Cable truss structures

Prof Schierle

Johanneshovs Isstadion, Stockholm 1962 Architect: Paul Hedqvist Engineer: David Jawerth (inventor)

Cable truss structures

Prof Schierle

KLM Cargo Terminal 1966 Haarlemmermeer, Holland Architect: E. A. Riphagen Engineer: David Jawerth

Palaise des Sports, 1966 Bordeaux, France

Cable truss structures

Prof Schierle

1,2 Open air theater, tigheim, Germany 1962 Architect: E. Heid Engineer: David Jawerth 1tigheim section

2tigheim plan

Factory at Lesjers, Sweden Architect: Lennart Bergstrm Engineer: David Jawerth

Cable truss structures

Prof Schierle

Concave cable truss Top strand support gravity load Bottom stabilizing strands resist wind uplift Tensile web strands

Convex truss, bottom strand support gravity load Top strands resist wind uplift Web compression struts

Concave/convex cable truss of reduced depth Concave strands support gravity load Convex strand support wind uplift Compression struts at mid-span Tension strands at both ends
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Cable truss structures

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Convex trusses with bottom support and top stabilizing cables and web compression struts Concave trusses with top supporting and bottom stabilizing cables and web compression struts Convex truss with diagonal compression struts Convex truss with vertical compression struts Concave truss with diagonal tension struts Concave truss with vertical tension struts Inverted truss with diagonal compression struts Inverted truss with vertical compression struts Center compression strut and radial tension struts

10 Center compression strut - vertical tension struts 11 Outward radial tension struts 12 Parallel cable truss - vertical compression struts
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Auditorium Utica, USA 1958 Architect: Gehron and Seltzer Engineer: Lev Zetlin Diameter/span: 240 A Circular concrete compression ring B Top stabilizing cable, 1 5/8 strands C Steel compression struts D Bottom cable, 2 strands E Steel tension ring

Convex alternate (roof drainage requires pumps) A B C D E Twin concrete compression ring - costly Top support cable Tension struts Bottom stabilizing cable Steel tension ring

Cable truss structures

Prof Schierle

Cable truss UC Berkeley Prof. Schierle and students Design model Erection Top view Joint detail

Cable truss structures

Prof Schierle

Parallel chord truss Load bearing of parallel chord trusses: 1 2 3 4 5 Loads P1 and P2 generate a vector polygon Load P3 adds a second vector polygon Wind uplift generates reversed polygons Parallel chord cable truss with four bays Load bearing polygon formed for two loads Load bearing polygons for three loads Externally stabilized truss with six bays Internally stabilized truss with six bays

Cable truss structures

Prof Schierle

Cable truss structures

Prof Schierle

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Pedestrian bridge Stuttgart Engineer: Schlaich Bergermann The height for trains passing under the bridge and maximum slope for handicapped access required a shallow span/sag of about 20. Bridge deck of prefab concrete panels is supported by 2 55 mm strands, prestressed by a strand to reduce deflection under non-uniform load. Diagonal webs with strands form a prismatic truss. The small height difference between supports is ignored, since it has no significant effect on forces. The code required 5 kPa live load was considered unlikely (it would imply 7 people per m2). Therefore, prestress was kept relatively low. Assume: Allowable cable stress 70 ksi /0.145 Fa = 483 MPa (70 ksi/0.145 Mega Pascal = 1 million Pascal)

Length sections and plan DL = 1.6 kPa (33 psf) LL = 5.0 kPa (104 psf) Cross section = 6.6 kPa (137 psf)
Cable truss structures Prof Schierle

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Uniform load per cable w= 6.6 kPa x 3.3m/2 Global moment M= wL2/8 = 10.9 x28.872/8 Horizontal reaction H= M/f = 1136/1.45m Vertical reaction R= wL/2 =10.9 x28.87/2

w = 10.9 kN/m M = 1136 kN-m H = 783 kN R = 157 kN

Cable force T= (H2+R2)1/2 = (7832 + 1572)1/2 T = 799 kN Metallic cable area (55mm, 70% metallic) Am= 0.7 (55/2)2 Am=1663 mm2 Cable stress (f =T/Am) f=799kN/(1663x10-6m2)= 480,457 kPa f = 481 MPa Length Check allowable stress sections US units equivalent and plan 481 MPa x 0.145 Cross section
Cable truss structures Prof Schierle

481 < 483 f = 69.7 ksi < 70 ksi

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Intramural Sports Center, UC Berkeley Architect: G G Schierle Engineer: T Y Lin Existing Harmon gym New entry hall Olympic pool 4 multipurpose gyms, 120x120 Lower level: Handball courts Squash courts Gymnastics Weight lifting Cable truss: Top and bottom chord strands Twin diagonal strands Vertical compression struts Fixed-end supports cause negative global bending
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Assume Span L = 120, truss depth d = 10, truss spacing e = 20 Allowable cable stress (210 ksi/3) Fa= 70 ksi DL = 18 psf LL = 12 psf = 30 psf Uniform truss load w = 30 psf x 20/1000 w = 0.6 klf Vertical reaction R= wL/2 = 0.6 x 120/2 R = 36 k Diagonal cable force (10% residual prestress) T= 1.1 x 65k (from vector triangle) T = 72 k Cross section area (70% metallic) A = T/(0.7 Fa) = 72/(0.7x70ksi) A =1.47 in2 Cable size (twin strands) = 2(A/)1/2/2 = (1.47/)1/2 = 0.68 Use 23/4 Global moment (fixed end) M = 720 k M = wL2/12 = 0.6 x 1202/12 Chord force (10% residual prestress) T = 1.1 M/d = 1.1x720/10 T = 79 k Cross section area (70% metallic) A = T/(0.7 Fa) = 79/(0.7x70ksi) A =1.61 in2 Cable size = 2(A/)1/2 = 2(1.61/)1/2 = 1.43 Use 1
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Stadium Roof Oldenburg, Germany Kulla, Herr und Partner, Oldenburg Engineer: Schlaich Bergermann The roof consists of 14 anticlastic fabric panels suspended from cable trusses PVC fabric, Fa = 600 pli/4 Cable Fa = Fy/3 = 210 ksi/3 Cantilever L = 17.8 m /0.3048 Panel length 17.8+5.4 = 23.2/0.3048 Panel width B = 9.25 m/0.3048 Gravity load wind uplift DL = 1 psf -1 psf LL = 20 psf 20 psf = 21 psf 19 psf Fa = 150 pli Fa = 70 ksi L ~ 58 L ~ 76 B ~ 30

Cable truss structures

Prof Schierle

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Uniform gravity load w = 21psfx30/1000 Global moment M = w L2/2 = 0.63x582/2 Horizontal reaction H = M /d = 1060/15 Vertical reaction R = w L = 0.63x58 Cable tension (10% residual prestress) T = 1.1(H2+R2)1/2 = 1.1(712+372)1/2 Cable cross section area (70% metallic) A = T /(0.7Fa) = 88/(0.7x70) Cable size = 2(A/)1/2 = 2(1.8/)1/2 = 1.5 Design fabric support ring Wind uplift per panel P = 76 x 30 x 19psf = Ring length L = P/Fa = 43,320/(150pli x 12) Ring diameter = L/ = 7.6 Double fabric at 8 Use ring size
Prof Schierle

w = 0.63 klf M = 1060 k H = 71 k R = 37 k T = 88 k A = 1.8 in2 Use 1 P = 43,320 # L = 24

d=15

= 4
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Cable truss structures

Watts Towers Cultural Crescent Architect: Joe Addo and G G Schierle Engineer: ASI A transparent membrane, suspended from radial cable trusses, is designed to provide sun protection for occasional performance at the Watts towers The crescent-shaped roof follows the seating below Cable trusses minimize bulk for optimal view of the towers and fast erection at annual events The truss depth is designed to provide the required curvature for the anticlastic membrane panels

Cable truss structures

Prof Schierle

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Cable truss details

1 2 Strut top Fabric corner

A Top chord strand B Diagonal strand C fabric attachment D Metal plate at fabric corner E Edge cable F Edge webbing

Cable truss structures

Prof Schierle

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Bardwells Ferry Bridge Conway, MA, 60 m span, 1882 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardwell's_Ferry_Bridge

Cable truss structures Prof Schierle 19

Smithfield Street, Pittsburgh, 2 x 110 m spans,1883

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Pushkin Museum Moscow

Engineer: Vladimir Shukov, 1853-1939 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Shukhov

Cable truss structures

Prof Schierle

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Bowstring truss bridges

Cable truss structures

Prof Schierle

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Pratt cable truss bridge

Cable truss structures

Prof Schierle

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Bottom chord tension truss

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Pedestrian bridge Munich

Cable truss structures Prof Schierle 25

Louvre Pyramide Paris, cable truss by I M Pei

Cable truss structures Prof Schierle 26

Cable truss glass walls

Cable truss structures Prof Schierle 27

Cable truss frameless glass walls with silicon joints

Cable truss structures Prof Schierle 28

Cable supported glass walls with silicon joints

Cable truss structures Prof Schierle 29

Cable trusses are fun

Cable truss structures Prof Schierle 30