Proceedings of International Conference on Optical Imaging Sensor and Security, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, July 2-3, 2013

Natural Language Processing Future

Chandhana Surabhi.M Velalar College of Engineering and Technology, Erode, S. India 638 012. Surabhimanohar.be@gmail.com
Abstract - Natural Language Processing is a technique where machine can become more human and thereby reducing the distance between human being and the machine can be reduced. Therefore in simple sense NLP makes human to communicate with the machine easily. There are many applications developed in past few decades in NLP. Most of these are very useful in everyday life for example a machine that takes instructions by voice. There are lots of research groups working on this topic to develop more practical are useful systems. Natural Language Processing holds great promise for making computer interfaces that are easier to use for people, since people will hopefully be able to talk to the computer in their own language, rather than learn a specialized language of computer commands. For programming, however, the necessity of a formal programming language for communicating with a computer has always been taken for granted. We would like to challenge this assumption. We believe that modern Natural Language Processing techniques can make possible the use of natural language to express programming ideas, thus drastically increasing the accessibility of programming to non-expert users. To demonstrate the feasibility of Natural Language Programming, this paper tackles what are perceived to be some of the hardest cases: steps and loops.

understands natural language is a dicult problem. Number of natural languages are large, they contain innitely many sentences. Also there is much ambiguity in natural language. Many words have several meanings and sentences have meanings dierent in dierent contexts. This makes creation of programs that understands a natural language, a challenging task. 3. APPLICATIONS: There is huge amounts of data in Internet at least 20 billion pages. Applications for processing large amounts of texts require NLP expertise. Some requirements are: Classify text into categories Index and search large texts Automatic translation Speech understanding: Understand phone conversations Information extraction: Extract useful information from resumes Automatic summarization: Condense 1 book into 1 page Question answering Knowledge acquisition Text generations / dialogues. 4. COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS: A simple sentence consists a subject followed with predicate. For English sentence, the parts of speech are: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verb, adverb, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Most of us understand both written and spoken language, but reading is learned much later, so let us start with spoken language. We can divide the problem into three areas acoustic - phonetic, morphological - syntactic, and semantic - pragmatic processes.

KEYWORDS: computational linguistics, grammar, languages, transformational grammar, parsing,

1. INTRODUCTION: Natural Language Processing is a technique where machine can become more human and thereby reducing the distance between human being and the machine. Therefore in simple sense NLP makes human to communicate with the machine easily. There are many applications developed in past few decades in NLP. Most of these are very useful in everyday life for example a machine that takes instructions by voice. There are lots of research groups working on this topic to develop more practical useful systems. 2. CHALLENGES IN NLP: Many times the word boundaries are mixed and the sentence understood are totally different. At the next level, the syntax of the language helps us to decide how the words are being combined to make larger meanings. These are the main challenges faced in natural language processing systems. Developing a program that

#319212013 IEEE

4.1. LEVELS OF KNOWLEDGE IN LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING A language understanding program must have considerable knowledge about the structure of the language including what the words are and how they combine into phrases and sentences. It must also know meaning of the words, how to contribute meaning of the sentence and to the context in which they are being used. In addition, the program must have general world knowledge and knowledge about how the humans reason. The components of the knowledge needed to understand the language are following: Phonological: Relates sounds to the words we recognize. Phoneme is smallest unit of sound, and the phones are aggregated into word sounds. Morphological: This is lexical knowledge, which relates to word construction from basic units called morphemes. A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning, for example, the construction of friendly from friend and Ly. Syntactic: It is knowledge about how the words are organized to construct meaningful and correct sentences. Pragmatics: It is high level knowledge about how to use sentences in different contexts and how the contexts affect the meanings of the sentences. World: It is useful in understanding the sentence and to carry out the conversation. It includes the other persons beliefs and goals. 5. GRAMMARS AND LANGUAGES: A language can be generated given its grammar G = (V,_, S, P), where V is set of variables, _ is set of terminal symbols, which appear at the end of generation, S is start symbol, and P is set of production rules. The corresponding language of G is L(G). To generate a sentence, the rules from P are applied sequentially starting from the beginning. However, we note that a grammar does not guarantee the generation of meaningful sentences, but generate only those are structurally correct as per the rules of the grammar. 6. TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMARS: The grammar discussed above produces different structures for different sentences, even though they have same meaning. For example, Ram gave Shyam a book. A book was given by ram to Shyam. In the above, the subject and object roles are switched. In the first, subject is RAM and object is Book, while in second sentence they are other way round. This is undesirable feature for machine processing of a language. In fact, sentences having same meaning should map to the same internal structures. By adding some extra

components, we can produce a single representation for sentences having the same meaning, through a series of transformations. This extended grammar is called Transformational grammar. Using transformational generative grammar, a sentence is analyzed in two stages, (1) Basic structure of the sentence is analyzed to determine the grammatical constitutional parts, which provides the structure of the sentence. (2) This is transformed into another form, where deeper semantic structure is determined. The application of transformations is to produce a change from passive voice form of the sentence into active voice, change a question to declarative form, handle negations, and provide subject-verb agreement. 7. PARSING: Parsing is the process of converting a flat input sentence into a hierarchical structure that corresponds to the units of meaning in the sentence. There are different formalisms and algorithms. The parse-trees are useful for: 1. Grammar checking of the sentence, 2. Parsing is an important intermediate stage in semantic analysis. 3. The parsing plays an important role in: (a) Mechanical translation, (b) Question answering (c) Information Extraction

7.1 PARSING IS SEARCH A syntactic parser can be viewed as searching through the space of all possible parse-trees to find the correct parse-tree. 8. FUTURE: NLPs future will be redefined as it faces new technological challenges and a push from the market to create more user-friendly systems. Markets influence is prompting fiercer competition among existing NLP based

companies. It is also pushing NLP more towards Open Source Development. If the NLP community embraces Open Source Development, it will make NLP systems less proprietary and therefore less expensive. The systems will also be built as easily replaceable components, which take less time to build and more userfriendly. 9. ADVANTAGES: There are a number of benefits associated with NLP program. The program is now extensively researched on by teams within the scientific community, those studying academic psychology as well as students of psychotherapy and counseling. The benefits of programming are many, addressing the needs of every segment of society. This methodology continues to help improve and generate highly profitable interactions within the immediate social and business community. In business, NLP has played a vital role in strengthening client salesperson rapport and improving management skills in communication, leadership and employee motivation. In the health care sector, this powerful tool has helped in treatment and recovery of many patients. 10. CONCLUSION: Well there are so many applications we can dream with NLP techniques. How about robots that understand and follow instructions by human voice or driving by talking to the car like in some science fiction movies. Well they all can be real one day. Imagine we have a computer system that can follow simple human instructions and do whatever we want it to do. How convenient will it be? But lets leave all that to the FUTURE.........

REFERENCES
1. 2. Eugene Charniak and Drew McDermott, Introduction to Artificial Intelligence , Pearson, 1998, Chapter 4. K.R. Chowdhary Professor & Head CSE Dept. M.B.M. Engineering College, Jodhpur, India. April 29, 2012 Natural Language Processing. 3. Rada Mihalce, Hugo Liu, and Henry Lieberman Computer Science Department, University of North Texas rada@cs.unt.edu Media Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Language Programming) NLP (Natural Language Processing) for NLP (Natural