POLiCY BRiEF

THE FRAMEWORK AGREEMENt ON tHE BANGSAMORO: NEW HOPE fOR PEACE IN MUSLIM MINDANAO

IAG

FULL TEXt | FRAMEWORK AGREEMENt ON tHE BANGSAMORO MIXED FEELINGS | DEAN BENNY BACANI BANGSAMORO BASIC LAW | FR. ELISEO R. MERCADO, OMI

NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 2012

ISSN 2243-8173-12-10

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The authority to regulate on its own responsibility the affairs of the constituent units is guaranteed within the limit of the Bangsamoro Basic Law. The privileges already FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT ON THE enjoyed by the local government units under BANGSAMORO existing laws shall not be diminished unless otherwise altered, modified or reformed for good The Philippine Government (GPH) and governance pursuant to the provisions of the the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) herein Bangsamoro local government code. referred to as the Parties to this Agreement, 4. The relationship of the Central Government HAVE AGREED AND ACKNOWLEDGED AS with the Bangsamoro Government shall be FOLLOWS: asymmetric. I. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BANGSAMORO 5. The Parties recognize Bangsamoro identity. Those who at the time of conquest and colonization 1. The Parties agree that the status quo is were considered natives or original inhabitants unacceptable and that the Bangsamoro shall be of Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago and its established to replace the Autonomous Region adjacent islands including Palawan, and their in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). The Bangsamoro descendants whether of mixed or of full blood is the new autonomous political entity (NPE) shall have the right to identify themselves as referred to in the Decision Points of Principles Bangsamoro by ascription or self-ascription. as of April 2012. Spouses and their descendants are 2. The government of the Bangsamoro shall classified as Bangsamoro. The freedom of choice have a ministerial form. of other Indigenous peoples shall be respected. The Parties agree to entrench an electoral system suitable to a ministerial form of government. The electoral system shall allow democratic participation, ensure accountability of public officers primarily to their constituents and encourage formation of genuinely principled political parties. The electoral system shall be contained in the Bangsamoro Basic Law to be implemented through legislation enacted by the Bangsamoro Government and correlated with national laws. II. BASIC LAW 1. The Bangsamoro shall be governed by a Basic Law. 2. The provisions of the Bangsamoro Basic Law shall be consistent with all agreements of the Parties. 3. The Basic Law shall reflect the Bangsamoro system of life and meet internationally accepted standards of governance.

JOINT GPH-MILF DRAFT In the Name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful

3. The provinces, cities, municipalities, barangays and geographic areas within its 4. It shall be formulated by the Bangsamoro territory shall be the constituent units of the people and ratified by the qualified voters within Bangsamoro. its territory.

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III. POWERS

1. The Central Government will have reserved powers, the Bangsamoro Government shall have its exclusive powers, and there will be concurrent powers shared by the Central Government and the Bangsamoro Government. The Annex on Power Sharing, which includes the principles on intergovernmental relations, shall form part of this Agreement and guide the drafting of the Basic Law. 6. The customary rights and traditions of indigenous peoples shall be taken into 2. The Central Government shall have powers consideration in the formation of the on: Bangsamoros justice system. This may include the recognition of indigenous processes as a) Defense and external security alternative modes of dispute resolution. b) Foreign policy c)Common market and global trade, IV. REVENUE GENERATION AND WEALTH provided that the power to enter into SHARING economic agreements already allowed under Republic Act No. 9054 shall be 1. The parties agree that wealth creation (or transferred to the Bangsamoro revenue generation and sourcing) is important d) Coinage and monetary policy for the operation of the Bangsamoro. e) Citizenship and naturalization f) Postal service 2. Consistent with the Bangsamoro Basic Law, the Bangsamoro will have the power to create This list is without prejudice to additional its own sources of revenues and to levy taxes, powers that may be agreed upon by the Parties. fees, and charges, subject to limitations as may be mutually agreed upon by the Parties. This 3. The Parties recognize the need to strengthen power shall include the power to determine tax the Shariah courts and to expand their bases and tax rates, guided by the principles jurisdiction over cases. The Bangsamoro shall of devolution of power, equalization, equity, have competence over the Shariah justice accountability, administrative simplicity, system. The supremacy of Shariah and its harmonization, economic efficiency, and fiscal application shall only be to Muslims. autonomy. 4. The Bangsamoro Basic Law may provide for the power of the Bangsamoro Government to accredit halal-certifying bodies in the Bangsamoro. 3. The Bangsamoro will have the authority to receive grants and donations from domestic and foreign sources, and block grants and subsidies from the Central Government. Subject to acceptable credit worthiness, it shall also have 5. The Bangsamoro Basic Law shall provide for the authority to contract loans from domestic and justice institutions in the Bangsamoro. This foreign lending institutions, except foreign and includes: domestic loans requiring sovereign guaranty, whether explicit or implicit, which would require

a) The competence over the Shariah justice system, as well as the formal institutionalization and operation of its functions, and the expansion of the jurisdiction of the Shariah courts; b) Measures to improve the workings of local civil courts, when necessary; and c) Alternative dispute resolution systems.

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the approval of the Central Government. 4. The Bangsamoro shall have a just and equitable share in the revenues generated through the exploration, development or utilization of natural resources obtaining in all the areas/territories, land or water, covered by and within the jurisdiction of the Bangsamoro, in accordance with the formula agreed upon by the Parties.

grants and subsidies remitted to it by the central government or any donor.

8. The Parties agree that sustainable development is crucial in protecting and improving the quality of life of the Bangsamoro people. To this end, the Bangsamoro shall develop a comprehensive framework for sustainable development through the proper conservation, utilization and development of natural resources. For efficient coordination 5. The Bangsamoro may create its own auditing and assistance, the Bangsamoro legislative body body and procedures for accountability over shall create, by law, an intergovernmental body revenues and other funds generated within or composed of representatives of the Bangsamoro by the region from external sources. This shall and the Central Government, which shall be without prejudice to the power, authority ensure the harmonization of environmental and duty of the national Commission on Audit and developmental plans, as well as formulate to examine, audit and settle all accounts common environmental objectives. pertaining to the revenues and the use of funds and property owned and held in trust by any V. TERRITORY government instrumentality, including GOCCs. 1. The core territory of the Bangsamoro shall be 6. The details of revenue and wealth sharing composed of: arrangements between the Central Government and the Bangsamoro Government shall be (a) the present geographical area of the agreed upon by the Parties. The Annex on Wealth ARMM; (b) the Municipalities of Baloi, Munai, Sharing shall form part of this Agreement. Nunungan, Pantar, Tagoloan and Tangkal in the province of Lanao del Norte and all other 7. There shall be an intergovernmental fiscal barangays in the Municipalities of Kabacan, policy board composed of representatives of Carmen, Aleosan, Pigkawayan, Pikit, and the Bangsamoro and the Central Government Midsayap that voted for inclusion in the in order to address revenue imbalances and ARMM during the 2001 plebiscite; (c) the fluctuations in regional financial needs and cities of Cotabato and Isabela; and (d) all other revenue-raising capacity. The Board shall meet contiguous areas where there is a resolution at least once in six (6) months to determine of the local government unit or a petition of at necessary fiscal policy adjustments, subject to least ten percent (10%) of the qualified voters in the principles of intergovernmental relations the area asking for their inclusion at least two mutually agreed upon by both Parties. Once months prior to the conduct of the ratification of full fiscal autonomy has been achieved by the Bangsamoro Basic Law and the process of the Bangsamoro then it may no longer be delimitation of the Bangsamoro as mentioned in necessary to have a representative from the the next paragraph. Central Government to sit in the Board. Fiscal autonomy shall mean generation and budgeting 2. The Parties shall work together in order of the Bangsamoros own sources of revenue, its to ensure the widest acceptability of the share of the internal revenue taxes and block Bangsamoro Basic Law as drafted by the

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Transitory Commission and the core areas mentioned in the previous paragraph, through a process of popular ratification among all the Bangsamoro within the areas for their adoption. An international third party monitoring team shall be present to ensure that the process is free, fair, credible, legitimate and in conformity with international standards. 3. Areas which are contiguous and outside the core territory where there are substantial populations of the Bangsamoro may opt anytime to be part of the territory upon petition of at least ten percent (10%) of the residents and approved by a majority of qualified voters in a plebiscite. 4. The disposition of internal and territorial waters shall be referred to in the Annexes on Wealth and Power Sharing.

5. Territory refers to the land mass as well as the maritime, terrestrial, fluvial and alluvial domains, and the aerial domain and the atmospheric space above it. Governance shall be 2. Vested property rights shall be recognized as agreed upon by the parties in this agreement and respected. With respect to the legitimate and in the sections on wealth and power sharing. grievances of the Bangsamoro people arising from any unjust dispossession of their territorial 6. The Bangsamoro Basic Law shall recognize the and proprietary rights, customary land tenure collective democratic rights of the constituents or their marginalization shall be acknowledged. in the Bangsamoro. Whenever restoration is no longer possible, the Central Government and the Government of VI. BASIC RIGHTS the Bangsamoro shall take effective measures for adequate reparation collectively beneficial to 1. In addition to basic rights already enjoyed, the Bangsamoro people in such quality, quantity the following rights of all citizens residing in the and status to be determined mutually. Bangsamoro bind the legislature, executive and judiciary as directly enforceable law and are 3. Indigenous peoples rights shall be respected. guaranteed: 4. The Central Government shall ensure the a. Right to life and to inviolability of protection of the rights of the Bangsamoro ones person and dignity; people residing outside the territory of the b. Right to freedom and expression of Bangsamoro and undertake programs for religion and beliefs; the rehabilitation and development of their c. Right to privacy; communities. The Bangsamoro Government d. Right to freedom of speech; may provide assistance to their communities

e. Right to express political opinion and pursue democratically political aspiration; f. Right to seek constitutional change by peaceful and legitimate means; g. Right of women to meaningful political participation, and protection from all forms of violence; h. Right to freely choose ones place of residence and the inviolability of the home; i. Right to equal opportunity and nondiscrimination in social and economic activity and the public service, regardless of class, creed, disability, gender and ethnicity; j. Right to establish cultural and religious associations; k. Right to freedom from religious, ethnic and sectarian harassment; and l. Right to redress of grievances and due process of law.

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to enhance their economic, social and cultural including the Chairman, shall be selected by the development. MILF. VII. TRANSITION AND IMPLEMENTATION 6. The Transition Commission will be independent from the ARMM and other government agencies. 1. The Parties agree to the need for a transition The GPH shall allocate funds and provide period and the institution of transitional other resources for its effective operation. All mechanisms. other agencies of government shall support the Transition Commission in the performance of 2. The Parties agree to adopt and incorporate its tasks and responsibilities until it becomes an Annex on Transitional Arrangements and functus oficio and cease to exist. Modalities, which forms a part of this Framework Agreement. 7. The draft Bangsamoro Basic Law submitted by the Transition Commission shall be certified 3. There shall be created a Transition as an urgent bill by the President. Commission through an Executive Order and supported by Congressional Resolutions. 8. Upon promulgation and ratification of the Basic Law, which provides for the creation of 4. The functions of the Transition Commission the Bangsamoro Transition Authority (BTA), are as follows: the ARMM is deemed abolished. a. To work on the drafting of the Bangsamoro Basic Law with provisions consistent with all agreements entered and that may be entered into by the Parties; b. To work on proposals to amend the Philippine Constitution for the purpose of accommodating and entrenching in the constitution the agreements of the Parties whenever necessary without derogating from any prior peace agreements; c. To coordinate whenever necessary development programs in Bangsamoro communities in conjunction with the MILF Bangsamoro Development Agency (BDA), the Bangsamoro Leadership and Management Institute (BLMI) and other agencies. 5. The Transition Commission shall be composed of fifteen (15) members all of whom are Bangsamoro. Seven (7) members shall be selected by the GPH and eight (8) members, 9. All devolved authorities shall be vested in the Bangsamoro Transition Authority during the interim period. The ministerial form and Cabinet system of government shall commence once the Bangsamoro Transition Authority is in place. The Bangsamoro Transition Authority may reorganize the bureaucracy into institutions of governance appropriate thereto. 10. The Bangsamoro Transition Authority shall ensure that the continued functioning of government in the area of autonomy is exercised pursuant to its mandate under the Basic Law. The Bangsamoro Transition Authority will be immediately replaced in 2016 upon the election and assumption of the members of the Bangsamoro legislative assembly and the formation of the Bangsamoro government. 11. There will be created a third party monitoring team to be composed of international bodies, as well as domestic groups to monitor the implementation of all agreements.

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12. At the end of the transition period, the GPH and MILF Peace Negotiating Panels, together with the Malaysian Facilitator and the Third Party Monitoring Team, shall convene a meeting to review, assess or evaluate the implementation of all agreements and the progress of the transition. An Exit Document officially terminating the peace negotiation may be crafted and signed by both Parties if and only when all agreements have been fully implemented. 13. The Negotiating Panel of both Parties shall continue the negotiations until all issues are resolved and all agreements implemented. VIII. NORMALIZATION 1. The Parties agree that normalization is vital to the peace process. It is through normalization that communities can return to conditions where they can achieve their desired quality of life, which includes the pursuit of sustainable livelihoods and political participation within a peaceful deliberative society. 2. The aim of normalization is to ensure human security in the Bangsamoro. Normalization helps build a society that is committed to basic human rights, where individuals are free from fear of violence or crime and where long-held traditions and value continue to be honored. Human insecurity embraces a wide range of issues that would include violation of human and civil rights, social and political injustice and impunity.

the Central Government and the Bangsamoro Government, and to the communities it serves. 4. An independent commission shall be organized by the Parties to recommend appropriate policing within the area. The commission shall be composed of representatives from the parties and may invite local and international experts on law enforcement to assist the commission in its work. 5. The MILF shall undertake a graduated program for decommissioning of its forces so that they are put beyond use. 6. In a phased and gradual manner, all law enforcement functions shall be transferred from the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) to the police force for the Bangsamoro. The Parties agree to continue negotiations on the form, functions and relationship of the police force of the Bangsamoro taking into consideration the results of the independent review process mentioned in paragraph 4.

7. The Joint Coordinating Committees on Cessation of Hostilities (JCCCH) as well as the Ad hoc Joint Action Group (AHJAG) with the participation of the International Monitoring Team (IMT) shall continue to monitor the ceasefire agreement until the full decommissioning of the MILF forces. These existing coordinating mechanisms shall be the basis for the creation of a Joint Normalization Committee (JNC) to ensure the coordination between the Government and remaining MILF 3. As a matter of principle, it is essential that forces, and through which MILF shall assist in policing structure and arrangement are such maintaining peace and order in the area of the that the police service is professional and free Bangsamoro until decommissioning shall have from partisan political control. The police been fully completed. system shall be civilian in character so that it is effective and efficient in law enforcement, 8. Both Parties commit to work in partnership fair and impartial as well as accountable under for the reduction and control of firearms in the the law for its action, and responsible both to area and the disbandment of private armies and

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other armed groups.

9. The details of the normalization process and timetables for decommissioning shall be in an Mixed Feelings Annex on Normalization and shall form part of Dean Benny Bacani this Agreement. 10. The Parties agree to intensify development efforts for rehabilitation, reconstruction and development of the Bangsamoro, and institute programs to address the needs of MILF combatants, internally displaced persons, and poverty-stricken communities. 11. The Parties recognize the need to attract multi-donor country support, assistance and pledges to the normalization process. For this purpose, a Trust Fund shall be established through which urgent support, recurrent and investment budget cost will be released with efficiency, transparency and accountability. The Parties agree to adopt criteria for eligible financing schemes, such as, priority areas of capacity building, institutional strengthening, impact programs to address imbalances in development and infrastructures, and economic facilitation for return to normal life affecting combatant and non-combatant elements of the MILF, indigenous peoples, women, children, and internally displaced persons. 12. The Parties agree to work out a program for transitional justice to address the legitimate grievances of the Bangsamoro people, correct historical injustices, and address human rights violations. IX. MISCELLANEOUS 1. This Agreement shall not be implemented unilaterally.

comprehensive agreement by the end of the year.

he Institute for Autonomy and Governance (IAG) has long been advocating for the policies that are now in the Framework Agreement. Among these are the inclusiveness of the peace process, a regional ministerial-parliamentary system of government, limiting the core of the autonomous region to Moro-dominated areas and meaningful fiscal and political autonomy to the region. The Framework Agreement reflects the sum total of the countless dialogues, hard lessons learned, the gains made and the dedication and perseverance of past and current panel of negotiators from the GPH and the MILF. Yes, I feel thankful and elated that we succeeded in making a big leap for peace and proud that some of our advocacies are turning into policies. Yet, why is it that Ive been feeling some butterflies in my stomach since the framework was made public and that I couldnt get myself to fully get into a fiesta mood? Why do I have mixed feelings about supposedly this big leap for peace? I realize that with my sense of joy and thankfulness is that of fear and anxiety about the future. GPH chief negotiator Marvic Leonen describes the Framework Agreement as containing more of inclusive processes than defining outcomes. My problem is not the roadmap which looks sleek and logical. The problem is that it is not clear whether the parties are committed to accept any outcome so long as the roadmap is followed.

2. The Parties commit to work further on the details of the Framework Agreement in The decommissioning of the MILF the context of this document and complete a troops will take place in phases. Whether the

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decommissioning shall be done in step with faithful observance of the roadmap or to the extent the outcome satisfies the MILF is an open question. What has really happened is that the arena of the negotiations has been changed. From the arena involving only two parties--- the executive branch of the GRP and the MILF, the negotiations are moved to a much broader arena where a joint GRP-MILF panel will be dealing, advocating and negotiating with institutions who hold the key to the desired outcomes. These institutions are the Philippine Congress, Supreme Court, Moro revolutionary fronts, traditional, religious and political leaders in the Bangsamoro areas. This arena is a big minefield that scares me no end. There are many things that can go wrong in this arena. The GPH is accommodating the demands of the MILF within the countrys political system, constitution and laws. The agreement contains provisions with doubtful constitutional and statutory bases, among which are the ministerial form of government, abolition of the ARMM and the asymmetric relationship between central government and the Bangsamoro government. Legal challenges can stop, set back or disrupt the process. It does not help that the agreement does not sufficiently explain or define some crucial terms like asymmetric relationship and ministerial form of government. The term asymmetric was introduced by the MILF in the negotiations in relation to its demand for a Moro sub-state. The GPHs interpretation of the ministerial form of government looks different from that of the MILF which envisions a regional parliamentary set-up like that of the federal states of Malaysia.

The open season for self-serving and multiple interpretations invite judicial interventions that could derail the implementation of the roadmap. In the political front, it is illusory to believe that Congress will pass the draft basic law in toto. Congress, with its plenary powers can change, add or set aside the draft Basic Law of the Transition Commission. Two factors will play in passing the Basic law in Congress. One is the constitutionality of the provisions of the Basic Law and two, whether the Basic Law promotes or decimates the political and economic interests of legislators especially those from Mindanao. The draft Basic Law will be submitted after the May 2013 elections. By then, the political complexion and dynamics in the country will be different. The political capital of a one-term sitting President even how popular he is, diminishes after mid-term elections where political decisions will then be made in view of what could win candidates in the 2016 presidential and national elections. Local political leaders in the Moro region whose fragile support to the roadmap will be further strained by the 2016 election fever where they have to play to other power centers outside Malacanang. Without the solid support of the political leaders in the region, ratification of the Basic Law and inclusion of the core areas in the Bangsamoro will not happen. Instead of passing the Basic Law, the optimistic scenario is Congress will initiate charter amendments to accommodate the terms of the Framework Agreement and the Basic Law. The potential pitfall here there is there may not be enough constituency for Mindanao peace in the whole country to ratify the amended charter in favor of the Bangsamoro. The rejection by the national electorate of the needed charter amendments will not only set back the process

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but also open wounds of division that this The BBL shall be drafted by a 15-member framework seeks to heal. ALL Bangsamoro Commission a.k.a. the Transitional Commission (TC), 7 members are I hope that I will not be branded as a nominated by the Philippine Government and prophet of doom or a spoiler by what I said in 8 members including the Chair are nominees this piece. I fully support the roadmap which I of the MILF. The draft BBL shall be certified said IAG has advocated for long. But we cannot by President Aquino as priority legislation and be complacent and harbour the illusion that submitted to Congress. Malacanang and the MILF alone can coast this roadmap to a successful outcome. Power and Upon the passage of the BBL, both the wealth sharing between and among institutions Philippine Government and the MILF will and leaders in the Bangsamoro will be as much work together to ensure its ratification by the crucial a factor as the negotiated sharing of qualified voters in a plebiscite called for the wealth and power between and among the Moro purpose within the identified core areas by the people and the rest of the country. same legislation. I pray that in this arena where political titans haggle for the bigger share of the small political and economic pie, the dividends out of this framework agreement will improve the lot of the poor and the marginalized in the region. Only then will this agreement be instrumental in the quest for sustainable peace in the region. Follow Dean Benny Bacani on Twitter @bbacani There are three important phases involved in the production of the BBL. The first is the issuance of an Executive Order and a Congressional Resolution that would create the Transitional Commission (TC) tasked to draft the BBL. The most important input to the said Commission is the Comprehensive Agreement which in reality is the signed Framework Agreement plus the much awaited 4 annexes the first two would define the core issues of the relations between the emerging Bangsamoro and the national government both on the power sharing and wealth sharing.

Bangsamoro Basic Law

Fr. Eliseo R. Mercado, OMI

he establishment of the Bangsamoro New Political Entity and the Bangsamoro The other two annexes would lay out the Government depends on the Congress of mechanism of governance during the transition the Republic of the Philippines. from ARMM to the new Political Entity, the normalization period and the gradual The Comprehensive Peace Agreement decommissioning of the MILF forces. (CPA) between the Philippine Government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front paves the It is prayed that the first phase would way for Congress to repeal of the Organic Act NOT simply involve a repackaging in (RA 9054) and pass a new legislation called legislative lingo of the Comprehensive Peace the Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL) which would Agreement between the Government of the be the CHARTER for the Bangsamoro New Philippines (GPH) and the MILF. People hope Political Entity or simply Bangsamoro. that the All-Bangsamoro TC would engage, through public consultations, the stakeholders

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in producing a draft bill that would be the Basic Law. In this way, the BBL will enjoy wider and broader constituency within the core territory contemplated for the Bangsamoro. The second phase is the actual legislation of the Basic Law by the Congress of the Republic.

areas. In turn, it will assume all the authorities, functions of the fading ARMM government as it exercises fully the new powers granted to it by the Basic Law.

In all these phases and processes, the focal point is the Bangsamoro Basic Law. It is the CHARTER or the Constitution of the No doubt, this phase is more perilous for Bangsamoro. It is of paramount importance the simple reason that the greater number of that the actual and future constituents of the the members in both the House and the Senate emerging Bangsamoro should participate in are not familiar with the context and processes evolving the said document. The greater the that have been undertaken to produce the draft general public is informed and involved in the Basic Law. The draft BBL, surely, would adopt process, the greater also the support the draft new concepts like genuine self-rule in their local Basic Law would enjoy both in Congress as affairs, ministerial form of government and a well as in the plebiscite that will be called to new way of choosing the leadership (Elections) determine the areas that would become the different from the rest of the country. It is for constituency of the Bangsamoro. this reason that the draft Basic Law should have wider and broader champions other than No doubt, the working of the 15-member the MILF and the GPH peace panel. TC should go beyond a mere continuation of the negotiation and haggling between the two parties. Its role is not just to codify in legislative The third phase is equally daunting. language the comprehensive peace agreement. This is the plebiscite called for the purpose that Rather the TC should act as one body or would determine ultimately the future of the commission that sees the bigger picture and the BBL and the actual constituents of the emerging common good of the emerging Bangsamoro far Bangsamoro. In short, all stakeholders should beyond the perspectives of the two principals ensure that the new Organic Act passed by in the negotiation. Otherwise, the production Congress wins popular support. of the Basic Law becomes, yet, another futile exercise in another experiment that is doomed The transition period begins from the to fail. ARMM to the Bangsamoro only after this Follow Fr. Eliseo Mercado on Twitter @junmeromi third stage is carried through successfully. A Bangsamoro Transitional Authority is, then, established within the Bangsamoro constituent

Opinions expressed in the articles belong to the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of IAG and KAS. IAG as a policy platform continues to create more tables in our common search for genuine autonomy and governance. IAG Policy Brief is published bi-monthly. Associate Editor: Ramie Toledo. Lay-out Artist: Omar Tadeja. Go to www.iag.org.ph to download the pdf version.

SHAPING PUBLIC POLICY FOR PEACE AND GOOD GOVERNANCE

The Institute for Autonomy and Governance (IAG) is an independent and non- partisan think tank founded in 2001 to generate ideas on making autonomy an effective vehicle for peace and development in the Southern Philippines. IAG is an institutional partner of the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung in the Philippines. KAS is in 5th floor, Cambridge Center Building, 108 Tordesillas Corner Gallado Street, Salcedo Village, Makati City, Metro Manila, Philippines, telephone 894-3737.

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