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Calendar
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Biod&namic a'ric%l(%re
From Wi)ipedia, ($e *ree enc&clopedia !art"of"a"series"on

Anthroposophy
General

#nthroposophy""$udolf"%teiner &oetheanum""#nthroposophical"%ociety
Anthroposophically inspired work

#nthroposophical"medicine Biod&namic a'ric%l(%re 'amphill" o(ement""")urythmy""*aldorf"education

Philosophy

!hilosophy"of"+reedom %ocial"threefolding
, "

"

Biodynamic agriculture is a me($od o* or'anic *armin' ($a( emp$asi+es ($e $olis(ic de,elopmen( and in(errela(ions$ips o* ($e soil, plan(s and animals as a sel*-s%s(ainin' s&s(em. 12.. .ne o* ($e *irs( modern ecolo'ical *armin' s&s(ems,/012 i( emp$asi+es a s%s(aina le approac$ (o a'ric%l(%re.34 Biod&namics $as m%c$ in common wi($ o($er or'anic approac$es/ i( emp$asi+es ($e %se o* man%res and compos(s and e0cl%des ($e %se o* ar(i*icial c$emicals on soil and plan(s. "e($ods %ni1%e (o ($e

iod&namic approac$ incl%de an emp$asis on in(e'ra(in' *arm animals, ($e c%l(i,a(ion o* crops, and ($e care o* ($e land2 ($e %se o* *ermen(ed $er al and mineral prepara(ions as compos( addi(i,es and *ield spra&s2 an emp$asis *rom i(s e'innin's on local prod%c(ion and dis(ri %(ion s&s(ems %sin' local reeds and ,arie(ies2 and ($e %se o* an as(ronomical sowin' and plan(in' calendar.1011 #$ere are independen( cer(i*ica(ion a'encies *or iod&namic prod%c(s2 mos( o* ($ese a'encies are mem ers o* ($e in(erna(ional iod&namics s(andards 'ro%p Deme(er In(erna(ional. A 200342055 re,iew *o%nd ($a( iod&namicall& c%l(i,a(ed *ields ac$ie,e lower a sol%(e &ields %( e((er ener'& e**icienc& o* prod%c(ion2 impac( ($e en,ironmen( posi(i,el&, incl%din' increased iodi,ersi(&2 $ad 'rea(er ear($worm pop%la(ions and iomass ($an con,en(ional *arms2 main(ained or sli'$(l& impro,ed or'anic car on le,els, w$ile o($ or'anic and con,en(ional *armin' (ec$ni1%es res%l(ed in a loss o* or'anic car on2 $ad $i'$er micro ial iomass car on and de$&dro'enase ac(i,i(& ($an ($ose o* ei($er or'anicall& or con,en(ionall& *armed *ields.1112/23 As o* 2055 iod&namic (ec$ni1%es were %sed on 542,462 $ec(ares in 47 co%n(ries2 8erman& acco%n(s *or 45.59 o* ($e 'lo al (o(al.53 Biod&namic me($ods o* c%l(i,a(in' wine 'rapes $a,e een (a)en %p roadl&, incl%din' & no(a le ,ine&ards54 Biod&namic a'ric%l(%re $as een c$arac(eri+ed as pseudoscience & cri(ics.10111213 I(s *o%nder, $udolf"

%teiner, and i(s de,elopers c$arac(eri+e i( as :spiri(%al science:. #$e& ad,oca(e (a)in' a holistic ,iew ra($er
($an a reductionist ,iew.14/
Con(en(s ""hide"

1"5istory o o o o 1.1"&eographic"de(elopments 2"6iodynamic"method"of"farming 2.1"6iodynamic"preparations 2.1.1"+ield"preparations 2.1.2"'ompost"preparations 2.2"#stronomical"planting"calendar 2.."%eed"production ."6iodynamic"certification /"%tudies"of"efficacy o o o /.1"$e(iews /.2"7ndi(idual"studies 0"$eception 0.1"'riti8ues"of"methodology

0.2"6iodynamic"wine 1"%ee"also 2"9otes 3"$eferences 4"):ternal"links

History
#$e de,elopmen( o* iod&namic a'ric%l(%re e'an in 5324 wi($ a series o* ei'$( lec(%res on a'ric%l(%re 'i,en & p$ilosop$er ;%dol* <(einer a( <c$loss Ko erwi(+ in <ilesia, 8erman&, =now Ko ier+&ce in Poland eas( o* Wroc>aw?. #$e lec(%res, ($e *irs( )nown (o $a,e een 'i,en on or'anic a'ric%l(%re, 4 were $eld in response (o a re1%es( & *armers w$o no(iced de'raded soil condi(ions and a de(eriora(ion in ($e $eal($ and 1%ali(& o* crops and li,es(oc) res%l(in' *rom ($e %se o* c$emical *er(ili+ers.20 #$e one $%ndred and ele,en a((endees, less ($an $al* o* w$om were *armers, came *rom si0 co%n(ries, primaril& 8erman& and Poland. 4 #$e lec(%res were p% lis$ed in @o,em er 53242 ($e *irs( En'lis$ (ransla(ion appeared in 5326 as The Agriculture Course.25 <(einer emp$asi+ed ($a( ($e me($ods $e proposed s$o%ld e (es(ed e0perimen(all&. An a'ric%l(%ral researc$ 'ro%p, direc(ed & Er$ard Bar(sc$, was *ormed (o (es( ($e e**ec(s o* iod&namic me($ods on ($e li*e and $eal($ o* soil, plan(s and animals2 ($e 'ro%p p% lis$ed a mon($l& Ao%rnal Demeter.53 Bar(sc$ was also ins(r%men(al in de,elopin' a sales or'anisa(ion *or iod&namic prod%c(s, Demeter, w$ic$ s(ill e0is(s (oda&. #$e researc$ 'ro%p, renamed The Imperial Association for Biodynamic Agriculture in ($e 5330s, was dissol,ed & ($e @a(ional <ocialis( re'ime in 5345. In 5336, E$ren*ried P*ei**erBs 'ro%nd rea)in' (e0( Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening was p% lis$ed in *i,e lan'%a'es/ En'lis$, D%(c$, I(alian, Frenc$, and 8erman2 ($is ecame ($e s(andard wor) in ($e *ield *or se,eral decades.53 #oda& iod&namics is prac(iced in more ($an 50 co%n(ries worldwide. &ermany, 7taly and 7ndia are repor(ed (o e ($e leadin' co%n(ries in iod&namic a'ric%l(%re ased on iod&namic $ec(ares. 22 ;emeter"

7nternational is ($e primar& cer(i*ica(ion a'enc& *or *arms and 'ardens %sin' ($e me($ods.

8eo'rap$ic de,elopmen(s

In A%s(ralia ($e *irs( iod&namic prepara(ions were made & Ernes(o 8enoni in "el o%rne in 532723 and & Bo Williams in <&dne& in 5333. <ince ($e 5350s researc$ wor) $as con(in%ed a( ($e Biod&namic ;esearc$ Ins(i(%(e =BD;I?24 in Powell(own, near "el o%rne A%s(ralia %nder ($e direc(ion o* Ale0 Podolins)&.25 In 5363 Biod&namic A'ric%l(%re A%s(ralia was es(a lis$ed, as a no( *or pro*i( associa(ion.

In 5326 ($e Anthroposophical Agricultural Foundation was *o%nded in En'land532 ($is is now called ($e Biodynamic Agriculture Association. In 5333, Bri(ainBs *irs( iod&namic a'ric%l(%re con*erence, ($eBe((es$an'er <%mmer <c$ool and Con*erence on Biod&namic A'ric%l(%re, was $eld a( Cord @or($ o%rneBs *arm in Ken(2 E$ren*ried P*ei**er was ($e lead presen(er.2D

In ($e Eni(ed <(a(es, ($e Biod&namic Farmin' F 8ardenin' Associa(ion was *o%nded in 5336 as a @ew Gor) s(a(e corpora(ion.

In France ($e In(erna(ional Federa(ion o* .r'anic A'ric%l(%re "o,emen(s =IF.A"? was *ormed in 5372 wi($ *i,e *o%ndin' mem ers, one o* w$ic$ was ($e <wedis$ Biod&namic Associa(ion. 27

#$e Eni,ersi(& o* <assel $ad a Depar(men( o* Biod&namic A'ric%l(%re *rom 200D (o "arc$ 2055. 23

Biodynamic method of farming

In common wi($ o($er *orms o* or'anic a'ric%l(%re, iod&namic a'ric%l(%re %ses mana'emen( prac(ices ($a( :res(ore, main(ain and en$ance ecolo'ical $armon&.: D Cen(ral *ea(%res incl%de crop di,ersi*ica(ion, ($e a,oidance o* c$emical soil (rea(men(s and o**-*arm inp%(s 'enerall&, decen(rali+ed prod%c(ion and dis(ri %(ion, and ($e considera(ion o* celes(ial and (erres(rial in*l%ences on iolo'ical or'anisms. 241 Biod&namic *armers see) (o in(e'ra(e soil, crops, animals, and socie(& as in(erdependen( par(s o* a $olis(icall& concei,ed and sel*-s%s(ainin' ecolo'ical en(i(&. D Impor(an( *ea(%res incl%de ($e %se o* li,es(oc) man%res (o s%s(ain plan( 'row($ =rec&clin' o* n%(rien(s?, main(enance and impro,emen( o* soil 1%ali(&, and ($e $eal($ and well ein' o* crops and animals.20 Co,er crops, 'reen man%res and crop ro(a(ions are %sed e0(ensi,el& and ($e *arms *os(er ($e io-di,ersi(& o* plan(, insec(, ird, and o($er animal li*e. #$e& also wor) (o en$ance ($e iolo'ical c&cles and ($e iolo'ical ac(i,i(& o* ($e soil. D Biod&namic *arms o*(en $a,e a c%l(%ral componen( and enco%ra'e local comm%ni(&, o($ ($ro%'$ de,elopin' local sales and ($ro%'$ on-*arm comm%ni(& %ildin' ac(i,i(ies. <ome iod&namic *arms %se ($eComm%ni(& <%ppor(ed A'ric%l(%re model, w$ic$ $as connec(ions wi($ social ($ree*oldin'. BD *armin' prac(ices $a,e een *o%nd (o e more resilien( (o en,ironmen(al c$allen'es, (o *os(er a di,erse iosp$ere, and (o e more ener'& e**icien(2 *ac(ors o* increasin' impor(ance in ($e *ace o* clima(e c$an'e, ener'& scarci(& and pop%la(ion 'row($. .0

Biod&namic prepara(ions
<(einer prescri ed nine di**eren( prepara(ions (o aid *er(ili+a(ion, and descri ed $ow ($ese were (o e prepared. <(einer elie,ed ($a( ($ese prepara(ions media(ed (erres(rial and cosmic *orces in(o ($e soil. 3 #$e prepared s% s(ances are n%m ered 500 ($ro%'$ 506, w$ere ($e *irs( (wo are %sed *or preparin' *ields w$ereas ($e la((er se,en are %sed *or ma)in' compos(. A lon' (erm (rial =D.K e0perimen(? e,al%a(in' ($e iod&namic *armin' s&s(em in comparison wi($ or'anic and con,en(ional *armin' s&s(ems, *o%nd ($a( prepara(ions $a,e in*l%ence

on soil s(r%c(%re and micro-or'anisms en$ancin' soil *er(ili(& and increasin' iodi,ersi(&. 35 ;e'ardin' compos( de,elopmen( e&ond accelera(in' ($e ini(ial p$ase o* compos(in', some posi(i,e e**ec(s $a,e een no(ed/ 32

#$e *ield spra&s con(ain s% s(ances ($a( s(im%la(e plan( 'row($ incl%de c&(o)inins. <ome impro,emen( in n%(rien( con(en( o* compos(.

Field prepara(ions
-his"section"needs additional

citations forverification."(J

anuary 2012)

Field prepara(ions, *or s(im%la(in' humus *orma(ion/

500/ =$orn-man%re? a $%m%s mi0(%re prepared & *illin' ($e $orn o* a cow wi($ cow manure and %r&in' i( in ($e 'ro%nd =40HD0 cm elow ($e s%r*ace? in ($e a%(%mn. I( is le*( (o decompose d%rin' ($e win(er and reco,ered *or %se ($e *ollowin' sprin'.

501/ Cr%s$ed powdered 1%ar(+ prepared & s(%**in' i( in(o a $orn o* a cow and %ried in(o ($e 'ro%nd in sprin' and (a)en o%( in a%(%mn. I( can e mi0ed wi($ 500 %( %s%all& prepared on i(s own =mi0(%re o* 5 (a lespoon o* 1%ar(+ powder (o 250 li(ers o* wa(er? #$e mi0(%re is spra&ed %nder ,er& low press%re o,er ($e crop d%rin' ($e we( season, in an a((emp( (o pre,en( *%n'al diseases. I( s$o%ld e spra&ed on an o,ercas( da& or earl& in ($e mornin' (o pre,en( %rnin' o* ($e lea,es.

Bo($ 500 and 505 are %sed on *ields & s(irrin' a o%( one (easpoon o* ($e con(en(s o* a $orn in 40HD0 li(ers o* wa(er *or an $o%r, crea(in' ,or(e0es in al(erna(e direc(ions.

Compos( prepara(ions
-his"section"needs additional

citations forverification."(J

anuary 2012)

Compos( prepara(ions, %sed *or preparin' compos(, emplo& $er s w$ic$ are *re1%en(l& %sed in medicinal remedies/

502/ =arrow lossoms =Achillea millefolium? are s(%**ed in(o urinary"bladders *rom $ed"

;eer =Cervus elaphus?, placed in ($e s%n d%rin' s%mmer, %ried in ear($ d%rin' win(er and re(rie,ed in
($e sprin'.

503/ 'hamomile lossoms =Matricaria recutita? are s(%**ed in(o small"

intestines *rom cattle %ried in $%m%s-ric$ ear($ in ($e a%(%mn and re(rie,ed in ($e sprin'.
504/ %tinging"nettle =Urtica dioica? plan(s in *%ll loom are s(%**ed (o'e($er %nder'ro%nd s%rro%nded on all sides & peat *or a &ear.

505/ >ak bark = uercus ro!ur? is c$opped in small pieces, placed inside ($e s)%ll o* a domes(ica(ed animal, s%rro%nded & pea( and %ried in ear($ in a place w$ere lo(s o* rain wa(er r%ns pas(.

506/ ;andelion *lowers =Tara"acum officinale? are s(%**ed in(o ($e mesentery o* a cow and %ried in ear($ d%rin' win(er and re(rie,ed in ($e sprin'.

507/ ,alerian *lowers =#aleriana officinalis? are e0(rac(ed in(o wa(er. 508/ Iorse(ail =$%uisetum?

.ne (o ($ree 'rams =a (easpoon? o* eac$ prepara(ion is added (o a d%n' $eap & di''in' 50 cm deep $oles wi($ a dis(ance o* 2 me(ers *rom eac$ o($er, e0cep( *or ($e 507 prepara(ion, w$ic$ is s(irred in(o 5 li(ers o* wa(er and spra&ed o,er ($e en(ire compos( s%r*ace. All prepara(ions are ($%s %sed in $omeopa($ic 1%an(i(ies. Eac$ compos( prepara(ion is desi'ned (o '%ide a par(ic%lar decomposi(ion process in ($e compos(in'mass. .ne s(%d& *o%nd ($a( ($e oa) ar) prepara(ion impro,ed disease resis(ance in +%cc$ini. .2

As(ronomical plan(in' calendar

#$e approac$ considers ($a( ($ere are as(ronomical in*l%ences on soil and plan( de,elopmen(, speci*&in', *or e0ample, w$a( p$ase o* ($e moon is mos( appropria(e *or plan(in', c%l(i,a(in' or $ar,es(in' ,ario%s )inds o* crops... #$is aspec( o* iod&namics $as een (ermed :as(rolo'ical: in na(%re. ./

<eed prod%c(ion
Biod&namic a'ric%l(%re $as *oc%sed on ($e open pollina(ion o* seeds =wi($ *armers ($ere & 'enerall& 'rowin' ($eir own seed? and ($e de,elopmen( o* locall& adap(ed ,arie(ies. #$e seed s(oc) is no( con(rolled & lar'e, m%l(ina(ional seed companies..0

Biodynamic certification
#o recei,e cer(i*ica(ion as a iod&namic *arm, ($e *arm m%s( mee( ($e *ollowin' s(andards/ a'ronomic '%idelines, 'reen$o%se mana'emen(, s(r%c(%ral componen(s, li,es(oc) '%idelines, and pos( $ar,es( $andlin' and processin' proced%res.3D #$e (erm Biodynamic is a (rademar) $eld & ($e ;emeter associa(ion o* iod&namic *armers *or ($e p%rpose o* main(ainin' prod%c(ion s(andards %sed o($ in *armin' and processin' *oods(%**s.=#$is is no( a (rademar) $eld pri,a(el& in @ew Jealand? #$e (rademar) is in(ended (o pro(ec( o($ ($e cons%mer and ($e prod%cers o* iod&namic prod%ce. ;emeter"7nternational is an or'ani+a(ion o* mem er co%n(ries2 eac$ co%n(r& $as i(s

own Deme(er or'ani+a(ion w$ic$ is re1%ired (o mee( in(erna(ional prod%c(ion s(andards = %( can also e0ceed ($em?. #$e ori'inal Deme(er or'ani+a(ion was *o%nded in 53262 ($e E.<. Deme(er Associa(ion was *ormed in ($e 5360s and cer(i*ied i(s *irs( *arm in 5362. In +rance, 6iodi(in cer(i*ies biodynamic"

wine..2 In )gypt, %)<)

$as crea(ed ($e E'&p(ian Biod&namic Associa(ion =EBDA?, an associa(ion ($a(

pro,ides (rainin' *or *armers (o ecome cer(i*ied. .3

Studies of efficacy
<(%dies $a,e compared iod&namic *armin' me($ods (o o($ o($er or'anic me($ods and (o con,en(ional me($ods. "os( s(%dies $a,e *o%nd ($a( iod&namic *arms $a,e soil 1%ali(& si'ni*ican(l& e((er ($an con,en(ionall& *armed soils %( compara le (o ($e soil 1%ali(& ac$ie,ed & o($er or'anic me($ods2 ($e decisi,e *ac(or is li)el& (o e ($e %se o* compos(..4

;e,iews
A 200342055 re,iew *o%nd ($a( iod&namicall& c%l(i,a(ed *ields/ 1112/23

ac$ie,e lower a sol%(e &ields %( e((er e**icienc& o* prod%c(ion =rela(i,e (o ener'& inp%(? vague $ad 'rea(er ear($worm pop%la(ions and iomass ($an con,en(ional *arms2 o($ *ac(ors were similar (o ($e res%l( in or'anicall& c%l(i,a(ed *ields.

main(ained or sli'$(l& impro,ed ($e or'anic car on le,els, w$ile o($ or'anic and con,en(ional *armin' (ec$ni1%es res%l(ed in a loss o* or'anic car on.not in citation given

$ad $i'$er micro ial iomass car on and de$&dro'enase ac(i,i(& ($an ($ose o* ei($er or'anicall& or con,en(ionall& *armed *ields.not in citation given

Indi,id%al s(%dies
Indi,id%al s(%dies $a,e *o%nd/

A lon'-(erm s(%d& cond%c(ed a( a commercial ,ine&ard in Cali*ornia compared ,ine&ard loc)s (rea(ed wi($ iod&namic prepara(ions alon'side ($ose (ended wi($ 'eneral or'anic *armin' me($ods, (o e0amine e**ec(s %pon soil and crop 1%ali(&. :@o di**erences were *o%nd in soil 1%ali(&: d%rin' ($e *irs( si0 &ears o* ($e s(%d&, and anal&ses o* o($er indica(ors incl%din' ($e &ield per ,ine, cl%s(ers per ,ine, cl%s(er and err& wei'$( also s$owed ($ere were no di**erences. #$e s(%d& did *ind a s(a(is(icall& si'ni*ican( =p-,al%e K 0.05? di**erence in ($e &ield-(o-pr%nin' wei'$( ra(io, indica(in' an :ideal ,ine alance *or prod%cin' $i'$-1%ali(& wine 'rapes: *or ($e iod&namicall& (rea(ed crop, %( no(ed ($e con(rol ,ines $ad een :sli'$(l& o,ercropped:. In one par(ic%lar &ear o* ($e s(%d& ($e iod&namicall& (rea(ed wine 'rapes $ad si'ni*ican(l& $i'$er Bri0and no(a l& $i'$er (o(al p$enols and an($oc&anins. In concl%sion, ($e s(%d& *o%nd ($a(

iod&namic prepara(ions :ma& a**ec(: ($e ,ine canop& and c$emis(r&, %( s$owed no e**ec(s on ($e soil and (iss%e n%(rien( parame(ers meas%red in ($e s(%d&. 40

Decomposi(ion was si'ni*ican(l& *as(er in plo(s w$ic$ recei,ed *arm&ard man%re =FG"? (rea(ed wi($ iod&namic prepara(ions ($an in plo(s w$ic$ recei,ed no FG", FG" wi($o%( prepara(ions or FG" wi($ an al(erna(i,e prepara(ion. :#$e applica(ion o* comple(el& prepared FG" led (o si'ni*ican(l& $i'$er iomass and a %ndance o* endo'eic or anecic ear($worms ($an in plo(s w$ere non-prepared FG" was applied.: 45

A 25-&ear s(%d& & "Lder et al *or ($e FiBC Ins(i(%(e in <wi(+erland compared ($e a'ronomic and ecolo'ical per*ormance o* iod&namic, or'anic and (wo con,en(ional s&s(ems. #$e s(%d& *o%nd ($a( n%(rien( inp%( in ($e iod&namic and or'anic s&s(ems was 34 (o 559 lower ($an in ($e con,en(ional s&s(ems %( crop &ield was onl& 209 lower on a,era'e, indica(in' more e**icien( prod%c(ion. #$e (o(al ener'& =*or *%el, prod%c(ion o* mineral *er(ili+er and pes(icides, e(c.? (o prod%ce a dr&-ma((er %ni( o* crop was 20 (o 5D9 lower *or ($e iod&namic and or'anic s&s(ems, and pes(icide inp%( was red%ced & 379 = & 5009 *or ($e iod&namic s&s(em?. In re'ard (o soil a''re'a(e s(a ili(&, soil pI, $%m%s *orma(ion, soil calci%m, micro ial iomass, and *a%nal iomass =ear($worms and ar($ropods?, ($e iod&namic s&s(em was s%perior e,en (o ($e or'anic s&s(em, w$ic$ in (%rn $ad s%perior res%l(s o,er ($e con,en(ional s&s(ems. Wi($ ($e si'ni*ican( increase in micro ial di,ersi(& in ($e iod&namic and or'anic s&s(ems, ($ere was a si'ni*ican( associa(ed decrease in me(a olic 1%o(ien(, indica(in' a 'rea(er a ili(& (o %se or'anic ma(erial *or plan( 'row($./2/.

#$e me($odolo'& o* ($is s(%d& was cri(ici+ed & (wo wine wri(ersMp$ilosop$& pro*essor Do%'lass <mi($ and criminolo'& pro*essor NesOs Bar1%PnM*or *ailin' (o separa(e m&s(ical elemen(s in iod&namics *rom s(andard or'anic (ec$ni1%es and *or comparin' iod&namic *armin' wi($ o($ or'anic and con,en(ional, ra($er ($an solel& wi($ or'anic me($ods. <%pplemen(al ma(erials, *o%nd online %( no( in ($e p% lis$ed paper, descri ed si'ni*ican( di**erences e(ween ($e iod&namic and ($e or'anic me($odolo'&2 *or ins(ance, %nspeci*ied c$emicals were added (o ($e or'anic *armBs compos(, possi l& leadin' (o i(s sli'$(l& poorer per*ormance.///0

Ceadin'4D EK iolo'is( An($on& :#on&: #rewa,as cri(ici+ed ($e s(%d& *or poorl& represen(in' con,en(ional in(e'ra(ed *arm mana'emen( =IF"? me($ods, wi($ "Lder et alBs repor(ed con,en(ional &ields some 409 lower ($an w$a( $e sees ro%(inel&. 47 #rewa,as parap$rased Iol'er Kirc$mannBs concl%sions in sa&in' ($a( <(einerBs *armin' me($od :wi($ i(s elie* in cosmic *orces $as no place in an& scien(i*ic disc%ssion and is considered occ%l( in c$arac(er.: 47

In 5333, Noac$im ;a%pp o* ($e Ins(i(%(e *or Biod&namic ;esearc$ repor(ed ($a( in a lon'-(erm (rial across *o%r *ields o* ro(a(in' crops, ($e %se o* iod&namic prepara(ions wi($ or'anic *er(ili+er was *o%nd (o increase soil or'anic ma((er con(en( si'ni*ican(l& more ($an ($e same 1%an(i(& o* or'anic *er(ili+er wi($o%(

($e prepara(ions2 o($ *orms o* or'anic applica(ions increased soil or'anic ma((er more ($an mineral *er(ili+er. Iowe,er, ;a%pp no(iced ($a( crop &ield did no( *ollow ($e same pa((ern/ ($e &ield o* sprin' w$ea( was ($e same no ma((er w$ic$ *er(ili+er was %sed, and mineral *er(ili+ers prod%ced 339 more win(er r&e and 509 more po(a(oes ($an or'anic *er(ili+ers wi($ or wi($o%( iod&namic addi(i,es. 46

A *%r($er s(%d& in,es(i'a(ed w$e($er iod&namic prepara(ions $ad an& e**ec( on ($e &ield and 'row($ o* len(il and w$ea( crops, weed pop%la(ions and soil *er(ili(& in ($e s$or( (erm. #$e s(%d& *o%nd ($a( :in 'eneral, soils and crops (rea(ed wi($ iod&namic prepara(ions s$owed *ew di**erences *rom ($ose no( (rea(ed:. Plo(s (ended wi($ iod&namicall& (rea(ed compos( prod%ced res%l(s *or &ield, crop 1%ali(& and soil *er(ili(& ($a( were ($e same (o ($ose (ended wi($ non- iod&namic compos(s and @PK *er(ili+ers. <ome al(era(ion was o ser,ed in ($e ni(ro'eno%s c$emis(r& o* ($e soil and 'rain w$ere iod&namic *ield spra&s were applied, $owe,er ($e s(%d& did no( ascri e or discern an& iolo'ical si'ni*icance (o ($e di**erence. Amon' ($e ,aria les considered & ($e s(%d&, some meas%red o%(comes correla(ed wi($ iod&namic *ield spra& %sa'e, incl%din' a $i'$er per-%ni( iomass &ield ra(io *or len(ils and a lowerin' o* car on and cr%de pro(ein con(en(s in w$ea( 'rains. #$e s(%d&Bs concl%sion remar)ed ($a( :an& addi(ional s$or(-(erm ene*i(s *rom iod&namic prepara(ions remain 1%es(iona le.: 43

"inor e**ec(s *or ($e *ield spra&s on ($e car on con(en( and soil micro ial *a((& acid pro*ile, %( no e**ec(s *or ($e compos( prepara(ions50

A 5333 s(%d& compared soil 1%ali(& and *inancial per*ormance o* Biod&namic and con,en(ional *arms in @ew Jealand. #$e s(%d& repor(ed ($a(, :#$e Biod&namic *arms pro,ed in mos( en(erprises (o $a,e soils o* $i'$er iolo'ical and p$&sical 1%ali(&/ si'ni*ican(l& 'rea(er in or'anic ma((er, con(en( and micro ial ac(i,i(&, more ear($worms, e((er soil s(r%c(%re, lower %l) densi(&, easier pene(ra ili(&, and ($ic)er (opsoil.:01#$e iod&namic *arms were A%s( as *inanciall& ,ia le on a per $ec(are asis. 01 #$e s(%d& compared iod&namic *arms wi($ adAacen( con,en(ional *arms, %( didnB( a((emp( (o compare *arms o* similar si+e, or wi($ similar crops.

Rece tion
Cri(i1%es o* me($odolo'&
Biod&namic a'ric%l(%re $as een cri(ici+ed as pse%doscience & sc$olars. In a 2002 newspaper orial, Pe(er #re%e c$arac(eri+ed iod&namics as pse%doscience and ar'%ed ($a( similar or e1%al res%l(s can e o (ained %sin' s(andard or'anic *armin' principles. Ie wro(e ($a( ($e iod&namic prepara(ions more resem le alc$em& or ma'ic a)in (o 'eomanc&.52

In a 5334 anal&sis, Iol'er Kirc$mann, a soil researc$er wi($ ($e <wedis$ Eni,ersi(& o* A'ric%l(%ral <ciences, concl%ded ($a( <(einerBs ins(r%c(ions were occ%l( and do'ma(ic, and canno( con(ri %(e (o ($e de,elopmen( o* al(erna(i,e or s%s(aina le a'ric%l(%re and ($a( man& o* <(einerBs s(a(emen(s are no( pro,a le eca%se scien(i*icall& clear $&po($eses canno( e made *rom $is descrip(ions =*or e0ample, i( is $ard (o pro,e ($a( one $as $arnessed :cosmic *orces: in ($e *oods?. Kirc$mann asser(ed ($a( w$en me($ods o* iod&namic a'ric%l(%re were (es(ed scien(i*icall&, ($e res%l(s were %ncon,incin'.53 F%r($er, in a 2004 o,er,iew o* iod&namic a'ric%l(%re, Cinda C$al)er-<co((, a researc$er a( Was$in'(on <(a(e Eni,ersi(&, c$arac(eri+ed iod&namics as pse%doscience, wri(in' ($a( <(einer did no( %se scien(i*ic me($ods (o *orm%la(e $is ($eor& o* iod&namics, and ($a( ($e la(er addi(ion o* ,alid or'anic *armin' (ec$ni1%es $as :m%ddled ($e disc%ssion: o* <(einerBs ori'inal idea. Based on ($e scan( scien(i*ic (es(in' o* iod&namics, C$al)er-<co(( concl%ded :no e,idence e0is(s: ($a( $omeopa($ic prepara(ions impro,e ($e soil.54 In

ichael"%hermerBs (wo-,ol%me wor), The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, iod&namic

a'ric%l(%re is descri ed as rel&in' on as(rolo'ical condi(ions, cosmic in*l%ences and ma'ical ri(%als.00 <)ep(ic 6rian";unning wri(es :($e es( wa& (o ($in) o* iod&namic a'ric%l(%re wo%ld e as a ma'ic spell cas( o,er an en(ire *arm. Biod&namics sees an en(ire *arm as a sin'le or'anism, wi($ some($in' ($a( ($e& call a li*e *orce.:01

Biod&namic wine
Main article& Biodyna

ic !ine

As o* 200D, more ($an 200 wineries worldwide were cer(i*ied as iod&namic2 n%mero%s o($er wineries emplo& iod&namic me($ods (o a 'rea(er or lesser e0(en(.02 Famil&-owned %sinesses ($a( emp$asise :or'anic, s%s(aina le and iod&namic: wan( :(o pass on $eal($ier *arms and %sinesses (o ($e ne0( 'enera(ion:. 03

See also
Agriculture and Agronomy portal #groecology #lan"'hadwick )hrenfried"!feiffer 5omeodynamic"agriculture ?ist"of"6iodynamic"+arms !ermaculture The "eal #irt on $ar er John - doc%men(ar& on a con,en(ional *arm w$ic$ con,er(ed (o
iod&namic and community-supported"agriculture.

,eriflora

*ild"farming

!otes
5.

^ Andrew C$ris(op$er Corand. Biodynamic Agriculture'A (aradigmatic Analysis) Penns&l,ania <(a(e

Eni,ersi(&, Depar(men( o* A'ric%l(%ral and E0(ension Ed%ca(ion. 533D P$D Disser(a(ion.

2. ProAec(.

^ Di,er =5333?, @'ommunity"%upported"#griculture@. #$e @CA# <%s(aina

a b

le A'ric%l(%re

..

Kirc$mann, I.2 #$or,aldsson, 8.2 Ber's(rom, C.2 8er+a e), ".2 Andren, ..2 Eri)sson, C...2 Winnin'e, ".

=2006?.@+undamentals"of"organic"agriculture@ =PDF?. *rganic Crop (roduction--Am!itions and +imitations. ;e(rie,ed 2003-07-05.

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^ ;ic$ard Iarwood, *ormer C.<. "o(( C$air *or <%s(aina

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