INDEX

Ac voltage controllers, 56 electric, 11, 198

Abnormal operating conditions, 52-54 flux, 198
Adaptive neurofuzzy inference system (ANFIS), resistor, 70-71
170-173
Adjustable-speed drives (ASDs), 2, 3
control of, 4 Cascade systems, 2
Air-gap flux, 26, 110 Centroid technique, 168
orientation, 129-134 Chattering, 164
Armature reaction, 120 Closed-loop scalar speed control, 101-102
Autotransformer starting, 44-45 Commissioning, parameter adaptation and self-,
Auxiliary resonant commutated pole (ARCP) in- 191-197
verter, 68-69 Common-mode voltage, 89-90
Constant power area, 99
Constant power connection, 52
Constant torque area, 99
Back propagation algorithm, 165 Constant torque characteristic, 7
Bang-bang control, 83-84 Constant torque connection, 52
Bearing failures, 53 Constant Volts/Hertz (CVH) method, 97-100,
Bias weight, 165 198
Blanking time, 65 Construction of induction motors, 15-17
Blocked-rotor test, 192 Cooling fan/fins, 16
Braking, 35-36 Comer folding, 149
dc-current, 198 Critical drives, 198
dynamic, 47, 48-51, 198 Critical slip, 30

225
226 INDEX

Current equation, 184 Flux braking, 198

Current source inverters (CSIs), 66 Flux calculators, 179-183
control of, 85-88 Flux
field orientation, 134—135 airgap, 26
Current source PWM rectifiers, 63-64 leakage, 26
Cycloconverters, 56 rotor, 26
stator, 26
Dc-current braking, 198 virtual, 149
Dc link, 4 Flux-linkage vectors, 110
Dc motor, torque production and control in, Flux-producing current, 103-104
119-121 Flux vectors, 110, 199
Dead time, 65, 198 Four-pole stator, 20-21
Defiizzifier, 168 Frequency changers, 69-71
Developed torque, 27-31, 113-114 Fuzzifier, 167
Direct field orientation (DFO), 124-126 Fuzzy controllers, 166-170
Direct self-control (DSC), 148-155 Fuzzy logic, 166
Direct torque control (DTC), 140-148
Drive systems, 3-4 Gamma (F) model of the induction motor, 94
Duty ratio, 77-78 Generating mode, 35, 36
Dynamic braking, 47, 48-51, 198 GTOs (gate turn-off thyristors), 69, 134
Dynamic model
equations of the induction motor, 111-114 Hall sensors, 124
revolving reference fi-ame, 114-117 Hard switching, 67-68
space vectors of motor variables, 107-111 Harmonic traps, 61, 88
Dynamic torque, 5 High-efficiency motors, 2
Hysteresis controllers, 83-84, 149, 163
Electrical braking, 11, 198
Electrical discharge machining (EDM), 89 IGBTs (insulated-gate bipolar transistors), 69,
Electric drive system, 3 198
Electromagnetic interference (EMI), 4, 68 non-punch-through, 61
conducted, 88-89 Impedance starting, 45
Equations of the induction motor, 111-114 Indirect field orientation (IFO), 126-129
Equivalent wheel, 5-6 Induction generators, 36-40
Essential Service Override (ESO), 200 Induction motors
Estimators, open-loop, 126, 179 construction of, 15-17
flux calculators, 179-183 operating principles of, 1-3
speed calculators, 183-191 variables controlled in, 159-161
Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), 189-191 Inference engine, 167-168
Input power, 31, 34
Faraday's law, 23 Inverse-gamma (F') model of the induction
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), 191 motor, 95-96
Feedforward neural network, 164—166 Inverter mode, 59
Field orientation Inverters, 3-4, 56, 64-69
development of, 119 control of current source, 85-88
direct, 124-126 control of voltage source, 71-85
drives with current source inverters, 134-135,
198, 199 Kalman filters, 188-189
indu-ect, 126-129 extended, 189-191
principles of, 121-123 Kinetic energy, 4-5
stator- and air-gap flux, 129-134
Field weakening mode, 99 Left-hand rule, 23
Firing strength, 168 Life span of motors, 2-3
Flashover, 89 Linear speed controllers, 162-163
 INDEX 227

Loads Prime mover, 10

common, 4—9 Progressive-torque characteristic, 7
nonlinear, 60 Proportional-integral (PI) adaptive scheme, 188
Luenberger state observer, 187-188 Pull-out torque, 30
Pulse width modulation (PWM), 61
Machine intelligence (MI) controllers, 164-173 inverters, 73-80, 87
Magnetic field, revolving, 17-23 rectifiers, 61-64
Magnetomotive forces (MMFs), 19, 108-109
MATLAB, 34 Rated power, 31, 32
MCTs (MOSFET-controUed thyristors), 69 Rated speed, 31, 32
Mechanical characteristic, 6-7 Rated stator voltage, 32, 33-34
Membership function, 166 Rated torque, 31, 32
Membership grade, 166 Reactance, stator and rotor, 28-29
Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS), Rectifiers, 4, 56-64
183-187 Regressive-torque characteristic, 7
Modulation index, 78 Resistive-capacitive (RC) filters, 89
Motoring, 35 Resonant dc link (RDCL) inverter, 68
Multilevel voltage source inverters, 66-67 Reversing, 51
Revolving reference frame, 114-117
Neurofazzy controllers, 170-173 Right-hand rule, 22-23
Neutral-clamped inverter, 67 Rotor, 16
Newton's second law, 5 angular velocity, 39, 95
Noise, tonal, 90-91 bars, cracked, 53
No-load test, 192 current vector, 110, 113
Nonlinear loads, 60 equation, 184
flux, 26, 110, 113
Observers, closed-loop, 126, 179 frequency, 94
flux calculators, 179-183 inductance, 112
speed calculators, 183-191 leakage factor, 133
Open-frame motors, 16 reactance, 28
Open-loop scalar speed control, 97-100 resistance, 24
Operating areas, 7 voltage vector, 113
Operating quadrants, 10-11
Overload, mechanical, 53-54 Scalar control methods, 11-12
Overvoltages, 89 closed-loop speed control, 101-102
open-loop speed control, 97-100
Parameter adaptation, 191-197 torque control, 102-105
Partly enclosed motors, 16 two-inductance equivalent circuits, 93-97
Passive filters, 60-61 Self-commissioning and parameter adaptation,
Phase-lock loop (PLL), 163 191-199
Phase loss, 53 Sensorless drives, 198-199
Plugging, 4 7 ^ 8 basic issues, 177-179
Pole changing, 3, 51-52 commercial, 197-200
Position control, 173-175 flux calculators for, 179-183
Power electronic converters parameter adaptation and self-commissioning,
control of current source inverters, 85-88 191-197
control of stator voltage,^ 55-56 speed calculators, 183-191
control of voltage source inverters, 71-85 Short circuits, 53
frequency changers, 69-71 Shot-through, 65
inverters, 56, 64-69 Silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs), 58-59
rectifiers, 56-64 Six-step mode, 72-73
side effects. 88-91 Sliding mode, 163
Powa^ fa€lc» (PF), 31, 34 Slip, 23
228 INDEX

critical, 30 braking, 49
velocity, 23 driving, 40
Soft starting, 46-47 dynamic, 5
Soft-switching inverters, 68 production and control in the dc motor,
Space-vector direct torque and flux control, 119-121
155-157 pull-out, 30
Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation rated, 31, 32
(SVPWM), 77 scalar control of, 102-105
Space vectors of motor variables, 107-111 starting, 30
Speed calculators, 183-191 static, 5, 6
Speed control, 161-164 Torque-per-ampere ratio, 120
Square-law torque connection, 52 Torque-producing current, 103-104
Square-wave mode, 65, 72-73 Total harmonic distortion (THD), 150
Squashing function, 165 Total leakage factor, 129
Squirrel-cage motors, 1, 2 Totally enclosed motors, 16
description of, 16-17 Two-inductance equivalent circuits, 93-97
Starting, assisted, 44 47 Two-pole stator, 20
Starting torque, 30
State duty ratios, 77-78 Uncontrolled induction motors
Static torque, 5, 6 abnormal operating conditions, 52-54
Stator, 2 assisted starting, 44—47
core, 15 braking and reversing, 47-51
currents, 18 operation of, 43-44
current vector, 109 pole changing, 51-52
equation, 184 User interface devices, 199
flux, 26, 110, 113
field orientation, 129-134 Variable structure control (VSC), 163
inductance, 112 Vector control methods, 11-12
reactance, 28 Virtual fluxes, 149
resistance, 24 Voltage
Stator voltage, 39 conraion-mode, 89-90
control of, 55-56 control of stator, 55-56
vector, 109 equation, 184
Steady-state equivalent circuit noise, 88-89
characteristics, 31-36 sags, 29, 44, 53
description of, 24-27 Voltage-current equation, 112-113
developed torque, 27-31 Voltage source inverters (VSIs), 64-65
Switching frequency, 73 control of, 71-85
Switching function, 173-174 Voltage source PWM rectifiers, 61-63
Switching intervals, 73 Voltage space vectors, 74—75
Switching variables, 71, 85-87
Synchronous speed, 22, 35 Water-hanuner effect, 51
Synchronous velocity, 21 Wound-rotor motors, 2
Wye-delta starting, 46
Thyristors, 58-59 Wye-delta switch, 11
T-model of the induction motor, 93-97
Torque Zero-current switching (ZCS), 68
angle, 138 Zero-voltage switching (ZVS), 68