Physics 227: Lecture 21 Mutual Inductance, LC Circuits

Lecture 20 review: Self-inductance of coil of wire: !induced = -N d"B/dt = -L di/dt, with L = N"B/i. Solenoid: L = #0n2V with n the turns/unit length and V the volume. RL circuit time constant $ = L/R. Energy stored in an inductor: U = %LI2. Energy density of magnetic eld lling volume: u = %B2/#0.

Monday, November 28, 2011

Exam 2 Results

Average: 60%, same as exam 1 Easiest problems: RC circuit time constant(90%), radius formula for safe wire (88%), drift speed formula of electrons in wire (84%), ... Hardest problems: energy change when current carrying coil in B eld ipped 180o (22%), eld between two innite current sheets (22%), relative magnitude of electric and magnetic forces between two equal charges (37%), ...

Monday, November 28, 2011

Review RL iClicker
The switch S1 is closed so that a current ows through an inductor of inductance L and a resistor of resistance R as shown. The nal value of the current with S1 closed and S2 open is...

A. proportional to RL. B. proportional to a ratio of R and L. C. proportional to 1/LR. D. independent of L. E. 0.

Monday, November 28, 2011

Mutual Inductance

The changing eld in a coil leads to a self-inductance of: !induced = -N d"B/dt = -L di/dt, with L = N"B/i. Changing external magnetic elds lead to emf as well, as we know: !2 = -N2 d"B2/dt. If the ux "B2 arises from an electromagnet with current i1, then we can write N2 "B2 = M21 i1, where M21 is the mutual inductance. M21, like L, is a constant that depends on geometry and number of coils. This leads to !2 = -N2 d"B2/dt = -M21 di1/dt.

Monday, November 28, 2011

Mutual Inductance

If the analysis is redone for the induced emf in loop 1 and the current in loop 2, it it is found that M21 = N2"B2/i1 = M12 = N1"B1/i2 ! M. Thus !2 = -M di1/dt, and !1 = -M di2/dt.

Monday, November 28, 2011

Applications & Issues

Applications: Cordless power Transformers ... Unintended cross talk in circuits

Issues

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Example: Calculating M

Monday, November 28, 2011

Field from loop 1: B1 = #0N1I1/L = #0n1I1. "B2 = AB1 = #0N1I1A/L. M = N2"B2/I1 = #0N1N2A/L.

LC Circuit Math

Monday, November 28, 2011

Kirchoffs Voltage Law: Capacitor: Q = CV & V = Q/C Inductor: V = L dI/dt I = dQ/dt

KVL & Q/C + L dI/dt = 0 Q/C + L d2Q/dt2 = 0 d2Q/dt2 + Q/LC = 0 This should look familiar. Recall the solution to d2x/dt2 + '2x = 0 is x = A cos('t+() - simple harmonic motion with a frequency '2 = 1/LC. Thus: Q = Q0 cos('t+(), and I = -'Q0 sin('t+()

Energy in an LC Circuit

Thus: Q = Q0 cos('t+(), and I = -'Q0 sin('t+() Ucapacitor = U = %CV2 = %Q2/C. Uinductor = U = %LI2. ULC = (%Q02/C) cos2('t+() + (%L) ('Q0)2 sin2('t+() ULC = (%Q02/C) [cos2('t+() + sin2('t+()] = (%Q02/C) The energy in the circuit is constant - there is no resistor to dissipate it. It shifts between the capacitor and the inductor.

Monday, November 28, 2011

LC Circuits - Inductor + Capacitor

Monday, November 28, 2011

LRC Series Circuit

Charge up the capacitor with the emf. Flip the switch and discharge the capacitor through the resistor and inductor. What happens? Qualitatively the same as with pendulum with friction, etc.: a damped harmonic oscillator. There are oscillations in the current of decreasing magnitude. It is good to have some intuition about the answer before doing the math - we have it from LC before.

Monday, November 28, 2011

RLC Ciruit

Monday, November 28, 2011

RLC Circuit Math

Kirchoffs Voltage Law & Q/C + L dI/dt + IR = 0 d2Q/dt2 + (R/L) dQ/dt + Q/LC = 0 This is the damped harmonic oscillator with damping proportional to the ``velocity: the solution is Q = A e-(R/2L)t cos('t+() - simple harmonic motion with a frequency '2 = (1/LC) - (R2/4L2). R small (< 4L/C): damped oscillation R2 = 4L/C: ' = 0, critical damping Q & A e-(R/2L)t R2 > 4L/C: '2 < 0, overdamped

Monday, November 28, 2011

LC iClicker
An inductor of inductance L and a capacitor of capacitance C are connected as shown. The value of the charge q on the capacitor oscillates between positive and negative. The potential difference between the capacitor plates is...

A. proportional to q. B. proportional to dq/dt. C. proportional to d2q/dt2. D. both A. and C. E. all of A., B., and C.
Monday, November 28, 2011

LC iClicker
An inductor of inductance L and a capacitor of capacitance C are connected as shown. The inductance L and capacitance C are both doubled. What is the change in the time for an oscillation cycle in the circuit?

A. 4x longer. B. 2x longer. C. Unchanged. D. 1/2 as long. E. 1/4 as long.

Monday, November 28, 2011

Have a nice Holiday. See you Monday after Thanksgiving.

Monday, November 28, 2011