BIO 138 STASTISTICAL PAPER FOR ANOVA

1. STATEMENTOF PROBLEM A research study was conducted to examine the clinical efficacy of a new antidepressant. Depressed patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a placebo group, a group that received a low dose of the drug, and a group that received a moderate dose of the drug. After four weeks of treatment, the patients completed the Beck Depression Inventory. The higher the score, the more depressed the patient. The data are presented below RAW DATA: Placebo Low Dose Moderate Dose 38 22 14 47 39 25 42 19 8 23 31 26 11 18 5

2. FORMULATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS:

Ho= There will be no difference in depression levels between the three groups. The groups taking the drug will not be different than the groups taking the placebo. Ha= There will be a difference somewhere in depression levels between the three levels of drug groups.

3. Level of significance ALPHA = 0.05 4. Test Statistics Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

5. Computation

Step 1: Go to Microsoft Excel

STEP 2: INPUT THE DATA ON THE CELL

Step 3: Click Data

Step 4: Click Data Analysis

Step 5: Click Anova: Single Factor

Step 6: Click OK

Step 7: After clicking the OK button, wait for the Anova: Single Factor dialogue box.

Step 8: After the Anova: Single Factor dialogue box pop-out on the screen, highlight the data you have inputted for the Input Range.

Step 9: Set Alpha into 0.05 and check labels in first raw

Step 10: Click OK button.

6. Decision If P- value greater than alpha 0.05 accept Ho If P- value less than alpha 0.05 reject Ho

7. Making a Conclusion There is a significant difference between the placebo group and the low dose group (Fcomp = 11.75 and qobs= 4.84, p < .05). There is a significant difference between the placebo group and the moderate dose group (Fcomp = 20.77 and qobs= 6.44, p < .01). There is no significant difference between the low dose and the moderate dose groups (Fcomp = 1.27 and qobs=

8. Answer the Conclusion The drug appears to help alleviate depression. However, as there is no significant difference between taking a low or moderate dose, a low dose would be recommended.

BIO 138 STATISTICAL PAPER FOR T-test independent variances

1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM In this research, It illustrate how to test hypotheses involving the mean difference between two independent groups. We'll be working with an example from a reward and learning study wherein two groups of children have been scored on a Learning variable... The condition to which a child was randomly assigned is coded in this table as the "Group" variable, with either a value of 1 or 2. If Group = 1, the child was assigned to the no-reward group. If Group = 2, the child was assigned to the reward group. The values under "Learning" are the number of letters the child correctly pronounced during the testing phase. DATA Group 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Learning 3 7 6 2 9 11 13 8 10 2 5 8 12 12 10 17 12 10

2 2

13 8

1. HYPOTHESIS

Ho = Control over a plant will have no impact on the number of health complaints. Whether one has
control over the care of a plant or not, the number of health complaints will be the same. Ha = The group of individuals who have control over a plant will have either fewer or more health complaints as a group than the group that does not have control over the plants.

3.LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

Alpha = 0.05

4. TEST STATISTICS

T - Test independent variance 5. COMPUTATION STEP 1: Go to Microsoft Excel

STEP 2: Input the Data on the cell

STEP 3: CLICK DATA

STEP 4: CLICK DATA ANALYSIS

STEP 5: CLICK T- TEST ASSUMING EQUAL VARIANCES

STEP 6: CLICK OK

STEP 7:After clicking the OK button, wait for the T-TEST ASSUMING EQUAL VARIANCE dialogue box.

STEP 8: After the t-test two sample assuming equal variances dialogue box pop-out on the screen, highlight the data you have inputted for the Input Range

STEP 9: Set Alpha into 0.10 and check labels in first raw

STEP 10: CLICK OK

6. Decision If P- value greater than alpha 0.05 accept Ho If P- value less than alpha 0.05 reject Ho 7. Making a Conclusion The output indicates that the observed difference in the means is significant t(18) = -2.247, p = .037. We reject H0 in favour of H1. Eta-square is .219. 21.9% of the variability in the letters recalled was explained by the reward manipulation. 8. Answer the Conclusion A significant increase in letters recalled occurred in the nonverbal learning group compared to the control group (t(18) = -2.247, p = .037, 2 = .219).

BIO 138 STATISTICAL PAPER FOR T-test dependent variances

1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Researchers decide to test the impact of sleep deprivation on a computerized assembly line task. The subjects are required to participate in two nights of testing. On the nights of testing EEG, EMG, EOG measures are taken. On each night of testing the subject is allowed a total of four hours of sleep. However, on one of the nights, the subject is awakened immediately upon achieving REM sleep. On the alternate night, subjects are randomly awakened at various times throughout the 4 hour total sleep session. Testing conditions are counterbalanced so that half of the subject experience REM deprivation on the first night of testing and half experience REM deprivation on the second night of testing. Each subject after the sleep session is required to complete a computerized assembly line task. The task involves five rows of widgets slowly passing across the computer screen. Randomly placed on a one/five ratio are widgets missing a component that must be "fixed" by the subject. Number of missed widgets is recorded. Compute the appropriate t-test for the data provided below.

DATA
Deprived 20 10 6 4 26 13 38 24 7 9 Control Condition 20 4 9 36 20 3 25 10 6 14 D 6 11 -1 8 6 10 13 14 11 15 D2 36 121 1 64 36 100 169 196 121 225

1. HYPOTHESIS

Ho = Lack of sleep will have no impact on performance of a computer assembly line task; scores will not be any better or any worse. Ha = Lack of sleep will impact performance on a computer assembly line task; scores will either be significantly better or worse.

3.LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

Alpha = 0.05

4. TEST STATISTICS

T - test dependent variance

5. COMPUTATION STEP 1: Go to Microsoft Excel

STEP 2: Input the Data on the cell

STEP 3: CLICK DATA

STEP 4: CLICK DATA ANALYSIS

STEP 5: CLICK T- TEST ASSUMING EQUAL VARIANCES

STEP 6: CLICK OK

STEP 7:After clicking the OK button, wait for the T-TEST ASSUMING EQUAL VARIANCE dialogue box.

STEP 8: After the t-test two sample assuming equal variances dialogue box pop-out on the screen, highlight the data you have inputted for the Input Range.

STEP 9: Set Alpha into 0.05 and check labels in first raw

STEP 10: CLICK OK

6..Decision

If P- value greater than alpha 0.05 accept Ho If P- value less than alpha o0.05 reject Ho

7. Making a Conclusion
Yes, performance was significantly lower after REM deprivation; the subjects make significantly more errors.

8. Answer the problem

Sleep deprivation appears to significantly reduce performance on a computer assembly line task (t=6.175, p < .001). You will notice that I reported the .001 as even at this level, the tobs was still in the tail.

BIO 138 STATISTICAL PAPER FOR CORRELATION

1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Researchers interested in determining if there is a relationship between death anxiety and religiosity conducted the following study. Subjects completed a death anxiety scale (high score = high anxiety) and also completed a checklist designed to measure an individuals degree of religiosity (belief in a particular religion, regular attendance at religious services, number of times per week they regularly pray, etc.) (high score = greater religiosity . A data sample is provided below:

RAW DATA:

Death Anxiety Religiosity 38 4 42 29 31 28 15 24 17 19 11 8 19 3 14 6 3 11 5 9 6 14 9 10 15 19 17 10 14 18

1. HYPOTHESIS

There is a relatively a moderate to strong correlation between the two variables.

2. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CORRELATION 3. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CORRELATION 4. TEST STATISTIC: CORRELATION STEP 1: Go to Microsoft Excel

STEP 2: INPUT THE DATA ON THE CELL

STEP 3: CLICK DATA

STEP 4: CLICK DATA ANALYSIS

STEP: 5 CLICK CORRELATION

STEP 6: CLICK OK

STEP 7: After clicking the OK button, wait for the CORRELATION dialogue box.

STEP 8: After the CORRELATION dialogue box pop-out on the screen, highlight the data you have inputted for the Input Range.

STEP 9: Set check labels and columns

STEP 10: CLICK OK

6..Decision Moderate to strong correlation

7. Making a Conclusion Individuals with high levels of religiosity have lower levels of death anxiety and vice versa. We cannot say that participation in religious activities causes lower levels of death anxiety as one cannot draw this sort of cause and effect conclusion based on a correlational study. 8. Answer the problem There is a moderate to strong correlation between death anxiety and religiosity.

BIO 138
STASTISTICAL PAPER FOR

ANOVA

1. STATEMENTOF PROBLEM Researchers have sought to examine the effect of various types of music on agitation levels in patients who are in the early and middle stages of Alzheimer's disease. Patients were selected to participate in the study based on their stage of Alzheimer's disease. Three forms of music were tested: Easy listening, Mozart, and piano interludes. While listening to music, agitation levels were recorded for the patients with a high score indicating a higher level of agitation. Scores are recorded below.

RAW DATA: GROUPS HIGH PROTEIN 10 7 9 6 8 5 4 6 3 2 LOW PROTEIN 5 4 7 4 5 3 4 5 1 2

MALE

FEMALE

2. FORMULATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS:

Ho= There appears to be significant main effects for both protein level (F=8.89 (1,16), p<.01) and gender (F=20.00 (1,16), p<.01). Ha=There was not a significant interaction effect (F=2.22 (1,16), not significant).

3. Level of significance ALPHA = 0.05 4. Test Statistics Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 5. Computation Step 1: Go to Microsoft Excel

STEP 2: IMPUT THE DATA ON THE CELL

Step 3: Click Data

Step 4: Click Data Analysis

Step 5: Click Anova: Single Factor

Step 6: Click OK

Step 7: After clicking the OK button, wait for the Anova: Single Factor dialogue box.

Step 8: After the Anova: Single Factor dialogue box pop-out on the screen, highlight the data you have inputted for the Input Range.

Step 9: Set Alpha into 0.05 and check labels in first raw

Step 10: Click OK button.

6. Decision

If P- value greater than alpha 0.010 accept Ho If P- value less than alpha 0.010 reject Ho 7. Making a Conclusion There is a significant between two groups 8. Answer the Conclusion Therefore there is a significant effects between the two groups

BIO 138 STATISTICAL PAPER FOR T-test dependent variances

1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Researchers want to examine the effect of perceived control on health complaints of geriatric patients in a long-term care facility. Thirty patients are randomly selected to participate in the study. Half are given a plant to care for and half are given a plant but the care is conducted by the staff. Number of health complaints are recorded for each patient over the following seven days. Compute the appropriate t-test for the data provided below.

RAW DATA
Control over Plant 23 12 6 15 18 5 21 18 34 10 23 14 19 23 8 32 No Control over Plant 35 21 26 24 17 23 37 22 16 38 23 41 27 24

2. HYPOTHESIS

Ho = Control over a plant will have no impact on the number of health complaints. Whether one has
control over the care of a plant or not, the number of health complaints will be the same. Ha = The group of individuals who have control over a plant will have either fewer or more health complaints as a group than the group that does not have control over the plants.

3.LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE Alpha = 0.010 4. TEST STATISTICS T - test dependent variance 5. COMPUTATION STEP 1: Go to Microsoft Excel

STEP 2: Input the Data on the cell

STEP 3: CLICK DATA

STEP 4: CLICK DATA ANALYSIS

STEP 5: CLICK T- TEST ASSUMING EQUAL VARIANCES

STEP 6: CLICK OK

STEP 7:After clicking the OK button, wait for the T-TEST ASSUMING EQUAL VARIANCE dialogue box.

STEP 8: After the t-test two sample assuming equal variances dialogue box pop-out on the screen, highlight the data you have inputted for the Input Range.

STEP 9: Set Alpha into 0.05 and check labels in first raw

STEP 10: CLICK OK

6. Decision If P- value greater than alpha 0.05 accept Ho If P- value less than alpha o0.05 reject Ho

7. Making a Conclusion
Yes, the group that had control over caring for the plants had significantly fewer health complaints. The tobs was not only in the tail for the .05 level but the .01 level as well.

8. Answer the Conclusion Therefore, there is significant P values between two groups. There is a 1 percent chance
that I have made a Type I error. It may be that having control over a plant really has no impact on the number of health complaints of geriatric patients in a long-term care facility.

BIO 138 STATISTICAL PAPER FOR T-test dependent variances

1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Sleep researchers decide to test the impact of REM sleep deprivation on a computerized assembly line task. Subjects are required to participate in two nights of testing. On the nights of testing EEG, EMG, EOG measures are taken. On each night of testing the subject is allowed a total of four hours of sleep. However, on one of the nights, the subject is awakened immediately upon achieving REM sleep. On the alternate night, subjects are randomly awakened at various times throughout the 4 hour total sleep session. Testing conditions are counterbalanced so that half of the subject experience REM deprivation on the first night of testing and half experience

REM deprivation on the second night of testing. Each subject after the sleep session is required to complete a computerized assembly line task. The task involves five rows of widgets slowly passing across the computer screen. Randomly placed on a one/five ratio are widgets missing a component that must be "fixed" by the subject. Number of missed widgets is recorded. Compute the appropriate t-test for the data provided below.

RAW DATA
REM Deprived 26 15 8 44 26 13 38 24 17 29 Control Condition 20 4 9 36 20 3 25 10 6 14 D 6 11 -1 8 6 10 13 14 11 15 D2 36 121 1 64 36 100 169 196 121 225

2. HYPOTHESIS
Ho = Lack of REM sleep will have no impact on performance of a computer assemply line task; scores will not be any better or any worse. Ha = Lack of REM sleep will impact performance on a computer assembly line task; scores will either be significantly better or worse.

3.LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

Alpha = 0.05 4. TEST STATISTICS T - test dependent variance 5. COMPUTATION STEP 1: Go to Microsoft Excel

STEP 2: Input the Data on the cell

STEP 3: CLICK DATA

STEP 4: CLICK DATA ANALYSIS

STEP 5: CLICK T- TEST ASSUMING EQUAL VARIANCES

STEP 6: CLICK OK

STEP 7:After clicking the OK button, wait for the T-TEST ASSUMING EQUAL VARIANCE dialogue box.

STEP 8: After the t-test two sample assuming equal variances dialogue box pop-out on the screen, highlight the data you have inputted for the Input Range.

STEP 9: Set Alpha into 0.05 and check labels in first raw

STEP 10: CLICK OK

6..Decision

If P- value greater than alpha 0.05 accept Ho If P- value less than alpha o0.05 reject Ho

7. Making a Conclusion
Yes, performance was significantly lower after REM deprivation; the subjects make significantly more errors.

8. Answer the problem

REM deprivation appears to significantly reduce performance on a computer assembly line task (t=6.175, p < .001). You will notice that I reported the .001 as even at this level, the tobs was still in the tail.

BIO 138 STATISTICAL PAPER FOR CORRELATION

1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

It is hypothesized that there are fluctuations in norepinephrine (NE) levels which accompany fluctuations in affect with bipolar affective disorder (manic-depressive illness). Thus, during depressive states, NE levels drop; during manic states, NE levels increase. To test this relationship, researchers measured the level of NE by measuring the metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG in micro gram per 24 hour) in the patient's urine experiencing varying levels of mania/depression. Increased levels of MHPG are correlated with increased metabolism (thus higher levels) of central nervous system NE. Levels of mania/depression were also recorded on a scale with a low score indicating increased mania and a high score increased depression. The data is provided below.

RAW DATA: MHPG Affect 980 22 1209 1403 1950 1814 1280 1073 1066 880 776 26 8 10 5 19 26 12 23 28

2. HYPOTHESIS

There is a relatively strong negative correlation between the two variables.

3. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CORRELATION 4. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CORRELATION 5. TEST STATISTIC: CORRELATION STEP 1:Go to Microsoft Excel

STEP 2: IMPUT THE DATA ON THE CELL

STEP 3: CLICK DATA

STEP 4: CLICK DATA ANALYSIS

STEP: 5 CLICK CORRELATION

STEP 6: CLICK OK

STEP 7: After clicking the OK button, wait for the CORRELATION dialogue box.

STEP 8: After the CORRELATION dialogue box pop-out on the screen, highlight the data you have inputted for the Input Range.

STEP 9: Set check labels and columns

STEP 10: CLICK OK

6..Decision Positive- negative high correlation 7. Making a Conclusion

As the level of MHPG found in the urine increases, the affect test score decreases (low score represents increased mania) and a lower level of MHPG is associated with higher affect test scores (higher scores associated with depression). It is important to remember that we do not know the direction of the cause (affect -> biochemical changes or biochemical changes -> affect) or whether another variable is involved.
8. Answer the problem
Negative high correlation

Republic of the Philippines Negros Oriental State University Main Campus I, Dumaguete City College of Education AACCUP Re- Accredited Level II

BIO-138
STATISTICAL PAPER FOR
ANOVA INDEPENDENT T-TEST DEPENDENT T- TEST CORRELATION

Submitted by:ACAS CYRILL J. BSED III Thursday (5:30-8:30PM)

Submitted to :Craig N. Refugio, Ph.D. Professor

BIBLIOGRAPHY