DESGN Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutions Volume 1 Version 1.0 Student Guide “Test Part Number: 97-1247-04Copyright ©2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Allrights reserved. ‘Cisco Systems has more than 200 offices inthe following countries and regions. Addresses, phone numbers, and fax rumbers are listed onthe Cisco Web site at wr cisco com go offices, Argentina» Auta - Ausra» Belgium Beal + Bulgaria» Canada Chile» China PRC» Colombia Cont Ries Crain» Case Republi Denmark» Dub, UAE» Finn - Franc » Germany » Gree Hong Kong SAR - Hungary India Indonein relnd= el Haly= apa + Keren» Lunenbourg- Malaysia» Meno ~The Netra Scand» Singapore Slovakia» Slovenia» South Alin «pai «Sweden Sila» Taiwan «Tala » Turkey» Ukraine» ‘United Kingdom + United tats «Venez = Vito = Zimbabwe Copyright & 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Aight eserved. CCIP the Cisco PymereNetwork mark, the Cisco Systems Veifed logo, Cisco Unity, Follow Me Browsing. 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(0208R)Table of Contents Volume 4 Course Introduction Overview 1 Course Objectives 2 Cisco Certification 3 Leamer Responsibilities 5 General Administration 6 Course Flow Diagram 7 Icons and Symbols 8 Leamer Introductions 10 Case Study and Simulations "1 Applying Design Principles in Network Deployment 14 Overview or Identifying Organizational Network Policies and Procedures 13 Overview 13 Network Organizational Model 15 Network Organizational Architecture 19 Organizational Policies 1-15 ‘Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, ne Designing fr Cisco Internetwork Solutons(DESGN) v1.0Organizational Procedures 1-22 Using Networking to Accomplish Organizational Goals 1-26 Summary 1-30 Quiz: Identifying Organizational Network Policies and Procedures 131 Network Design Methodology 4.33 Overview 1-33 Design as an Integral Part of the PDIOO Methodology 4.35 Design Methodology 1-40 Using Design Practices 1.43 Decision Tables in Network Design 151 Summary 1-55 Quiz: Network Design Methodology 1-56 Examining Customer Requirements 1.87 Overview 1-57 Assessing the Scope of the Network Design Project 1-59 Identifying Required Information 1-63 Organizational Goals 1-65 Organizational Constraints 1 Planned Applications and Network Services 1-76 Technical Goals 1-82 Technical Constraints 1-87 Designing for Cisco ntemetwork Sclutons (0ESGN) v1.0 ‘Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Ine‘Summary 1-90 Quiz: Examining Customer Requirements 1-91 Characterizing the Existing Network 1.93 Overview 1-93 Identifying the Existing Infrastructure and ils Features 1-95 Auditing the Existing Network 1-102 Tools for Auditing the Network 1-107 Analyzing Network Traffic and Applications 1-113 Tools for Analyzing Network Traffic 1-118 Analyzing Network Health 1-128 ‘Summary 1-127 Quiz: Characterizing the Existing Network 1-128 Implementing the Design Methodology 1.129 Overview 1-129 Identifying Customer Requirements 1-131 Characterizing an Existing Network 1-135 Using Structured Design Principles 1-138 Planning a Design Implementation 1-143 Building a Prototype or Pilot Network 1-147 Documenting the Design 1-150 Implementing and Verifying the Design 1-153 ‘Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, ne Designing fr Cisco Intemetwerk Solutons (OESGN) v1.0‘Summary 1-154 Quiz: Implementing the Design Methodology 1-155 DJMP Industries Case Study Scenario 1-156 Case Study: Network Upgrade 1-160 Simulation: New Applications 1-163 New Applications Scenario 1-164 24 Overview 24 Designing the Network Hierarchy 23 Overview 23 Hierarchical Network Model 25 ‘Access Layer Functionality 240 Distribution Layer Functionality 244 Core Layer Functionality 218 ‘Summary 2.22 Quiz: Designing the Network Hierarchy 2:23 Using a Modular Approach in Network Design 2.25 Overview 2.25 Enterprise Composite Network Model 227 Enterprise Campus Modules 2:36 Enterprise Edge Modules 247 Designing for Cisco ntemetwork Sclutons (0ESGN) v1.0 ‘Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, IneService Provider Edge Modules 2-55 ‘Summary 261 Quiz: Using a Modular Approach in Network Design 2-62 Evaluating Network Services and Solutions Within Modular Networks 2-63 Overview 2.63 Intelligent Network Services in an Enterprise Composite Network Model 2-65 Security in the Modular Network Design 2-69 High Availability in the Modular Network Design. 2-76 Network Solutions in an Enterprise Composite Network Model 2-85 Voice Transport in the Modular Network Design 2-88 Content Networking in the Modular Network Design 297 ‘Summary 2-106 Quiz: Evaluating Network Services and Solutions Within Modular Networks 2.407 Basic Campus Switching Design Considerations 341 Overview 34 Campus Design Methodology 33 Overview 33 Designing an Enterprise Campus 35 Transmission Media a7 ‘Segmentation Technologies 344 Network Application Characterization 348 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, ne Designing for isco Internetwork Solutons (DESGN) v0 viNetwork Geography 3-26 L2 and L3 Switching Design Considerations 3.33 Summary 342 Quiz: Campus Design Methodology 343 Campus Design Models 345 Overview 3.45 Enterprise Campus Design 3.47 Network Traffic 351 Multicast Tratfic Considerations 3.55 QoS Considerations for Delay-Sensitive Traffic 387 Building Design 3-62 Campus Backbone Design 3-70 Designing the Server Farm Module 376 Designing Connectivity to the Rest of the Enterprise Network 381 Summary 3-85 Quiz: Campus Design Models 3.86 Case Study: Enterprise Campus Design 3.87 Simulation 1: Shared vs. Switched LAN 3-88 Shared vs. Switched LAN Scenario 3.89 Simulation 2: L2 vs. L3 Switching 3.97 L2 vs. L3 Switching Scenario 3.98 ‘Designing for Ciao Intametwork Sohitons (OESGN) v1.0 ‘Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Ine.Volume 2 Designing an Enterprise WAN 44 Overview 44 Enterprise Edge WAN Design Methodology 43 Overview 43 Overview of a WAN 45 WAN Technologies in the Enterprise Edge ant WAN Design Methodology—Planning and Designing 443 WAN Design Methodology—Implementation 423 ‘Summary 434 Quiz: Enterprise Edge WAN Design Methodology 4-35 Selecting WAN Technology 4-37 Overview 437 Identifying Requirements and Characterizing Access Technologies, for Remote Access 4-39 WAN Backup Technologies 4-50 WAN Connecting Dispersed Enterprise Sites 457 IP Connectivity and Emerging WAN Technologies 461 WAN iin Virtual Private Networks 4-79 Internet as a WAN Backup Technology 4-88 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, ne Designing fr Cisco IntretworkSolutons (OESGN) v0‘Summary 4.93, Quiz: Selecting WAN Technology 4-94 Case Study: WAN Upgrade and Backup 4-95 Designing IP Addressing in the Network 541 Overview cal Designing IP Addressing 5:3 Overview 53 IPv4 Address Structure 55 Determining the Size of the Network 513 Private vs. Public Addresses 5:21 Implementing Hierarchy with IP Addressing 5-28 Selecting End System IP Address Assignment Methods 5:39 Implementing Name Resolution 5-47 Summary 5-52 Quiz: Designing IP Addressing 5-53 Introduction to IPv6 5-55 Overview 5-55 IPV6 Address Structure 5-57 IPV6 Address Types 561 IPV6 Routing Protocol Considerations 5-66 Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutions (OESGN) v1.0 ‘Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, IneIPV6 Address Assignment Strategies 5-69 IPV6 Name Resolution 572 IPv4 to IPv6 Transition Strategies and Deployments 574 ‘Summary 5-82 Quiz: Introduction to IPv6 584 Case Study: Network Addressing Plan 5-85 Selecting Routing Protocols for a Network 6-1 Overview et Evaluating Routing Protocol Selection Criteria for a Network 63 Overview 63 Static vs. Dynamic Routing 65 Distance Vector vs. Link-State Protocols 640 Interior vs. Exterior Routing Protocols e14 Routing Protocol Metrics e17 Routing Protocol Convergence 621 Hierarchical Routing Protocols vs. Flat (Classless vs. Classful, Route Summarization) 6.25 Which Routing Protocol for Which Network 6-29 ‘Summary 6-33 Quiz: Evaluating Routing Protocol Selection Criteria for a Network 6-34 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, ne Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutons(DESGN)vi0 xAssessing Routing Protocol Features 6-35 Overview 6-35 On-Demand Routing 637 Routing Information Protocol Version 2 eat Enhanced IGRP 6-45 Open Shortest Path First 6-49 Integrated IS-IS as an Optional Protocol for Large Networks 653 Border Gateway Protocol 6-59 Summary 6-65 Quiz: Assessing Routing Protocol Features 6-66 Designing a Routing Protocol Deployment 667 Overview 6-67 Hierarchical Network Structure and Routing Protocols, 6-69 Route Redistribution 675 Route Filtering 681 Route Summarization 6-83 Integrating Interior Routing Protocols with BGP 6-87 Summary 6-89 Designing for Cisco ntemetwork Souttons (0ESGN) v1.0 ‘Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, IneQuiz: Designing a Routing Protocol Deployment 6-90 Case Study: Routing Protocol Selection 691 ‘Simulation: Network Convergence 6-92 Network Convergence Scenario 6-93 Volume 3 Evaluating Security Solutions for the Network TA Overview TA Identifying Attacks and Selecting Countermeasures 7-3 Overview 73 ‘Security as a Network Service in Modular Network Design TS Network Devices (Routers and Switches) as Targets TA Networks as Targets TAB Hosts and Applications as Targets 7-24 ‘Summary TT Quiz: Identifying Attacks and Selecting Countermeasures 7-28 Identifying Security Mechanisms for a Defined Security Policy 7-29 Overview 7-29 Security Policy 7-34 Physical Security 7-34 Authentication 7-38 Authorization and Network Filtering 7-44 ‘Copyright 2002, Cisco Systeme, ne Designing for Cisco Inemetwork Solutons(DESGN)vi.0 xlTransmission Confidentiality 7-50 Maintaining Data Integrity 7-54 ‘Secure Management and Reporting 7-58 Summary 7-63 Quiz: Identifying Security Mechanisms for a Defined Security Policy 7-64 Selecting Security Solutions Within Network Modules 765 Overview 7-65 Cisco SAFE Blueprint 7-67 ‘Securing the Internet Connectivity Module 7-10 E-Commerce Security 7415 Remote Access and VPN Module Security 7-19 WAN Module Security 7-83 Securing the Network Management Module 7-86 Securing the Server Farm Module 7-90 Summary 7-93 Quiz: Selecting Security Solutions Within Network Modules 7-94 Designing Networks for Voice Transport 841 Overview a4 Traditional Voice Architectures and Features 83 Overview 83 Analog and Digital Signaling 85 Designing for Cisco ntemetwork Souttons (0ESGN) v1.0 ‘Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, InePBXs and Switches 88 Local Loops, Trunks, and Interswitch Communications 8-14 Basic Telephony Signaling 8-18 PSTN Numbering Plans 827 PSTN Services 8-30 ‘Summary 8-40 Quiz: Traditional Voice Architectures and Features eat Integrating Voice Architectures 8-43 Overview 843 Voice over IP Introduction 845 H.323 Components 852 IP Telephony Introduction 8-60 Dial Plans 8.68 Voice Issues 873 Voice Coding and Compression 8-80 VoIP Control and Transport Protocols 8-85 Voice over Frame Relay 8-88 Voice over ATM 8.04 ‘Summary 8-100 Quiz: Integrating Voice Architectures 8-102 Identifying the Requirements of Voice Technologies 8-105 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, ne Designing for Cisco Intemetwerk Solutions (DESGN) v1.0 xvOverview 8-105 Delay Considerations 8-407 Bandwidth Considerations 8113 QoS Mechanisms and Their Impact on Voice Quality ani7 Summary 8-124 Quiz: Identifying the Requirements of Voice Technologies 8-126 Planning Capacity Using Voice Traffic Engineering Concepts 8-127 Overview 8127 (On-Net and Off-Net Calling 8-129 Grade of Service 8-135 Trunk Capacity Planning 8-140 DSP Resources for Voice Coding 8447 WAN Capacity Planning 8-150 Campus IP Telephony Capacity Planning 8-159 Summary 8-163 Quiz: Planning Capacity Using Voice Traffic Engineering Concepts 8-164 Simulation: Voice Transport over IP Network 8-165 Applying Basic Network Management Design Concepts a1 Overview a4 si Designing for Cisco Intemetwork Soutons (OESGN) v.0| ‘Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, IneIdentifying Network Management Protocols and Features 93 Overview 93 SNMP 06 MIB 9-14 RMON 921 cop 9.29 NetFlow Accounting 933 ‘Syslog Accounting 9-38 ‘Summary 943 ‘Quiz: Identifying Network Management Protocols and Features 944 Reviewing Functional Areas of Network Management 9-45 Overview 9.45 Functional Model 947 Fault Management 948 Configuration Management 954 Accounting Management 9.65 Performance Management 973 Security Management 9-85 ‘Summary 9-92 ‘Quiz: Reviewing Functional Areas of Network Management 9.93 ‘Copyright 2002, Cisco Systeme, ne ‘Designing fr Cisco Intetwork Solutons (DESGN) v.0 xManaging Service Levels in a Network 9-95 Overview 9-95 Importance of SLAs 9-98 SLA Requirements 9-401 SLM as a Key Component for Assuring SLAs 9-406 SAA 9-112 Network Response and Availability Applications ont7 ‘Summary 9-124 Quiz: Managing Service Levels in a Network 9-425 Final Case Study 10-1 Overview 10-1 Case Study: MCMB Corporation Network Redesign 10-2 MCMB Corporation Network Redesign—Scenario 10-4 Exercise: Propose Your Network Redesign 10-8 Volume 4 Lesson Practice Review and Solutions AA Module 1: Applying Design Principles in Network Deployment A2 Module 2: Basic Campus Switching Design Considerations A23 Module 3: Basic Campus Switching Design Considerations A3t Module 4: Designing WAN Networks AM Module 5: Designing IP Addressing in the Network A-49 ‘Designing for Cia ntemetwork Sohitons (OESGN) v1.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, IneModule 6: Selecting Routing Protocols for a Network ASB Module 7: Evaluating Security Solutions for the Network. Aq2 Module 8: Designing Networks for Voice Transport A80 Module 9: Applying Basic Network Management Design Concepts A95 Module 10: Final Case Study A104 Course Glossary BA ‘Copyright 2002, Cisco Systeme, ne. ‘Designing for Cisco InteretworkSolutons (OESGN) vi.0Designing for Cisco ntemetwork Scutons (ESGN) v1.0 ‘Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, IneCourse Introduction Overview “Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solution: :” (DESGN) v1.0 will enable you to gather internetworking requirements, identify solutions, and design the network infrastructure and clements to ensure the basic functionality of the proposed solutions. The purpose of this five- day course is to provide you with the knowledge and skills to achieve associate level competency in network design. “Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutions” is the first design course in a curriculum supporting the Cisco network design certification track. The course focuses on the technology and methods that are currently available, Outline ‘The Course Introduction includes these topics: Course Objectives Cisco Certifications Leamer Skills and Knowledge Leamer Responsibilities General Administration Course Flow Diagram Icons and Symbols Leamer Introductions Case Study and SimulationsCourse Objectives This topic lists the course objectives. Course Objectives Upon completing this course, you will be able to: + Describe the principles of network design and present the guidelines for building a network design solution Describe how the Enterprise Composite Network model simplifies the complexity of modern networks Design an Enterprise Campus network in a hierarchical modular fashion Design an Enterprise WAN network Design a network addressing plan Select optimal routing protocols for a network Evaluate security solutions for a network «Assess the design implications of voice transport across a network Upon completing this course, you will be able to: Describe the principles of the network design and present the guidelines for building a network design solution Describe how the Enterprise Composite Network model simplifies the complexity of ‘modern networks Design an Enterprise Campus network in a hierarchical modular fashion Design an Enterprise WAN network Design a network addressing plan Select optimal routing protocols fora network Evaluate security solutions for a network Assess the design implications of voice transport across a network 2 Designing for Cisco Internetwork Salons (OESGN) v.0 (Copyright @ 2002, Cisco Systems, IneCisco Certifications ‘This topic discusses Cisco certification and provides information on resources available for additional details, Cisco Certifications Cd Cisco provides three levels of general certifications for IT professionals with several different paths (or tracks) and designations. In addition, Cisco provides a variety of Cisco Qualified Specialist focused certifications to show knowledge in specific technologies, solutions, or job roles. For details, go to www.cisco.com/go/certifications, Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, In. (Course InductionLearner Skills and Knowledge ‘This topic lists the course prerequisites. Prereq' fe Learner SI and Knowledge eras To benefit fully from this course, you must have these prerequisite skills and knowledge: m_Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices (ICND) course or hold Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification = Practical experience with deploying and operating networks based on Cisco network devices and Cisco 1OS® software ‘The leamers with Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) or equivalent level of knowledge and experience will have the advantage of being able to participate more actively in classroom discussions. 4 Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutons (OESGN) v.0 Copyright @ 2002, Cisco Systems, Ino.Learner Responsibilities ‘This topic discusses the responsibilities of the leamers. Learner Responsi Complete prerequisites “Introduce yourself “Ask questions To take full advantage of the information presented in this course, you must have completed the prerequisite requirements In class, you are expected to participate in all lesson exercises and assessments. In addition, you are encouraged to ask any questions relevant to the course materials, It you have pertinent information or questions concerning future Cisco product releases and product features, please discuss these topics during breaks or after class. The instructor will answer your questions or direct you to an appropriate information source. Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, In. (Course InductionGeneral Administration This topic lists the administrative issues for the course. General Administration Class-Related Fa ies-Related + Sign-in sheet + Course materials + Length and times + Site emergency + Break and lunch room —_— Procedures locations + Rest rooms + Attire + Telephones/faxes The instructor will discuss the administrative issues noted here so you know exactly what to expect from the class Sign-in process ‘= Starting and anticipated ending times of each class day = Class breaks and lunch facilities Appropriate attire during cass 12 Materials you can expect to receive during class What to doin the event ofan emergency = Location of the rest rooms = How to send and receive telephone and fax messages {© Designing for Cisco Internetwork Saions (OESGN) v.0 (Copyright @ 2002, Cisco Systems, IneCourse Flow Diagram ‘This topic covers the suggested flow of the course materials. Course Flow Diagram EE) ore Cr] Penns ry Me Coe teers coed rene) pried er Centar Study Cen Prt rereonaiey the Network Module 3 Peay erro Eon Considerations fore Pere pony Perce ronan Ce Marae coon ‘The schedule reflects the recommended structure for this course. This structure allows enough. time for the instructor to present the course information and for you to work through the laboratory exercises. The exact timing of the subject materials and labs depends on the pace of your specific class. ‘The instructor may introduce the Final Case Study at the beginning of the course, giving you the opportunity to do the ongoing exercises after each module or for the homework. The final discussion about possible designs will occur at the end of the last day. Note “Module 8, Applying Basic Network Management Design Concepts, isan additonal module that wil not be presented inthe coursa. Iti added for learner reference. Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, In. (Course InductionIcons and Symbols This topic shows the Cisco icons and symbols used in this course. Cisco Icons and Symbols Rigntane Let ey tages olen '8 Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutions (DESGN) v.0 Copyright @ 2002, Cisco Systems, Ino.Learner Introductions This is the point in the course where you introduce yourselt. Learner Introductions Your name Your company + Skills and knowledge Brie history + Objective Prepare to share the following information: Yourname = Your company 1 Ifyou have mos or all ofthe prerouisite skills A profile of your experience = What you would like to learn from this course 10 Designing for Cisco Internetwork Soltons (DESGN) v1.0 (Copyright @ 2002, Caco Systems, Ie.Case Study and Simulations ‘The case study and simulations encourage you to use knowledge obtained in the course. The purpose of the case study and simulations is to provide some practical application derived from the course information, Case Study and Simulations of most modules ional way of evaluating the customized application + All solutions are provided in the Lesson Practice Review and Solutions documen * Case Study and simulation exercises are at the end + The case study is implemented on an ongoing basis + A final goal for each case study is a paper and whiteboard solution wulations can be done on a paper only or through the Appendix A ‘The case study is implemented on an ongoing basis, starting with an initial problem (in the first ‘module) and later focusing on the topics covered by respective modules. ‘The case study does not appear in all course modules but covers most of the design processes and tasks that network designer must perform in real-life situations, The case study will be completed on paper and ‘may be presented using a whiteboard. ‘The simulations are used to evaluate a certain design problem and are presented in some ‘modules only. They can be performed on paper only or through the customized application, ‘The detailed distribution of the case study tasks and simulations is explained in the Specific Instructions paragraph. Copyright® 2002, Cisca Systems, ne Course oducion 11Objectives After completing the case study and simulations in “Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutions,” you will be able to ‘= Identify missing information in the provided scenario and outline major design tasks 1m Evaluate the effects of new applications on WAN links 1m Plan the capacity of WAN links based on the simulation results 1m Propose a campus design fora given network scenario = Explain the benefits of using switched LAN solution compared to shared LAN solution m= Explain the differences of using Layer 2 (L2) and Layer 3 (L3) switching solutions in the Campus ‘= Solect an effective WAN transport ‘= Select an appropriate WAN backup strategy = Propose an IP addressing plan for a given network scenario, 1m Sclecta suitable routing protocol forthe network 1m Explain the importance of fast convergence in the network m= Explain the effect of transporting voice traffic across the data networks Disclaimers Network design and architecture is both an art and a science. Because ofthe determinism that is built into the technology that forms the network platform, some of the design processes are well established and based on explicit data. Additionally, the numerous architectural combinations available toa designer may result in various designs. Within an effective design practice are a plethora of choices. Each choice is dependent upon numerous parameters, ranging from pure technical factors to solely business requirements. In the case study and associated design tasks, out of necessity, only a few of the many possible parameters are given. This results in the possibility of numerous appropriate solutions for each task of the case study The multiple solutions are not a problem. They reflect the art and science of network design. In real world network design, there are few operational networks that are exactly the same. For each of the tasks of the case study, a solution will be provided associated with assumptions and reasoning. There is no claim that the provided solution is the best or the only solution. Your solution may be more appropriate for the assumptions that you made, The provided solution allows you to understand the author's reasoning. The provided solution offers you a way to compare and contrast your solution with other possibi 12 Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutions (DESGN) v1.0 ‘Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, neGeneral Instructions 1. Use the scenarios, information, and parameters provided at each task of an ongoing case study. If there are ambiguities, make reasonable assumptions and proceed. For all the tasks, use the initial customer scenario and build on the solutions you developed so far. 2. You may use any and all documentation, books, white papers, and so forth. 3. Ineach task of the case study, you act as a network design consultant, Make creative proposals to accomplish the business needs of the customer. When your ideas differ from the provided solutions, justify your ideas. 4, Use any design strategies that you feel are appropriate. 5. Use any internetworking technologies that you feel are appropriate, 6. A final goal for each case study is a paper and whiteboard solution. You do not need to provide the specific product names. Specific Instructions ‘The specific instructions for the case study and simulations are listed below. Each of the tasks is explained briefly with the purpose of the simulation described. The case studies and simulations are associated with the respective modules and always appear at the end of the module. Module 1: Applying Design Principles in Network Deployment Case Study: Network Upgrade ‘The purpose of the intial task of the case study isto identify the missing information in the provided scenario, using the design principles presented, and to outline major design tasks that result from the stated network requirements ‘Simulation: New Applications ‘The purpose of this simulation is to demonstrate the use of simulation as a supplementing design tool that allows the designer to obtain results without actually performing prototype installation and operation, Module 3: Basic Campus Switching Design Considerations Case Study: Campus Design ‘The result of this task in the ongoing case study is your proposal for a campus design, based on the requirements from the initial scenario. Copyright® 2002, Cisca Systems, ne Course iioducion 13‘Simulation 1: Shared vs. Switched LAN One of the requirement as compared with a shared LAN approach. In this simulation, the benefits are shown. in the initial scenario was the proof of the benefits of LAN switching ‘Simulation 2: L2 vs. L3 Switching One of the typical design issues of the campus design is the L2 versus L3 option. The purpose of this simulation is to demonstrate the benefits and drawbacks of each of the solutions alone and in combination, Module 4: Designing WAN Networks ‘Case Study: WAN Upgrade and Backup The task in this stage ofthe case study is to select effective WAN links and WAN backup, based on the initial requirements and the simulation results modeling new applications. Module 5: Desi 1g IP Addressing in the Network Case Study: Network Addressing Plan In this task, you will propose an IP addressing scheme that is hierarchical and scalable. Module 6: Selecting Routing Protocols for the Network Case Study: Routing Protocol Selection The purpose of this task is to select a routing protocol and to outline its deployment, based on the problems explained in the intial scenario and taking into account the routing design approach to scalable networks. ‘Simulation: Network Convergence In this module, the simulation is used to examine the importance of fast network convergence after certain failures. Both physical design and logical design, including the routing, can contribute to faster convergence. Module 8: Designing Networks for Voice Transport ‘Simulation: Voice Transport over IP Network. The purpose of this simulation is to show the effect of mixing data traffic with voice traffic on the same medium and to focus on the issues associated with the voice transport over IP networks, Note ‘The solutions to all ofthe tasks ofthe case study, as well as tothe questions that appear in simulations, are provided in the course Answer Key document 14 Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutions (DESGN) v1.0, ‘Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, ne____1 Applying Design Principles in Network Deployment Overview ‘This module introduces principles of network design and presents guidelines for building an cffective network design. The module begins with an overview of organizational network policies and procedures that a network designer needs to know before participating in the design process. The module then describes each phase of the network design process. The ‘module describes how to gather requirements and identify business and technical constraints. Because many designs build on an existing network, methods of characterizing the existing network are also presented. The module concludes with a discussion of design implementation, including prototypes, actual implementation, and verification of the design solution Objectives Upon completing this module, you will be able to: 1 enti the noo to discover organizational network polices and procedures 1 Identify the phases of network design process f= Determine a strategy to document network requirements Characterize an existing network = Implement a network designOutline The module contains these lessons: dentifying Organizational Network Policies and Procedures Network Design Methodology Examining Customer Requirements Characterizing the Existing Network Implementing the Design Methodology 12 ‘Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutions (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, neIdentifying Organizational Network Policies and Procedures Overview Network designers must be able to identify organizational processes and map them to the network infrastructure. This introductory lesson presents a network organizational model, its supporting infrastructure, and deployment scenarios. This lesson also examines the impact of organizational policies and procedures and describes how networking assists in achieving organizational goals. Importance ‘This lesson provides the learner with the knowledge needed to identify organizational network policies and procedures that may affect an organization's networking decisions. You must understand an organization's procedures before you can determine the customer's network requirements,Objectives Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to: 1 density the network organizational model components 1 Ldentiy the network architecture components 1 Ldentity the network organizational policies 1 Describe the network organizational procedures ‘= Describe selected deployment scenarios for an organization's network Leamer Skills and Knowledge Outline To benefit fully from this lesson, you must have these prerequisite skills and knowledge: = Familiarity with basic networking concepts and technologies This lesson includes these topics: Overview = Network Organizational Model st Network Organizational Architecture 1 Organizational Policies = Organizational Procedures Using Networking to Accomplish Organizational Goals = Summary f= Assessment (Quiz): Identifying Organizational Network Policies and Procedures 1-4 Designing for Cisco internetwork Solutons (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, neNetwork Organizational Model ‘The network organizational model opens the corporate information infrastructure to key constituencies, leveraging both networking and competitive advantages. Network Organizational Model + Large corporations historically built on a model of vertical integration. iternetworking opens entirely new possibilities forming partnerships. + Internet-based applications often: —Reduce transaction costs ~Encourage horizontal tegration A traditional corporation is often built on a model that presents a closed infrastructure and. provides limited external integration. The vertical integration model of intraorganizational communication often presents only raw network connections externally, without much effort spent on providing network services. Only very limited access is offered to external users. Internetworking introduces another model of organizational communication. The Internet presents an open market with a wide availability of goods, resources, and people. Within such a ‘market, Internet applications offer the potential to increase service availability dramatically Copyright® 2002, Cia Systems, Ie ‘Applying Design Principles in Network Doployment 15Vertical Integration Vertical Integration Customers. characteristics: + Difficult partnering + Most production —™Plevees done internally Suppliers The cost of people and resources often constitutes the majority of a product's price. These costs may include: = Organizing and coordinating resources to work together in production and distribution m1 Managing and executing transactions = Handling payments With the introduction of the Internet, such transaction costs may drop to be equal to, or lower than, the existing internal transaction costs. Horizontal integration to take advantage of the reduced costs may make sense. Horizontal Integration Horizontal integration involves focus on core competencies and partnership with others to provide supporting activities. This approach forms the basis for the network organizational ‘model. This model is based on three core assumptions: The relationships that a company maintains with its key partners can be as much of a competitive differentiator as its core products or services. = The manner in which a company shares information and systems is a critical element in the strength of its relationships. = Being “connected” is no longer adequate. Organizational relationships and the communications that support them must exist in a “networked” fabric. 148 Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutons (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, neModem Organizational Model ‘The network organizational model builds on a system that integrates all the participating entities into an organizational ecosystem. Ecosystems can be created either internally within an organization, externally with partners and suppliers, or both. A prerequisite for such an ecosystem is a flexible and scalable network infrastructure, provided by both the Internet and enterprise networks. Modern Ecosystem Model Ecosystem provides: Fophyeos ‘iratnonney + Tight integration of participating \ Lf entities i + Optimal and flexible solutions / \ + Reduced costs ¥ partere Supplicrs ‘A network organizational model provides an open, collaborative environment that transcends, ‘many traditional barriers to organizational relationships. It links geographies and allows diverse constituents to access information, resources, and services in flexible ways that works best for the participants. Tight integration of all key constituencies is a result of a modern ecosystem model. ‘The ecosystem is formed by these entities: = Employees: available to employees. Intranet applications provide the backbone for immediate access to ‘or organizations to function most effectively, information must be readily current information and services. = Customers: sing online support services, customers are provided more convenient services faster, and any customer, large or small, located virtually anywhere, has access t0 these services. In addition, online support services cost less than traditional services. Partners: Successful partnerships leverage the resources of each partner. = Suppliers: The purchasing function (ordering, delivery, and billing) can be both time and labor intensive and expensive. Organizations can leverage their networks to create links 10 their suppliers, resulting in less costly, just-in-time transactions. Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. ‘Applying Design Principles in Network Doployment 1-7Benefits of a Networked Organization Organizations want scalable and manageable systems that allow them to do more with less. The leaders in any area of endeavor will be those who employ network technology effectively to reach the goals of improved productivity, reduced time to market, greater revenue, lower expenses, and stronger customer relationships. However, only spending a lot of money on network technology is not the correct solution. An organization's network must be designed and deployed to support the organization’s requirements effectively. A networked organization views the network as a means to support applications that generate revenue, reduce costs, and improve customer and supplier relationships. Example Practice An example of how a network can improve an ecosystem is the modern automobile ‘manufacturer. Instead of the automobile manufacturer producing every car component, the company contracts with partners who specialize in particular components and technologies. For example, a partner who has the expertise in manufacturing engines produces the engine. With the cooperation of the component partners, the automobile manufacturer assembles the completed automobile. When all the partners are online, the transactions have minimal cost, just shortages. These relationships, and the ability to share information, save time and money for ‘ime manufacturing can be accomplished, and itis easier to plan around component the automobile manufacturer and for each of its partners. Q1) Which throe features identify the traditional business model? (Choose three.) A) vertical business organization B) high efficiency ©) isolated information systems D) long production eyes ) instant access to relevant information 1-8 Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutons (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, neNetwork Organizational Architecture ‘The modern organizational model is built around a modular architecture. This architecture supports applications built on common network solutions, using shared network services over ‘an appropriately scaled network infrastructure. Components Network organizational architecture combines applications with enabling network solutions, prerequisite systems, and network infrastructure with intelligent network services to accomplish organizational goals. Network Architecture + Provides foundation for ‘organizational policies and procedures oe + Includes: ~ Applications ~ Enabling network solutions ~ Prerequisite systems Deed ~ Network infrastructure with intelligent network services ‘Modern organizations require a flexible, scalable, and robust infrastructure that is built on a network architecture structured for current and future organizational growth, Modern organizations are able to streamline operations for two major reasons: They use technology aligned with their organizational needs = They establish a technology foundation that allows them to build critical applications more casily Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. ‘Applying Design Principles in Network Doployment 1.9Network Architecture Components. Network organizational architecture is divided into several layers making the organizational processes easier to implement or expand. Each layer of the architecture has special tasks that contribute to the success of the organizational processes: = Applications address organizational goals directly. They offer a discrete set of functions, accessed via the network, for authorized users such as employees, customers, suppliers, or partners. ‘= Enabling network solutions (such as voice transport or Content Networking) make modern networks more versatile so that they can concurrently provide a greater range of functions and better support application requirements. ‘Prerequisite systems are combinations of structured data and business logic, sometimes ‘wrapped in an application that exposes information as requested or directed. = Network infrastructure includes network platforms and links, coupled with intelligent network services. It provides appropriate quality of service in a highly available, managed and secure network. 110 Designing for Cisco interetwork Solutons (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright© 2002, Cisco Systems, neNetwork Organizational Model Implementation Network architecture implementation guidelines: + Incremental integration of organizational processes into the networked architecture » Reflection of organizational structure and its processes + Constant input from users + Manageability and control An implementation path toward the network organizational model should be incremental and logical, starting small and growing while success builds. For example, many companies select customer support as a critical area because they foresee the potential of the network as a means of developing closer relationships with their customers. ‘The network architecture of an organization must reflect its logical structure and the processes conducted within the organization and its ecosystem, Input from users ensures that the application will be usable and that the resulting architecture will bring the anticipated benefits to the organization, Open access to information, resources, and services through a network organizational environment sets new standards for relationships with customers, clients, partners, suppliers, and employees. Therefore, control and manageability is desired on all levels of the network architecture. Copyright® 2002, Cia Systems, Ie ‘Applying Design Principles in Network Deployment. 1-11Selecting Critical Applications Application Selection Application with the highest impact on organization network: + The most critical application is selected + Appropriate enabling network solutions and prerequisite systems are chosen + Adequate intelligent network services are deployed An organization should begin the network organizational model implementation by selecting an application that has the greatest impact on organizational processes, keeping in mind that the ‘model is not about incremental improvements in existing tasks. The approach looks for breakthrough ways of sharing information, tools, and systems to build stronger organizational relationships. Given the process requirements, the necessary network solutions, prerequisite systems and intelligent network services should be provided and deployed. For example, ifthe process requires secure search of data in repository, the appropriate database and search engine must be provided and adequate security mechanisms deployed. 2 Designing for Cisco interetwork Solutons (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright© 2002, Cisco Systems, neExample ‘The example presents an organizational application, which introduces mechanisms for faster and easier announcement of new or modified products to corporate users, partners, or customers. Network Organizational Application Example ‘The figure illustrates three different business applications. The applications are simple to use, and users obtain all necessary data directly from each application, m= Product navigator: Customers do not need to call the company to receive detailed information about a product. The product navigator application helps customers to find the product, depending on their needs. = Corporate messenger: If customer wants to receive all announcements for the given products, for example, a new software version, the messaging application may be used, ‘This application dispatches information automatically to customers without manual, intervention from the corporate administrator. m= Product data center: Presents an application to retrieve product information from the central storage in the format the customer demands. For example, the customer may choose the page to be displayed on the web or downloaded in Adobe Acrobat or another format. However, for the network organizational application to work, the enabling network solutions and prerequisite systems for these applications must be provided. With these enabling solutions and systems and with the supported database on a lower layer, the application on the upper layer can access the information requested by the user, faster and more easily. For example, when a user requests the data sheet for a particular device, the application accesses the repository and, with the help of the document management technology, searches for an answer. Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. ‘Applying Design Principles in Network Daployment 1-13,Practice Ql) Which three options are the components of network architecture? (Choose three.) A) product navigator B) applications ©) intelligent network services D) corporate messenger E) training F) enabling network solutions 1-14 Designing for Cisco internetwork Solutons (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright© 2002, Cisco Systems, neOrganizational Policies Every organization implements specific policies to achieve its goals. These policies need to be discussed and known before designing or redesigning a customer's network. Organizational Policies Every organization uses various pol achieve organizational goals: + Common legal and regulatory policies + Organizationally specific policies (for example, technology and vendor preference, employment policies) Policies can vary over time: + Constant monitoring is neccessary + Change to policy affects procedures and processes Policies are the rules and guidelines that an organization follows to achieve its goals. Policies are understood, implemented, and maintained at all levels of an organization. Many sets of internal documents explain the policies, procedures, and standards of an organization's operations. Organizational policies are divided into = Common legal and regulatory policies = Organizationally specific policies Common Legal and Regulatory Policies ‘These common policies are general policies that are implemented in response to legal, regulatory, or contractual requirements. Common policies define the rules that an organization follows. Important policies relevant to building a network infrastructure are the technology, vendor orientation, and preference policies. In the United States, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) drive many accounting policies. In other geographies, available network equipment choices may be limited by governmental Post, Telegraph, and Telephone (PTT) organizations. Copyright® 2002, Cia Systems, Ie ‘Applying Design Principles in Network Daployment 1-15.Organizationally Specific Policies ‘These specific policies require an understanding of the organization’s goals, mission, and desired outcomes. A project may fail if'a network designer does not understand the organizationally specific policies, because the design may not meet the customer's requirements. Understanding specific policies may also require sensitivity to an organization’s tolerance of risk. Examples often include policies relevant to building a network infrastructure which address technology, vendor orientation, and preference policies. If an organization already uses a certain type of equipment, the network maintenance organization has an existing knowledge of the equipment operation and is therefore less inclined to change the vendors. For example, the organization may use equipment with a standard protocol such as OSPF. Its common policy for 1L3 equipment is that the network must support the OSPF protocol. Equipment that violates this policy will not be purchased without executive intervention, Policy Cycle Policy Cycle Set the Polley Me ‘Owes 2 yneatnaty Spec ronie | I Globe Polis 4 Policies within the organization may vary over time, which impacts the organizational workflows and outcomes. 1-18 Designing for Cisco internetwork Solutons (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright© 2002, Cisco Systems, neDefining the Policy ‘Management, which sets the policy, must also monitor the implementation of the policy, ‘measure subsequent impact on the organization, and redefine the policy as necessary to align with organizational goals. ‘The typical goals of organizational policy, which is often defined and implemented by senior ‘management, are to direct and align the effort of all everyone to achieve a common goal ‘Therefore, employees, partners, customers, and suppliers must comply with an organization’s, current policies in order to maintain business relationships. Policies may change over time. Evolving market demands, regulatory changes or organizational operations may drive these policy changes. Small companies may change their internal policies to meet the requirements of partner companies’ network specifications, or to accept new solutions, which do not align with current policy. Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. ‘Applying Design Principles in Network Daployment 1-17Example Company B may decide to use a new application with a partnering company A, but finds that the application is not compliant with the policy of company A. The management of company A may decide to redefine the partnership with company B because of the noncompliance in policies. Adhering to the Policy Policy is defined and changed by management, and itis usually the result of evolving organizational demands. Employees, customers or partners are expected to adhere to the predefined policies. Any may propose policy changes in the organization when it appears that a policy is no longer aligned with organizational objectives or external requirements. Exceptions ‘may occur when a vendor or a network designer proposes a solution that requires policy change for proper implementation. Management must act to implement these proposals before they become effective as policy. Example For example, organization X requires secure communication with organization Y, however neither communication nor network security exist within organization X. This situation requires organization X to develop a new policy, which defines how secure communication with organization Y will be achieved. 18 Designing for Clee Internetwork Solutions (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright© 2002, Cisco Systems, nePolicy Makers. Policy Makers ies eae eeiet POO ir eonthe eral) Managers) BS eonytr Contribute effort. ideas, and knowledge Organizations are divided into numerous vertical levels, each with its own responsibilities and policies. Every level needs to manage its own responsibilities. For example, there may be three core levels within an organization: ‘= Executives and senior managers who make major strategic business decisions form the top of an organizational hierarchy. = Departmental or unit managers assign tasks to nonmanagerial employees. In many companies, one manager may oversee a number of subordinate managers within a department, who in turn provide direction to nonmanagerial employees. However, within a small company, a single manager may control all activities within a single department, m= Employees use their knowledge, effort and ideas to contribute to the completion of the tasks assigned by their supervisors. Employees are often specialists. For example, workers ‘on an automobile assembly line are specialists in the specific parts of the car they assemble. Specialization enables an organization to develop and implement complex and highly demanding tasks. Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. ‘Appiying Design Principles in Network Daployment 1-19Example Policy Hierarchy Example This organizational chart illustrates a hierarchical structure for a small to mid-sized organization. The chief executive officer (CEO), who may also be the owner, is at the top of the hierarchy The CEO and senior executives decide which projects they will undertake, identify the benefits the projects will bring to the organization, and address the obstacles which they need to overcome for the project to succeed. The figure also presents three upper managers who oversee departments: m= Sales manager: Manages and controls the domestic and international sales department Customer support manager: Controls the customer support department and any other department involved in customer relations (for example, a customer support help desk) m= Finance manage financial transactions ‘ontrols the finance department, which is responsible for carrying out Other departments, like Information Technology and Manufacturing, are not represented 1-20 Designing for Cisco interetwork Solutons (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright© 2002, Cisco Systems, nePractice QI) Which two sets of policies affect the achievement of organizational goals? (Choose two.) A) extemal policy B) _organization-specifie policy ©) employment policy D) common corporation policy E) networked architecture policy Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. ‘Applying Design Principles in Network Deployment. 1-21Organizational Procedures Organizational procedures influence network design significantly. This topic describes the importance of determining organizational structure and its resulting procedures. Organizational Structure Typical organizations comprise one or more divisions or departments, which are interrelated and together form an integrated structure. Note “The terms organization, instution, and company are used interchangeably. Any of the listed torms refers 1o an entity that participates in an organizational process. Organizational Procedures Typical business organizational structure includes many departments, for exampl + Manufacturing + Accounting + Marketing = Management Departments must interact closely to ve optimal organizational results. Organizational structure may vary depending on the size of the organization. Small organizations may consist only of a few departments, while large corporations can be the integration of many smaller organizations or departments. Atypical business organizational structure includes several departments, among them: m= Manufacturing = Accounting = Marketing 1 Management 1-22 Designing for Clee interatwork Solutions (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright© 2002, Cisco Systems, neEach department in this structure has its own functions and tasks. The number and functions of departments may vary depending upon the size and type of organization. Each department performs different tasks and has particular responsibilities in the overall organization. Ina successful company, all departments need to work together to achieve the best results. Every department has an assigned role in the organizational procedures. Well-structured organizations can react more quickly and compete more effectively in a rapidly changing environment. Information Flow ‘The figure illustrates a sample organizational structure and the procedural interrelations among, its various components, Information Flow ‘Typically, departments such as manufacturing, accounting, marketing, and management are interconnected internally through information flows that help to achieve organizational goals. External links to partners, customers, and suppliers also exist. Most organizational procedures affect a number of departments in addition to external entities. ‘The network designer must determine the major processes and procedures within an organization and identify the involved departments and their communications to the external partners, suppliers, or customers. For example, suppliers communicate more often to ‘manufacturing than to marketing, and partners often relate more directly to marketing and ‘management than to production, although the flow of communications may vary. Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. ‘Applying Design Principles in Network Daployment 1-23,Example Sales Order Process Example Nonagmert decounting a 2 Dart, — come 9B a This example illustrates the communications that occur when a customer buys a product from the sample organization and how information technology can enhance the relationships and procedures within the organization. The underlying information technology provides the services for all departments. Using this infrastructure, business can be conducted so that data is, available to all involved participants, without having to enter that data more than once. The example displays the information flow that occurs when the customer decides to buy a product. The customer chooses one of the products from a list based on sales and marketing data available in the system. When the selection is completed, the collected data from the customer is stored by the application, which requests the delivery and initiates payment process. These processes are detected by the business system applications that carry out the step of informing the impacted. divisions, After notification, the distribution division ensures the delivery of the product to the customer's address. At the same time, the application informs the remaining departments about the status of the purchase. The application updates the database information and proceeds with any additional tasks, if necessary (for example, when the product is out of stock and new supplies are needed). The accounting department controls the payment process, including tasks such as generating the invoice. 1-24 Designing for Cisco interetwork Solutons (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright© 2002, Cisco Systems, nePractice QI) To allow a company to react more rapidly and compete more efficiently, the IT infrastructure should reflect the organizational A) structure B) procedures) ©) department D) management hierarchy Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. ‘Applying Design Principles in Network Daployment 1-25.Using Networking to Accomplish Organizational Goals This topic describes how to accomplish organizational goals by using the network infrastructure effectively Using Networking to Accomplish Organizational Goals + Networks are strategic assets. + Networks enable successful execution of organizational procedures. + Organizational goals can only be achieved by effective use of network infrastructure. + Effective networks provide flexibility, responsiveness, reliability, availability, security, and manageability to organizational processes and procedures. During the past decade, people have become increasingly reliant on networks and the Internet to fulfill business strategies as well as for personal use. Common current organizational applications include e-commerce, customer service, supply-chain management, and online training. The integration of the Internet with the organization offers new opportunities for improvements to network organizational processes and procedures while challenging traditional policies. A traditional network is limited in many ways. Most traditional networks provide only limited (if any) external access to important organizational applications. Few modern companies can survive without carefully established partnerships that require an open, yet controlled, access. In addition, many traditional networks are focused on internal connectivity only, rather than on reliability and manageability. A modern network based on the network organizational model overcomes these issues, creating a more flexible, more responsive, and highly available open network. Network technology based on the network organizational model can dramatically increase efficiency, productivity, and customer satisfaction, +26 Designing for Clee interatwork Solutions (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright© 2002, Cisco Systems, neExample In the past, the customer had to be physically present to carry out complex financial transactions with a bank. The Internet, a globally enabled network, supports most financial transactions from the home or from the office. Flexible Network Infrastructure Functionality Business networks allow organizations to stay current on the latest industry trends and. developments, resulting in a competitive advantage. A flexible network infrastructure that can scale to constant change is a key for successful deployment of network applications that support organizational processes. Networking Contributions Pie Sa Ta Senay aaa organizational tasks ry Seed Performance biel ent) eee Mente one tsar ven Care eee (ps nena) susvees ll) Tiere ee) Ge beaten rian neds 1 (sds sai eso Ue sansssesiel Satelit sansa Co Goals cannot be achieved without a full understanding and integration of these networking requirements: ‘= Organizational applications require a fully fimetional network to support the goals defined by the organization, The network must be able to support the applications that are required for conducting the organizational processes. = Constant growth and expansion of the organizational processes require the network infrastructure to support the same scalability as the organization, with easy and inexpensive investment in the infrastructure. ‘= Critical business applications require networks to provide services on a 24-hours-a-day basis, thus to be highly available. All components of the network infrastructure must be built with redundancy and resiliency to provide this service. Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. ‘Applying Design Principles in Network Doployment 1-27‘= Organizational applications require a certain level of performance from the network. Networks must be able to identify users and applications and provide the responsiveness and throughput required while maintaining economic levels of utilization. 1 Management systems play an important role in today’s organizational processes. They improve control, capacity management, performance monitoring, and fault detection for professionals who are not necessarily technical experts in all the applicable disciplines. For example, a management system may provide case-tracking or statistical analyses of critical business events. As a critical asset, the network must be proactively managed, Efficiency of the network infrastructure in the organization provides optimum results with appropriate investment. The approach, such as converging voice and data on a single integrated network, can lead to enhanced efficiency and cost effectiveness. Traditional Network Implementation Example TREE This figure illustrates a network infrastructure, with an emphasis on the features needed to accomplish specifi organizational goals. A high-speed connection and fast network devices in the enterprise network backbone (supporting a network organizational model) can achieve the required performance. The devices in this network design are based on versatile, scalable platforms, which can provide further functionality with reduced additional investment. Such scalability may provide enough capacity to run an organizational application such as e-commerce without immediate replacement of existing infrastructure. This network configuration also may support the high availability, reliability and manageability required by an e-commerce application which must be available 24 hours a day to support users all over the world 1-28 Designing for Cisco internetwork Solutons (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright© 2002, Cisco Systems, ne.‘The example network transports data and other information, such as voice, thereby increasing efficiency while reducing installation, ongoing operations and management costs. ice Ql) Which three network features are needed to achieve organizational goals? (Choose three.) A) scalability B) high availability ©) seltadaptabilty D) performance E) adherence to business standards Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. ‘Applying Design Principles in Network Daployment 1-20Summary This topic summarizes the key points discussed in this lesson. This lesson presented these key point + The network organizational model opens the corporate information infrastructure to leverage the network advantage. + Every organization uses various policies to achieve organizational goals. + Organizational procedures reveal the internal structure of the organization. + Organizational goals can be achieved only by effective use of the network infrastructure. Next Steps After completing this lesson, go to: m= Network Design Methodology lesson +20 Designing for Clee interatwork Solutions (DESGN) v1.0 | Copyright© 2002, Cisco Systems, neQuiz: Identifying Organizational Network Policies and Procedures ‘Complete the quiz to assess what you have learned in this lesson. Objectives This quiz tests your knowledge on how to: Identify the network organizational model components ‘= Identify the network architecture components Identify the network organizational policies 1m Describe the network organizational procedures 1 Describe selected deployment scenarios for an organization's network Instructions ‘Answer these questions: 1. Whats the difference between a traditional and an ecosystem organizational model? 2. List four implementation points which should be considered in network organizational architecture. List the major policies that need to be considered when designing or redesigning a network. 4. Why does organizational structuring into departments constitute such an important role in the business environment, and what is its impact on network design? 5. List the network requirements that are needed to achieve organizational goals. Scoring ‘You have successfully completed the quiz for this lesson when you correctly answer 4 or more of the questions above. Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. ‘Applying Design Principles in Network Deployment 1-311-22 Designing for Clec interetwork Solutions (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright© 2002, Cisco Systems, neNetwork Design Methodology Overview ‘The network design methodology is derived from the planning, design, implementation, operation, and optimization (PDIOO) methodology that reflects a network's life cycle. This lesson describes the PDIOO phases and their relation to network design methodology. The design methodology is explained in detail, starting with customer requirements and concluding with the network design verification, Structured and modular approaches to network design are introduced as a framework for building network solutions. Decisions that must be made in each design methodology step are facilitated by the use of decision tables for information analysis. Importance ‘This lesson provides the learner with the knowledge needed to apply an appropriate network design methodology using a modular top-down approach, Objectives Upon completing ths lesson, you will be able to: m= Explain design as an integral phase in a network life eycle '= Identify design methodology steps = Describe design asa structured process 1m Discuss the importance of recording design information in every phase of network design Learner Skills and Knowledge ‘To benefit fully from this lesson, you must have these prerequisite skills and knowledge: = Familiarity with basic networking concepts and technologiesOutline This lesson includes these topics: Overview Design as an Integral Part of the PDIOO Methodology Design Methodology Using Design Practices Decision Tables in Network Design ‘Summary Assessment (Quiz): Network Design Methodology 1 Designing for Clee Internetwork Solutions (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright© 2002, Cisco Systems, neDesign as an Integral Part of the PDIOO Methodology ‘This topic introduces the planning, design, implementation, operation, and optimization (PDIOO) methodology, a reflection of the network life cycle. Network design is presented as an integral phase of the PDIOO methodology. PDIOO Process + PDIOO is the abbreviation for planning, design, implementation, operation, and optimization + PDIOO methodology reflects the network life cycle + Design is one of the phases in the network life cycle + Design elements are present in each PDIOO phase ‘The PDIOO methodology reflects the phases of a standard network's life cycle. These phases are encountered in the operation of every network. ‘There is a close relationship between design and the other PDIOO phases. While design is one of the five PDIOO phases, design elements are present in all the other phases, and the other phases influence design decisions. Copyright® 2002, Cio Systems, Ie ‘Appiving Design Principles in Network Daployment 1-35.PDIOO Phases PDIOO Network Life Cycle so nero P > Plan ees D Design TPS 1 Implement O Operate ews a B Vegi” O Optimize a ean ve R__ Retirement ry “Savane The PDIOO life cycle phases are separate, yet closely related. PDIOO phases include: = Planning: In this phase, the network requirements are identified. These requirements are based on goals, the premises, or areas where the network will be installed, the identification of who will require which network services, and so forth. The output of this phase is a set of network requirements. = Design: The initial requirements decided in the planning phase drive the activities of the network design specialists. They design the network according to those initial requirements, incorporating any additional data gathered during network analysis and network audit (when upgrading an existing network), or acquired through discussion with the managers and users of the network. The network design specification produced provides the basis for the implementation activities. = Implementation: After the design has been approved, implementation begins. The network is built according to the design specifications. Implementation also serves to verify the design. = Operation: Operation isthe final test of the appropriateness of the design. The fault detection and correction and performance monitoring that occur in daily operations provide initial data for the optimization phase of the network life cycle. 1-38 Designing for Cisco internetwork Solutions (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright© 2002, Cisco Systems, ne|= Optimization: The optimization phase is based on proactive management of the network. ‘The goal of proactive management is to identify and resolve issues before real problems arise. Reactive fault detection and correction (troubleshooting) is needed when proactive ‘management cannot predict, and mitigate, the failures. In the PDIOO process, the ‘optimization phase has special significance. It may prompt a network redesign if too many network problems and errors arise because of design issues or as network performance degrades over time as actual use and capabilites diverge. Redesign may also be necessary ‘when requirements change significantly. In this case, the performance data regarding responsiveness, throughput, and resource utilization collected for optimization provides baseline information m= RETIREMENT: Retirement is not a defined part of the PDIOO process, but it is a natural part of the network life cycle. When the network, or a part of the network, is recognized as being out-of-date, it may be taken from the production. Ifthe features permit, it sometimes possible to push retired equipment toward the edge where the performance requirements are less aggressive. Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. ‘Appiving Desig Principles in Network Doployment 1-37Design Elements Present in Other PDIOO Phases Design Phase Correlation Design elements present in all other phases: + Planning phase requirements influence design directly + Implementing phase important for design verification + Operating and optimizing results may trigger network redesign The design phase interacts closely with all other PDIOO phases: ‘The planning phase requirements influence the design directly, because the requirements are the basis for network design. ‘The implementation phase includes the initial verification of the design on the actual network, During the operation and optimization phases, the final decision is made on the appropriateness of the design, based on network analysis and possible problems, errors, and corrections, 1-28 Designing for Clee interatwork Solutions (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright© 2002, Cisco Systems, nePractice QI) The planning phase requirements have a direct influence on the ___ phase decisions. A) retirement B) design ©) optimization D) test 2) The___phase is important for design verification A) design B) planning © build D) implementation Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. ‘Appiving Desig Principles in Network Daployment 1-30Design Methodology In this topic a design phase methodology is discussed, its processes are listed and presented, and the relation to the PDIOO phases is described. Design Methodology + Amethodology is a set of steps that can be referred to, without having to recreate the path from the start to the completion of the network. + The design methodology for networks has eight steps which correspond to the network life cycle. Why Have a Methodology? When working in an environment that requires creative production on a tight schedule (such as designing an internetwork), it can be helpful to use a design methodology. A methodology is a set of procedures, or a documented process, that can be referred to, without having to recreate the path from the start to the completion of the effort. This discipline can be liberating in four ways: mItensures that no step is missed when the process is followed _Itencourages consistency in the creative process, enabling network designers to set appropriate deadlines and to maintain both customer and manager satisfaction ‘= It lets customers and managers validate that there has been thought given to how to meet their requirements = Itprovides a framework for the deliverables of the design process 1-40 Designing for Clee interetwork Solitons (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright© 2002, Cisco Systems, neDesign Methodology Steps n methodology consists of eight steps: Identify the customer requirements Characterize the existing network Design the topology and network solutions Plan the implementation Build a pilot network (optional) Document the design Implement and verify the design Monitor and optionally redesign ‘The design methodology consists of multiple steps. Some steps are intrinsic to the design phase, while others are related to other PDIOO phases. Mandatory and Optional Design Methodology Steps ‘There are seven mandatory steps and one optional step: ‘Stop ‘Stop2 Identify customer requirements: In this step, the initial requirements are extracted from the information provided by the network owner (the designer's customer). This is typically done within the PDIOO planning phase. Characterize the existing network: Characterization of the existing network includes two substeps, the network audit and network analysis. In the network audit, step, the existing network is thoroughly checked for integrity and quality. In the network analysis step, network behavior is analyzed (traffic analysis, congestion, and so forth). This is typically done within the PDIOO optimization phase Note This step Is present only when an existing network is being redesigned, ‘Stop3 ‘Stop 4 Design the topology and network solutions: In this step, the actual design of the network is undertaken. Decisions on network infrastructure (hardware, software, physical topology, routing protocols, high availability, and so forth), intelligent network services (Quality of Service [QoS]. security, network management, high availability and so forth), and network solutions (Voice over IP [VoIP], content networking, and so forth) are made. The data for making these decisions is gathered luring the first two steps of this methodology Plan the implementation: In this step, the implementation procedures are prepared in advance to expedite and clarify the actual implementation, Cost assessment is, undertaken at this time. Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. ‘Appiying Design Princplos in Network Deployment -41Steps Step 6 Step7 Stops Build a pilot network: In this optional step, a pilot (prototype) network can be constructed to verify the correctness of the design. This is done either late in the PDIOO design phase or early in the PDIOO implementation phase Document the design: In this step, the actual design documents are written. For a more detailed description of design documents, refer to the Implementing the Design Methodology lesson, Implement and verify the design: In this step, by building a network, the actual, implementation and verification of the design takes place. This step maps directly to the implementation phase of the PDIOO methodology. Monitor and optionally redesign: After the network is built, itis put into ‘operation. During operation, the network is constantly monitored and checked for errors. If troubleshooting problems become too frequent or even impossible to manage, a redesign of the network may be required. Because of the costs involved, a redesign should be avoided, if possible. This step is a part of the operation and. ‘optimization phases of the PDIOO methodology. Note “The pllot (prototype) network should be used as oflen as possible to identify and correct problems that might otherwise lead to redesign late. Practice Qn Match the design methodology step in the left column with the correct procedure description in the right column: A) extracting customer requirements 1. build a prototype network B) characterizing the existing network 2. build a network, verify design ©) designing topology and network solutions 3. verify the health of the network D) building a pilot network 4, develop design documents E) planning the implementation 5. perform network audit and analysis, F) documenting the design 6. identify initial design requirements, G) implementing and verifying the design _7._plan implementation steps, asses costs H) monitoring and optional redesigning 8. create design and documentation, plan implementation +42 Designing for Clee Internetwork Solutions (DESGN) v1.0 Copyright© 2002, Cisco Systems, ne