RumanNagra T00051584

BIOL 3101: Assignment 1 Question 1 (a). Male white crown learn their song early in life in order to demonstrate their brain quality to potential mates later on. (prediction hypothesis)x (b) Brain development should be negatively affected by poor growth condition early in life. (hypothesisprediction)x (c). We expect females to approach taped songs recorded from males that grew up under excellent conditions. (prediction)* (d). Males birds that are able to learn their songs can mimic those of their songs can mimic those of their immediate neighbors, which facilitates effective communication among rival males. (predictionhypothesis)x (e) White crown males that are deprived of food early in life ought not be able to copy the songs they hear as well as males that receive abundant food in the 10-50 day old stage. (hypothesisprediction)x (f) Young males that leave their birthplace should be able to shift the dialect they sing to match that of their neighbors in the new location. (hypothesisprediction)x (g) By making reproduction dependent upon a learned skill, selection insures that only the truly superior white crowned sparrow males will produce which helps eliminate harmful alleles from the species. (predictionhuypthesis)x (h) Which of the statement to (a) to (g) is based on group selection theory. (dx,ex,fx a,g*) 1 mark Question 2 (a) The behavior is instinctive. (ultimate causeproximate) (EHP).xx (b) Wing flipping scares some predators away. (proximate ultimate cause)x (EF)*. (c) The behavior is the product of a species set of muscle contraction.(proximate cause) (P).** (d) The behavior is a modified version of wing movements that many moths use to raise their body temperature in order to being flying. (proximate ultimate cause) (PG).xx (e) Alternative moth genes influence the way the adult animals nervous system forms concentration between its muscles & its wings. (proximate cause) (G).** 5 marks Question 3 (a) This is best way to keep the species population from getting too large.*

Formatted: Right

(b) Singing males attract mates in the spring.x (c). This enables females to pick the best males, thereby improving the genetic quality of white-throated sparrows.* (e) Females prefer males those songs indicate they belongs to the right species to mate with.x Question 4 (c) A comparison of identical & fraternal twins enables us to test the prediction that gene environment interaction shape the development of human behavior.* 2 marks @Question 5 (b) It shows the importance of early experience in shaping a child behavior.x (d) It is contrary to the following prediction: persons experiencing different environments should exhibit different behaviours. @Question 6 (d) Demonstrate that DNA is the molecule of heredity.x (a) Tell us that animal behaviour is dependent upon genetic information. Question 7 (a) There must have been genetic variation relevant to the development of barking in the initial population in the experiment.* 2 marks Question 8 (c) Not only has to have B>C but the difference between B&C has to be greater than any other alternative.* 2 marks Question 9 1.male wasp pounces on orchid flower petal. - ReleaserxInnate releasing mechanism 2. odours coming from orchid flower petal. -Releaser* 3.hypothetical element of wasps nervous system.- innate releasing mechanism* 1 mark Question 10

Formatted: Highlight

Formatted: Highlight

@(a) The intensity threshold on this graph refers to the: loudest sound of a given sound frequency that a cricket can hear.x

(a) Least intense response given by a cricket to a given sound frequency. (b) 3kHz*
(c) The graph does not constituent a scientific conclusion because: the date was collected only from on cricket and so are inconclusive.* @(d). We could best use the graph to demonstrate stimulate filtering by making the point that: individual crickets differ in their own intensity threshold for sounds of different frequencies.x (d) Crickets respond differently to sounds of different frequencies. 2 marks Question 11 @(a) Apredictionx (a) A hypothesis @(b) This theory was not absorbed because it is one of the complicated & at the same time most studied opening with huge amounts of theory.x (b) Stlhandske was using the theory of sexual selection. Males are selected only if the females can make sure that they will provide parental investment before fertilization occurs. (c) Females ought to be highly prepared to garb & hold silken taken from them but then offered back as if they were a nuptial gift.* and @ the time for a female to accept a nuptial gift should be less for prey covered in silk that has been experimentally coloured brown instead of white.? 1 mark Part B Long Answers: 1. Similarities in language learning inhumans and song learning in birds are that humans & birds follow similar steps recognition, practice, and clarity. The most important similarity in the humans and birds in learning their language can be consideredrecognition. Humans and birds listen to a tutor before they begin to communicate their language.*For both species it is necessary for them to hear themselves in order to vocalize their language correctly.* Just like humans the birds also have a dialect depending on where they live.* @one more? Thesesimilarities?have formed many hypotheses?but most important is that both the species is similar in steps,recognition, practice and clarity.?? @give some details for this answer? The comparison with birds suggest some interesting hypotheses on the ?adaptive value of learned language for members of our species such as birds communicate information? ubclear about danger, food, sex, group movements and many other purposes via acoustic signals.@again more detail?

Formatted: Highlight Formatted: Font: (Default) PalatinoLinotype-Roman, 11.5 pt, Font color: Auto Formatted: Don't adjust space between Latin and Asian text, Don't adjust space between Asian text and numbers

Formatted: Highlight

Formatted: Highlight

Formatted: Highlight

Formatted: Don't adjust space between Latin and Asian text, Don't adjust space between Asian text and numbers Formatted: Highlight

1. Similarities in language learning inhumans and song learning in birds are that humans & birds follow similar steps recognition, practice, and clarity. The most important similarity in the humans and birds in learning their language can be considered recognition. Humans and birds listen to a tutor before they begin to communicate their language.*For both species it is necessary for them to hear themselves in order to vocalize their language correctly. They both require the ability to percieve and reproduce sound. Just like humans the birds also have a dialect depending on where they live. Song of a bird and human speech are both acoustic signals. Both are produced when air is expired through a vocal system. Sensitive learning periods are required in both humans and birds to learn speech. The above mentioned similarities suggest that speech development may be controlled by certain genetic and physiological factors which are shared by humans as well as birds. Humans as well as birds share the FOXP2 gene which is responsible for speech. Mutations is FOXP2 is known to cause speech dysfunction in birds and humans. Similarly in human brain left hemisphere is known to control speech abilities so as in birds. Another important hypothesis is that he skill which is used by a person is important in mates choice as females evaluate male language ability unconsciously. Similary many song birds are known to mate with good male singers only thus proving language as an important aspect of mating. 10 marks 2. Genes are hereditary as well as their expression changes with respect to their environments. Genes are transcribed to produce RNA molecules. These RNA molecules are then translated to produce proteins. Proteins are involved in regulation of many biochemical processes like body building. For example muscles containnseveral proteins that are involved in contraction and relaxation. Environment influences which gene should be turned on to produce a particular protein and vice versa. It is claimed that men with two copies of I allele (II phenotype) are physically unable or possess lesser ability to develop their body and are bad mountain climbers. People possessing D allele are good climbers and can develop their body physically. ACE gene produces certain proteins which help in the development of stronger muscles that can be an advantage to mountain climbers. In persons with I alleles ACE gene might not produce the protein product. A single change in the alleles of a gene can stop the production of a normal protein while translation. The alteration in gene products produce two alternate phenotypes: mountain climbers and bad mountain climbers. More over, the activity of one gene might influence the downstream genes that might have a cascade of reactions. So a single gene along with their partners might also contribute to the difference in mountain climbing. 3. The transition to foraging in honey bees depends on the makeup of the colony such that if there is a shortage of nurse workers with in the hive, older bees will delay their shift to forging role* ...?per gene expression in the brains of these socially delayed older nurses relative to foragers of the same age from other colonies with numerous young nurses bees?? unclear run on sentence? the prediction is that honey bee workers switch from in hive tasks to foraging,they undergo transition from constant exposure to the controlled homogenous physical & sensory environment of the hive to prolonged diurnal exposures to

Formatted: Font: 11 pt, Font color: Text 1, Highlight Formatted: List Paragraph, Left, Numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering Style: 1, 2, 3, + Start at: 1 + Alignment: Left + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"

Formatted: Highlight Formatted: Left

Formatted: Font: 11 pt, Font color: Text 1, Highlight Formatted: List Paragraph, Numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering Style: 1, 2, 3, + Start at: 1 + Alignment: Left + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5" Formatted: Highlight Formatted: Font: 11 pt, Font color: Text 1, Highlight

Formatted: Highlight

Formatted: Font: 11 pt, Font color: Text 1, Highlight Formatted: Font: 11 pt, Font color: Text 1 Formatted: List Paragraph

a far more heterogeneous environment outside the hive.?? relevance unclear? (Elekonich, Michelle date?) @have another go what is the key process? Proximate hypothesis in the social interaction can alter circadian rhythms in honeybees are that they typically perform activities inside the dark andhomeostatically regulated hive with no circadian rhythms. unclear? Ultimate hypothesis in the social interaction can alter circadian rhythms in honey bees are that foragers to environment factors such as light &temperature ?cannot circadian rhythms.? sense?TheseBboth hypotheses?are also based on fruit files? sense?, which do not live in highly organized society. @have another go? 5 marks 4. @Dawkins main point is ??It is true that the above sentence formation analogy is more an example for the cumulative selection?.sense? In this, the ultimate complex outcome has obtained in a course of time through simple mutations or incidents passing through a set of simple steps. However in the current example where the sentence is formed again and again through a set of selective eliminations and approximations using the computer, each time the outcome is more nearer to the expected complexity. However during the process of modification, the prevailing conditions are not naturally obtained, infact they are the artificially induced. It can be better explained that the computer is not trying to yield altogether a different product from a range of inputs. ?It is artificially subjected to alter only the given intake sentence.? unclear Again in the next generation outcomes, only the sentence that closely resembles the final sentence is selected for further mutation. The process has all attributes of the natural selection like, heritable difference, reproductive success rate based on these differences, however the process is artificially controlled and hence is better an example of artificial selection rather than a natural selection.* @why precisely? Hence the Dawkins experiment is well within the scope of the meaning of the cumulative selection but however it is a class of artificial selection not a natural selection.* 3. Dawkins main point is evolution is cumulative and there is no random variation of genes in a new offspring. It is true that the above sentence formation analogy in the question is more an example for the cumulative selection.Small changes in the sequence of genes accumulate over a time to bring up a perfect model after a number of generations. Another important fact is that there is no perfect model in evolution. It continuously occurs as long as there is life. In this, the ultimate complex outcome has obtained in a course of time through simple mutations or incidents passing through a set of simple steps. However in the current example where the sentence is formed again and again through a set of selective eliminations and approximations using the computer, each time the outcome is more nearer to the expected complexity. However during the process of modification, the prevailing conditions are not naturally obtained, infact they are the artificially induced. It can be better explained that the computer is not trying to yield altogether a different product from a range of inputs. It takes in each sequence formed in each generation and alters it. It is artificially subjected to alter only the given intake sentence. Again in the next generation outcomes, only the sentence that closely resembles the final sentence is selected for further mutation. The process has all attributes of the natural selection like, heritable difference, reproductive success rate based on these differences, however the process is artificially controlled and hence is better an example of artificial selection rather than a natural selection. The reason is that in

Formatted: Right

Formatted: Font: 11 pt, Font color: Text 1, Highlight Formatted: List Paragraph, Numbered + Level: 1 + Numbering Style: 1, 2, 3, + Start at: 1 + Alignment: Left + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"

natural selection a trait favorable to the offspring naturally develops without error while in artificial selection a search for obtaining the best model (as in the generation of correct words) in the experiment is seen. Hence the Dawkins experiment is well within the scope of the meaning of the cumulative selection but however it is a class of artificial selection not a natural selection. 12 marks References Elekonich, Michelle., Roberts Stephen.Honey bees as a model for understanding mechanisms of life history transitions. August 2005. P 362-371.

Formatted: Right

Total Mark 43 %
General Marking Scheme: * = Correct point ** = Very good point @ = Redo this question or part question for more marks

Ruman: Please see my comments above. If you add to answers marked with a @ Ill add to your mark.

Mary