PHP Notes

PHP Rasmus Lerdorf is the founder of the PHP in 1995. PHP is the server side scripting language.
language. Php needs a server to execute the file. Php files should be saved with .php as its extension ".php3", or ".phtml" Or else our server will not execute unknown extension apart from .html, .cpi, .cgs, Php supports all the data bases that are present in the market Ex:-mySql, mssql, infonix, Sybase, ibmdb2, postgresqletc Php can be worked on all the operating systems that is windows,linux,max,solariesetc Php can communicate with different servers Ex:-SMTP(Simple mail transfer protocol), imap (internet max access protocal), LDAP, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL PHP can be install as a software tags we get many of the server files Ex : Xampp, Wamp, easy php, mamp
PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
PHP is an open source software PHP is free to download and use PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side Xampp : Xampp stands for x------------------------>platform(windows,linux,mac,solaries) a------------------------->apache(web server) m------------------------>mysql(database file) p------------------------->perl(perl scripting in php) p------------------------->php/my admin (web database tool) php current version is 5.3.8
Wamp : Wamp stands for w------------------------>window exv a------------------------>apache(web server) m------------------------>mysql(database file) p------------------------>php/my admin (web database tool) Mamp : Mamp stands for m------------------------>mac os a------------------------->apache(web server) m------------------------>mysql(database file) p------------------------->php/my admin (web database tool) Apache contain the 1-65535 ports.In that 1-1024 are pre-reserved ports. Tmp : Tmp holds session details & temp upload files. Htdocs:After installing xampp we have to store our files into the folder called htdocs.Once files are saved in htdocs we can open with the location path as. http://localhost/abc(foldername)/first.php
Echo : echo is the output method in php.
Basic PHP Syntax : <?php echo universal way of writing php<br>; ?> <script language = php> echo javascript way of writtting php<br>; </script> <? echoshort tag way of writing php<br>; ?> <% 1echo asp way of writing php<br>; %> Comments in PHP : In PHP, we use // to make a one-line comment or to make a comment block
/* and */ <html> <body> <?php //This is a comment /* This is a comment block */ ?> </body> </html>
Printing methods in php :

PHP echo and print Statements
There are some differences between echo and print:

echo - can output one or more strings print - can only output one string, and returns always 1
Tip: echo is marginally faster compared to print as echo does not return any value.
The PHP echo Statement

echo is a language construct, and can be used with or without parentheses: echo or echo(). Display Strings The following example shows how to display different strings with the echo command (also notice that the strings can contain HTML markup):
Example
<?php echo "<h2>PHP is fun!</h2>"; echo "Hello world!<br>"; echo "I'm about to learn PHP!<br>"; echo "This", " string", " was", " made", " with multiple parameters."; ?>
Display Variables
The following example shows how to display strings and variables with the echo command:
Example
<?php $txt1="Learn PHP"; $txt2="W3Schools.com"; $cars=array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota"); echo $txt1; echo "<br>"; echo "Study PHP at $txt2";
echo "My car is a {$cars[0]}"; ?>
The PHP print Statement

print is also a language construct, and can be used with or without parentheses: print or print(). Display Strings The following example shows how to display different strings with the print command (also notice that the strings can contain HTML markup):
Example
<?php print "<h2>PHP is fun!</h2>"; print "Hello world!<br>"; print "I'm about to learn PHP!"; ?>
Display Variables The following example shows how to display strings and variables with the print command:
Example
<?php $txt1="Learn PHP"; $txt2="W3Schools.com"; $cars=array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota"); print $txt1; print "<br>"; print "Study PHP at $txt2"; print "My car is a {$cars[0]}"; ?>
e.Var-dump : It is also printing method which is used debugging the errors very easily. This not used in production level (live environmental ) Ex : var-dump($g);
Variables : Variables are "containers" for storing information. Variables in PHP starts with a $ sign, followed by the name of the variable. The variable name must begin with a letter or the underscore character. A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _). A variable name should not contain spaces. Variable names are case sensitive (y and Y are two different variables). Ex : variables.php <h1>Variables in php</h1> <?php $a = 10; $name = 'Rajesh'; $_name $_name $n123 $_1232 $1_name $first_Name echo 'The Value is : ',$a.'<br>'; echo 'The Name is : ',$name,'<br>'; ?> <script>
var a = 15; document.write('The Value of a is : '+a+'<br>'); </script> In PHP, a variable does not need to be declared before adding a value to it. In the example above, notice that we did not have to tell PHP which data type the variable is. PHP automatically converts the variable to the correct data type, depending on its value. In a strongly typed programming language, you have to declare (define) the type and name of the variable before using it. PHP has four different variable

local global static
Local variable : A variable declared within a PHP function is local and can only be accessed within that function. Ex : localvariable.php <?php function test(){ $a = 10; echo 'The Value of $a inside function is : ',$a,'<br>'; } test(); echo 'The Value of $a Outside Function is : ',$a,'<br>'; ?> Static variable : When a function is completed, all of its variables are normally deleted. However, sometimes you want a local variable not to be deleted. To do this, use the static keyword when you first declare the variable.
Ex : staticvariable.php <?php function test(){ $a = 10; static $b = 20; echo 'The Value of $a inside function is : ',$a,'<br>'; echo 'The Value of $a inside function is : ',$b,'<br>'; $a++; $b++; } echo 'The Value of $b outside is : ',$z,'<br>'; test(); test(); ?> Global variable : Global scope refers to any variable that is defined outside of any function. Global variables can be accessed from any part of the script that is not inside a function. To access a global variable from within a function, use the global keyword: Ex : global.php <?php $x = 10; echo 'The Value of $x = ',$x,'<br>'; function test(){ //global $x;
echo 'The Value of $x inside Function = ',$x,'<br>'; echo '$GLOBALS["x"] = ',$GLOBALS['x'],'<br>'; } test(); ?>
Operators : What is Operator? Simple answer can be given using expression 4 + 5 is equal to 9. Here 4 and 5 are called operands and + is called operator. PHP language supports following type of operators.

Arithmetic Operators Comparision Operators Logical (or Relational) Operators Assignment Operators Conditional (or ternary) Operators
Lets have a look on all operators one by one. Arithmatic Operators: There are following arithmatic operators supported by PHP language: Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then: Operator + * / % ++ Description Adds two operands Subtracts second operand from the first Multiply both operands Divide numerator by denumerator Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division Increment operator, increases Example A + B will give 30 A - B will give -10 A * B will give 200 B / A will give 2 B % A will give 0 A++ will give 11
integer value by one -Example: <html> <head><title>Arithmetical Operators</title><head> <body> <?php $a = 42; $b = 20; $c = $a + $b; echo "Addtion Operation Result: $c <br/>"; $c = $a - $b; echo "Substraction Operation Result: $c <br/>"; $c = $a * $b; echo "Multiplication Operation Result: $c <br/>"; $c = $a / $b; echo "Division Operation Result: $c <br/>"; $c = $a % $b; echo "Modulus Operation Result: $c <br/>"; $c = $a++; echo "Increment Operation Result: $c <br/>"; $c = $a--; echo "Decrement Operation Result: $c <br/>"; ?> </body> </html> Comparison Operators: There are following comparison operators supported by PHP language Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then: Operator Description Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true. Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if values are not Example Decrement operator, decreases integer value by one A-- will give 9
==
(A == B) is not true.
!=
(A != B) is true.
equal then condition becomes true. Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
>
(A > B) is not true.
<
(A < B) is true.
>=
(A >= B) is not true.
<=
(A <= B) is true.
EXAMPLE: <html> <head><title>Comparision Operators</title><head> <body> <?php $a = 42; $b = 20; if( $a == $b ){ echo "TEST1 : a is equal to b<br/>"; }else{ echo "TEST1 : a is not equal to b<br/>"; } if( $a > $b ){ echo "TEST2 }else{ echo "TEST2 } if( $a < $b ){ echo "TEST3 }else{ echo "TEST3 : a is greater than b<br/>"; : a is not greater than b<br/>"; : a is less than b<br/>"; : a is not less than b<br/>";
?> </body> </html>
} if( $a != $b ){ echo "TEST4 }else{ echo "TEST4 } if( $a >= $b ){ echo "TEST5 }else{ echo "TEST5 } if( $a <= $b ){ echo "TEST6 }else{ echo "TEST6 }
: a is not equal to b<br/>"; : a is equal to b<br/>"; : a is either grater than or equal to b<br/>"; : a is nieghter greater than nor equal to b<br/>"; : a is either less than or equal to b<br/>"; : a is nieghter less than nor equal to b<br/>";
This will produce following result TEST1 TEST2 TEST3 TEST4 TEST5 TEST6 : : : : : : a a a a a a is is is is is is not equal to b greater than b not less than b not equal to b either grater than or equal to b nieghter less than nor equal to b
Logical Operators: There are following logical operators supported by PHP language Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then:
Operator
Description Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are true then then condition becomes true. Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands are non zero then
Example
and
(A and B) is true.
or
(A or B) is true.
then condition becomes true. Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non zero then then condition becomes true. Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands are non zero then then condition becomes true. Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true then Logical NOT operator will make false.
&&
(A && B) is true.
||
(A || B) is true.
!(A && B) is false.
EXAMPLE: <html> <head><title>Logical Operators</title><head> <body> <?php $a = 42; $b = 0; if( $a && $b ){ echo "TEST1 }else{ echo "TEST1 } if( $a and $b ){ echo "TEST2 }else{ echo "TEST2 } if( $a || $b ){ echo "TEST3 }else{ echo "TEST3 } if( $a or $b ){ echo "TEST4 }else{ echo "TEST4 } : Both a and b are true<br/>"; : Either a or b is false<br/>"; : Both a and b are true<br/>"; : Either a or b is false<br/>"; : Either a or b is true<br/>"; : Both a and b are false<br/>"; : Either a or b is true<br/>"; : Both a and b are false<br/>";
$a = 10; $b = 20; if( $a ){ echo "TEST5 }else{ echo "TEST5 } if( $b ){ echo "TEST6 }else{ echo "TEST6 } if( !$a ){ echo "TEST7 }else{ echo "TEST7 } if( !$b ){ echo "TEST8 }else{ echo "TEST8 } ?> </body> </html>
: a is true <br/>"; : a is false<br/>"; : b is true <br/>"; : b is false<br/>"; : a is true <br/>"; : a is false<br/>"; : b is true <br/>"; : b is false<br/>";
This will produce following result TEST1 TEST2 TEST3 TEST4 TEST5 TEST6 TEST7 TEST8 : : : : : : : : Either a or Either a or Either a or Either a or a is true b is true a is false b is false b b b b is is is is false false true true
Assignment Operators: There are following assignment operators supported by PHP language: Operator = Description Simple assignment operator, Example C = A + B will assigne value of A + B into
Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand
+=
Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand to the left C += A is equivalent to C = C + A operand and assign the result to left operand Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand
-=
C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A
*=
C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
/=
C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
%=
C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
EXAMPLE: <html> <head><title>Assignment Operators</title><head> <body> <?php $a = 42; $b = 20; $c = $a + $b; /* Assignment operator */ echo "Addtion Operation Result: $c <br/>"; $c += $a; /* c value was 42 + 20 = 62 */
?> </body> </html>
echo "Add AND Assigment Operation Result: $c <br/>"; $c -= $a; /* c value was 42 + 20 + 42 = 104 */ echo "Subtract AND Assignment Operation Result: $c <br/>"; $c *= $a; /* c value was 104 - 42 = 62 */ echo "Multiply AND Assignment Operation Result: $c <br/>"; $c /= $a; /* c value was 62 * 42 = 2604 */ echo "Division AND Assignment Operation Result: $c <br/>"; $c %= $a; /* c value was 2604/42 = 62*/ echo "Modulus AND Assignment Operation Result: $c <br/>";
This will produce following result Addtion Operation Result: 62 Add AND Assigment Operation Result: 104 Subtract AND Assignment Operation Result: 62 Multiply AND Assignment Operation Result: 2604 Division AND Assignment Operation Result: 62 Modulus AND Assignment Operation Result: 20
Conditional Operator There is one more operator called conditional operator. This first evaluates an expression for a true or false value and then execute one of the two given statements depending upon the result of the evaluation. The conditional operator has this syntax:
Operator
Description
Example If Condition is true ? Then value X : Otherwise value Y
?:
Conditional Expression
Conditional Operator: <html> <head><title>Arithmetical Operators</title><head> <body> <?php $a = 10;
$b = 20; /* If condition is true then assign a to result otheriwse b */ $result = ($a > $b ) ? $a :$b; echo "TEST1 : Value of result is $result<br/>"; /* If condition is true then assign a to result otheriwse b */ $result = ($a < $b ) ? $a :$b; echo "TEST2 : Value of result is $result<br/>"; ?> </body> </html> This will produce following result TEST1 : Value of result is 20 TEST2 : Value of result is 10 Precedence of PHP Operators: Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression. This affects how an expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator: For example x = 7 + 3 * 2; Here x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has higher precedence than + so it first get multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7. Here operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first. Category Unary Multiplicative Additive Relational Equality ! ++ -*/% +< <= > >= == != Operator Associativity Right to left Left to right Left to right Left to right Left to right
Logical AND Logical OR Conditional Assignment
&& || ?: = += -= *= /= %=
Left to right Left to right Right to left Right to left
Type Casting: Conversion of the one data type into another data type is known as type casting. in php we have mainly two types of costing 1. Temporary type casting 2. Permanent type casting 1. Temporary type casting : Casting which can be done for single step by predefined the data type keyword. That particular variable will hold Temporary type casting. Ex : temporary.php <?php $x = "10.254Kgs"; var_dump($x);echo "<br>"; var_dump((int)$x); echo "<br>"; var_dump($x); echo '<br>'; var_dump((float)$x); echo '<br>'; var_dump((boolean)$x);echo'<br>'; var_dump((string)$x);echo "<br>"; var_dump($x);echo "<br>";
var_dump(floatval($x)); echo '<br>'; var_dump(intval($x)); echo '<br>'; var_dump($x);echo "<br>"; ?> 2. Permanent type casting : This can be done by using pre-defined key-word set type.which hold two arguments Syntax : set type (var name,int);
Ex : Permanent type casting.php <?php echo '<h1>Permanent Type Casting</h1>'; $x = "10.254Kgs"; settype($x,'float'); var_dump($x);echo "<br>"; settype($x,'int'); var_dump($x);echo "<br>"; settype($x,'boolean'); var_dump($x);echo "<br>"; settype($x,'int'); var_dump($x);echo "<br>"; var_dump($x);echo "<br>"; settype($x,'float'); var_dump($x);echo "<br>"; ?>
Data Types : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. String, Integer, Floating point numbers, Boolean, Array, Object, NULL.
PHP Strings A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!". A string can be any text inside quotes. You can use single or double quotes: Example <?php $x = "Hello world!"; echo $x; echo "<br>"; $x = 'Hello world!'; echo $x; ?> An integer is a number without decimals. Rules for integers:

An integer must have at least one digit (0-9) An integer cannot contain comma or blanks An integer must not have a decimal point An integer can be either positive or negative Integers can be specified in three formats: decimal (10-based), hexadecimal (16based - prefixed with 0x) or octal (8-based - prefixed with 0)
In the following example we will test different numbers. The PHP var_dump() function returns the data type and value of variables:
Example: <?php $x = 5985; var_dump($x); echo "<br>"; $x = -345; // negative number var_dump($x); echo "<br>"; $x = 0x8C; // hexadecimal number var_dump($x); echo "<br>"; $x = 047; // octal number var_dump($x); ?> PHP Floating Point Numbers
A floating point number is a number with a decimal point or a number in exponential form. In the following example we will test different numbers. The PHP var_dump() function returns the data type and value of variables: Example: <?php $x = 10.365; var_dump($x); echo "<br>"; $x = 2.4e3; var_dump($x); echo "<br>"; $x = 8E-5; var_dump($x); ?>
PHP Booleans Booleans can be either TRUE or FALSE. $x=true; $y=false; Booleans are often used in conditional testing. You will learn more about conditional testing in a later chapter of this tutorial. PHP Arrays An array stores multiple values in one single variable. In the following example we create an array, and then use the PHP var_dump() function to return the data type and value of the array: Example: <?php $cars=array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota"); var_dump($cars); ?> PHP Objects An object is a data type which stores data and information on how to process that data. In PHP, an object must be explicitly declared. First we must declare a class of object. For this, we use the class keyword. A class is a structure that can contain properties and methods. We then define the data type in the object class, and then we use the data type in instances of that class: Example: <?php class Car { var $color; function Car($color="green") {
$this->color = $color; } function what_color() { return $this->color; } } ?> PHP NULL Value The special NULL value represents that a variable has no value. NULL is the only possible value of data type NULL. The NULL value identifies whether a variable is empty or not. Also useful to differentiate between the empty string and null values of databases. Variables can be emptied by setting the value to NULL: Example: <?php $x="Hello world!"; $x=null; var_dump($x); ?> STRING FUNCTIONS: String Concatenation Operator To concatenate two string variables together, use the dot (.) operator: <?php $string1="Hello World"; $string2="1234"; echo $string1 . " " . $string2; ?> This will produce following result: Hello World 1234 If we look at the code above you see that we used the concatenation operator two times. This is because we had to insert a third string.
Between the two string variables we added a string with a single character, an empty space, to separate the two variables.
Using the strlen() function The strlen() function is used to find the length of a string. Let's find the length of our string "Hello world!": <?php echo strlen("Hello world!"); ?> This will produce following result: 12 The length of a string is often used in loops or other functions, when it is important to know when the string ends. (i.e. in a loop, we would want to stop the loop after the last character in the string) Using the strpos() function The strpos() function is used to search for a string or character within a string. If a match is found in the string, this function will return the position of the first match. If no match is found, it will return FALSE. Let's see if we can find the string "world" in our string: <?php echo strpos("Hello world!","world"); ?> This will produce following result: 6
Escape sequence Chracters: The escape-sequence replacements are:

\n is replaced by the newline character \r is replaced by the carriage-return character \t is replaced by the tab character \$ is replaced by the dollar sign itself ($) \" is replaced by a single double-quote (") \\ is replaced by a single backslash (\)
b)Compound data types : Compound data types again two types 1. Array data type 2. Object data type 1. Array data type : Array data type which can hold more than one value. In php we have mainly 3 kinds of arrays i) Numerical array ii) Associative array iii) Mixed array Declaring an array in php can be done by two types array as the function array as a square bracket
i) Numerical array : A numeric array stores each array element with a numeric index. There are two methods to create a numeric array. In the following example the index are automatically assigned (the index starts at 0):
$cars=array("Saab","Volvo","BMW","Toyota"); In the following example we assign the index manually: $cars[0]="Saab"; $cars[1]="Volvo"; $cars[2]="BMW"; $cars[3]="Toyota"; Ex : <?php $cars[0]="Saab"; $cars[1]="Volvo"; $cars[2]="BMW"; $cars[3]="Toyota"; echo $cars[0] . " and " . $cars[1] . " are Swedish cars."; ?>
ii) Associative array : An associative array, each ID key is associated with a value. When storing data about specific named values, a numerical array is not always the best way to do it. With associative arrays we can use the values as keys and assign values to them. Example 1 In this example we use an array to assign ages to the different persons: $ages = array("Peter"=>32, "Quagmire"=>30, "Joe"=>34); Example 2 This example is the same as example 1, but shows a different way of creating the array: $ages['Peter'] = "32"; $ages['Quagmire'] = "30"; $ages['Joe'] = "34"; The ID keys can be used in a script: <?php $ages['Peter'] = "32";
$ages['Quagmire'] = "30"; $ages['Joe'] = "34"; echo "Peter is " . $ages['Peter'] . " years old."; ?> The code above will output: Peter is 32 years old.
iii) Mixed array : Mixed array is nothing but combination of numerical & associative array is known as mixed array. Ex : mixedarrays.php <?php $a = array("Name"=>"Rajesh","Age"=>30); print_r($a); echo '<hr>'; echo '<h1 align="center">Mixed Arrays</h1>'; define('A','ABC'); define('B','XYZ'); $c = 10; $d = 20; $g = array(0=>10,1=>20,'Name'=>'Raj','Age'=>30,5=>500,5.55=>600,-9=>'Negative value',true=>200,false=>200,''=>'Empty Value',NULL=>'Null Value',A=>B,$c=>$d); echo '<pre>'; print_r($g); echo '</pre>'; ?>
Constant : A constant is a name or an identifier for a simple value. A constant value cannot change during the execution of the script. By default a constant is case-sensitiv. By convention, constant identifiers are always uppercase. A constant name starts with a letter or underscore, followed by any number of letters, numbers, or underscores. If you have defined a constant, it can never be changed or undefined. To define a constant you have to use define() function and to retrieve the value of a constant, you have to simply specifying its name. constant() example: <?php define("MINSIZE", 50); echo MINSIZE; echo constant("MINSIZE"); // same thing as the previous line ?> Differences between constants and variables are:

There is no need to write a dollar sign ($) before a constant, where as in Variable one has to write a dollar sign. Constants cannot be defined by simple assignment, they may only be defined using the define() function. Constants may be defined and accessed anywhere without regard to variable scoping rules. Once the Constants have been set, may not be redefined or undefined.
Conditional Statements: Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on different conditions
You can use conditional statements in your code to make your decisions. PHP supports following threedecision making statements:
if...else statement - use this statement if you want to execute a set of code when a condition is true and another if the condition is not true
elseif statement - is used with the if...else statement to execute a set of code if one of several condition are true switch statement - is used if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed, use the Switch statement. The switch statement is used to avoid long blocks of if..elseif..else code.
The If...Else Statement

If you want to execute some code if a condition is true and another code if a condition is false, use the if....else statement.
Syntax
if (condition) code to be executed if condition is true; else code to be executed if condition is false;
Example
The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current day is Friday, otherwise it will output "Have a nice day!":
<html> <body> <?php $d=date("D"); if ($d=="Fri") echo "Have a nice weekend!"; else echo "Have a nice day!"; ?> </body> </html>
If more than one line should be executed if a condition is true/false, the lines should be enclosed within curly braces:
<html> <body> <?php $d=date("D"); if ($d=="Fri") { echo "Hello!<br />"; echo "Have a nice weekend!"; echo "See you on Monday!"; }
?> </body> </html>
The ElseIf Statement

If you want to execute some code if one of several conditions are true use the elseif statement
Syntax
if (condition) code to be executed if condition is true; elseif (condition) code to be executed if condition is true; else code to be executed if condition is false;
Example
The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current day is Friday, and "Have a nice Sunday!" if the current day is Sunday. Otherwise it will output "Have a nice day!":
<html> <body> <?php $d=date("D"); if ($d=="Fri") echo "Have a nice weekend!"; elseif ($d=="Sun") echo "Have a nice Sunday!"; else echo "Have a nice day!"; ?> </body> </html>
The Switch Statement

If you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed, use the Switch statement. The switch statement is used to avoid long blocks of if..elseif..else code.
Syntax
switch (expression) { case label1: code to be executed if expression = label1; break;
case label2: code to be executed if expression = label2; break; default: code to be executed if expression is different from both label1 and label2; }
Example
The switch statement works in an unusual way. First it evaluates given expression then seeks a lable to match the resulting value. If a matching value is found then the code associated with the matching label will be executed or if none of the lables match then statement will will execute any specified default code.
<html> <body> <?php $d=date("D"); switch ($d) { case "Mon": echo "Today is Monday"; break; case "Tue": echo "Today is Tuesday"; break; case "Wed": echo "Today is Wednesday"; break; case "Thu": echo "Today is Thursday"; break; case "Fri": echo "Today is Friday"; break; case "Sat": echo "Today is Saturday"; break; case "Sun": echo "Today is Sunday"; break; default: echo "Wonder which day is this ?"; } ?> </body> </html>
Loops in PHP are used to execute the same block of code a specified number of times. PHP supports following four loop types.

for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times. while - loops through a block of code if and as long as a specified condition is true. do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop as long as a special condition is true. foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an array.
We will discuss about continue and break keywords used to control the loops execution.
The for loop statement

The for statement is used when you know how many times you want to execute a statement or a block of statements.
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Syntax
for (initialization; condition; increment) { code to be executed; }
The initializer is used to set the start value for the counter of the number of loop iterations. A variable may be declared here for this purpose and it is traditional to name it $i.
Example
The following example makes five iterations and changes the assigned value of two variables on each pass of the loop:
<html> <body> <?php $a = 0; $b = 0; for( $i=0; $i<5; $i++ ) { $a += 10;
$b += 5; } echo ("At the end of the loop a=$a and b=$b" ); ?> </body> </html>
This will produce following result:

At the end of the loop a=50 and b=25
The while loop statement

The while statement will execute a block of code if and as long as a test expression is true. If the test expression is true then the code block will be executed. After the code has executed the test expression will again be evaluated and the loop will continue until the test expression is found to be false.
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Syntax
while (condition) { code to be executed; }
Example
This example decrements a variable value on each iteration of the loop and the counter increments until it reaches 10 when the evaluation is false and the loop ends.
<html> <body> <?php $i = 0; $num = 50; while( $i < 10) { $num--;
$i++; } echo ("Loop stopped at i = $i and num = $num" ); ?> </body> </html>

Loop stopped at i = 10 and num = 40
The do...while loop statement

The do...while statement will execute a block of code at least once - it then will repeat the loop as long as a condition is true.
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Syntax
do { code to be executed; }while (condition);
Example
The following example will increment the value of i at least once, and it will continue incrementing the variable i as long as it has a value of less than 10:
<html> <body> <?php $i = 0; $num = 0; do { $i++; }while( $i < 10 ); echo ("Loop stopped at i = $i" ); ?> </body>
</html>

Loop stopped at i = 10
The foreach loop statement

The foreach statement is used to loop through arrays. For each pass the value of the current array element is assigned to $value and the array pointer is moved by one and in the next pass next element will be processed.
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Syntax
foreach (array as value) { code to be executed; }
Example
Try out following example to list out the values of an array.
<html> <body> <?php $array = array( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5); foreach( $array as $value ) { echo "Value is $value <br />"; } ?> </body> </html>

Value is 1
Value Value Value Value
is is is is
2 3 4 5
The break statement

The PHP break keyword is used to terminate the execution of a loop prematurely. The break statement is situated inside the statement block. If gives you full control and whenever you want to exit from the loop you can come out. After coming out of a loop immediate statement to the loop will be executed.
Example
In the following example condition test becomes true when the counter value reaches 3 and loop terminates.
<html> <body> <?php $i = 0; while( $i < 10) { $i++; if( $i == 3 )break; } echo ("Loop stopped at i = $i" ); ?> </body> </html>

Loop stopped at i = 3
The continue statement

The PHP continue keyword is used to halt the current iteration of a loop but it does not terminate the loop.
Just like the break statement the continue statement is situated inside the statement block containing the code that the loop executes, preceded by a conditional test. For the pass encountering continue statement, rest of the loop code is skipped and next pass starts.
Example
In the following example loop prints the value of array but for which condition becomes true it just skip the code and next value is printed.
<html> <body> <?php $array = array( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5); foreach( $array as $value ) { if( $value == 3 )continue; echo "Value is $value <br />"; } ?> </body> </html>
This will produce following result

Value Value Value Value is is is is 1 2 4 5
An array is a data structure that stores one or more similar type of values in a single value. For example if you want to store 100 numbers then instead of defining 100 variables its easy to define an array of 100 length. There are three different kind of arrays and each array value is accessed using an ID c which is called array index.

Numeric array - An array with a numeric index. Values are stored and accessed in linear fashion Associative array - An array with strings as index. This stores element values in association with key values rather than in a strict linear index order. Multidimensional array - An array containing one or more arrays and values are accessed using multiple indices
NOTE: Built-in array functions is given in function reference PHP Array Functions
ARRAYs 1. Numeric Array 2. Associative Arrays 3. Multidimensional Arrays Numeric Array

These arrays can store numbers, strings and any object but their index will be prepresented by numbers. By default array index starts from zero.
Example
Following is the example showing how to create and access numeric arrays. Here we have used array() function to create array. This function is explained in function reference.
<html> <body> <?php /* First method to create array. */ $numbers = array( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5); foreach( $numbers as $value ) { echo "Value is $value <br />"; } /* Second method to create array. */ $numbers[0] = "one"; $numbers[1] = "two"; $numbers[2] = "three"; $numbers[3] = "four"; $numbers[4] = "five"; foreach( $numbers as $value ) { echo "Value is $value <br />"; } ?> </body> </html>

Value is 1
Value Value Value Value Value Value Value Value Value
is is is is is is is is is
2 3 4 5 one two three four five
Associative Arrays
The associative arrays are very similar to numeric arrays in term of functionality but they are different in terms of their index. Associative array will have their index as string so that you can establish a strong association between key and values. To store the salaries of employees in an array, a numerically indexed array would not be the best choice. Instead, we could use the employees names as the keys in our associative array, and the value would be their respective salary. NOTE: Don't keep associative array inside double quote while printing otheriwse it would not return any value.
Example
<html> <body> <?php /* First method to associate create array. */ $salaries = array( "mohammad" => 2000, "qadir" => 1000, "zara" => 500 ); echo "Salary of mohammad is ". $salaries['mohammad'] . "<br />"; echo "Salary of qadir is ". $salaries['qadir']. "<br />"; echo "Salary of zara is ". $salaries['zara']. "<br />"; /* Second method to create array. */ $salaries['mohammad'] = "high"; $salaries['qadir'] = "medium"; $salaries['zara'] = "low"; echo "Salary of mohammad is ". $salaries['mohammad'] . "<br />"; echo "Salary of qadir is ". $salaries['qadir']. "<br />"; echo "Salary of zara is ". $salaries['zara']. "<br />"; ?> </body> </html>

Salary Salary Salary Salary Salary Salary of of of of of of mohammad is 2000 qadir is 1000 zara is 500 mohammad is high qadir is medium zara is low
Multidimensional Arrays
A multi-dimensional array each element in the main array can also be an array. And each element in the sub-array can be an array, and so on. Values in the multi-dimensional array are accessed using multiple index.
Example
In this example we create a two dimensional array to store marks of three students in three subjects: This example is an associative array, you can create numeric array in the same fashion.
<html> <body> <?php $marks = array( "mohammad" => array ( "physics" => 35, "maths" => 30, "chemistry" => 39 ), "qadir" => array ( "physics" => 30, "maths" => 32, "chemistry" => 29 ), "zara" => array ( "physics" => 31, "maths" => 22, "chemistry" => 39 ) ); /* Accessing multi-dimensional array values */ echo "Marks for mohammad in physics : " ; echo $marks['mohammad']['physics'] . "<br />"; echo "Marks for qadir in maths : ";
echo $marks['qadir']['maths'] . "<br />"; echo "Marks for zara in chemistry : " ; echo $marks['zara']['chemistry'] . "<br />"; ?> </body> </html>

Marks for mohammad in physics : 35 Marks for qadir in maths : 32 Marks for zara in chemistry : 39
PHP Functions:
PHP functions are similar to other programming languages. A function is a piece of code which takes one more input in the form of parameter and does some processing and returns a value. You already have seen many functions like fopen() and fread() etc. They are built-in functions but PHP gives you option to create your own functions as well. There are two parts which should be clear to you:

Creating a PHP Function Calling a PHP Function
In fact you hardly need to create your own PHP function because there are already more than 1000 of built-in library functions created for different area and you just need to call them according to your requirement.
Creating PHP Function:

Its very easy to create your own PHP function. Suppose you want to create a PHP function which will simply write a simple message on your browser when you will call it. Following example creates a function called writeMessage() and then calls it just after creating it. Note that while creating a function its name should start with keyword function and all the PHP code should be put inside { and } braces as shown in the following example below:
<html> <head> <title>Writing PHP Function</title> </head> <body>
<?php /* Defining a PHP Function */ function writeMessage() { echo "You are really a nice person, Have a nice time!"; } /* Calling a PHP Function */ writeMessage(); ?> </body> </html>
This will display following result:

You are really a nice person, Have a nice time!
PHP Functions with Parameters:

PHP gives you option to pass your parameters inside a function. You can pass as many as parameters your like. These parameters work like variables inside your function. Following example takes two integer parameters and add them together and then print them.
<html> <head> <title>Writing PHP Function with Parameters</title> </head> <body> <?php function addFunction($num1, $num2) { $sum = $num1 + $num2; echo "Sum of the two numbers is : $sum"; } addFunction(10, 20); ?> </body> </html>

Sum of the two numbers is : 30
Passing Arguments by Reference:

It is possible to pass arguments to functions by reference. This means that a reference to the variable is manipulated by the function rather than a copy of the variable's value.
Any changes made to an argument in these cases will change the value of the original variable. You can pass an argument by reference by adding an ampersand to the variable name in either the function call or the function definition. Following example depicts both the cases.
<html> <head> <title>Passing Argument by Reference</title> </head> <body> <?php function addFive($num) { $num += 5; } function addSix(&$num) { $num += 6; } $orignum = 10; addFive( &$orignum ); echo "Original Value is $orignum<br />"; addSix( $orignum ); echo "Original Value is $orignum<br />"; ?> </body> </html>

Original Value is 15 Original Value is 21
PHP Functions retruning value:

A function can return a value using the return statement in conjunction with a value or object. return stops the execution of the function and sends the value back to the calling code. You can return more than one value from a function using return array(1,2,3,4). Following example takes two integer parameters and add them together and then returns their sum to the calling program. Note that return keyword is used to return a value from a function.
<html> <head>
<title>Writing PHP Function which returns value</title> </head> <body> <?php function addFunction($num1, $num2) { $sum = $num1 + $num2; return $sum; } $return_value = addFunction(10, 20); echo "Returned value from the function : $return_value ?> </body> </html>

Returned value from the function : 30
Setting Default Values for Function Parameters:

You can set a parameter to have a default value if the function's caller doesn't pass it. Following function prints NULL in case use does not pass any value to this function.
<html> <head> <title>Writing PHP Function which returns value</title> </head> <body> <?php function printMe($param = NULL) { print $param; } printMe("This is test"); printMe(); ?> </body> </html>

This is test
Dynamic Function Calls:

It is possible to assign function names as strings to variables and then treat these variables exactly as you would the function name itself. Following example depicts this behaviour.
<html> <head> <title>Dynamic Function Calls</title> </head> <body> <?php function sayHello() { echo "Hello<br />"; } $function_holder = "sayHello"; $function_holder(); ?> </body> </html>

Hello
1. The GET Method 2. The POST Method
There are two ways the browser client can send information to the web server.

The GET Method The POST Method
Before the browser sends the information, it encodes it using a scheme called URL encoding. In this scheme, name/value pairs are joined with equal signs and different pairs are separated by the ampersand.
name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3
Spaces are removed and replaced with the + character and any other nonalphanumeric characters are replaced with a hexadecimal values. After the information is encoded it is sent to the server.
The GET Method

The GET method sends the encoded user information appended to the page request. The page and the encoded information are separated by the ? character.
http://www.test.com/index.htm?name1=value1&name2=value2
The GET method produces a long string that appears in your server logs, in the browser's Location: box. The GET method is restricted to send upto 1024 characters only. Never use GET method if you have password or other sensitive information to be sent to the server. GET can't be used to send binary data, like images or word documents, to the server. The data sent by GET method can be accessed using QUERY_STRING environment variable. The PHP provides $_GET associative array to access all the sent information using GET method.
Try out following example by putting the source code in test.php script.
<?php if( $_GET["name"] || $_GET["age"] ) { echo "Welcome ". $_GET['name']. "<br />"; echo "You are ". $_GET['age']. " years old."; exit(); } ?> <html> <body> <form action="<?php $_PHP_SELF ?>" method="GET"> Name: <input type="text" name="name" /> Age: <input type="text" name="age" /> <input type="submit" /> </form> </body> </html>
The POST Method

The POST method transfers information via HTTP headers. The information is encoded as described in case of GET method and put into a header called QUERY_STRING.

The POST method does not have any restriction on data size to be sent. The POST method can be used to send ASCII as well as binary data. The data sent by POST method goes through HTTP header so security depends on HTTP protocol. By using Secure HTTP you can make sure that your information is secure.
The PHP provides $_POST associative array to access all the sent information using POST method.
Try out following example by putting the source code in test.php script.
<?php if( $_POST["name"] || $_POST["age"] ) { echo "Welcome ". $_POST['name']. "<br />"; echo "You are ". $_POST['age']. " years old."; exit(); } ?> <html> <body> <form action="<?php $_PHP_SELF ?>" method="POST"> Name: <input type="text" name="name" /> Age: <input type="text" name="age" /> <input type="submit" /> </form> </body> </html>
PHP Form Handling

PHP - A Simple HTML Form With POST method
The example below displays a simple HTML form with two input fields and a submit button:
Example
<html> <body> <form action="welcome.php" method="post"> Name: <input type="text" name="name"><br> E-mail: <input type="text" name="email"><br> <input type="submit"> </form> </body> </html>
When the user fills out the form above and clicks the submit button, the form data is sent for processing to a PHP file named "welcome.php". The form data is sent with the HTTP POST method. To display the submitted data you could simply echo all the variables. The "welcome.php" looks like this:
<html> <body> Welcome <?php echo $_POST["name"]; ?><br> Your email address is: <?php echo $_POST["email"]; ?> </body> </html>
The output could be something like this:

Welcome John Your email address is john.doe@example.com
PHP - A Simple HTML Form With GET method

The same result could also be achieved using the HTTP GET method:
Example
<html> <body> <form action="welcome_get.php" method="get"> Name: <input type="text" name="name"><br> E-mail: <input type="text" name="email"><br> <input type="submit"> </form> </body> </html>
and "welcome_get.php" looks like this:

<html> <body> Welcome <?php echo $_GET["name"]; ?><br> Your email address is: <?php echo $_GET["email"]; ?> </body> </html>
The code above is quite simple. However, the most important thing is missing. You need to validate form data to protect your script from malicious code.
GET vs. POST

Both GET and POST create an array (e.g. array( key => value, key2 => value2, key3 => value3, ...)). This array holds key/value pairs, where keys are the names of the form controls and values are the input data from the user. Both GET and POST are treated as $_GET and $_POST. These are superglobals, which means that they are always accessible, regardless of scope - and you can access them from any function, class or file without having to do anything special. $_GET is an array of variables passed to the current script via the URL parameters. $_POST is an array of variables passed to the current script via the HTTP POST method.
When to use GET?

Information sent from a form with the GET method is visible to everyone (all variable names and values are displayed in the URL). GET also has limits on the amount of information to send. The limitation is about 2000 characters. However, because the variables are displayed in the URL, it is possible to bookmark the page. This can be useful in some cases. GET may be used for sending non-sensitive data. Note: GET should NEVER be used for sending passwords or other sensitive information!
When to use POST?

Information sent from a form with the POST method is invisible to others (all names/values are embedded within the body of the HTTP request) and has no limits on the amount of information to send. Moreover POST supports advanced functionality such as support for multi-part binary input while uploading files to server.
PHP Cookies
A cookie is often used to identify a user.
What is a Cookie?
A cookie is often used to identify a user. A cookie is a small file that the server embeds on the user's computer. Each time the same computer requests a page with a browser, it will send the cookie too. With PHP, you can both create and retrieve cookie values.
How to Create a Cookie?

The setcookie() function is used to set a cookie. Note: The setcookie() function must appear BEFORE the <html> tag.
Syntax setcookie(name, value, expire, path, domain); Example 1
In the example below, we will create a cookie named "user" and assign the value "Alex Porter" to it. We also specify that the cookie should expire after one hour:
<?php setcookie("user", "Alex Porter", time()+3600); ?> <html> .....
Note: The value of the cookie is automatically URLencoded when sending the cookie, and automatically decoded when received (to prevent URLencoding, use setrawcookie() instead).
Example 2
You can also set the expiration time of the cookie in another way. It may be easier than using seconds.
<?php $expire=time()+60*60*24*30; setcookie("user", "Alex Porter", $expire); ?> <html> .....
In the example above the expiration time is set to a month (60 sec * 60 min * 24 hours * 30 days).
How to Retrieve a Cookie Value?

The PHP $_COOKIE variable is used to retrieve a cookie value. In the example below, we retrieve the value of the cookie named "user" and display it on a page:
<?php // Print a cookie echo $_COOKIE["user"]; // A way to view all cookies print_r($_COOKIE); ?>
In the following example we use the isset() function to find out if a cookie has been set:
<html> <body> <?php if (isset($_COOKIE["user"])) echo "Welcome " . $_COOKIE["user"] . "!<br>"; else
echo "Welcome guest!<br>"; ?> </body> </html>
How to Delete a Cookie?

When deleting a cookie you should assure that the expiration date is in the past. Delete example:
<?php // set the expiration date to one hour ago setcookie("user", "", time()-3600); ?>
Introduction To PHP Sessions

What is a session?
A session is basically a way of storing variables and making them available across multiple pages on your web site. This can be very useful as the user does not ever need to see what is going on behind the scenes. Nor do we need to fill the URL with mind boggling long strings like http://example.com/file.php?id=6&item=pet&type=cat&color=black&eyes=1&temperament=alo of&var=etc Also the need for the user to post a form is not required, so all interaction is hidden from the user.
How do I use a session?

Here we will demonstrate a session in its simplest form, that is, setting a session variable on a web page and recalling the value of it on a second page. We will begin by creating a session variable called 'foo' and we shall assign the value of 'bar' to it. A session variable looks like this.. $_SESSION['variable'] We use the PHP super global $_SESSION to hold it. More on this later. Our first page we will call page1.php and the code will look like this...
<?php // begin the session session_start();
// set the value of the session variable 'foo' $_SESSION['foo']='bar'; // echo a little message to say it is done echo 'Setting value of foo'; ?>
With that done, we can create page2.php, this page will start a session, then it will echo the value of the session variable 'foo'. The code for page2.php will look like this..
<?php // begin our session session_start(); // echo the session variable echo 'The value of foo is '.$_SESSION['foo']; ?>
Try the above example, we will build on it as we go and discover new things to do with sessions, but first, lets look at what happened here. On page2.php we again used session_start(). You must use this on every page you wish to use sessions. In most cases, it will be the first line of code on the page that does anything, following <?php. This tells PHP that a session is happening and to load up the session variables, if a session is not already active, PHP will begin a new session upon adding a new variable to $_SESSION. You cannot send ANYTHING to the browser before session_start() This means no text, not even a newline or a space. There an method of doing this but more of that later. Lets change our page2.php to echo some text before we use session_start()
<?php // output some text to the browser before starting the session echo 'This is a bad thing to do'; // begin our session session_start();
// echo the session variable echo 'The value of foo is '.$_SESSION['foo']; ?>
When you access page2.php with the above code, it will give you an error that looks something like this.. This is a bad thing to do Warning: session_start() [function.session-start]: Cannot send session cookie - headers already
sent by (output started at /html/page2.php:4) in /html/page2.php on line 7 Warning: session_start() [function.session-start]: Cannot send session cache limiter - headers already sent (output started at /html/page2.php:4) in /html/page2.php on line 7 The value of foo is As you can see, when the script reaches the session_start() on line 7, it gives an error. This is because session_start() sends headers to the browser, as does sending text. These headers may only be sent once.
Sessions :
A PHP session variable is used to store information about, or change settings for a user session. Session variables hold information about one single user, and are available to all pages in one application. Working of Sessions:
Sessions can be used in two ways. The first is cookie based, and the second is url based. Most sessions are cookie based. What this means is that when a session is started, a cookie is set on the clients machine with a unique session ID or SID. The session variables are stored typically on a file on the server that matches the unique session ID. When a variable is required, the client or browser looks for the file matching the session ID and retrieves the corresponding variables from it. Example: AssignSession:
<?php // begin the session session_start(); // set the value of the session variable 'foo' $_SESSION['foo']='bar'; // echo a little message to say it is done echo 'Setting value of foo'; ?>
Retrive session:
<?php // begin our session session_start(); // echo the session variable echo 'The value of foo is '.$_SESSION['foo']; ?>
Can I destroy a session variable?

Of course. Here we can use the php function unset() unset($_SESSION['foo']); Do not do something like unset($_SESSION) as this will stuff up everything and you will not be able to register variables via $_SESSION.
What should I do to destroy a whole session?

This is often used to log out of applications that store the login information in a session. You can use the code below to destroy your session completely.
<?php // Begin the session session_start(); // Unset all of the session variables. session_unset(); // Destroy the session. session_destroy(); ?>
OOPS IN PHP:
Object Oriented Concepts:

Before we go in detail, lets define important terms related to Object Oriented Programming.
Class: This is a programmer-defined datatype, which includes local functions as well as local data. You can think of a class as a template for making many instances of the same kind (or class) of object. Object: An individual instance of the data structure defined by a class. You define a class once and then make many objects that belong to it. Objects are also known as instance. Member Variable: These are the variables defined inside a class. This data will be invisible to the outside of the class and can be accessed via member functions. These variables are called attribute of the object once an object is created. Member function: These are the function defined inside a class and are used to access object data. Inheritance: When a class is defined by inheriting existing function of a parent class then it is called inheritance. Here child class will inherit all or few member functions and variables of a parent class. Parent class: A class that is inherited from by another class. This is also called a base class or super class.
Child Class: A class that inherits from another class. This is also called a subclass or derived class. Polymorphism: This is an object oriented concept where same function can be used for different purposes. For example function name will remain same but it make take different number of arguments and can do different task. Overloading: a type of polymorphism in which some or all of operators have different implementations depending on the types of their arguments. Similarly functions can also be overloaded with different implementation. Data Abstraction: Any representation of data in which the implementation details are hidden (abstracted). Encapsulation: refers to a concept where we encapsulate all the data and member functions together to form an object. Constructor: refers to a special type of function which will be called automatically whenever there is an object formation from a class. Destructors: refers to a special type of function which will be called automatically whenever an object is deleted or goes out of scope.
Defining PHP Classes:

The general form for defining a new class in PHP is as follows:
<?php class phpClass{ var $var1; var $var2 = "constant string"; function myfunc ($arg1, $arg2) { [..] } [..] } ?>
Here is the description of each line:

The special form class, followed by the name of the class that you want to define. A set of braces enclosing any number of variable declarations and function definitions. Variable declarations start with the special form var, which is followed by a conventional $ variable name; they may also have an initial assignment to a constant value. Function definitions look much like standalone PHP functions but are local to the class and will be used to set and access object data.
Example:
Here is an example which defines a class of Books type:

<?php
class Books{ /* Member variables */ var $price; var $title; /* Member functions */ function setPrice($par){ $this->price = $par; } function getPrice(){ echo $this->price ."<br/>"; } function setTitle($par){ $this->title = $par; } function getTitle(){ echo $this->title ." <br/>"; } } ?>
The variable $this is a special variable and it refers to the same object ie. itself.
Creating Objects in PHP

Once you defined your class, then you can create as many objects as you like of that class type. Following is an example of how to create object using new operator.
$physics = new Books; $maths = new Books; $chemistry = new Books;
Here we have created three objects and these objects are independent of each other and they will have their existance separately. Next we will see how to access member function and process member variables.
Calling Member Functions

After creating your objects, you will be able to call member functions related to that object. One member function will be able to process member variable of related object only. Following example shows how to set title and prices for the three books by calling member functions.
$physics->setTitle( "Physics for High School" ); $chemistry->setTitle( "Advanced Chemistry" ); $maths->setTitle( "Algebra" );
$physics->setPrice( 10 ); $chemistry->setPrice( 15 ); $maths->setPrice( 7 );
Now you call another member functions to get the values set by in above example:
$physics->getTitle(); $chemistry->getTitle(); $maths->getTitle(); $physics->getPrice(); $chemistry->getPrice(); $maths->getPrice();
This will produce follwoing result:

Physics for High School Advanced Chemistry Algebra 10 15 7
Constructor Functions:
Constructor Functions are special type of functions which are called automatically whenever an object is created. So we take full advantage of this behaviour, by initializing many things through constructor functions. PHP provides a special function called __construct() to define a constructor. You can pass as many as arguments you like into the constructor function. Following example will create one constructor for Books class and it will initialize price and title for the book at the time of object creation.
function __construct( $par1, $par2 ){ $this->price = $par1; $this->title = $par2; }
Now we don't need to call set function separately to set price and title. We can initialize these two member variables at the time of object creation only. Check following example below:
$physics = new Books( "Physics for High School", 10 ); $maths = new Books ( "Advanced Chemistry", 15 ); $chemistry = new Books ("Algebra", 7 );
/* Get those set values */ $physics->getTitle(); $chemistry->getTitle(); $maths->getTitle(); $physics->getPrice(); $chemistry->getPrice(); $maths->getPrice();

Physics for High School Advanced Chemistry Algebra 10 15 7
Destructor:
Like a constructor function you can define a destructor function using function __destruct(). You can release all the resourceses with-in a destructor.
Inheritance:
PHP class definitions can optionally inherit from a parent class definition by using the extends clause. The syntax is as follows:
class Child extends Parent { <definition body> }
The effect of inheritance is that the child class (or subclass or derived class) has the following characteristics:

Automatically has all the member variable declarations of the parent class. Automatically has all the same member functions as the parent, which (by default) will work the same way as those functions do in the parent.
Following example inherit Books class and adds more functionality based on the requirement.
class Novel extends Books{ var publisher; function setPublisher($par){ $this->publisher = $par;
} function getPublisher(){ echo $this->publisher. "<br />"; } }
Now apart from inherited functions, class Novel keeps two additional member functions.
Function Overriding:
Function definitions in child classes override definitions with the same name in parent classes. In a child class, we can modify the definition of a function inherited from parent class. In the follwoing example getPrice and getTitle functions are overriden to retrun some values.
function getPrice(){ echo $this->price . "<br/>"; return $this->price; } function getTitle(){ echo $this->title . "<br/>"; return $this->title; }
Public Members:
Unless you specify otherwise, properties and methods of a class are public. That is to say, they may be accessed in three possible situations:

From outside the class in which it is declared From within the class in which it is declared From within another class that implements the class in which it is declared
Till now we have seen all members as public members. If you wish to limit the accessibility of the members of a class then you define class members as private or protected.
Private members:
By designating a member private, you limit its accessibility to the class in which it is declared. The private member cannot be referred to from classes that inherit the class in which it is declared and cannot be accessed from outside the class. A class member can be made private by using private keyword infront of the member.
class MyClass {
private $car = "skoda"; $driver = "SRK"; function __construct($par) { // Statements here run every time // an instance of the class // is created. } function myPublicFunction() { return("I'm visible!"); } private function myPrivateFunction() { return("I'm not visible outside!"); } }
When MyClass class is inherited by another class using extends, myPublicFunction() will be visible, as will $driver. The extending class will not have any awareness of or access to myPrivateFunction and $car, because they are declared private.
Protected members:
A protected property or method is accessible in the class in which it is declared, as well as in classes that extend that class. Protected members are not available outside of those two kinds of classes. A class member can be made protected by using protected keyword infront of the member. Here is different version of MyClass:
class MyClass { protected $car = "skoda"; $driver = "SRK"; function __construct($par) { // Statements here run every time // an instance of the class // is created. } function myPublicFunction() { return("I'm visible!"); } protected function myPrivateFunction() { return("I'm visible in child class!"); } }
Interfaces:
Interfaces are defined to provide a common function names to the implementors. Different implementors can implement those interfaces according to theri requirements. You can say, interfaces are skeltons which are implemented by developers. As of PHP5, it is possible to define an interface, like this:
interface Mail { public function sendMail(); }
Then, if another class implemented that interface, like this:

class Report implements Mail { // sendMail() Definition goes here }
Constants:
A constant is somewhat like a variable, in that it holds a value, but is really more like a function because a constant is immutable. Once you declare a constant, it does not change. Declaring one constant is easy, as is done in this version of MyClass:
class MyClass { const requiredMargin = 1.7; function __construct($incomingValue) { // Statements here run every time // an instance of the class // is created. } }
In this class, requiredMargin is a constant. It is declared with the keyword const, and under no circumstances can it be changed to anything other than 1.7. Note that the constant's name does not have a leading $, as variable names do.
Abstract Classes:
An abstract class is one that cannot be instantiated, only inherited. You declare an abstract class with the keyword abstract, like this:
When inheriting from an abstract class, all methods marked abstract in the parent's class declaration must be defined by the child; additionally, these methods must be defined with the same visibillity.
abstract class MyAbstractClass { abstract function myAbstractFunction() { } }
Note that function definitions inside an abstract class must also be preceded by the keyword abstract. It is not legal to have abstract function definitions inside a non-abstract class.
Static Keyword:
Declaring class members or methods as static makes them accessible without needing an instantiation of the class. A member declared as static can not be accessed with an instantiated class object (though a static method can). Try out following example:
<?php class Foo { public static $my_static = 'foo'; public function staticValue() { return self::$my_static; } } print Foo::$my_static . "\n"; $foo = new Foo(); print $foo->staticValue() . "\n";
Final Keyword:
PHP 5 introduces the final keyword, which prevents child classes from overriding a method by prefixing the definition with final. If the class itself is being defined final then it cannot be extended. Following example results in Fatal error: Cannot override final method BaseClass::moreTesting()
<?php class BaseClass { public function test() { echo "BaseClass::test() called<br>";
} final public function moreTesting() { echo "BaseClass::moreTesting() called<br>"; } } class ChildClass extends BaseClass { public function moreTesting() { echo "ChildClass::moreTesting() called<br>"; } } ?>
Calling parent constructors:

Instead of writing an entirely new constructor for the subclass, let's write it by calling the parent's constructor explicitly and then doing whatever is necessary in addition for instantiation of the subclass. Here's a simple example:
class Name { var $_firstName; var $_lastName; function Name($first_name, $last_name) { $this->_firstName = $first_name; $this->_lastName = $last_name; } function toString() { return($this->_lastName .", " .$this->_firstName); } } class NameSub1 extends Name { var $_middleInitial; function NameSub1($first_name, $middle_initial, $last_name) { Name::Name($first_name, $last_name); $this->_middleInitial = $middle_initial; } function toString() { return(Name::toString() . " " . $this->_middleInitial); } }
In this example, we have a parent class (Name), which has a two-argument constructor, and a subclass (NameSub1), which has a three-argument constructor. The constructor of NameSub1 functions by calling its parent constructor explicitly using the :: syntax (passing two of its
arguments along) and then setting an additional field. Similarly, NameSub1 defines its nonconstructor toString() function in terms of the parent function that it overrides.
Basic PHP File Handling Create, Open, Read, Write, Append, Close, and Delete
Create a File
$my_file = 'file.txt'; $handle = fopen($my_file, 'w')
Open a File
$my_file = 'file.txt'; $handle = fopen($my_file, 'w')
Read a File
$my_file = 'file.txt'; $handle = fopen($my_file, 'r'); $data = fread($handle,filesize($my_file));
Write to a File
$my_file = 'file.txt'; $handle = fopen($my_file, 'w') $data = 'This is the data'; fwrite($handle, $data);
Append to a File
$my_file = 'file.txt'; $handle = fopen($my_file, 'a') $data = 'New data line 1'; fwrite($handle, $data); $new_data = "\n".'New data line 2'; fwrite($handle, $new_data);
Close a File
$my_file = 'file.txt'; $handle = fopen($my_file, 'w') //write some data here fclose($handle);
Delete a File
$my_file = 'file.txt'; unlink($my_file);
Examples :Reading a File:
Reading a file
Once a file is opened using fopen() function it can be read with a function called fread(). This function requires two arguments. These must be the file pointer and the length of the file expressed in bytes. The files's length can be found using the filesize() function which takes the file name as its argument and returns the size of the file expressed in bytes. So here are the steps required to read a file with PHP.

Open a file using fopen() function. Get the file's length using filesize() function. Read the file's content using fread() function. Close the file with fclose() function.
The following example assigns the content of a text file to a variable then displays those contents on the web page.
<html> <head> <title>Reading a file using PHP</title> </head> <body> <?php $filename = "c:\hello.txt"; $file = fopen( $filename, "r" ); if( $file == false ) { echo ( "Error in opening file" ); exit(); } $filesize = filesize( $filename ); $filetext = fread( $file, $filesize ); fclose( $file ); echo ( "File size : $filesize bytes" ); echo ( "<pre>$filetext</pre>" ); ?> </body> </html>
Example:Writing into a File:
A new file can be written or text can be appended to an existing file using the PHP fwrite() function. This function requires two arguments specifying a file pointer and the string of data
that is to be written. Optionally a third integer argument can be included to specify the length of the data to write. If the third argument is included, writing would will stop after the specified length has been reached. The following example creates a new text file then writes a short text heading insite it. After closing this file its existence is confirmed using file_exist() function which takes file name as an argument
<?php $filename = "c:\hello.txt"; $file = fopen( $filename, "w" ); if( $file == false ) { echo ( "Error in opening new file" ); exit(); } fwrite( $file, "This is a simple test\n" ); fclose( $file ); ?> <html> <head> <title>Writing a file using PHP</title> </head> <body> <?php if( file_exist( $filename ) ) { $filesize = filesize( $filename ); $msg = "File created with name $filename "; $msg .= "containing $filesize bytes"; echo ($msg ); } else { echo ("File $filename does not exit" ); } ?> </body> </html>
MODES OF A FILE:
Opening and Closing Files

The PHP fopen() function is used to open a file. It requires two arguments stating first the file name and then mode in which to operate. Files modes can be specified as one of the six options in this table.
Mode
Purpose Opens the file for reading only. Places the file pointer at the beginning of the file. Opens the file for reading and writing. Places the file pointer at the beginning of the file. Opens the file for writing only. Places the file pointer at the beginning of the file. and truncates the file to zero length. If files does not exist then it attemts to create a file. Opens the file for reading and writing only. Places the file pointer at the beginning of the file. and truncates the file to zero length. If files does not exist then it attemts to create a file. Opens the file for writing only. Places the file pointer at the end of the file. If files does not exist then it attemts to create a file. Opens the file for reading and writing only. Places the file pointer at the end of the file. If files does not exist then it attemts to create a file.
r+
w+
a+

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PHP Rasmus Lerdorf is the founder of the PHP in 1995. PHP is the server side scripting language.

PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

Echo : echo is the output method in php.

Printing methods in php :

The PHP echo Statement

echo "My car is a {$cars[0]}"; ?>

The PHP print Statement

local global static

(A > B) is not true.

(A >= B) is not true.

?> </body> </html>

!(A && B) is false.

Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand

?> </body> </html>

Example If Condition is true ? Then value X : Otherwise value Y

Conditional Operator: <html> <head><title>Arithmetical Operators</title><head> <body> <?php $a = 10;

Logical AND Logical OR Conditional Assignment

Left to right Left to right Right to left Right to left

Escape sequence Chracters: The escape-sequence replacements are:

The If...Else Statement

?> </body> </html>

The ElseIf Statement

The Switch Statement

The for loop statement

This will produce following result:

The while loop statement

This will produce following result:

The do...while loop statement

This will produce following result:

The foreach loop statement

This will produce following result:

Value Value Value Value

The break statement

This will produce following result:

The continue statement

This will produce following result

ARRAYs 1. Numeric Array 2. Associative Arrays 3. Multidimensional Arrays Numeric Array

This will produce following result:

Value Value Value Value Value Value Value Value Value

2 3 4 5 one two three four five

This will produce following result:

This will produce following result:

Creating a PHP Function Calling a PHP Function

Creating PHP Function:

This will display following result:

PHP Functions with Parameters:

This will display following result:

Passing Arguments by Reference:

This will display following result:

PHP Functions retruning value:

This will display following result:

Setting Default Values for Function Parameters:

This will produce following result:

Dynamic Function Calls:

This will display following result:

1. The GET Method 2. The POST Method

The GET Method The POST Method

The GET Method

The POST Method

PHP Form Handling

The output could be something like this:

PHP - A Simple HTML Form With GET method

and "welcome_get.php" looks like this: