u s l x e d n e m A : 3 . ll6
d an n o au l s l g e l
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Lo y ar s s e c e n e r e h w
e l b l s n o p res re u s en
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a L n e m e l p m l
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e r y l s u o u n u n o C : 3 . ll6
s s e l d an s e s s e n ak e w
e l p m l d an aLe l u m r o f
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k r o w e am r f al n o au n
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e l l h w L n ar e l s n o s g n l s l gn reco c l l p m l e Lh
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, s
ix
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Year:
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III1: Develop and
Implement programmes to
influence market
behaviour toward
sustainable energy
(promote adoption of
renewable energy and the
efficient use of energy)
lll1.1: ura and
lmplemenL a publlc
consumer awareness and
educauon program and
end-use sLausucs on
energy emclency
awareness
lll1.2: Lncourage research developmenL and umely and
emclenL lmplemenLauon of renewable energy pro[ecLs
III.2: Capacity Building and
Training
lll.2.1: 8ulld CapaclLy of Lhe Lnergy unlL ln Lhe eld of 8L and LL
lll.2.2: 1raln professlonal sLa ln relevanL publlc and prlvaLe secLor
lll2.3: SysLemauc lncluslon of 8L and LL Loplcs ln school currlculum
III3: Undertake public
information sessions for
the general public and
target groups about
support measures
lll2.3: Lnergy audlung and managemenL programme
lll3.2: ldenufy and promoLe fundlng asslsLance programs for Lhe publlc
lll2.7: Aruculauon wlLh oLher programmes and lnluauves ln Lhe
reglon
lll3.1: 8alslng publlc awareness and accepLance
lll2.4: 8L lnsLallers cerucauon programmes
lll2.6: LL ln Lhe
LransporL secLor
High Priority Medium Priority Low Priority







































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s
s
e
e III1: D
gr o r p t n e m e l p m I
nc e lu inf
our i behav
b a n i a t s u s
a romote (p
gy r e n e e l b a w e n e r
e s u t n e i c i ff fff e







































nd a lop ve e
o t s e m m a gr
t rke ma e nc
d owar t our
gy r e n e e l b
tion of op d
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) gy r e n e f o
d an a r u : 1 . lll1
c l l b u p a L n e m e l p lm
s e n e ar aw r e m u s n o c
am r g o r p n o au c u d e
n o s c u s Lau s e s u - d n e
cy en emcl ergy en
s s e n e ar aw







































d an s s
d an
n
ar e s e r e ag r u o c n L : 2 . lll1
Lau n e m e l p m l L n e l c m e







































d an y l e m u d an L n e m p o l e v e d h c ar
Ls c e [ o r p y g r e n e e l ab w e n e r f o n o Lau














































































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d n a g n i d l i
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s s e f o r p n al r 1 : 2 . 2 lll.
c n l c au m Le s y S : 3 . lll2
n u l d au y g r e n L : 3 . lll2
c s r e l Lal s n l 8L : 4 . lll2







































an 8L f o d l e e Lh n l L l n u y g r e n L e Lh f o Ly
aLe v l r p d an c l l b u p L an v e l e r n l La s al n o l
u c l o o h c s n l s c l p Lo L L d an 8L f o n o l s u l c
e m am r g o r p L n e m e ag an m d an g n
s e m am r g o r p n o au c u r e







































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m u l u c l r r u














































































I
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rta e nd III3: U
e tion s orma infforma
p l a r e n ge e h t







































lic b u p ke rta
or f for ions s s e
d n a c i l b u p
c l l b u p g n l s 8al : 1 . lll3







































Lh l w n o au l u c u r A : 7 . lll2
n o regl
e c Lan p e c ac d an s s e n e ar aw
e Lh n l L L : 6 . lll2
r Lo c e s L r o p s an Lr







































Lh n l s e v au u l n l d an s e m am r g o r p r e Lh o Lh







































e Lh







































p ge
o gr t ge r a t
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gh i H







































p
t u o b a s p u o
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2 . lll3 : p d an y f u n e ld
y t i r o i r P gh







































f s am r g o r p e c Lan s l s as g n l d n u f Le o m o r
ium Priority Med







































c l l b u p e Lh r o f
y t i or i Pr Low













































































































































































































































































































































































































































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ABBREVIATIONS

A&B Antigua & Barbuda
ABIA Antigua & Barbuda Investment Authority
APUA Antigua Public Utilities Authority
CARICOM Caribbean Community
CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp
DCA Development Control Authority
EC Eastern Caribbean Dollars
ECERA Eastern Caribbean Energy Regulatory Authority
EE Energy Efficiency
EU Europe
Gov. Government
IPPs Independent Power Producers
LED Light-Emitting Diodes
MW Megawatt
MWh Megawatt-hour
NEP National Energy Policy
NGO Non-Governmental Organisations
PPA Power Purchase Agreement
PV Photovoltaics
RE Renewable Energy
RES Renewable Energy Sources
SEAP Sustainable Energy Action Plan
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme
US United States of America
WTE Waste-to-Energy
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................... ii
ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... xii
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1
2 OVERALL STRATEGY ........................................................................................ 2
2.1 Objective(s) and Targets ................................................................... 2
2.2 Current Framework ......................................................................... 2
Current Framework ......................................................................... 2
2.3 Organisation and Financial Aspects ....................................................... 5
Responsible Agency (ies) and Stakeholders for the implementation of the
SEAP ....................................................................................... 5
Estimated Budget for SEAP Implementation ............................................ 7
3 SWOT ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 8
4 BASELINE AND BASELINE EMISSIONS ..................................................................... 10
4.1 Baseline and Baseline Scenario ............................................................ 10
4.2 Baseline Emission Inventory and Baseline Emission Scenario ......................... 12
5 EXPECTED OUTPUTS FROM THE SEAP ................................................................... 15
6 STRATEGY 0: General Cross-Cutting Strategy .......................................................... 16
6.1 Objectives and Targets ..................................................................... 16
6.2 Specific Actions/Measures/Programmes to be implemented and
Responsible Agencies and Stakeholders ........................................................... 16
6.5 Expected Outcomes from the proposed Lines of Action to be implemented
and Indicators to measure implementation progress ............................................ 19
6.6 Definition of Implementation Priorities and Timing for implementation of
the Strategy ............................................................................................ 20
7 STRATEGY 1: ENERGY CONSERVATION & ENERGY EFFICIENCY ...................................... 22
7.1 Objectives and Targets ..................................................................... 22
7.2 Specific Actions/Measures/Programmes to be implemented and
Responsible Agencies and Stakeholders ........................................................... 22
7.3 Expected Outcomes from the Lines of Action to be implemented and
Indicators to measure implementation progress ................................................. 29
7.4 Implementation Priorities and Timing for Implementation of the Energy
Efficiency Strategy .................................................................................... 32
8 STRATEGY 2: RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT .................................................... 35
8.1 Goal and Objectives ........................................................................ 35
8.2 Specific Actions/Measures/Programmes to be Implemented and
Responsible Agencies and Stakeholders ........................................................... 35
(Continued)
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8.3 Expected Outcomes from the lines of action to be implemented and
indicators to measure implementation progress ................................................. 43
8.4 Implementation Priorities and Timing for implementation of the
Renewable Energy Development Strategy ......................................................... 47
9 STRATEGY 3: PUBLIC EDUCATION AND AWARENESS ................................................... 51
9.1 Goal and Objectives ........................................................................ 51
9.2 Specific Actions/Measures/Programmes to be Implemented and
Responsible Agencies and Stakeholders ........................................................... 51
9.3 Expected outcomes from the lines of action to be implemented and
indicators to measure implementation progress ................................................. 57
9.4 Implementation Priorities and Timing for implementation of the Education
and Awareness Strategy .............................................................................. 60
10 ROADMAP FOR SEAP IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................ 62
11 ESTIMATED COST AND POTENTIAL SOURCES OF FUNDING .......................................... 65
11.1 Estimated Cost ............................................................................... 65
Annex I Methodology for the definition of the implementation priorities ........................... 66
Annex II Estimated figures per measure for each of the four strategies proposed under
the SEAP ................................................................................................ 68
Annex III Potential Sources of Funding .................................................................... 104
(TABLE OF CONTENTS, Continued )






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1 INTRODUCTION
This report presents the proposed Draft for the Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) for Antigua &
Barbuda (A&B).
The SEAP delineates achievable target quotas for the NEPs five goals (energy cost reduction,
diversification of energy sources, electricity reliability improvement, environmental protection and
stimulate new economic opportunities) as well as four strategies (general cross-cutting strategy,
energy conservation and energy efficiency, renewable energy development and education and
awareness) for achieving these goals.
For each of the four strategies outlined, goals and objectives, specific actions to be implemented,
responsible agency per each action, appropriate indicators to measure its outputs, level of priority
(short, medium or long term), cost and potential sources of funds have been identified. The SEAP is
intended to align concrete goals and the strategies to achieve the five guiding pillars of the NEP in
order to enable the creation of a stable sustainable and efficient energy sector that fosters the
national economic and social development in Antigua & Barbuda.


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2 OVERALL STRATEGY
2.1 Objective(s) and Targets
The SEAP, as defined in the Antigua & Barbudas National Energy Policy (NEP) is intended to serve
as a roadmap for the energy future in Antigua and Barbuda from 2010 until 2030. The SEAP
contains short (1-5 years), medium (5-10 years), and long (10-20 years) term actions designed to
enhance the implementation of the policies and goals of Antigua & Barbudas NEP. The specific
activities contained in the SEAP will foster energy conservation, energy efficiency, and
diversification of energy sources, sustainable energy consumption and generation as well as the
utilization of renewable energy sources available in Antigua and Barbuda.
The SEAP contemplates a traversal general strategy and three specific strategies:
Strategy 0: General Cross-Cutting Strategy
Strategy I: Energy Conservation & Energy Efficiency
Strategy II: Renewable Energy Development
Strategy III: Education and Awareness
With the implementation of these strategies A&B expects to reduce in 2020 10% of its overall
energy intensity compared to 2010 values and to reduce its dependency on fossil fuels by 10%, as
well.
2.2 Current Framework
Current Framework
In recent years, Antigua & Barbuda has made important strides in its energy policy by drafting and
approving their National Energy Policy (NEP) in November 2011. This is the main policy in terms of
renewable energy and energy efficiency development. The National Energy Policy document sets
out the Government of Antigua & Barbudas approach in achieving its vision that:
By 2030 Antigua & Barbuda will meet the needs of the present generation while safeguarding the
environment and enabling future generations to meet their own energy needs. All citizens and
residents will have access to affordable efficient, socially responsible and reliable forms of
energy.
According to the National Energy Policy of Antigua & Barbuda approved in 2011 (herein referred as
NEP 2011), the following five (5) sector priorities for the energy sector have been defined:
Energy Cost Reduction - Targeted efficiency and conservation measures designed to
reduce the overall energy intensity of the economy by 10% below a 2010 baseline within 10
years.
Diversification of Energy Sources - Reformed market framework and mandated targets to
achieve 15% renewable energy in the electricity supply by 2030.
Electricity Reliability Improvement - Regulatory reform designed to protect consumer
interest and improve the quality of electricity supply.
Environmental Protection Laws and regulations which ensure that environmental
considerations are an integral part of the energy permit process and in the planning and
execution of energy related projects.
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Stimulate new Economic Opportunities Incentives and market mechanisms to create an
enabling environment for private investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency
measures, including support for education and training.
Particular attention has been provided to the power and transportation sectors, as those are the
major consumption sectors in terms of energy.

Power Sector
According to the NEP 2011, transformation of the electricity supply will involve moving from a total
dependence on fossil fuel to a mix of which includes solar, wind and waste to energy. To this end,
the government will facilitate resource assessments and pre-feasibility studies to understand the
technical challenges, economic feasibility and environmental considerations in relation to
deploying these technologies in an Antigua & Barbuda context. Additionally energy conservation
and efficiency improvements in supply and demand will be key strategies in achieving the overall
objective lowing costs to consumers.
A range of policy instruments will be used to stimulate and support investments in new
technologies and energy saving measures, including, inter alia, legislative, regulatory and financial
incentives. Although APUA will continue to play a key role in the sector, where practicable market
mechanisms will be used to achieve higher effectiveness, lower generation costs, lower costs to
consumers and increased generation using indigenous energy resources, room is also left open for
independent power producers to enter into the generation market as renewable micro-generators
(capacity lower than 50kW) or large generators (to substitute generation from existent fossil fuel
power plants and to help APUA in achieving its targets)
APUA is the state body institution responsible for the power generation, transmission, and
distribution of electricity in Antigua and Barbuda.
In Antigua & Barbuda, the main energy consumption sectors are the Commercial, Domestic and
Government/Public sector. In 2011, these three sectors accounted for 94% of electricity consumed
on the country. Figure 2 illustrates consumption in Antigua & Barbuda in 2010 based on information
obtained from the Energy Desk.

Figure 2: Electricity Consumption by Sector 2010
As Antigua & Barbuda continues to develop, energy demand and as a result, consumption, continues
to grow as between 2007 and 2010 electricity consumption increased by approximately 16%. As
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such, decision makers have realised the increasing importance of drafting and implementing a
Sustainable Energy Actin Plan to effectively reduce and manage current energy trends.

Transportation
The structure of the Antigua & Barbuda economy its heavy reliant on air travel for tourism purposes
and has a high level of private vehicle penetration, that contributes to its relatively high energy
intensity. Moreover, past Governments policy of shielding consumers from the full cost of fuel at
the pumps, has only served to maintain inefficiencies in ground transportation. Recognizing the
important role transportation plays in fulfilling the social and economic needs for access, this SEAP
contemplated measures and actions within its purposed strategies to diversify the options available
to consumers, while ensuring that they are efficient, safe, affordable and environmentally-friendly.
Standards relating to fuel efficiency and emissions are to be established, as well as economic
measures designed to support more sustainable transportation choices. Government will take a lead
role by ensuring the application of efficient vehicles and cleaner fuels within its fleet.
The transportation sector in Antigua and Barbuda has not been spared by global fluctuations in the
price of fuel as in 2011 the price of gasoline to the consumer increased by 24% between January
and December, which is reflected by a dollar value of EC$2.89 or US$1.07.

Figure 3: Price of gasoline to the consumer 2011
Between 2005 and 2009, vehicles used for ground transportation increased from 23,930 to 30,525,
reflecting an increase of approximately 28% over 5 years, with a large proportion of this increase
being attributed to the importation of SUVs and large vehicles which are competitively priced, due
to duty waivers and customs incentives, to cars and smaller vehicles.
As a result, the NEP focuses on how vehicles are utilized, improving the quality and attractiveness
of public transportation and utilizing a combination of fiscal incentives to promote the use of the
most efficient technologies. The mechanisms to be put in place to ensure the most efficient use of
fuel, as it relates to consumption in the transportation sector, include:
Utilization of vehicles with higher fuel efficiency and lower emissions, proven by periodic
tests and emission standards
Compulsory recycling of used oil
Traffic routing systems and traffic patterns
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More efficient and reliable public transport systems
Support the importation of hybrid, flex-fuel or electric vehicles through waivers and
financial incentives
Moderate the use of large, popular vehicles such as SUVs through financial penalties and
levies
Utilization of regional bio-fuels
Increased use of cleaner fossil fuels as liquid natural gas (LNG)
In addition to the changes in its own consumption patterns, the Ministry of Transport, once
institutional capacity has been developed, in conjunction with other government institutions
recognizing that transportation is simply a means to access people and services - will develop
and/or promote:
New legislation for emissions;
Regular checks of tire pressure levels to minimize tire rolling;
Reduce the demand for travel while protecting social and economic needs for access;
Improve access by identifying and removing the obstacles to more sustainable choices such
as car pooling, walking and cycling; and
Mandatory recycling of used fuel
2.3 Organisation and Financial Aspects
Responsible Agency (ies) and Stakeholders for the implementation of the SEAP
A reformulation of the institutional framework in place in Antigua & Barbuda is proposed in both
NEP and in this plan. In this reformulation it is proposed to create:
An Independent Regulatory Agency
Sustainable Energy Unit (herein referred as Energy Unit); and
Energy Advisory Panel (which would include key members of the public and private sector).
From these three agencies, the Energy Unit will be mainly responsible for the implementation and
update of the NEP and for the implementation and monitoring of the SEAP, ensuring that the
overall objectives of the energy sector reform are achieved in the shortest possible time. The
following are the specific responsibilities of the Energy Unit as defined under the NEP:
I. Mandating and coordinating studies on energy resources, generation, transformation and
marketing in close cooperation with the responsible operating agencies;
II. Fostering the development of appropriate legislation for the sectors electricity,
transportation, petroleum and gas through a participatory and consultative process with
focus on cheaper and more sustainable services;
III. Fostering the development and adoption of appropriate energy efficiency standards and
programs;
IV. Promoting and monitoring power sector demand-side management programs and other
programs designed to encourage the purchase and adoption of energy-efficient appliances
by final energy users;
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V. Encouraging private sector participation in energy efficiency measures and technologies
relevant to Antigua and Barbuda;
VI. Organizing energy awareness campaigns and capacity building events and disseminating
appropriate information to private and public sector;
VII. Cooperating with national and regional NGOs or institutions active in the energy and
environmental sector to increase the dialogue and organize dissemination of relevant
information or capacity building programs.
The Independent Regulatory Agency will be an independent arbiter in all matters relating to the
sale of electricity, with the following responsibilities:
I. Establishing rules, guidelines and standards which will allow for consistency, predictability
and transparency in the regulation of electricity supply in Antigua & Barbuda;
II. Setting up electricity tariffs and conducting tariff reviews;
III. Cooperating with the Eastern Caribbean Energy Regulatory Authority (ECERA) in all matters
related with setting up the electricity tariffs and in the incorporation of rules guidelines
and standards necessary for the regulation of the electricity sector;
IV. Monitoring performances, developing and helping to implement technical standards for
improving performances and tariff incentives if necessary;
V. Developing and monitoring data on the electricity sector;
VI. Developing a model market structure, licensing terms, and helping to implement fair and
transparent rules regarding new investors in electricity generation, especially from
renewable energy sources.
VII. Developing a framework for sustainable investment in the electricity system by: (i)
reviewing and approving the investment plans of the utility, including allowing the utility to
recover the prudently incurred costs of their investments in electricity rates; (ii) approving
the procurement processes associated with carrying out these plans in order to ensure that
the investments deliver the best value for the consumers, with a special emphasis on the
procurement of renewable energy resources.
VIII. Facilitating the process of formulating and implementing (1) possible renewable energy
(RE) targets, (2) utility obligations and procurement rules to purchase electricity from RE
sources, (3) mechanisms to recover corresponding costs from consumers, and (4) standard
contractual terms for private suppliers of electricity.
IX. Upon the request of the Government(s), providing expert advice and input to national
policymaking. This could include involvement in consultations to help formulate energy
policy goals for the country, responding to the needs for energy security, reliability of
electricity supply and energy diversification and providing expert advice on the impacts of
policies on consumer electricity prices.
X. Responsible for supporting Governments policy on the supply of electricity for national
sustainable development.
XI. Responsible for engaging and working with other agencies to promote, protect and enhance
a sustainable environment.
The Energy Advisory Panel will be responsible for serving as a platform for industry players
including inter alia, policy makers, regulator, generators, consultants and NGOs to meet, discuss
and make recommendations on current issues in the energy sector and advise the Government on
improvements to the NEP and SEAP.
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Estimated Budget for SEAP Implementation
The estimated total budget for the SEAP finalisation and implementation (which does not include
RE and EE equipment, installation and maintenance) is approximately EC526 m||||on Lastern
Car|bbean Do||ars over a 20-year t|me. </=.')* >> 60)5'7/- , 20/,?7)@* )8 .A/ /-.'&,./7 2B7C/.
6/0 60)6)-/7 -.0,./C:;

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3 SWOT ANALYSIS
Energy is an essential component of development of the nations. A standard tool for strategic
analysis commonly used that seeks to identify the main strengths, weakness, opportunities and
threats for a given entity, that can range from a nation to a sector to an individual enterprise, is
the SWOT analysis. In the analysis of the energy sector of Antigua and Barbuda, the strengths and
weaknesses represent the internal assessment of the sector while the opportunities and threats
represent the external environment of the sector.
This analysis, along with the Country Profile developed under this project, form the basis for the
identification of the goal, objectives and the three strategies considered under this SEAP. The
goals, objectives and strategies proposed in this document are mean to apply the strengths,
address the weaknesses of the sector while capitalizing on the opportunities and mitigating the
threats to the sustainable development of the sector.

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Figure 4: SWOT Analysis of the Energy Sector
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Strengths
Existing sources of renewable energy
Commitment by the Government to adopt the
NEP
Existing Energy Policy (APUAs Act)
Draft National Energy Policy (NEP)
Stakeholder support to move towards a more
carbon efficient energy sector
Commitment of the utility in incorporating
renewable energy in the electricity mix
Strong stakeholder involvement in the
development of the NEP
Biofuel power demonstration plant installed
and running
Weakness
Total dependency on imported fossil fuels
(petroleum products)
Lack of an independent regulatory agency and a
Ministry of Energy/Energy Unit
Lack of indigenous fossil fuel sources
High energy bill
High electricity cost and high electricity tariff
Old/aging electricity generation plants
Low efficiency of the electricity system
High electricity losses
High energy intensity
Lack of energy sector action plans and strategies
Inefficient energy use in production and
consumption throughout the economy
Low level of adaptation to new energy generation
technologies
Inefficient and inadequate public transport
system
Inefficient road network in rural areas
Inefficient movement of traffic and urban centres
Inefficient use of energy in public buildings, the
tourism and domestic sectors
Low awareness and technical capacity on energy
efficiency and renewable energy
Lack of energy efficiency standards & labelling
Lack of energy service providers
Lack of policies and mandated to enable the
introduction of biofuels and ethanol
Lack of emission standards
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Opportunities
Existence of affordable technologies to
exploit natural energy sources
Favourable relations with energy-rich
countries in the CARICOM, Caribbean Region
and other regions
International interest in energy investments in
Antigua & Barbuda
Ability to yield carbon finance through the
Kyoto Protocol
Potential for renewable energy development
Potential for energy conservation & efficiency
Renewable fuel technologies for motor
vehicles
Treats
Volatility of petroleum supply prices
Potential impact of natural hazards on the sector
Geo-political influences on international energy
supply and demand
Contribution of GHGs to climate change
Potential impact of emission and contaminations
Risk of natural hazards


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4 BASELINE AND BASELINE EMISSIONS
4.1 "#$%&'(% #() "#$%&'(% *+%(#,'-
Electricity Sector Baseline: Generation and Consumption
Antigua & Barbuda is a country that relies almost exclusively on imported fossil fuels for electricity
generation, transportation and cooking. This imposes a very bid financial burden for the country as
all fuel consumed in the different sectors is imported into the island.
In terms of electricity generation, Antigua & Barbuda relies almost exclusively on fossil fuels (diesel
and HFO). The electrical installed capacity is approximately 121MW and the production capacity is
105.5MW, according to information from the Energy Desk. In 2009, net generation in Antigua and
Barbuda was of 326GWh, derived from fossil fuel generating plants.
Besides fossil fuel generation plants, since the end of 2009, there is a small photovoltaic grid-
connected pilot project of 3kW installed in Antigua. This small renewable energy facility in the full
year of 2010 supplied to the grid 4.8MWh of electricity.
Antigua & Barbuda is endowed with renewable energy resources, mostly wind and solar, and these
renewable resources have not been exploited yet. Studies indicate 400MW and 27MW potential for
wind and solar respectively. Nevertheless, studies need to be carried out to evaluate the useful
extent of this technology as well as other resources such as biogas and waste to energy (WTE).
In terms of consumption (see Figure 5), from 2001 to 2010 total energy consumption increased by
45%. Between 2001 and 2006 energy consumption increased at an annual average rate of 3.2% and
from 2007 until 2010 at an annual average rate of 5.6%. Between 2007 and 2010, electricity
demand in Antigua & Barbuda, and consequently consumption increased by approximately 16%,
from 200GWh in 2007 to 232GWh in 2010.

Figure 5: Electricity Consumption by Sector 2001-2010
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March 2013
As it can be seen in Figure 5 the main electricity consumption sectors in 2010 were the Commercial
(45%), Domestic (38%) and Government/Public sector (11%). From 2010 to 2011, the total
consumption in the country in these three sectors increased 2%, from 94% in 2010 to 96% in 2011.

Electricity Sector BAU Scenario: Consumption & Production
Projections for Antigua & Barbudas electricity demand and production for the next 20 years were
carried out by Nexant (Nexant, 2010). According to the referred report, the electricity demand in
the country is expected to increase by 3.3% per year during the next 20 years
1
. This will lead to the
double of the current demand which is now around 50% of what is expected to be in 2030. In terms
of production the same report, projects that net electricity generation in the country is expected
to increase annually 3.9%. Figure 6 illustrates the projected net generation forecasted versus the
projected demand using the data of the Nexant report (covers the period between 2009 and 2028)
extended to 2030 by ITP. According to these projections net energy generation is expected to
increase by 117% from 2010 to 2030, compared with 2010 values.
This constitutes the Business as Usual (BAU) scenario for the electricity sector until 2030 and takes
into account the historic demand and the programmes and policies in place in Antigua & Barbuda.

Figure 6: BAU Projected Energy Generation vs Projected Energy Demand (GWh)
Thus to produce the projected energy, additional capacity (apart from the already commissioned
power plant in 2011) will need to be installed (see Figure 7). As it can be seen in Figure 7, a total
additional capacity of 20MW will need to be added to the countrys installed capacity to face peak
load demand and so that the forecasted energy generated can be actually generated. The

1
ITP also made its own forecast for electricity demand (based on the energy consumption data
from 2007 to 2010), which yielded similar results as the ones estimated by NEXANT average
growth rate estimated by ITP from 2010 to 2030 was of 2.9%.
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March 2013
additional capacity will need to be installed before 2024. If the same path followed until now for
installing additional capacity remains fossil fuel generators will be added to the system.

Figure 7: BAU Capacity Installed vs Projected Necessary capacity (left axis) and Necessary Capacity
Additions (right axis)

4.2 "#$%&'(% ./'$$'-( 0(1%(2-,3 #() "#$%&'(% ./'$$'-( *+%(#,'-
According to the Antigua & Barbuda 2
nd
Communication to the UNFCCC developed in 2009, in 2000,
Antigua & Barbuda registered emissions of 371ktCO2. The main sectors responsible for these
emissions were the energy industry and the transport sectors. The table below shows the summary
of the CO2 emission in 2000.
Table 2: Carbon emissions registered in Antigua & Barbuda in 2000 (2009, UNFCCC)
Sector CO2 emission (ktCO2) %
Energy Industries 177 47.7%
Manufacturing Industries & Construction 0 -
Transport (Road) 182 49.1%
Commercial/Industrial 5.52 1.49%
































































































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12






March 2013
Sector CO2 emission (ktCO2) %
Residential Sector 7.36 1.98%
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing (mobile) 0 -
Total 371 100%

The following figure illustrated the carbon emissions from 1991 to 2009 according to the United
Nations Statistics Division. As it can be seen carbon emissions in Antigua & Barbuda have been
increasing. The biggest increase was registered from 2000 onward; a 3.3% annual increase was
registered between 2000 and 2009.

Figure 8: Antigua & Barbuda Carbon Emissions (United Nations Statistics Division, 2012)

Carbon Emission BAU Scenario
If the same pattern of generation of carbon emissions is maintained, it is expected that between
2009 and 2030, carbon emissions will increase by more than 60% relatively to 2009 values (see
Figure 9). The projected carbon emissions were estimated by ITP using the registered carbon
emissions data from 2000 to 2009 from the United National Statistics Division (United Nations
Statistics Division, 2012).
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March 2013

Figure 9: BAU: Projected Carbon emission until 2030 (ITP estimates)
If the contribution from each sector of activity for carbon emission generation registered in the
Antigua & Barbuda 2
nd
National Communication to the UNFCCC is maintained, the energy industries
will be responsible in 2030 for the emission of 358tCO2 and the transport sector for 368tCO2. The
other sectors in total will be responsible in 2030 for the emission of 24tCO2.






















































































































































































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14






March 2013
5 .45.67.8 9:75:7* ;<9= 7>. *.?5
The following table summarises the general expected outputs of the SEAP.
Table 3: Expected output of the SEAP
Goals Outcomes
Energy Cost Reduction
Implementation of least-cost solutions for the supply of energy, including
source, conversion, distribution
Implementation of least-cost solutions to reduce energy demand and
consumption
Reduction in emissions, effluents and leaks from the energy sector.
Increased awareness of and informed behaviour by large and small
consumers on energy issues.
Diversification and Efficient
Use of Energy Sources
Identification and development of indigenous non-renewable sources of
energy
Application of emerging appropriate energy technologies
Diversified energy sources by type and locale
Electricity Reliability
Modernized, reliable and efficient energy infrastructure and services in
productive sectors
Implementation of appropriate safe and reliable electricity distribution
system
Environmental Protection
Internationally competitive industries and firms that apply eco-efficiency
and contribute to the creation of a green economy
Internationally competitive industries and firms that apply eco-efficiency
and contribute to the creation of a green economy
Increased awareness of and informed behaviour by large and small
consumers on energy issues.
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
Establishment of policy statements, enforceable laws, regulations and
institutions that create equitable and transparent opportunities for all
stakeholders in the energy sector


S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e

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y

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n

P
l
a
n

A
n
t
i
g
u
a

a
n
d

B
a
r
b
u
d
a
15






March 2013
6 *7<?7.@A BC @.D.<?E 6<9**F6:770D@ *7<?7.@A
6.1 Objectives and Targets
This cross-cutting strategy intends to address some of the institutional and regulatory barriers
identified in Antigua & Barbuda, which are transversal to the proposed specific strategies (Strategy
I to III) and necessary to ensure the successful implementation of the NEP and SEAP. Non-existent
regulatory agencies and lack of specific attention to the energy sector (energy is a matter that is
dealt under the Cabinet of the Prime Ministry by the Government and lack a dedicated specific
institution) are among the issues addressed within this strategy.

6.2 Specific Actions/Measures/Programmes to be implemented and Responsible
Agencies and Stakeholders
The actions/measures identified within this strategy are necessary for the implementation of the
three specific strategies (energy efficiency, renewable energy and education and awareness) or are
applied to other energy sources which are not renewable. The lines of action defined in Strategy 0
include:
The establishment and reformulation of the energy related institutional framework through
the creation of an Independent Regulatory Agency, an Energy Unit and an Energy Advisory
Panel;
Finalise and adopt the NEP and SEAP and continuously seek revisions
Analyse the possibility for diversification of energy sources apart from renewable sources of
energy.
The following strategic map of policies and lines of actions indicate the proposed measures/actions
for this strategy as well as identify the responsible agencies and stakeholders for its
implementation.

A
N
T
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G
U
A

A
N
D

B
A
R
B
U
D
A
16
















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B
a
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b
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d
a
17
















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18






March 2013
6.5 Expected Outcomes from the proposed Lines of Action to be implemented
and Indicators to measure implementation progress
The following table summarises the expected outcomes and indicators to measure these outcomes
for each of the line of action proposed under Strategy 0. This will be a tool to be used in
monitoring the implementation of the SEAP.
Table 4: expected outcomes from the proposed lines of action and indicators to measure the
implementation progress
NEP Goals Line of Action Outcomes Indicators
-Energy Cost
Reduction
-Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
-Electricity
Reliability
-Environmental
Protection
- Diversification
and Efficient Use
of Energy Sources
01.1 Create the
Energy Unit
Energy unit created and
running.
Energy Advisory panel
created and running.
Contribution to the
reduction and
sustenance of overall
energy intensity of the
Antigua & Barbuda
economy by at least 10%
below a 2010 baseline
within 10 years.

Number of highly trained
professionals in the EE/RE
arena
Review of the existing
institutional and organisational
framework
Monitoring report on the
implementation of RE projects
and EE measures
Overall energy intensity

01.2 Create the
Energy Advisory
Panel
01.3 Create
Independent
Regulatory Agency
Independent Regulatory
Agency created and
running
Improved efficiency of
the system and
compliance with
established benchmarks,
procedures and
standards
% of efficiency of the utility
and grid = number of barrels of
HFO required for electricity
generation
Overall energy intensity
02.1 Finalise and
adopt NEP and SEAP
NEP and SEAP for
Antigua & Barbuda
published
On-going revision of the
NEP and SEAP
NEP goals achieved
Overall energy intensity
Diversification and Efficient:
RE in the electricity supply
mix (electricity supply mix
at the following minimum
levels: 2015-5%, 2020-10%,
2030-15%)
Incorporation of other
sources of energy
Electricity Reliability: number
of hours with blackouts
Environment Protection
Stimulation of new business
opportunities: number of new
business opportunities
03.1: Enhance the
contribution of the
energy sector to
climate change
mitigation and
adaptation

Fuel stock for the
transportation and
electricity generation
sectors diversified
GHG emissions
reductions achieved
Framework for natural
% of GHG emissions reductions
as compared to 2010.
Number of PPPs
% Natural gas in the A&B energy
mix (if natural gas framework
established)
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a
19






March 2013
NEP Goals Line of Action Outcomes Indicators
II3.2: Define a fuel
diversification
strategy for the
short, medium and
long term and
develop priorities
for diversification
gas established and
implemented (if
necessary)

6.6 Definition of Implementation Priorities and Timing for implementation of
the Strategy
A methodology based on different criteria was developed to assess the implementation priorities
and the timing of implementation of each line of action under each strategy. The methodology is
summarised in Annex I.
Table 5 illustrate the results of the analysis carried out using the above referred methodology, and
indicates the implementation priorities of each line of action for Strategy 0.
Table 5: Implementation priorities for Strategy 0
Cross-Cutting Strategy Policy/Line of Action
Priority: High,
Medium, Low (score)
01: Reformulation of the Energy
Related Institutional and
Organisational Framework
01.1 Create the Energy Unit High (36 points)
01.2 Create the Energy Advisory Panel High (34 points)
01.3 Create Independent Regulatory Agency High (34 points)
02: Finalise and adopt NEP and
SEAP
02.1 Finalise and adopt NEP and SEAP High (45 points)
0.3: Diversification of Energy
Sources
03.1: Enhance the contribution of the energy
sector to climate change mitigation and
adaptation
Medium (26 points)
03.2: Define a fuel diversification strategy for
the short, medium and long term and develop
priorities for diversification
Medium (30 points)

The indicative timing for the implementation of the lines of action defined under this strategy is
shown in Figure 10.
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20

















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21






March 2013

7 !"#$"%&' )* %+%#&' ,-+!%#.$"/-+ 0 %+%#&' %11/,/%+,'
7.1 Objectives and Targets
Within this strategy Antigua & Barbuda intends to address:
High energy intensity index;
Low levels of energy efficiency in the electricity sector;
Low levels of energy efficiency in the energy consuming sectors, in particular the
commercial, public, residential, agro-industrial and transport sectors;
Low levels of energy efficiency from building designs, electrical installations and low levels
of energy efficiency of end use devices.
Antigua & Barbudas NEP states the following strategic objectives in terms of energy conservation &
energy efficiency (energy cost reduction):
Prepare and implement a systematic plan to reduce and sustain overall energy intensity of
the Antigua & Barbuda economy by at least 10% below a 2010 baseline within 10 years (in
2020);
Revise building codes and support energy management programmes in order to reduce
consumption at Government and public facilities, industrial plants and other large users by
identifying effective measures to control and improve energy efficiency by 30% over 15
years (in 2025);
Introduce legislation and appropriate economic incentives to fast track the mitigation of
public and private fossil powered vehicles to low carbon technologies with the aim of
improving efficiency in the transportation sector by 40% in 15 years (in 2025);
Establish minimum energy efficiency standards for air conditioning, refrigeration and other
appliances as well as differentiated tariff to incentivize efficiency;
Antigua & Barbuda Government being one of the largest energy consumers will assume the
lead position as driver of cost reduction initiatives by legislating and implementing cost
reduction initiatives with a view to reducing its consumption and costs by 30% in 10 years
(2020).
Support energy efficiency choices through improved awareness, information and services
that can deliver energy efficiency.
7.2 Specific Actions/Measures/Programmes to be implemented and Responsible
Agencies and Stakeholders
In order to meet the strategic objectives, specific Programmes, Actions and Measures are proposed
to be implemented. The actions and measures proposed either focus on (a) specific sector(s), are
cross-sectorial or directed at the creation of an enabling energy use in general:
Map energy end-uses, elaborate and maintain end-use statistics and monitor energy end-
uses in the various energy consuming sectors of the economy;
Define and implement incentives and financing options for the efficient use of energy;
A
N
T
I
G
U
A

A
N
D

B
A
R
B
U
D
A
22






March 2013
Define the role of APUA and other energy sector enterprises in the promotion of energy
efficiency;
Revise electricity tariffs to stimulate energy efficiency;
Coordinate energy efficiency programmes, actions and measures with regional initiatives;
Participate in international energy efficiency programmes and initiatives;
Energy auditing and management: train and certify energy auditors and managers and
implement energy auditing and management programmes in the public, commercial,
industrial and transport sectors;
Building codes: implement energy-related building codes for commercial, public and
residential buildings;
Energy efficiency standards & labelling: develop a comprehensive, medium- and long-term
strategy for energy efficiency standards & labelling of energy-related products;
Energy efficiency labelling: implement mandatory labelling for energy-related products, in
particular household appliances;
Energy efficiency standards: implement mandatory minimum energy efficiency standards
for selected energy-related products;
Implement a replacement programme for energy-using equipment, in particular household
appliances;
Efficient lighting: implement replacement programmes for inefficient lamps in the public,
commercial and residential sectors, phase-out incandescent lamps;
Implement a targeted energy efficiency programme in the electricity sector, focussing on
the development of standards and the reduction of losses in the generation, transmission
and distribution of electricity;
Implement a targeted energy efficiency programme in the public sector, focussing on
government buildings, vehicles and the procurement of energy-efficient equipment;
Implement a targeted energy efficiency programme in the residential sector, focussing on
advisory services and awareness campaigns;
Implement a targeted energy efficiency programme in the tourist sector, focussing on
energy management and air conditioning systems, in combination with renewable energy;
Implement a targeted energy efficiency programme in the agro-industrial sector, focussing
on the sustainable use of biomass and cogeneration;
Implement a targeted energy efficiency programme in the transport sector, focussing on
information, training, import duties, tax incentives, proper vehicle maintenance and the
promotion of alternative transport modes and fuels.
The following strategic map highlights the strategy, policy actions and measures to be applied
under the energy efficiency development strategy as well as indicate the responsible institutions
for its implementation.
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a
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23
















S
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24
















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3
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25
















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26
















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27
















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28






March 2013

7.3 Expected Outcomes from the Lines of Action to be implemented and
Indicators to measure implementation progress
The following table summarises the expected outcomes and indicators to measure these outcomes
for each of the line of action proposed under Strategy I. This will be a tool to be used in monitoring
the implementation of the SEAP.
Table 6: Expected outcomes from the proposed lines of action and indicators to measure the
implementation progress
Goals Line of Action Outcomes Indicators
Energy Cost
Reduction
I1.1: Elaborate
energy end-uses
statistics and
monitoring tools
Statistics on energy
end-uses (database)
developed and
continuously updated
End-use database available to
decision makers and the
public
Energy Cost
Reduction
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
I1.2: Define and
implement
incentives for the
efficient use of
energy
Study on financial and
fiscal incentives for EE
completed
Medium and long-term
incentive scheme to
promote energy
efficiency in A&B
established and
operational
Increased importation
of energy efficient
equipment
% of increase in the uptake of
EE measures/appliances;
Number of people/activities
using the fiscal and financial
incentive for EE;
Number of energy efficient
equipment imported
Electricity
Reliability
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
I1.3: Define the
role of APUA and
other market
actors in the
promotion of
energy efficiency
Study on the role of
APUA in terms of EE
completed
Study on the role of
ESCOs in A&B
completed
Study on the financing
options for EE
completed
Increased no. of ESCOs
in the Renewable
Energy businesses(?)
Number and turnover of
established energy service
providers in A&B, associated
energy savings
Number of DSM interventions
by APUA and energy savings
realised
Number of banks / credit
institutes with financing
options for EE
Energy Cost
Reduction

I1.4: Revise
electricity tariffs
to stimulate
energy efficiency
Revision of the
electricity tariff to
incorporate EE
Revised tariff structure
Energy Cost
Reduction
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
I2.1: Coordinate
national energy
efficiency
programmes with
international and
regional initiatives
National EE
programmes
coordinated with
international and
regional initiatives
Number of regional and
international initiatives /
programmes in which A&B has
participated
Energy Cost
Reduction
I3.1: Energy
auditing and
management
Increased local capacity
in the management and
monitoring of EE
Number of certified EE
auditors
Number of energy audits
S
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a
r
b
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a
29






March 2013
Goals Line of Action Outcomes Indicators
Electricity
Reliability
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
programme Energy audit standards
implemented
Increased number of
certified energy
auditors
performed
Energy savings reported
Energy Cost
Reduction
-Environmental
Protection
I3.2: Building
codes
Building codes revised
to incorporate EE
requirements
Number of buildings licenced
that comply with EE measures
mandated by building codes
Energy savings achieved
Energy Cost
Reduction
Environmental
Protection
I3.3: Energy
efficiency
standards and
labelling
EE standards and
labelling systems
implemented
Minimum energy
efficiency standards
(MEPS) for selected
products
% of increase in the uptake of
energy efficientappliances;
Number of EE labelled
products (types of products
and compliance rates)
Energy savings achieved
Energy Cost
Reduction
Environmental
Protection
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
I3.4: Replacement
of energy
consuming
equipment
Replacement
programme established
and operational

% of increase in the uptake of
EE measures/appliances;
Number of replaced
equipments through the
replacement programme;
increase in EE
Energy savings achieved
Energy Cost
Reduction
Environmental
Protection
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
I3.5: Energy
efficient lighting
Incandescent lamps
phased outand replace
by CFls and LED lamps
Number of non-efficient
incandescent lamps replaced
by CFLs and/or LED-Lamps
Energy Cost
Reduction
Electricity
Reliability
Environmental
Protection
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
I4.1 Energy
efficiency in the
electricity sector
Reduction of fuel
demand of electricity
generation plants in
A&B
Reduction of energy
losses in electricity
generation,
transmission and
distribution
consumption on the
electricity sector
Minimum efficiency
standards for electricity
generation,
transmission and
distribution established
Electricity loss
reduction programme
established
Reduction of the overall
Electricity savings achieved
Fuel savings barrel
% of loss reductions
overall energy intensity
A
N
T
I
G
U
A

A
N
D

B
A
R
B
U
D
A
30






March 2013
Goals Line of Action Outcomes Indicators
energy intensity (at
least 10% below 2010
baseline)
Energy Cost
Reduction
I4.2: Energy
efficiency
programme in the
public sector
Reduction of energy
consumption in the
public sector
Programme to refurbish
existing A&B
Government buildings
Reduction of the
consumption and costs
in government buildings
(30% below 2010
baseline)
Programme for the
mandatory procurement
of energy efficient and
environmentally
friendly equipment and
materials by the public
sector implemented
and operational
Programme for
improved energy
efficiency of
Government-owned
vehicles implemented
and operational
Energy savings achieved in the
public sector / Government
buildings
Number of EE devices
imported
Number of energy efficient
Government-owned vehicles
running
Overall energy intensity
Energy Cost
Reduction
I4.3: Energy
efficiency
programme in the
residential sector
Advisory services for
homeowners and
tenants established and
running
Reduction of energy
consumption in the
domestic sector
Energy savings achieved in the
residential sector
Overall energy intensity
Energy Cost
Reduction
I4.4: Energy
efficiency
programme in the
tourist sector
Energy efficiency
programme for the
tourist sector, focussing
on the hotel and
catering industry
established and
implemented
Voluntary agreements
between the A&B
Government and the
tourist sector regarding
the purchase of energy
efficient and
environmentally
friendly equipment and
materials
Energy savings achieved in the
tourism sector
Number of establishments
(hotels etc.) participating in
voluntary agreement between
the Government and the
Tourism sector
Overall energy intensity
Energy Cost
Reduction
I4.5: Energy
efficiency
programme in the
agro-industrial
Energy efficiency
programme for the
agro-industrial sector
established and
Number of CHP projects
Electricity supplied by CHP
Energy savings achieved in the
agro-industrial sector
S
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e

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a
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b
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a
31






March 2013
Goals Line of Action Outcomes Indicators
sector implemented
Study regarding the
potential of the use of
biomass (like eg.
sugarcane bagasse) for
on-site combined heat
and power generation
(cogeneration) in agro-
industrial enterprises
developed and
concluded.
Generation of
electricity from CHP
Overall energy intensity
Energy Cost
Reduction
I4.6: Energy
efficiency
programme in the
transport sector
Energy efficiency
programme for the
transport sector
developed and
implemented
New vehicle tax system
in force
Import duties for cars
revised and in force
Study to identify the
potential benefits of
energy labelling and
minimum fuel
efficiency standards of
cars in A&B developed
Number of fuel efficient cars
Overall energy intensity
Note: The agro-industrial sector of A&B, in particular the sugar industry, appears to be declining. It therefore
still needs to be verified how many (if any) process industries could be included in line of action I4.5 (light
industry will be covered under line of action I3.1).

7.4 Implementation Priorities and Timing for Implementation of the Energy
Efficiency Strategy
The implementation priorities of each line of action for Strategy I: Energy Efficiency is provided in
Table 7 and the indicative timing for its implementation in Figure 11.
Table 7: Implementation priorities for Strategy I
Strategy for EE development Policy/Line of Action
Priority: High,
Medium, Low (score)
I.1: Create appropriate
structures, instruments and
tools to enable the
development and
implementation of energy
efficiency programmes and
measures
I1.1: Elaborate energy end-uses statistics and
monitoring tools
High (34 points)
I1.2: Define and implement incentives for the
efficient use of energy
High (34 points)
I1.3: Define the role of APUA and other market
actors in the promotion of energy efficiency
High (37 points)
I1.4: Revise electricity tariffs to stimulate energy
efficiency
Medium (31 points)
A
N
T
I
G
U
A

A
N
D

B
A
R
B
U
D
A
32






March 2013
Strategy for EE development Policy/Line of Action
Priority: High,
Medium, Low (score)
I.2: Coordinate national
energy efficiency programmes
with international and regional
initiatives
I2.1: Coordinate national energy efficiency
programmes with international and regional
initiatives
High (36 points)
I.3: Develop and implement
horizontal energy efficiency
measures
I3.1: Energy auditing and management programme High (35 points)
I3.2: Building codes Medium (31 points)
I3.3: Energy efficiency standards and labelling Medium (31 points)
I3.4: Replacement of energy consuming equipment Medium (33 points)
I3.5: Energy efficient lighting Medium (33 points)
I.4: Develop and implement
targeted sector specific energy
efficiency programmes and
measures
I4.1: Energy efficiency programme in the
electricity sector
Medium (28 points)
I4.2: Energy efficiency programme in the public
sector
Medium (31 points)
I4.3: Energy efficiency programme in the
residential sector
Medium (30 points)
I4.4: Energy efficiency programme in the tourist
sector
Medium (32 points)
I4.5: Energy efficiency programme in the agro-
industrial sector
Medium (28 points)
I4.6: Energy efficiency programme in the transport
sector
Medium (28 points)
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33

















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35






March 2013

8 STRATEGY 2: RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT
8.1 Goal and Objectives
Within this strategy Antigua & Barbuda intend to address:
High dependency on imported petroleum (fossil fuels);
Lack of know indigenous fossil fuel sources;
High energy import bill
High electricity costs
Lack of detailed data for determining renewable energy projects
Lack of renewable energy projects
Inexistent independent regulatory agencies
Antigua & Barbudas NEP state the following strategic objectives in terms of diversification and
efficient use of energy sources:
Encourage the adoption of applicable renewable energy technologies and a market
framework that encourages companies and individuals to invest in them
The utility to include renewable energy in the electricity supply mix at the following
minimum standards: 2015: 5%; 2020: 10% and 2030: 15%.
Provide an enabling legal and regulatory framework for the deployment of RE technologies
with particular emphasis on wind, solar and waste to energy.
8.2 Specific Actions/Measures/Programmes to be Implemented and Responsible
Agencies and Stakeholders
The following strategic map highlights the strategy, policy actions and measurements to be applied
under the renewable energy development strategy.

A
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36




























































































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38




























































































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B
a
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b
u
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a
41




























































































S
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f
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6
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6
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B
A
R
B
U
D
A
42






March 2013

8.3 Expected Outcomes from the lines of action to be implemented and
indicators to measure implementation progress
The following table summarises the expected outcomes and indicators to measure these outcomes
for each of the line of action proposed under Strategy II. This will be a tool to be used in
monitoring the implementation of the SEAP.

Table 8: Expected outcomes from the proposed lines of action and indicators to measure the
implementation progress
Goals Line of Action Outcomes Indicators
Energy Cost
Reduction
Stimulate New
Economic/Busines
s Opportunities
Diversification and
Efficient Use of
Energy Sources
II1.1: Provide
Incentive package
to directly
stimulate
renewable energy
deployment
Study to analyse and
identify the main
financial and non-
financial instruments
for stimulating RE
deployment developed
Study to identify
innovative approaches
for the establishment of
sustainable structures
and financial
mechanism for RE
developed
Study to identify and
analyse how Antigua &
Barbuda can capitalize
on international
financing facilities and
bilateral financial
sources developed
Incentive package for
RE developed and
implemented
Number of RE projects
developed
Overall energy intensity (10%
below a 2010 baseline within
10 years)
% RE in the electricity supply
mix at the following minimum
levels:
2015 5%
2020 10%
2030 15%
Energy Cost
Reduction
Diversification and
Efficient Use of
Energy Sources
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities

II1.2: Open the
market for private
generation of RES
electricity
Licencing process for RE
facilities revised
Market open to other
players (RE IPPs)
Number of RE facilities
licenced
Time required to licence a RE
facility
Number of RE IPPs generating
electricity
Number of PPAs established
Diversification and
Efficient Use of
Energy Sources
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
II1.3: Provide
incentive package
for utilisation of
cleaner
technologies in the
transport sector
Incentive package to
promote the utilisation
of hybrid vehicles and
fuel-efficient vehicles
with lower emissions
implemented
Regional bio-fuels
Number of hybrid vehicles and
fuel efficient vehicles in A&B
% of biodiesel used in the
transport sector
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e

E
n
e
r
g
y

A
c
t
i
o
n

P
l
a
n

A
n
t
i
g
u
a

a
n
d

B
a
r
b
u
d
a
43






March 2013
Goals Line of Action Outcomes Indicators
Environmental
Protection
incorporated in the fuel
supply
Energy Cost
Reduction
Electricity
Reliability
II2.1: Analysis of
the impacts of
integration of
renewable energy
in the grid
Study of the impact of
incorporation of RES in
the grid (grid stability)
done
Grid is upgraded /
stable enough to handle
Renewable energy
penetration
Reduction of number
and duration of
operational
disturbances
Faster recovery from
disruptions to the
energy supply.
Electricity Reliability:
number of hours with
blackouts
Time required for recover
from blackouts
Energy Cost
Reduction
Diversification and
Efficient Use of
Energy Sources
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
Environmental
Protection
II3.1: Strengthen
economic and
scientific data
through resource
assessments on the
countrys energy
resource potential
(namely wind,
solar and waste to
energy (WTE))
Assessment of the RE
resources and available
potential to be
exploited developed
and compiles into an
inventory
Renewable Energy
Development Areas
identified
RE demonstration
projects developed
Analysis of the regional
Inter-Island connections
and the potential
utilisation of natural
resources abundant in
neighbouring countries
Reduced GHG emissions
Potential RE capacity to be
installed
RE capacity Installed
%RE incorporated into the grid
Number of RE demonstration
project developed
Overall energy intensity
Energy Cost
Reduction
Diversification and
Efficient Use of
Energy Sources
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
Environmental
Protection
II3.2: Develop
renewable energy
diversification
priorities (based
on cost, efficiency,
environmental
considerations)
Plan to foster RE
implementation
Increased the
development of solar
projects
Increased production of
biofuels
Increased installation of
solar water heaters;
Study the possibility of
implementing
equipment for using
methane (bio-gas)
produced from the
landfill and waste
water treatment plants
developed
Increased development
of biogas facilities
Stimulation of E-10
RE capacity Installed
%RE incorporated into the grid
Number and capacity of PV
projects implemented
Quantity of biofuel produced
Capacity of biogas (landfill
and waste-water treatment
plants) production plants
Electricity generated from
biogas production plants
A
N
T
I
G
U
A

A
N
D

B
A
R
B
U
D
A
44






March 2013
Goals Line of Action Outcomes Indicators
program
Reduced GHG emissions
Diversification and
Efficient Use of
Energy Sources
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
II3.3: Promote the
use of small
renewable
generation through
the production of a
fast track approval
process and by
streamlining the
procedures and
standards
Procedures and a
package of incentives
to ensure that
renewable energy
plants with capacity
lower than 15MW can
be built on a simplified
procedure developed
Small scale (smaller than
15MW) RE capacity Installed
Electricity generated from RE
Energy Cost
Reduction
Diversification and
Efficient Use of
Energy Sources
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
Environmental
Protection
II4.1: Promote
incorporation of
biodiesel
Reduction of fossil fuel
used in the transport
sector
Agreements between
West Indies Oil and
biodiesel and ethanol
producers established
Reduced GHG emissions
% of fuel substituted by
biodiesel and ethanol
% of RE used for transport
Number of agreements
established between biodiesel
and ethanol producers with
West Indies Oil
Electricity
Reliability
Diversification and
Efficient Use of
Energy Sources
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
II4.2: Diversify
energy sources by
type and
geographical
location
Procurement Guidelines
to secure best terms
and conditions for long-
term contracts for
energy supply
developed and
implemented

Energy Cost
Reduction
II4.3: Engage in
multilateral/region
al a/ bilateral
partnerships and
cooperative
agreements that
contribute to
Antigua & Barbuda
energy goals and
objectives
Funds retained under
regional and
international accords
and programmes used
to meet the goals and
objectives of the
accords and
programmes
Multilateral/regional/bi
lateral partnerships and
cooperative agreements
identified and
registered in a register
Quantity of regional and
international funding used to
meet the goals and objectives
of the programmes defined
under the SEAP
Number of
Multilateral/regional/bilateral
partnerships and cooperative
agreements
Energy Cost
Reduction
Diversification and
Efficient Use of
Energy Sources
Stimulate New
II5.1: Undertake
review of new
emerging
technologies
Bi-annual reports on
new and emerging
technologies developed
and published
Number of bi-annual reports
published
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e

E
n
e
r
g
y

A
c
t
i
o
n

P
l
a
n

A
n
t
i
g
u
a

a
n
d

B
a
r
b
u
d
a
45






March 2013
Goals Line of Action Outcomes Indicators
Economic/Business
Opportunities
Environmental
Protection
Energy Cost
Reduction
Electricity
Reliability
Diversification and
Efficient Use of
Energy Sources
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
Environmental
Protection
II6.1: Develop
transparent and
comprehensive
policy framework
for the electricity
sector and or
amend existing
legislation
Carbon Emission
Trading policy
established and running
New Power Sector
Policy and Strategy
developed and
implemented
Land Planning Policy to
include reserved areas
for the development of
renewable energies
(Renewable Energy
Development Areas
REDA) revised and
implemented
National Solid Waste
Management revised
and implemented
Requirements for new
electricity generating
plans (over a minimum
scale of 1MW)
established and
implemented
Tariff structure to take
into account the impact
of the incorporation of
RES revised and
implemented
Carbon emission reductions
achieved
RE capacity developed
Quantity of RE installation
under 1MW installed in A&B
RE generation
Overall energy intensity
Energy Cost
Reduction
Electricity
Reliability
II6.2: Promote a
market based
approach and
increase
competition in the
sector
New tariff structure
implemented and
enforced

Energy Cost
Reduction
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
Environmental
Protection
II6.4: Develop and
implement a
comprehensive
regulatory
framework for the
energy sector
Framework for the
introduction of
diversification fuels
developed and running
Reduction in the
quantity of fossil fuel
used
Reduction of the
dependency on fossil
fuel
Procurement and
pricing of energy
products clearly
regulated
Reduced GHG emissions
Quantity of fossil fuel used
% of fossil fuel used in the
energy sector
Overall energy intensity
A
N
T
I
G
U
A

A
N
D

B
A
R
B
U
D
A
46






March 2013
Goals Line of Action Outcomes Indicators
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities

II6.5: Continuously
review the existing
internal regulatory
framework for
performance,
strengths,
weaknesses and
lessons learnt
while recognising
the implications of
external
dimensions and
formulate and
implement
programmes of
regulatory reform
Relevant agreed
international best
practices and
regulations adopted and
adapted to A&B
Institutional
frameworks to
coordinate policy with
energy initiatives and
programmes and
provide integrated
monitoring and
enforcement of
regulations and
standards developed
and implemented
Quantity of international
regulation and best practices
adopted by A&B
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
II6.6: Review and
modify national
framework and
industry structure
for the energy
sector towards the
achievement of
the NEP goals
Industry structures that
best facilitate the
implementation of
achievement of the NEP
and other policies
objectives identified.


8.4 !"#$%"%&'(')*& ,-)*-)')%. (&/ 0)")&1 2*- )"#$%"%&'(')*& *2 '3% 4%&%5(6$%
7&%-18 9%:%$*#"%&' ;'-('%18
The implementation priorities of each line of action for Strategy II: Renewable Energy is provided in
Table 9 and the indicative timing for its implementation in Figure 12.
Table 9: Implementation priorities for Strategy II
Strategy for RE
development
Policy/Line of Action
Priority: High,
Medium, Low (score)
II1: Create an enabling
environment for the
development of renewable
energy through private
sector participation
II1.1: Provide Incentive package to directly stimulate
renewable energy deployment
High (39 points)
II1.2: Open the market for private generation of RES
electricity
High (38 points)
II1.3: Provide incentive package for utilisation of
cleaner technologies in the transport sector
High (35 points)
II.2: Integration of
renewable energy in the
grid
II2.1: Analysis of the impacts of integration of
renewable energy in the grid
High (35 points)
II.3: Develop appropriate
renewable energy sources
II3.1: Strengthen economic and scientific data
through resource assessments on the countrys
energy resource potential (namely wind, solar and
waste to energy (WTE))
Medium (31 points)
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e

E
n
e
r
g
y

A
c
t
i
o
n

P
l
a
n

A
n
t
i
g
u
a

a
n
d

B
a
r
b
u
d
a
47






March 2013
Strategy for RE
development
Policy/Line of Action
Priority: High,
Medium, Low (score)
II3.2: Develop renewable energy diversification
priorities (based on cost, efficiency, environmental
considerations)
Medium (33 points)
II3.3: Promote the use of small renewable generation
through the production of a fast track approval
process and by streamlining the procedures and
standards
High (40 points)
II4: Diversification of
Energy Sources
II4.1: Promote incorporation of biodiesel High (35 points)
II4.2: Diversify energy sources by type and
geographical location
Medium (28 points)
II4.3: Engage in multilateral/regional a/ bilateral
partnerships and cooperative agreements that
contribute to Antigua & Barbuda energy goals and
objectives
Low (18 points)
II5: Application of emerging
technologies
II5.1: Undertake review of new emerging
technologies
Low (19 points)
II6: Establish policy,
enforce laws, regulations
and institutions that create
equitable and transparent
opportunities for all
stakeholders in the energy
sector
II6.1: Develop transparent and comprehensive policy
framework for the electricity sector and or amend
existing legislation
Medium (33 points)
II6.2: Promote a market based approach and
increase competition in the sector
Medium (31 points)
II6.3: Amend existing legislation and regulations or
promulgate new ones where necessary to ensure
responsible market behaviour
Medium (31 points)
II6.4: Develop and implement a comprehensive
regulatory framework for the energy sector
High (34 points)
II6.5: Continuously review the existing internal
regulatory framework for performance, strengths,
weaknesses and lessons learnt while recognising the
implications of external dimensions and formulate
and implement programmes of regulatory reform
Medium (31 points)
II6.6: Review and modify national framework and
industry structure for the energy sector towards the
achievement of the NEP goals
High (39 points)

A
N
T
I
G
U
A

A
N
D

B
A
R
B
U
D
A
48





































































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49





































































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50






March 2013
9 STRATEGY 3: PUBLIC EDUCATION AND AWARENESS
9.1 Goal and Objectives
Within this Strategy Antigua & Barbuda intends to address:
Low awareness and technical capacity on energy efficiency and renewable energy;
Low level of education on energy efficiency and renewable energy;
Low level of resources dedicated to the energy sector;
Low involvement of the financial sector on energy efficiency and renewable energy
projects;
Lack of certified renewable energy installers
Lack of certified energy efficiency auditors
Antigua & Barbudas NEP state the following strategic objectives in terms of public education and
awareness:
Support energy efficient choices through improved awareness, information and services
that can deliver energy efficiency.
Develop and implement the curriculum to equip students with the knowledge and skills to
secure employment in the fields of RE and EE.
Institutionalize educational programs to educate students in different energy topics, e.g.
better ways to manage energy-usage, bringing about attitudinal change towards responsible
energy use, energy responsibility, among many others.
Establishing awareness programs on energy in the school curriculum.
Promote the use of renewables in schools and universities.
Establish a National Energy Education Program with the aim of promoting energy awareness
by creating effective networks among students, educators, business, government and
community leaders to design and deliver objective, multi-sided energy education programs
activities.
Transforming Antigua & Barbudas energy systems requires a level of expertise, innovation
and generational effort. Antigua & Barbuda needs major investments in capacity building.
To achieve that, the Government will encourage direct investments to retool local and
regional academic institutions as centers for research, education and workforce training in
energy-related fields, both at professional and technical levels.
9.2 Specific Actions/Measures/Programmes to be Implemented and Responsible
Agencies and Stakeholders
The following strategic map highlights the strategy, policy actions and measures to be applied
under the awareness and education development strategy.

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2
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4
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I
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2
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A
N
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A

A
N
D

B
A
R
B
U
D
A
54























































S
t
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f
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I
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A
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B
a
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b
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a
55























































S
t
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f
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A
56






March 2013

9.3 Expected outcomes from the lines of action to be implemented and
indicators to measure implementation progress
The following table summarises the expected outcomes and indicators to measure these outcomes
for each of the line of action proposed under Strategy III. This will be a tool to be used in
monitoring the implementation of the SEAP

Table 10: Expected outcomes from the proposed lines of action and indicators to measure the
implementation progress
Goals Line of Action Outcomes Indicators
Energy Cost
Reduction
Diversification and
Efficient Use of
Energy Sources
III1.1: Draft and
Implement a public
consumer
awareness and
education program
and end-use
statistics on energy
efficiency
awareness
Public consumer
awareness and
education program on
EE developed and
implemented
Increase in investment
in EE practices
End use statistics
implemented and
available to the public
on the internet in a
database
Rolling Island-wide
media campaigns on the
benefits of adopting EE
practices
Better informed
populace on the
fundamentals of EE and
its environmental and
cost benefits
Number of EE projects
developed
Overall energy intensity (10%
below a 2010 baseline within
10 years)
Number of Rolling Island-wide
media campaigns
Energy Cost
Reduction
Diversification and
Efficient Use of
Energy Sources
III1.2: Encourage
research
development and
timely and
efficient
implementation of
renewable energy
projects
Public consumer
awareness and
education program on
RE developed and
implemented
Database of applicable
RE to be implemented
in A&B with a timeline
and strategy for
implementation
developed and
available to the public
Increase in investment
in RE practices
Rolling Island-wide
media campaigns on the
benefits of adopting RE
practices
Better informed
populace on the
fundamentals of RE and
Number of RE projects
developed
Overall energy intensity (10%
below a 2010 baseline within
10 years)
Number of Rolling Island-wide
media campaigns
S
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t
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n
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a

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d

B
a
r
b
u
d
a
57






March 2013
Goals Line of Action Outcomes Indicators
its environmental and
cost benefits
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities

III.2.1: Build
Capacity of the
Energy Unit in the
field of RE and EE
Permanent professional
staff of the Energy Unit
in renewable energy
and energy efficiency
contracted and trained
Increased job
opportunities as RE/EE
sector expands.
More locals securing
employment in the
local and regional
RE/EE sectors
Number of people contracted
for the Sustainable Energy
Unit
Number of people involved in
the RE/EE sector
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities

III.2.2: Train
professional staff
in relevant public
and private sector
Proliferation of
professionals equipped
with a working
knowledge of specific
aspects of EE/RE
Increased job
opportunities as RE/EE
sector expands.
More locals securing
employment in the
local and regional
RE/EE sectors
Number of people contracted
for the Sustainable Energy
Unit
Number of people involved in
the RE/EE sector
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities

III2.3: Systematic
inclusion of RE and
EE topics in school
curriculum
Students and
prospective
researchers/professiona
ls equipped with
scholarly and practical
knowledge of specific
aspects of EE/RE as it
relates to initiatives
with the Caribbean
region.
Collaboration between
students/researchers in
Antigua and Barbuda
and the wider
Caribbean region.
Harmonised programme
of extracurricular
activities for young
people in the RE/EE
field established and
implemented
Number of locals securing
employment in the local and
regional RE/EE sectors
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
III2.4: RE installers
certification
programmes
Increased number of
A&B RE Installers
Certificated
Number of certified RE
installers
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities

III2.5: Energy
auditing and
management
programme
Increased number of
A&B RE energy auditors
Number of energy auditors in
A&B
A
N
T
I
G
U
A

A
N
D

B
A
R
B
U
D
A
58






March 2013
Goals Line of Action Outcomes Indicators
Energy Cost
Reduction
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
Environmental
protection
III2.6: EE in the
transport sector
Information campaign
for car drivers and
maintenance
professionals regarding
energy efficient driving
and maintenance
practices developed
and implemented
Number of informed car
drivers
Energy Cost
Reduction
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
Environmental
protection
III2.7: Articulation
with other
programmes and
initiatives in the
region
Training provided to
drivers of buses and
taxis on energy
efficient driving
practices.
Number of informed bus and
taxi drivers
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities

III2.7: Articulation
with other
programmes and
initiatives in the
region
Implemented regional
RE and EE training and
educational
programmes
Number of regional RE and EE
training and educational
programmes implemented
Energy Cost
Reduction
Diversification and
Efficient Use of
Energy Sources
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities

III3.1: Raising
public awareness
and acceptance
Energy training events
and education materials
for the public
developed and
distributed
Increased incorporation
of EE/RE in cooperation
with local communities
Implement public
awareness campaign
Number of training events
Number and capacity of RE
and EE projects developed in
local communities
Overall energy intensity (10%
below a 2010 baseline within
10 years)
Stimulate New
Economic/Business
Opportunities
III3.2: Identify and
promote funding
assistance
programs for the
public
Increased of awareness
of local banks and
financial facilities to RE
and EE projects
Increased number of
loans provided by local
banks and financial
facilities to RE and EE
projects
Increased knowledge
and awareness on
loans, grants, rebates
and incentives for
homes and businesses
Increased uptake on
available
loans/equity/grants
from
banks/Government
lending facilities as
related to 2010
Number of loans
equity/grants from
banks/Government lending
facilities provided for RE and
EE project development
S
u
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A
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d

B
a
r
b
u
d
a
59






March 2013

9.4 Implementation Priorities and Timing for implementation of the Education
and Awareness Strategy
The implementation priorities of each line of action for Strategy III: Energy Efficiency is provided in
Table 11 and the indicative timing for its implementation in Figure 13.
Table 11: Implementation priorities for Strategy III
Strategy for EE
development
Policy/Line of Action
Priority: High,
Medium, Low (score)
III1: Develop and
Implement programmes
to influence non-market
behaviour toward and
to promote efficient use
of energy
III1.1: Draft and Implement a public consumer
awareness and education program and end-use statistics
on energy efficiency awareness
High (34 points)
III1.2: Encourage research development and timely and
efficient implementation of renewable energy projects
Medium (24 points)
III2: Capacity Building
and Training
III.2.1: Build Capacity of the Energy Unit in the field of
RE and EE
Medium (33 points)
III.2.2: Train professional staff in relevant public and
private sector
Low (22 points)
III2.3: Systematic inclusion of RE and EE topics in school
curriculum
Low (20 points)
III2.4: RE installers certification programmes High (35 points)
III2.5: Energy auditing and management programme High (35 points)
III2.6: EE in the transport sector Medium (32 points)
III2.7: Articulation with other programmes and
initiatives in the region
High (34 points)
III3: Undertake public
information sessions for
the general public and
target groups about
support measures
III3.1 Raising public awareness and acceptance High (40 points)
III3.2 Identify and promote funding assistance programs
for the public
High (39 points)

A
N
T
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G
U
A

A
N
D

B
A
R
B
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D
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60

















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64






March 2013
11 ESTIMATED COST AND POTENTIAL SOURCES OF FUNDING
11.1 Estimated Cost
The potential cost of each action/measure/programme was estimated by the consultants. This was
done by taking into account the costs of similar actions/measures/programmes being undertaken in
CARICOM or OECD countries as well as employing the previous experience of the Consultants. The
figures estimated were then aggregated per strategy, so as to provide a general budget figure for
the implementation of this SEAP.
The estimated figures include: costs for policy development; costs for establishing and managing
the Energy Unit, Energy Advisory Panels, and Independent Regulatory Agency; consultancy costs for
carrying out resource assessments; costs for technical and non-technical capacity building and
awareness raising activities; between others. They do not include renewable energy and energy
efficiency technologies costs (as first projects need to be identified), construction and
implementation costs. Annex II provides the estimated figures per measure for each of the four
strategies here proposed.
The following table summarises the needed estimated budget for SEAP implementation.

Strategy Estimated Costs in (EC$)
!"#$"%&' )* +#,-- +.""/0& !"#$"%&' 12345634))
!"#$"%&' 7* 80%#&' 899/:/%0:' ;%<%=,>?%0" 1@322)3A5)
!"#$"%&' 77* B%0%C$D=% 80%#&' !"#$"%&' 153)A535E5
!"#$"%&' 777* FC$#%0%-- $0G 8G.:$"/,0 !"#$"%&' 153EAH3I5)
!"#$% '"(#( ") #*+ ,-./ 01234113456

Annex III provides a brief overview on potential sources of funding that can be used by Antigua &
Barbuda to finance the implementation of the activities highlighted in the SEAP.
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65






March 2013
!""#$ & ' (#)*+,+-+./ 0+1 )*# ,#0&"&)&+" +0 )*# &(2-#(#")!)&+"
21&+1&)&#3
The implementation priorities of the defined lines of action under each proposed strategy were
defined having into account the following criteria:
Contribution to the goals in the NEP;
The influence on existing and future policies across sectors;
The impact / reach;
Environmental impact (GHG emission reductions)
Feasibility
Synergies with existing programmes
Cost benefit
Having these criteria in mind the following steps were followed in the definition of implementation
priorities:
1) Attribution of points for each of the criterion
Each line of action proposed was analysed and points were attributed for each of the criteria above
referred according to the table shown below.

Criteria Points Motive
Contributes directly to the goals in
the NEP (the goals are: the NEP five
goals (energy cost reduction,
diversification of energy sources,
electricity reliability improvement,
environmental protection and
stimulate new economic
opportunities)
1
The action meets at least 1 of the goals of the NEP
and relies on other actions
2
The action meets at least 2 goals of the NEP and
relies on the implementations of actions defined for
energy cost reduction and diversification
3
The action contributes to the main goals of Energy
Cost Reduction and Diversification and Efficient use
of Sources and at least 1 other goal in the NEP.
These actions make up the main foundation, and
preceeds all other actions
Will influence existing and future
policies across sectors
1 The action requires new policies / legislation
2
The action bolsters other existing policies /
legislation / requires modification of existing
legislation
3
The action bolsters existing and proposed policies
and supporting legislation e.g. ABIA Act, APUA Act,
NSWMA Act / requires no additional legislation
Impact / Reach
1
The impact /reach of the action is at a Community
/ Sector level
2
The impact /reach of the action is at a National OR
Community / Sector level
3
The impact /reach of the action is at the National
and Community / Sector level
Environmental impact (GHG
reduction)
1 Low
2 Medium
3 High
Feasibility
1 Requires new resources and regulations
2
Requires modification of existing regulations and
resources
3 No modification required
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66






March 2013
Criteria Points Motive
Synergies with existing programmes
1 No synergies with existing programmes
2 Can have an impact on existing programmes
3
Will have a strong impact on exisiting and proposed
programmes
Cost-Benefit
1
Cost of programme and investments likely to
exceed benefits (positive cost)
2
Benefits likely to exceed cost of programmes and
investments (negative cost)
3
Benefits likely to exceed cost + policy can mobilize
private investment

2) Attribution of weights to the different criterion
For each criterion, weights were attributed to reflect its importance. The following weights have
been attributed:
Contribution to the goals in the NEP = 3
The influence on existing and future policies across sectors= 2
The impact / reach = 2
Environmental impact (GHG emission reductions) = 2
Feasibility = 2
Synergies with existing programmes = 1
Cost benefit = 3

3) Calculation of the score of each line of action
For each line of action, a final score was estimated by multiplying the weight by the points
attributed for a given criterion and by summing all the criterias scores.
Score Line of Action = ! (Points Criterion i x Weight Criterion i)
Where I, represent the different criterion selected for the analysis.

3) Definition of the Implementation Priorities
Having the scores calculated for each line of action and having into account that the maximum that
one line of action could score is 45 points and that the minimum that a line of action could score is
15, the following implementation priority classification was attributed to each line of action:
High: Line of action with scores between 34-45 points;
Medium: Line of action with scores between 24-33 points; and
Low: Line of action with scores between 1523.
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!""#$ &&& ' ()*#"*&!+ ,)-./#, )0 0-"1&"2
There are several potential sources of funding that Antigua & Barbuda can access to finance the
implementation of the activities highlighted in the SEAP. The following sources of funding are
described below:
1. Global Environmental Facility (GEF);
2. The Organisation of American States (OAS);
3. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB);
4. PETROCARIBE;
5. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP);
6. Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)
7. European Commission Financing (EU);
8. World Bank;
9. The Agence France de Development (AFD), Fonds Francais pour lEnvironnement Mondial
(FFEM) and French Environment and Energy Agency (ADEME);
10. West Indies Power Holding BV;
11. Environmental Foundation of Jamaica (EFJ);
12. Inter-American Foundation (IAF);
13. Petroleum Corporation of Jamaica (PCJ);
14. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO); and
15. Department for International Development (DFID).
16. Caribbean Development Bank (CBD)
17. IRENA
18. China
19. CCCCC/SIDS-DOCK
20. KfW Development Bank

Examples:
Global Environment Facility
Who is the GEF?
The GEF, established in 1991 as a pilot project in the World Bank, is an independent financial
organisation devoted to providing support to developing countries, in the form of financing, for
projects related directly to biodiversity, climate change and renewable energy, land degradation,
the ozone layer, and persistent organic pollutants.
As the financial mechanism of the UNFCCC, GEF allocates and disburses about $250 million dollars
per year in projects in energy efficiency, renewable energies, and sustainable transportation.
3

3
Global Environment Facility: http://www.gefweb.org/interior.aspx?id=232
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March 2013
As the particular goal of the GEF speaks to the provision of sustainable, affordable electricity
services while meeting respective efforts in climate change targets, projects committed to Climate
Change Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation are the two main financial mechanisms
available from the GEF. Projects under these actions must address:
a) The role of Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Transport in the reduction
(and/or avoidance) of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions.
b) Research and Intervention into projects which will complement efforts undertaken by the
UNFCC. These include the implementation of capacity building exercises, new low GHG
technologies and the submission of National Communications which includes a report on
national inventories of GHGs.
This facility articulates the need for strengthened practices in energy conservation, renewable
technology investment and climate change prevention; and as such, is the largest provider of
funding for projects, through contingent loans and grants, which encourages the use of small scale,
stand-alone systems, which produces a two-pronged outcome:
a) The improved provision of electricity services to the rural community
b) Expansion of the use of Renewable Energy Technology (RET) due to improved affordability
through the supplementary funds provided by the GEF.
What is the Role of the GEF in the Caribbean?
The GEFs presence in the Caribbean is mainly experienced through the establishment of the
Caribbean Renewable Energy Technical Assistance Facility (CRETAF). CRETAF collaborates with the
Caribbean Renewable Energy Fund, which is a GEF sponsored loan facility. CRETAF supplies early
stage loans for renewable energy project preparation in the form of grant financing to countries
participating in the Caribbean Renewable Energy Development Programme (CREDP). The GEF
funded approximately US$1.3million to support this program.
4
The GEF also supported the first project of the Caribbean Community. The Caribbean Planning for
Adaptation Global Climate Change project (CPACC) supports pilot vulnerability assessments in
Barbados, Grenada and Guyana, support capacity training, monitors sea level and climate change in
12 Caribbean nations. This project has been followed with the ongoing Mainstreaming Adaptation to
Climate Change project which seeks to further develop the knowledge garnered from CPACC.
The Organisation of American States (OAS)
Who is the OAS?
The OAS was established in 1948 to achieve the guiding principles of democracy, human rights,
security and development amongst its member states.
In an effort to promote development mechanisms, all OAS states have recognized that access to
affordable energy is one of the main drivers for socio-economic growth. In the forum of energy, the
OAS has established strategies to assist member states in achieving developmental goals.
Out of this recognition and collaboration between the OAS and the Department of Sustainable
Development (DSD), the Sustainable Energy Partnership of the Americas (SEPA) and the
Renewable Energy in the Americas (REIA) initiatives were established.

4
CRETAF: http://www.caricom.org/jsp/projects/cretaf.jsp?menu=projects
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March 2013
SEPA was initiated from the DSDs Energy and Climate Change Division and was designed to support
and contribute to
5
:
a) the advancement of energy security
b) the reduction of the impact of fossil fuels market fluctuation
c) the lowering of carbon emissions throughout the region by generation and strengthening
regional markets for cleaner and renewable energy, and fostering the exchange of
information and experiences pertaining to sustainable energy.
In order to meet these developmental goals, a plan of action has been developed by the Energy and
Climate Change Division. Objectives include:
a) Developing an enabling environment by encouraging private-public investment. This
increases the availability of funding for initiatives that promote renewable energy and
energy efficiency projects.
b) Building adequate governance and regulatory frameworks so as to improve market
conditions for these initiatives
c) Supporting the development of human and institutional capacity essential for research and
development into the use and management of sustainable energy system.
REIA was created in 1992 by a consortium of US, Latin America and Caribbean (LAC)
6
interests to
increase access to modern, sustainable energy services by focusing on renewable energy solutions
as well as energy efficiency practices.
The objectives of the REIA include:
a) To identify and promote viable renewable energy and energy efficiency project
opportunities in the LAC region.
b) to provide technical assistance and training on matters related to sustainable energy
development.
c) To develop and assist in accessing innovative financing mechanisms suited to the technical
characteristics of renewable energy and energy efficiency.
What is the role of the OAS in the Caribbean?
The OAS has played many roles in the development of policy frameworks, information platforms
and public-private financing mechanisms. So far, the OAS has been responsible for:
a) Caribbean Sustainable Energy Program (CSEP) established to accelerate the transition to
sustainable energy and address several barriers to RE establishment in seven LAC project
countries. The OAS has partnered with CARICOM, CREDP, CARILEC and REEP from November
2008 to October 2011 to ensure the success of this program.
b) Geo-Caraibes Project - will implement a regional strategy that will create the conditions
for successful deployment of commercially viable geothermal power production and
overcome the barriers to the development of geothermal power in the three Project
Countries.
c) Global Sustainable Energy Islands Initiative (GSEII) is jointly administred by the Climate
Institute, Organization of American States, Winrock International, Counterpart
International, Energy and Security Group and the International Network for Sustainable
Energy in Denmark. The Global Sustainable Energy Islands Initiative (GSEII), a consortium of

5
Sustainable Energy Partnership for the Americas, Program Description - http://www.sepa-
americas.net/quienes_somos.php?ID=3
6
These include the nations of: 1) St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2) Barbados 3) Trinidad and Tobago 4) US Virgin Islands
5)Grenada 6) Guyana 7) Dominica 8) St Kitts and Nevis 9) St Lucia 10) Brazil 11) Peru 12) Chile 13) Bolivia 14) Argentina 15)
Costa Rica 16) Guatemala 17) Nicaragua 18) Honduras
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March 2013
international NGOs and multi-lateral institutions, has been organized to support the
interest of all small island states and potential donors by bringing renewable energy and
energy efficiency projects, models, and concepts together in a sustainable plan for small
island nations The GSEII is currently focused on the Caribbean nations of St Kitts and Nevis,
Dominica, Grenada and St. Lucia. Thus far, the GSEII has assisted St Lucia in formulating
the National Sustainable Energy Plan 2001 and is committed to assisting other island nations
in energy developmental goals.
d) Promotion of bio-fuel projects in the Caribbean The OAS along with the International
Development Bank, Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture(IICA) and the
Government of Guyana (GoG) signed an MOU in 2007 which stated that the parties agree to
explore ways in which sustainable energy and biofuel projects can be promoted and
financed in the Caribbean region.
The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
Who is the IDB?
The IDB was established in 1959 in the LAC region and is currently the main source of multialateral
funding. The IDB Group consists of the Inter American Investment Corporation (IIC), and the
Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF) provides solutions to development challenges by partnering with
public and private sector, thus reaching its clients ranging from central governments to city
authorities and businesses.
The IDB lends money but also provides grants. It also offers research and consultancy support in key
developmental areas crucial to the Caribbean. (education, agriculture, energy). One of the priority
initiatives for the IDB in LAC is the Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Initiative (SECCI). The
goals of the SECCI include:
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency development
Sustainable Biofuel Development
Access to Carbon Markets
Adapation to Climate Change
What is the role of the IDB in the Caribbean?
Since 2001, the IDB has financed approximately US$2 billion in energy efficiency and renewable
energy projects in Latin America and the Caribbean. Recent projects in the scope of SECCI include:
a) Promotion of Energy Efficient Residential Lighting in Bahamas (2009)
b) Strengthening the Energy Sector in the Bahamas (2009)
c) Support to promote energy efficiency, energy conservation and sustainable energy Jamaica
(2009)
d) Wind and Solar Development program Jamaica (2009)
e) Unserved Areas Electrification Program Guyana - (2007)
PETROCARIBE
Who/What is Petrocaribe?
The Petrocaribe organisation was established in 2005 as a compartment of the Caracas Agreement,
and is an energy cooperation agreement between the Government of Venezuela and twelve
7
of the
fifteen members of CARICOM, Honduras and Guatemala. This agreement allows for members to

7
Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana,
Jamaica, Nicaragua, Suriname, St Lucia, St Kitts and Nevis, St Vincent and the Grenadines
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March 2013
purchase oil on conditions of a preferential payment. The deal functions by a means of a discount
whereby contracting countries are required to pay a percentage of the market price, with the
remaining cost converted into long term, low interest loans. When market prices rise above US$50
per gallon, as they are now, participating countries will receive a 40 percent discount that will
accrue as a 25-year, 1 percent interest loan. If prices rise above US$100, this discount will rise to
50 percent. The agreement involves the refining of crude oil from Venezuela shipping to Caribbean
states, possibly in Petrocaribe owned/contracted vessels wholesaling to existing retailers and even
undertaking retailing where necessary. The payment system allows for a few nations to buy oil at
market price and pay 75% of the purchase price within 30 days. The remaining 25% is paid over 15
years with one years moratorium at an interest rate of 2% per annum. This agreement is reviewed
annually.
What is the role of PETROCARIBE in the Caribbean?
In June 2009, at the 6
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Petrocaribe summit, the strengthening and pace of adoption of alternative
energy sources, energy efficiency measures was part of the accord that was put forth by the
summit.
In light of this, The Jamaican government is waiting for final approval on funding approved by
PetroCaribe for 13 renewable energy and efficiency projects on the island; one of which is solar
powered street lighting. The funding, which totals US$160 million, will be offered either as soft
loans or grants, depending on decisions reached at the PetroCaribe Summit, which has not yet been
officially scheduled.
Additionally, there have been some strides in developing geothermal power in Honduras and
Nicaragua. The ALBA Caribe bank, initiated from the Petrocaribe accord, has allowed member
states to invest in $222 million in social and energy development programs. These include the
installation of 10 million compact fluorescent lightbulbs in Dominican Republic and 1.8 million in
Nicaragua.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
Who is the UNDP?
The UNDP is the development program conducted by the UN. The UNDP is committed to finding
solutions for and developing on a global scale:
a) Democratic Governance
b) Poverty Reduction
c) Crisis Prevention and Recovery
d) Environment and Energy
e) HIV/AIDS
The UNDP is committed to setting and meeting developmental goals in developing nations by
focusing on the key developmental issues highlighted above. The UNDP also assists developing
nations in attracting and utilising aid effectively.
UNDPs work on Energy and the Environment focuses mainly on:
a) Framework for strategie and sustainable development
b) Effective water governance
c) Access to sustainable energy services
d) Sustianable land management to combat desertification and land degradation
e) Conservation and Sustainable use of biodiversity
The activities pursued by the UNDP to achieve these objectives concentrate on the strengthening of
capacity to address the dynamic energy sector which has also initiated climate change reservations.
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The UNDP assists governments to address issues on a global and national level by seeking out and
sharing best practices, providing policy advice and creating a database to share projects to
establish a community of learning and linkages.
What is the role of the UNDP in the Caribbean?
The UNDP has supported major Renewable Energy transitions in the Caribbean with the
development of major database platforms and programs. By partnering with CARICOM and the GEF,
the UNDP was able to launch the bio-energy page on CIPORE; the Caribbean Information Platform
on Renewable Energy. The Caribbean Renewable Energy Development Program (CREDP)1998 is also
part funded by the UNDP. This program is an initiative of the energy minister of CARICOM and is
devoted to change the market environment for Renewable Energy in the Caribbean by reducing
political, market and financing barriers.
Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)
What is the GIZ?
This facility is an international cooperation enterprise for sustainable development with a global
focus. The GIZ is dedicated to promoting sustainability in all nations. The scope of sustainability
includes:
a) Supporting economic growth for more prosperity in partner countries
b) Ensuring equal opportunities amongst social classes
c) Using natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations.
The GIZ assists in the formulation of regulatory framework and human and institutional capacity to
meet the goals and company concept of sustainable development. The facility works at
government level as well as associations, industry, local populations and international donors. As
renewable energy and energy efficiency falls under the umbrella of sustainable development, GIZ
is also committed to providing solutions for developing countries with interests in harnessing
natural resources to meet daily needs.
What is the role of the GIZ in the Caribbean?
The GIZ has played an important role in the development of the CREDP. The GIZ was also successful
in their Sustainable, fair and equitable globalization project which was lead by the United Nations
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). The facility was able to
achieve results in sustainable development, integrated management of natural resources and
dealing with climate change.
The GIZ was also responsible for the first wind assessment conducted in Dominica in 2003, where
specific sites in the North-East were identified, but the Government was warned of interconnection
and distribution issues. This facility was also conducted similar studies in Grenada and St Vincent.
The GIZ was a major player in the advisory service presented to the Government of Guyana with
respect to biofuels and Jamaicas renewable energy policy.
European Commission Financing (EU)
The European Commission is committed to meeting Millennium Development Goals by contributing,
by way of financing development projects, in developing countries. By tackling poverty, boosting
local economies and strengthening governance in the weakest of nations, the support provided by
the EU is used so as to secure the long-term future of developing countries.
The European Development Fund (EDF) is the main facility for providing aid for enhancing
development in African Caribbean Pacific (ACP) countries and Overseas countries and territories
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(OCT). The European Commission finances most if its developmental programs through the EDF with
contributions totalling 22.7billion euro for the period of 2008-2013.
What is the role of the EU in the Caribbean?
In 2008, the Caribbean Forum of African Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) States (CARIFORUM) and the
European Commission, signed a Financing Agreement totaling US$ 2.45 million to support the
Caribbean Region in the Sustainable Management of its Energy Resources. As part of this total,
CARICOM is contributing US$ 200,000.
The project seeks to:
a) Increase capacity development in the Caribbean region
b) Increase investment into renewable energy projects
c) Exploiting carbon trading investment opportunities
Dominica has benefitted from EU funding under its Geothermal Energy Development in the
Caribbean project. This project seeks to explore the geothermal energy potential in Dominica
based upon the results of an OAS Study conducted in 2005.
European contributions to Caribbean efforts in renewable energy are also felt through the Euro-
Caribbean Forum which is committed to assisting in the Caribbean region by:
a) Sharing information and results derived from RET projects including replication of European
experiences
b) Indentifying potential RE projects in the Caribbean
c) Promoting trade in RE devices and systems
World Bank
The World Bank is an avid supporter of renewable energy development in developing countries. For
the year 2009, the World Bank reached record high investments for new renewable energy and
energy efficiency with loans totalling US$3.1billion. The World Bank comprises of two institutions:
the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International
Development Association (IDA). The bank provides low interest loans, interest-free credits and
grants to developing countries to support projects aimed at enhancing growth on a national scale.
By focusing on achieving the Millennium Development Goals the Bank delivers technical, financial
and other assistance to those most in need of guidance and where it can make the greatest impact
and promote socio-economic growth.
What is the role of the World Bank in the Caribbean?
The World Bank has supported many projects geared towards Climate Change and Renewable
Energy Sector development in the Caribbean. In 2003 the World Bank launched the Mainstreaming
Adaptation to Climate Change Project for LAC countries. As SIDS are most vulnerable to the effects
of Climate change, the world bank accepted the tasks of preparing the Caribbean islands of the
associated and projected impacts of climate change and continued increases in carbon dioxide
emissions.
The Agence France de Development (AFD), Fonds Francais pour lEnvironnement Mondial
(FFEM) and French Environment and Energy Agency (ADEME)
These French institutions are the main funding agencies currently responsible for geothermal
feasibility, development and interconnection standards in Dominica. These three agencies are
multi-lateral international funding agencies providing structured grants and loans for the
development of projects enabling growth in developing countries.
West Indies Power Holding BV
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This is a Caribbean based IPP specializing in Geothermal development. WIPH is owned by Caribbean
and European shareholders and is registered in the Netherland Antilles. WIPH is in charge of
geothermal development in Nevis and Dominica. The first geothermal power plant in Nevis is
expected to be completed in 2010.
Environmental Foundation of Jamaica (EFJ)
The EFJ was established in 1993 between the Government of Jamaica and the US, with the prime
role as supporter and promoter of sustainable activities which are geared towards the conservation
and management of natural resources. To date, the facility has approved 1,134 projects to the
tune of US$24 million.
In the year 2008-2009, the EFJ has supported projects with an alternative energy focus; the main
project being the Mango Valley and Dallas Castle Farmers. The funds obtained from the EFJ were
used to implement solar and biogas energy systems. This in turn provided light and power from
their agro-processing industries.
Inter-American Foundation (IAF)
This facility is an independent agency of the US government that provides grants to
nongovernmental and community-based organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean for
innovative, sustainable and participatory self-help programs. The IAF provides grants and
fellowships under the following opportunities:
a) Investment into grassroots development as part of the community communitys outreach or
objectives.
b) Partnership with the Institute of International Education (IIE) to supply fellowships which
support dissertation work by candidates for PhD programs in the US.
What is the role of the IAF in the Caribbean?
Thus far, the IAF has provided parallel funding alongside the EFJ, Jamaica to support the
introduction and implementation of alternative power generation for cottage industries in 2009.
Petroleum Corporation of Jamaica (PCJ)
Is a Jamaican Statuatory corporation, which operates under the Ministry of Energy and Mining with
the exclusive rights to explore for oil, to develop and manage Jamaicas petroleum and natural
resources. However, since 1995 the PCJ has been mandated to develop indigenous renewable
energy resources to prevent adverse effects on the environment and to assist the Government in
realizing the goals of Jamaica Energy Sector policy. As such the PCJ has supported renewable
energy development by:
a) Implementing the Energy Conservation Incentive in Schools in 1993
b) Commissioning the Caribbeans first large Wind Farm, Wigton with a capacity of 20.7MW.
c) Establishing the Centre of Excellence in Renewable Energy in 2006 which is mandated to
develop and diversify Jamaicas energy mix with the use of RE, research, education and
demonstration of new technologies and methods.
As such, the PCJ has partnered with the IDB in 2009 to commence a three year study on wind and
solar options for Jamaica. PCJ is contributing 22% of total costs of this project amounting to
US$230,000.
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO)
The FAO supports the implementation of sustainable energy practices that will protect the natural
resource base which will halt the actions of natural resource degradation, increase conflicts over
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scarce resources etc. The FAO of the UN supports both developed and developing countries in
battling hunger as well as modernising and improving agricultural practices.
The Natural Resource and Environment department is committed to developing and sharing
technical and policy advice and knowledge to promote sustainable use of the earths resources in
agricultural and bio-energy efforts.
As such, the FAO partnered with the EFJ in 2008 to assist in funding the Dallas Castle & Mango
Valley Farm Group with solar and biogas energy systems which will enhance the farming and energy
practices of these two communities.
Department for International Development (DFID)
The DFID was installed by the UK government in 1997 to assist in meeting international and national
targets:
a) Millennium Development Goals of 2015
b) UK Governments Public Service Agreements
As such the DFID works to relief the effects of poverty in developing nations all over the world. To
achieve this, the DFID works with a wide variety of international bodies, organizations, charities
and NGOs including the World Bank, United Nations, As such 40% of DFID funding is distributed
through multi-lateral agencies.
In terms of renewable energy services, the DFID has played a major role in the Caribbean Island of
Montserrat providing support services in the form of procurement and exploration services to
determine the geothermal and wind potential in the island.

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