Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
MODULE 15
transport
conversion
M: Mass of compound in system (g) C: Concentration of compound (g/m3) V: Volume of system (m3) Q: flow rate (m3/h) r: volumetric conversion rate (g/m3.h)
Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL) Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 2/29
Biological growth
Growth = multiplication of organisms Requirements for growth:
nutrients (biomass = C5H7O2N, + P, S, ...) favourable environmental conditions (pH, temperature)
Basic reaction :
C-source + NH4 + PO4 + H+ ==> Biomass + byproducts + electron acceptor (O2, NO3) + electron donor (C-source) (H2O, CO2, N2, NO3)
Biological conversion
Because biomass grows (or at least wants to), a number of compounds are converted, e.g.
Organic pollutants --> CO2 + waste biomass NH4 --> NO3 NO3 --> N2 PO4 --> Poly-P stored in waste biomass Organic pollutants --> biogas (CH4 + CO2)
Reaction stoichiometry
Suppose the following reaction takes place:
C18H19O9N + O2 + H+ --> C5H7O2N + CO2 + H2O for each molecule of pollutants degraded, a proportional amount of other components will be used (left of arrow) or produced (right of arrow) We can therefore write: a C18H19O9N + b O2 + c H+ --> d C5H7O2N + e CO2 + f H2O a,b,c,d,e,f are called yield or stoichiometric coefficients note that one of the coefficients can be chosen = 1
IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL) Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 6/29
Reaction kinetics
A reaction will not occur (reaction rate = 0) when its sources (substrates) are absent
components on the left of the reaction arrow
Conversion rates
Take the conversion above
a C18H19O9N + b O2 + c H+ --> 1 C5H7O2N + d CO2 + e H2O
The conversion of each component is then: C18H19O9N : - a. (S) C5H7O2N : + 1. (S) O2 : - b. (S) CO2 : + d. (S) + H : - c. (S) H2O : + e. (S)
IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL) Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 8/29
Rule of thumb: Doubling of reaction rate for temperature increase with 10oC
IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL) Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 11/29 IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL) Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 12/29
Winter period is critical for process performance, especially for nitrification, since this is the slowest
IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL) Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 13/29
Process is changing the system pH by production of H+ (e.g. nitrification, digestion) or OH- (denitrification)
IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL) Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 14/29
relatively high yield (0.3 g biomass-COD/g COD) performs both nitrogen and COD removal ! recuperates O2 invested in nitrification !
IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL) Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 17/29 IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL) Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 18/29
Bioreactor
Sampler Li pulse
Sampler
Settler
PC 1 PC 2 SC 1 SC 2
Aeration tank Sand and Archimedes screws grease removal Fine screen
Biofilm reactors
Trickling Filters
Trickling Filters
Biofilm processes
Conversion + DIFFUSION Principle:
Biofilm Bulk liquid S0
J
L
Substratum
J+J/z*dz
dz
Biofilm processes
Active fraction concept
Substrate Conc. L SO Bulk liquid SS rO, rS 0
penetr. depth So = active fraction
Biofilm Processes
The active fraction concept: leads to the interpretation of biofilms as systems in which layers exist with different conversion processes taking place The layers change in size as the process conditions change
inactive fraction
zSo
zSo
Focus on: - Sludge production - Oxygen consumption - Nitrogen removal COD based modelling ==> Mass balancing Peterson matrix
Mass balancing
Vertical summation of Stoichiometry term * Kinetics terms gives total conversion
ASM1: COD-components
Total COD
ASM1: N-components
Nitrate/nitrite N SNO
Biodegradable COD
Nonbiodeg. COD
Soluble SS
Particulate Xs
Heterotrophs XB,H
Autotrophs XB,A
Soluble organic N
Particulate organic N
Soluble SI
IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems
Particulate XI & XP
Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 37/29
Nonbiodeg. N SNI
IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems
Biodeg. N SND
Biodeg. N XND
ASM1: Processes
1) Growth of biomass
heterotrophs
aerobic anoxic
SO
Growth
SNH XA
Decay
SNO
autotrophs (nitrification)
2) Decay of biomass
heterotrophs autotrophs
XI
Hydrolysis
XS SS XH
Growth
Decay
3) Ammonification of organic nitrogen (KjN --> NH4) 4) Hydrolysis of particulate organic matter
SO
Continuity calculations
SS SO X BH K S + SS K OH + S O
4 XS
5 6 7 XBH XBA XP
1
8 SO
1 Y H Y H
9 SNO
10 SNH
iXB
11 SND
12 XND
13 SALK
i XB 14
max H
iXB
1 YH 14 2.86YH iXB 14
g max H
SS K OH K S + SS K OH + S O
S NO X BH K NO + S NO
i vji.iki = 0
if and only if: - consistent units have been used - all substrates/products are included
3 Aerobic growth of autotrophic biomass 4 Decay of heterotrophic biomass 5 Decay of autotrophic biomass 6 Ammonification of soluble organic nitrogen 7 Hydrolysis of slowly biodegradable substrate
1 fP
1
1 1 4.57 YA iXB Y Y YA A A
1 iXB Y A i XB f P i X i XB f P i X
1
max A
S NH SO X BA K NH + S NH K OA + SO
fP
1
b H X BH b A X BA k a S ND X BH
XS kh KX + h
+
1 fP
fP
1
1 14
SO X BH XS K OH + S O X BH
This can be done for COD, N, P, Charge, Mass Sets of equations allow to find vij ! --> Example: ASM3
IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL) Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 42/29
7 (X ND X S )
K OH S NO X K OH + S O K NO + S NO BH
1 SO expressed as > O2
5 SN2 N
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 SNO SHCO XI XS XH XSTO XA XTS N Mole COD COD COD COD COD TSS z1 z2 z3 z4 z5 z6 z7 z9 z10 z11 z12 -1 YSTO YSTO -1/YH -1/YH -iXS t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 -0.60 -0.60 1 -1 -1 iTSBM t11 t12
Heterotrophic organisms, denitrification Aerobic storage of COD x2 Anoxic storage of COD Aerobic growth x4 Anoxic growth (denitrification) Aerobic endog. respiration -(1-fI) Anoxic endog. respiration Aerobic respiration of PHA -1 Anoxic respiration of PHA x8 -(1-fI) -x3 -x5 -x7 -x9 y10 y11 y12 x3 x5 x7 x9 1/YA -y12 y12
fI fI
1 1 -1 -1
SN2 N
-1 -1
Autotrophic organisms, nitrification 10 Nitrification 11 Aerobic endog. respiration 12 Anoxic endog. respiration Composition matrix k,I k 1 2 3 4 Conservatives COD Nitrogen Ionic charge Observables TSS g TSS
IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems
-1
1 iNSI
1 iNSS
fI fI
-1
g COD gN Mole +
-1
1 iNSI
1 iNSS
1 1/14
1 iNXI -1
1 iNXS
1 iNBM
1 iNBM
Component
!
i
j,i
k ,i = 0 for i = 1 to 12
Composition matrix k,i k Conservatives: Conservation equation 1 COD g COD 1 1 1 2 Nitrogen g N iNXI iNXS iNBM 3 Ionic charge Mole + Observables: Composition equation 4 TSS
IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems
for k = COD, N and ionic charge yields j k = 12 3 = 36 equations which allow to predict all xj, yj, zj
1 iNBM
t j = j,TSS =
!
i
j,i
TSS,i for i = 8 to 12
g TSS
Message !
Mass balancing:
dM d (VC ) = = Qin Cin Qout Cout + rV dt dt
Peterson matrix:
Continuity calculations:
allow to build models efficiently, check them and communicate about them clearly
IUWS - Integrated Urban Water Systems Module 15 : Wastewater Treatment - Biological Processes - PVR (TOL) Date : 08/11/2001 - Page 47/29