War Fighting Techniques

Sergeants Distance
Education Program
8016A
WARFIGHTING TECHNIQUES (8016A)
Course Introduction
Scope This course will focus on battlefield techniques. It will teach you how to do
some of the skills that are required of a small unit leader. Unlike MCI Course
8014A, Introduction to Warfighting and MCI Course 8015A, Warfighting
Tactics which focused on the art and tactical decision making involved in
combat leadership, this course will focus on some of the actual tasks a
successful small unit leader needs to perform in combat.
Techniques This course is built around techniques, not tactics. Techniques are the skills
Defined you learn through drill and repetition. Unlike tactics, which involve situation
decision making, techniques are skills that are easy to quantify and measure.
Course Layout This course will teach you some of the techniques a noncommissioned officer
(NCO) must perform on the battlefield. It will cover basic radio operation
procedures for the Single-Channel Ground Airborne Radio System
(SINCGARS) radio, calling and adjusting indirect fire, and how to handle
enemy prisoners of war (EPWs) and medical evacuations (MEDEVACs).
How to Study Unlike MCI Courses 8014 and 8015, this course will teach you exactly what
This Course you should do in combat. This course will help you prepare for combat by
teaching you the basic skills that will be required of an NCO in a combat
environment. These skills are not military occupational specialty (MOS)
specific, but must be known by all Marines. You must also remember that
these skills are perishable. To maintain sufficiency in these tasks, keep this
course for your professional library and refer to it on a regular basis.
Continued on next page
MCI Course 8016A i Course Introduction

Course Introduction, Continued
References The following references were used in the writing of this course:
· TM 11-5820-890-30-6, SINGARS Manual.

· MCWP 3-16.6, Supporting Arms Observer, Spotter, and Controller.
· FMFM 6-21, Tactical Fundamentals of Helicopterborne Operations.
· FM 8-10-6, Medical Evacuation in a Theater of Operations.
· FM 21-11, First Aid for Soldiers.
· NAVAIR 00-80T-113, Helicopter Handling Signals.
· NAVEDTRA 14295, Standard First Aid Course, Chapter 4 Emergency
Medical Procedures, Virtual Naval Hospital .com
· TBS STUDENT HANDOUTS
· B7551 Assault Support and Helicopterborne operations
· B7557 Helicopter Operations
· B8601 Basic Life Support
· B8603 Combat Related Injuries
· B8604 Casualty Evaluation and Evacuation
Table of The following is the table of contents for this course.

Contents
Study Unit Title Page

-- Course Introduction i
1 Single-Channel Ground Airborne Radio System 1-1
2 Indirect Fire Support 2-1
3 Combat Skills 3-1
-- Review Exercise R-1
Estimated You will need about 7 hours and 20 minutes to complete this course. This
Study Time includes time to study the text, complete the exercises, and take the final
exam.
MCI Course 8016A ii Course Introduction

Course Introduction, Continued
Reserve You earn two retirement credits for completing this course. You earn reserve
Retirement retirement credits at the rate of one credit for each 3 hours of estimated study
Credits time.
Note: Reserve retirement credits are not awarded for the MCI study you do
during drill periods if awarded credits for drill attendance.
Summary The table below summarizes all-important “gateways” needed to successfully

complete this course.
Step When you Then you will For more

information
1 Enroll in the Receive your program Refer to the Program
program material Introduction
2 Complete the Arrange to take the Refer to the Program
self-paced text final examination Introduction
3 Pass the final Receive a course Refer to the Program
examination completion certificate Introduction
Additional The following table lists publications that can be used as additional sources of
References information about the content of this course
Publication Number Title

FMFM 6-5 Marine Rifle Squad
FMFM 6-8 Supporting Arms Observer
-- Marine Battle Skills Training Handbook 3
MCI Course 8016A iii Course Introduction

(This page intentionally left blank.)
MCI Course 8016A iv Course Introduction

STUDY UNIT 1
SINGLE-CHANNEL GROUND AIRBORNE RADIO SYSTEM
Overview
Estimated 45 minutes
Study Time
Scope This study unit is designed to familiarize you with the Single-Channel
Ground Airborne Radio System (SINCGARS) radio and its capabilities. As
an incidental operator, the AN/PRC-119B configuration is the most
commonly used radio in the Marine Corps. More detailed use of the
SINCGARS radio will be taught in the resident Sergeants Course.
Learning After completing this study unit, you should be able to

Objectives
· Identify the N/PRC-119B SINCGARS radio.
· Identify the operation steps of the AN/PRC-119B SINCGARS radio.
In This Study This study unit contains the following lessons.

Unit
Topic See Page

Overview 1-1
Description 1-3
Assembly and Operation of the AN/PRC-119B 1-11
MCI Course 8016A 1-1 Study Unit 1


LESSON 1
DESCRIPTION
Introduction
Study Time
Scope This lesson will enable you to identify the characteristics, capabilities, and
components of the AN/PRC-119B (SINCGARS) radio.
Learning After completing this lesson, you should be able to

Objectives
· Describe the characteristics of the AN/PRC-119B SINCGARS radio.
· Identify the capabilities of the AN/PRC-119B SINCGARS radio.
· Identify the components of the AN/PRC-119B by function.
In This Lesson This lesson contains the following topics.
Topic See Page

Introduction 1-3
Characteristics of the AN/PRC-119B SINCGARS Radio 1-4
Components of the AN/PRC-119B 1-7
Lesson 1 Exercise 1-8
MCI Course 8016A 1-3 Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

Characteristics of the AN/PRC-119B SINCGARS RADIO
AN/PRC-119B The illustration below shows the AN/PRC-119B radio.

Radio

Characteristics of the AN/PRC-119B SINCGARS RADIO,
Continued
Capabilities The table below describes the capabilities and applicability of the
SINCGARS controls (knob, switches, etc.) by basic radio characteristics.
Characteristic Capabilities
Type of Modulation Frequency Modulated (FM)
Frequency Range 30,000 megahertz (MHz) to 87,975 MHz
Channel Spacing 25 kilohertz (kHz)
Channels of Operation 2,320
Frequency Offset ± 5 (or 10)
Ability 10 kHz
Number of Preset · Eight in single-channel mode
Channels · Six in frequency-hopping mode
Emissions · Voice
· Secure voice
· Digital data
Radio Frequency (RF) · Low (LO): 500 microwatts
Power Output · Medium (M): 160 milliwatts
· High (HI): 4 watts
· Power Amp (PA) used only in vehicular
configuration: 50 watts
Power Requirement · Manpack: 13.5 VDC
1. BA-5590
2. BB-590
· Vehicular: 27.5 VDC
· HUB 6.75 VDC
1. BA 1372
2. BA 5372
Rated Range Power, Distance
· LO - 500 microwatts, 330 yards
· M - 160 milliwatts; 2.5 miles
· HI - 4 watts; 5 miles
· PA - 50 watts; 22 miles

Characteristics of the AN/PRC-119B SINCGARS RADIO,
Continued
Capabilities,
continued
Characteristic Capabilities
Modes of Operation · Single-channel - (SC)
· Frequency-hopping (FH)
· Frequency-hopping Master - (FH-M)
· Retransmission
1. SC to SC
2. SC to FH
3. FH to FH
· Electronic Remote Fill (ERF) relay
· Remote
1. Plain text
2. Cipher text
3. With AN/GRA-39, control-monitor, or
Control Receiver-Transmitter (RT)
C-11561 (C)/U
Tuning · Electronic frequency entered manually by using
the keyboard
· Up to eight single-channels and six FH
channels can be loaded and later selected using
CHAN (channel) switch
Electronic Counter- · ECCM capable.
Counter Measure · Capable to overcome or avoid jamming.
(ECCM) Capable · Capable of frequency-hopping (randomly
changing frequencies while maintaining
communication). These systems will frequency
hop at a rate of 6,000 frequencies per minute.

Components of the AN/PRC-119B
Manpack The illustration below shows the manpack configuration, the most widely
Version used configuration.
Functions The table below lists the parts for the AN/PRC-119B and their functions.
Part Function
Receiver- · VHF-FM Combat Net Radio
Transmitter (RT) · Provides primary means of command and control
voice, secure voice, and digital data
Manpack · Radiates/receives radio frequency (RF) signals for
Antenna the RT
Handset Used for voice communications
Battery Box · Connects to the RT and protects the battery
· Houses and provides interconnection with the remote
control unit (RCU) via the line binding post mounted
on the bottom
Batteries · Located in the battery box
· Connected to RT for power
· Supply the 13.5 VDC needed to operate the manpack
· Supply the primary energy source for operation
Note: The batteries are not components of the

AN/PRC-119B but are required for use.
Field Pack · Used to transport the AN/PRC-119B
· May differ in design

Lesson 1 Exercise
Study Time
Directions Complete the following items. Check your answers against those listed at the
end of this lesson. If you have any questions, refer to the reference page
listed for each item.
Item 1 What is the power output for low radio frequency on the AN/PRC-119B
SINCGARS radio?
a. 4 watts
b. 50 watts
c. 160 milliwatts
d. 500 microwatts
Item 2 An electronic frequency entered manually using the keyboard is
a. an electronic counter-counter measure.

b. referred to as tuning.
c. an emission.
d. a type of modulation.
Item 3 Which component provides the primary means of command and control
voice, secure voice, and digital data?
a. Manpack antenna
b. Receiver-transmitter
c. Handset
d. Battery box
MCI Course 8016A 1-8 Study Unit 1, Lesson 1 Exercise

Lesson 1 Exercise
Answers The table below provides the correct answers to the exercise items. If you
have any questions, refer to the reference page listed for each item.
Item Number Answer Reference Page

1 d 1-5
2 b 1-6
3 b 1-7


LESSON 2
ASSEMBLY AND OPERATION OF THE AN/PRC-119B
Introduction
Study Time
Scope This lesson teaches the procedures used to assemble the AN/PRC-119B and
the steps to prepare the SINCGARS for single-channel (SC) operations.

Objectives
· Identify the steps to assemble the AN/PRC-119B.
· Identify the steps to perform a self-test on the AN/PRC-119B.
· Identify the steps to load single-channel frequencies on the AN/PRC-119B.
· Identify the steps to correctly store information into the permanent memory
on the AN/PRC-119B.
Topic See Page

Introduction 1-11
Assembling the AN/PRC-119B 1-12
Self-Testing the AN/PRC-119B 1-16
Loading Single-Channel Frequencies 1-18

Assembling the AN/PRC-119B
Procedure The table below lists the steps to assemble the AN/PRC-119B.
Step Action
1 Place the function (FCTN) switch on the receiver transmitter (RT)
in the OFF position.
2 Stand the RT on its front panel guards to make the battery and
battery box easier to install.
3 Visually inspect the battery box for dirt and check the connecting
pins for damage.

Assembling the AN/PRC-119B, Continued
Procedure,
continued
Step Action
4 Place the battery (BA-5590/BB-590) on its side; then insert the
battery in the battery box. Be sure to match the connectors on the
battery with those inside the battery box.
5 Secure the battery box cover by latching the butterfly clips located
on each side of the battery box.
6 Attach the battery box to the RT using the hold down latches.

Procedure,
continued
Step Action
7 Remove the HUB cover by loosening and removing the two
screws. Lift the cover off the panel.
8 Position the battery (BA-1372/BA-5372) with the flat end

positioned.
9 Reposition the HUB cover and secure it using the two screws you
loosened in step 7. Secure the screws snug enough to keep out
moisture.
CAUTION: Do not cross thread the screws or you will damage

the equipment.

Procedure,
continued
Step Action
10 Handtighten the manpack antenna (AS-3683) to the antenna
(ANT) connector. Carefully align the ANT to the connector
(RT-1523) to avoid damage.
CAUTION: Do not cross thread the ANT or you will damage

the antenna and radio.
11 Connect the handset (H-189/H-250) to the AUD/DATA connector
on front of the RT as seen in the picture below.
Note: A handset or other audio accessories may be connected to

the AUD/FILL connector only after the radio has been
filled with correct data.

Self-Testing the AN/PRC-119B
Performance After assembling the AN/PRC-119B, you, as an incidental operator, must

Test self-test the radio to be sure the radio is working and capable of performing
the required tasks to accomplish the mission.
Procedure The table below lists the steps to self-test the AN/PRC-119B SINCGARS
radio.
Step Action
1 Set the FCTN switch to Z-FH. This will reset the system.
2 Set COMSEC switch to CT.

3 Set the FCTN switch to the TST position and observe the
following:
· ECCM (E) and COMSEC module (C) check. If either module

is not in the RT, a dash is shown in place of the letter. Short
bursts of rushing noise should be heard. If “E” is displayed, a
beep should be heard after the rushing noise.
· Signal strength display check. Signal strength indicator should
light at all positions from LO to HI.
· Display check. All LED’s should light up in the display
window.
At the end of a successful self-test, “GOOD” will appear in the

display. If the display shows any FAIL codes, check all switch
positions and connections then reinitiate the self-test. If FAIL
CODE appears again, follow appropriate troubleshooting
techniques.

Self-Testing the AN/PRC-119B, Continued
Procedure,
continued
Step Action
4 Put the CHAN control knob in the MAN position. Be sure the
data function is OFF.
Note: The radio is still functional in the SC and FH modes, but

not with data communication.
5 Position the FCTN switch in the TST position.
6 If test is successful, display will show word "OK".

Loading Single-Channel Frequencies
Importance After you have successfully performed the self-test, be ready to load single-
channel frequencies for single-channel operations. Single-channel operation
is the most frequent operation you will perform as the incidental operator.
Procedure The table below lists the steps to load single-channel frequencies into the RT-
1523.
Step Action
1 Set up the RT-1523 for loading single-channel frequencies by
placing the
· FCTN switch in the LD position

· MODE control knob in the SC position
· CHAN control knob in the MAN position
2 Load single-channel frequencies by
· Pressing the FREQ key on the RT-1523 keyboard

· Pressing the CLR key on the RT-1523 keyboard
· Entering the frequency number
3 Press the STO key to store the information into permanent
memory.

Lesson 2 Exercise
Study Time
Item 1 When assembling the AN/PRC-119B, what component is connected to the

AUD/DATA connector?
a. Handset
b. Antenna
c. Battery
d. Transmitter
Item 2 When assembling the AN/PRC-119B, align the _____ to the connector RT-
1523.
a. AUD/DATA
b. RXMT
c. ANT
d. AUD/FILL
Item 3 When performing a self-test on the AN/PRC-119B, in which modes is the

radio still functional?
a. FH and FH-M
b. SC and FH-M
c. SC and PA
d. SC and FH

Lesson 2 Exercise, Continued
Item 4 Which position is the MODE control knob in when loading a single-channel
frequency on the AN/PRC-119B?
a. FH-M
b. SQ ON
c. SC
d. PA
Item 5 Which key on the keyboard of the AN/PRC-119B do you press to store the
SC frequency into permanent memory?
a. LOUT/9
b. STO
c. SYNC/3
d. FCTN

Lesson 2 Exercise

1 a 1-15
2 c 1-15
3 d 1-17
4 c 1-18
5 b 1-18


STUDY UNIT 2
INDIRECT FIRE SUPPORT
Overview
Estimated 1 hour
Study Time
Unit Scope You are in a combat zone, and responsible for calling in fire support for your
unit. The problem is you have no formal training on calling in fire support.
Your unit was called to provide perimeter support, and you were given a
quick course on call-for-fire. You are now considered the duty expert. Like
any other person, you are not very comfortable with the basic instruction
received. Some questions you might ask are
· How can I incorporate artillery fire to support my unit?

· What kinds of rounds are available?
· What are they used for?
These questions and more will be answered in this study unit.

Objectives
· Identify the various parts of the indirect fire team.
· Identify target location.
· Identify how to construct and transmit a complete call-for-fire.
· Identify various artillery ammunition.
· Identify how to adjust rounds onto target.
· Identify how to construct and transmit damage assessment and target

intelligence.

Overview, Continued
In This Study This study unit contains the following lessons:

Unit
Topic See Page

Overview 2-1
Call-for-Fire 2-3
Adjusting Indirect Fire 2-27

LESSON 1
CALL-FOR-FIRE
Introduction
Study time
Lesson Scope In combat, one of the assets used to accomplish your mission is indirect fire.
You must function as a forward observer (FO) for artillery. Your rifle squad,
when linked to a fire direction center (FDC) through wire or radio, becomes a
powerful instrument of destruction. Indirect fire can engage and destroy the
enemy forces while minimizing risk to your squad. Using indirect fire is
essential to conducting successful combat operations.

Objectives
· Identify the three components of the indirect fire team by function.
· Identify the four essential tools of a forward observer (FO) by function.
· Identify the two types of adjustments for binoculars.
· Describe the two methods for locating targets.
· Identify the four types of fire missions.
· Identify the six elements of a call-for-fire.
· Identify the three transmissions of a call-for-fire.
· Identify the contents of a message to observer.
· Identify various artillery shells.

Introduction, Continued
Topic See Page

Introduction 2-3
Functions of an Indirect Fire Team 2-5
Functions of Forward Observer Tools and Equipment 2-7
Locating Targets 2-10
Types of Fire Missions 2-12
Six Elements of a Call-for-Fire 2-13
Transmitting a Call-for-Fire 2-16
FDC Response to a Call-for-Fire 2-17
Artillery Ammunition 2-19

Functions of an Indirect Fire Team
Indirect Fire The three components of an indirect fire team are

Team
Components · FO
· FDC
· Guns
FO Functions The FO's functions are to
· Maintain and operate the tools and equipment necessary to call for and
adjust indirect fire.
· Locate suitable targets.
· Call-for-fire.
· Adjust fire on target.
· Communicate with the FDC.
· Plan indirect fires to support the mission.
FDC Functions FDC's functions are to
· Plot the call-for-fire.

· Determine the firing data required for the guns to fire the mission.
· Send the data to the guns.

Functions of Indirect Fire Team, Continued
Guns Functions The guns functions are to
· Apply firing data received from the FDC to the howitzer within the
proscribed time.
· Fire the mission as requested (when ready, at my command, etc.)
Process After observing an appropriate target, the FO puts together a call-for-fire.

This is then sent to the FDC who then translates it into firing data, which is
then sent to the gun line. The guns then fire the mission according to the
firing data received.

Functions of Forward Observer Tools and Equipment
Four Essential The four essential tools a FO needs to call for and adjust indirect fire are
Tools
· A map
· A compass
· Binoculars
· Communication equipment
Map The FO’s primary use of a map is to locate targets and plan indirect fires
within the area of operations. The FO can also use maps to determine the grid
azimuth to a target.
Compass Use a compass to determine magnetic azimuths. You must tell the FDC if
you use magnetic azimuths in your call-for-fire; for example, “4700
magnetic.” The FDC uses grid azimuths when plotting the target, but FDC
personnel can convert your magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth before
plotting it.
Azimuths determined using a compass are either in degree or mils. FDCs

prefer mils but will accept degrees. You must tell the FDC if you use
degrees; for example, “190 degrees magnetic.”
Binoculars Use binoculars to
· Maintain surveillance of the area of operation

· Help you adjust indirect fire on target
· Identify troops, equipment, weapons, or vehicles, etc
· Observe enemy movement or positions
· Locate targets
· Study terrain
· Improve vision at night or during periods of reduced visibility
Note: Prolonged use of the binoculars will produce eye fatigue. Use should
be limited to 30 minutes followed by 15 minutes of rest.

Functions of Forward Observer Tools and Equipment, Continued
Binocular Listed below are two adjustments you must make to use your binoculars.
Adjustments
· Interpupillary adjustment. The interpupillary distance is the distance
between your eyes. The monocles are hinged together so they can be
adjusted to meet this distance. The hinge is adjusted until the field of
vision ceases to be two overlapping circles and appears as a single,
sharply defined circle. The setting on the hinge scale should be recorded
for future reference.
· Focal adjustment. Each individual and eye of that individual requires a

focus setting.
Adjusting the The table below lists the steps to adjust the focus for each eye using the
Focus for Each binoculars.
Eye
Step Action
1 With both eyes open, look through the binoculars at a distant
object.
2 Place one hand over the objective lens over the right monocle
and turn the focusing ring of the left monocle until the object is
sharply defined.
3 Repeat step 2, focusing the opposite monocle.
4 Uncover both monocles. The object should be clear in both
eyes. If not, repeat steps 1, 2, and 3.
5 Read and record the diopter scale on each focusing ring for
future reference.

Functions of Forward Observer Tools and Equipment,
Continued
Mil Reticle Inside the left eyepiece of the M-22 Binoculars is the mil reticle pattern.
Pattern There are scales both vertical and horizontal. Each number on the horizontal
scale indicates 10 mils, for a total of 100 mils of measurement. This reticle
pattern will be used later for adjusting subsequent rounds.
Example of Mil
Reticle Pattern
Communi- You must communicate with the FDC to call-for-fire. Usually, you use radio
cation communications, but you can use field telephones when time is available to
Equipment lay the wire.

Locating Targets
Two Methods When transmitting call-for-fire, the FO must tell the FDC the location of the
target. Listed below are two methods you can use to locate targets for the
FDC.
· Grid coordinate method

· Polar plot method
Grid The grid coordinate method is the most common method for locating targets.
Coordinate It involves simple map reading. You pinpoint the target on your map and
Method transmit a six-digit grid coordinate for its location. For example, “Grid
769731, over.” The FDC does not need to know your location.
Polar Plot To use the polar plot method, the FDC must already know your location. The
Method polar plot method is usually used in static situations in which the FDC has
your position plotted on their map. This method consists of transmitting the
direction from your location to the target, observer to target (OT) direction,
and the distance from your location to the target.
Observer to Observer to target (OT) direction is the direction from the observer to the
Target target, determined with either a compass or a map and protractor. Remember
Direction that all readings from the compass are magnetic and must be announced as
such. For example, “3220 magnetic.” When using the map and protractor,
“magnetic” is not announced.
Determining To determine the distance to the target, you can

the Distance to
the Target · Use your map
· Estimate by eye
· If available, use a laser range finder (distance is given in meters)
An example of complete direction and distance transmission is “Direction

3220 magnetic. Distance 1500, over.”

Locating Targets, Continued
Preplanned The grid and polar methods are used if a target’s position is unknown.
Targets Targets can also be “preplanned targets.” Targets that are preplanned often
have intelligence indicating where the enemy is known or likely to be.
To set up a preplanned target, you must turn in a list to the FDC, which
contains a target.
Number
Description
Location
Any remarks (i.e. Ammo mix or specific number of rounds)
Example of The table below is a sample list of known target points and their locations.
Known Points
and Locations
Target Description Location Remarks
AH1001 Church 453 671 Smoke
AH1002 Bridge 453 863
AH1003 Mortar Section 463 661 HE/VT
AH1004 Fuel Dump 471 694 HE/WP mix
Kn Pt 1 Hilltop 482 541
Using a The commands to fire on a preplanned target is simple:

Preplanned
Target “Fire , Target Number AH1002.”

Types of Fire Missions
Types of Fire Listed below are four types of fire missions.

Missions
· Adjust fire
· Fire for effect (FFE)
· Suppression
· Immediate Suppression/Smoke
Fire Mission The following table lists the types of fire missions and the situation where
Situation they might occur.
Fire Mission Situation

Adjust fire You need spotting rounds to adjust on the target
before calling for fire for effect.
Fire for effect (FFE) Your target location is accurate enough for your
first rounds to have an effect on the target. You
will not receive spotting rounds.
Suppression You need to fire on a planned target that is not

currently active. Include duration and rate of fire.
Immediate You need to fire on or obscure a planned target or

Suppression/Smoke target of opportunity that has taken friendly
maneuver or aerial units under fire.
Note: Suppression missions have a higher priority than adjust fire and fire
for effect missions. Immediate suppression missions have the highest
priority of all.

Six Elements of a Call-for-Fire
Call-for-fire The following table is the entire transmission sequence in the call-for-fire
Format format including the sub-elements.
Element Sub-Elements Remarks Example

1 Observer “Saipan, this is
Identification Lima”
2 · Type of fire “Adjust fire”
mission
· Size of All but fire
Warning Order element to fire mission may
for effect be omitted
· Method of
target location
3 Target Location “Grid 372589”
4 “Plt T-72 dug
Target in” or
Description “Inf AA in the
open”
5 Method of See below May be “DPICM in
Engagement omitted effect”
6 Method of Fire See below May be “Request
and Control omitted splash”
Observer Tells the FDC who is calling for fire and clears the net.
Identification
Warning Order Tells the FDC the type of mission and the method of target location.
Target Gives the FDC target location data based off the method used by the FO.
Location

Six Elements of a Call-for-Fire, Continued
Target The FO needs to give some essential target information to the FDC.
Description
· What is the target? (Infantry, tanks, artillery, fuel depot, etc)
· What is the target doing?
· How many are there? (Platoon, 2 tanks, etc)
· Degree of protection (in open, dug in, etc)
· Size and shape if significant
Method of Method of engagement is used to describe the attack of the target. Common
Engagement sub-elements include:
· Danger Close. Predicted impact of shells is with 600m of friendly troops.
· Trajectory. Two types, low and high. High is mainly used for attacking
positions on reverse slopes or if an intervening crest is between the gun
position and target. High angle fire must be specified for.
· Ammunition. Standard ammo is HE/Q for adjustment and fire-for-effect.

FO must request another type if desired, and is indicated by stating
shell/fuze combination followed by saying, “in effect.”
· Volume of fire. FO may request the number of rounds to be fired in

effect. Each “round” requested equals a volley from the firing unit. “Two
rounds in effect” equates to 12 rounds total. If omitted, FDC will
determine and announce in the message to observer.
· Distribution. FO can control the type of sheaf or pattern of bursts. There

are four types: Circular, rounds landing with a 100m radius of the target
(standard). Converged, all rounds land on a specified point. Open sheaf
separates the bursts by max effective burst width. Parallel places the
bursts of all the pieces parallel.

Six Elements of a Call-for-Fire, Continued
Methods of Fire Method of fire and control allows the FO to indicate the desired manner of
and Control attacking the target and how the fire is to be controlled, if at all. Methods
include:
· At my command. If you desire to control the time that the guns fire,
announce “At my command.” When the guns are ready to fire, the FDC
will announce “ready.” The FO then says “fire” when he is ready for the
guns to fire. This only applies to adjustment rounds and the first volley of
a fire-for-effect. This method can be used to engage moving targets or to
achieve surprise.
· Do Not Load. Allows gun line to prepare ammunition and lay on the
target without loading the howitzer. When the command, “Cancel do not
load” is given, section will load and fire the round (unless it is an At my
command mission). Recommended for long wait or uncertain missions.
· Cannot observe. If you cannot observe to adjust onto the target, but you
know a target that you need to engage is at that location, announce,
“Cannot observe.” This alerts the FDC that no adjustments or battle
damage assessment will follow.
· Time on Target (TOT). If you want the rounds to impact at a specified

time, announce “Time on Target,” and the time that you want the rounds
to impact. For example, “TOT, 0610.”
· Continuous Illumination. Illumination rounds will be fired at a specified
time to provide uninterrupted lighting on the target or area.
· Cease Loading. Used to stop the loading of rounds during a multi-round

mission. Guns will still fire any rounds previously loaded.
· Check Firing. Used for an immediate halt in firing. Once given, the
command “cancel check firing” must be given to resume firing.
· Splash. FO requests the FDC to announce 5 seconds before the round

impacts. Aids in making sure the spotting round is yours.
· Repeat. While adjusting, “repeat” will tell the FDC to fire another round
with the same data used to fire the previous round. During FFE, the FDC
will fire the same number of rounds using the same method of fire for
effect. Any changes may also be requested.

Transmitting a Call-for-Fire
Three The call-for-fire is sent to the FDC in three transmissions.

Transmissions
Transmission Elements
1 · Observer Identification
· Warning Order
2 · Target Location
3 · Target Description
· Method of Engagement
· Method of Fire and Control
Note: Often, elements are omitted. Your call-for-fire will not always have
all six elements. If the target location is given in the warning order, as
in the fourth and fifth examples below, then call-for-fire will only
have two transmissions.
Sample Calls The table below contains four examples of calls-for-fire in three-segment
for Fire transmissions.
Transmission Second Third

“Nightmare this is “Grid 548739, over.” “Platoon advancing in
Runner, adjust fire, tree line, over.”
over.”
“Pelham this is Sumo, “Direction 3220 “12 tanks, stationary,
FFE, polar, over.” magnetic, distance, DPICM, at my
1500, over.” command, over.”
“Workhorse this is Not required Not required
Bronco, suppress tgt
number AB1005, over.”
“Hammer this is Not required Not required
Palehorse, immediate
suppression, grid
552783, over.”

FDC Response to a Call-for-Fire
Accuracy in After each transmission, the FDC will read the transmission back to you.
Read Back This is called a short phase read back. If there is an error, announce
“Correction” and repeat your entire transmission. When the read back is
correct, continue with the call-for-fire.
For example:
FO: “Pelham this is Sumo, adjust fire polar, over”
FDC: “Sumo this is Pelham, adjust fire polar, out”
FO: “Direction 4600, distance 2300, over”
FDC: “Direction 4800, distance 2300, out”
FO: “Correction, direction 4600, distance 2300, over”
FDC: “Correction, direction 4600, distance 2300, out”
FO then continues with call-for-fire.
Example of The following table shows an example of a call-for-fire with FDC’s read
FDC Read back.
Back
Call-for-Fire Transmission FDC Read Back

“Roadie this is Nickel, adjust fire, “Nickel, this is Roadie, adjust fire,
over.” out.”
“Grid 382735, over.” “Grid 382735, out.”
“Platoon dug in with overhead cover, “Platoon dug in with overhead cover,
HE/Quick in effect, over.” HE/Quick in effect, out.”
FDC After receiving a call-for-fire, the FDC determines how the target will be
Determines attacked. You can request certain types of rounds, fuses, special sheaf, etc., in
Method of your call-for-fire (method of engagement). But the FDC will make the final
Engagement determination. They are the experts. They know which rounds and how
many guns are available.

FDC Response to a Call-for-Fire, Continued
FDC Message The FDC will announce mission critical information to you in a message to
to Observer observer (MTO). The MTO will consist of
(MTO)
· The unit of fire
· The number of rounds per gun in effect
· Any change to your request in your call-for-fire
· Target number
After receiving the MTO, read it back to the FDC. The FDC can then be sure
you were passed the correct information. Additionally, if you are using the
grid method of target location, you can pass the observer to target (OT)
direction. This direction will be necessary later on to make subsequent
corrections.
Example of a FDC: “Yankee this Cadillac, message to observer, Cadillac (unit to fire), 3
Message to rounds, HE/VT in effect, target number AH 1001, over”
Observer
FO: “Message to observer, Cadillac (unit to fire), 3 rounds, HE/VT in effect,
target number AH 1001, break…direction 2300, over”
FDC: “Direction 2300, out”

Artillery Ammunition
Ammunition To have the greatest effect on the enemy, the right shell needs to be used.
Considerations Certain shells are more effective on certain targets or in certain
circumstances. While an FO can request a particular shell, the Fire Direction
Officer will have the final say. He bases this determination off of
commander’s guidance and ammunition availability.
Shell Types While there are a variety of shells available for use, this course will only
focus on the most common type used on the battlefield:
· High Explosive (HE)

· White Phosphorus (WP)
· Smoke
· Illumination
· Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munitions (DPICM)
High Explosive High Explosive (HE) is the most common and versatile artillery shell used. It
is the standard shell used for adjusting rounds. It has a casualty radius of 50
meters. HE can be used with numerous fuzes causing a variety of effects
from airbursts or penetration against bunkers. It is best used against
· Personnel standing or prone

· Unarmored vehicles
· Light materiel
White White phosphorus (WP) shells are filled with WP impregnated felt wedges
Phosphorus that start burning when combined with oxygen. WP has four uses:
incendiary, marking, obscuring, and screening. It is best used against
· Vehicles
· Petroleum, oils and lubricants (POL) sites
· Ammunition storage areas
· Enemy observers

Artillery Ammunition, Continued
Smoke In addition to WP, smoke can be used to obscure or screen. It is more

effective than WP, as it last longer and has fewer tendencies to pillar.
Illumination This shell is basically a flare attached to a parachute that functions at a

computed height. It can be used to adjust artillery at night or illuminate areas
of known or suspected enemy activity. The shell can illuminate an area up to
1,000 meters in diameter for up to 2 minutes.
Dual-Purpose Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munitions (DPICM) shell contains a

Improved number of shape-charged grenades that are highly effective against armor and
Conventional personnel. The DPICM sub-munitions have a small dud rate when used.
Munitions DPICM should not be used in forests or mountainous/uneven terrain, as it
increases the dud rate. Effectiveness also decreases when used on terrain that
is marshy, covered with deep snow or water.

Lesson 1 Exercise
Study Time
Item 1 Name the three components of the indirect fire team.
a. FO, FDC, and Guns

b. Guns, MT, and Supply
c. Armor, Infantry, and Cavalry
d. FO, FDC, and MTO
Item 2 Which of the following lists four functions of a FO?
a. Communicate with the firing unit, engage targets with indirect fire, screen
friendly units with smoke, and illuminate the battlefield at night.
b. Maintain and operate the tools and equipment necessary to call for and
adjust indirect fire; locate, call for, and adjust fire on suitable targets;
communicate with the FDC; and plan indirect fires.
c. Establish final protective fires, mark targets for close air support, call for
and adjust fire, and report battle damage assessments.
d. Plan no fire zones, report observations to the FDC, coordinate indirect fire
and close air support, and identify known points.
Item 3 Which answer best describes a function of FDC?
a. Determine the firing data required for the guns to fire the mission.
b. Load the weapons with ammo.
c. Call in air support.
d. Provide security for the FO.

Item 4 What are the functions of the Guns?
a. Observe the impacts and call corrections.

b. Send a message to observer and determine OT distance.
c. Apply firing data and fire the mission.
d. Determine firing data and apply firing data to howitzer.
Item 5 What are the four essential tools a FO needs to call for and adjust indirect
fire?
a. Map, binoculars, rifle, and ammo

b. Compass, communication equipment, radar, and water
c. Map, compass, binoculars, and communication equipment
d. Chow, map, pencils, and communication equipment
Item 6 What are the two types of adjustments you must make to use binoculars
properly?
a. Long and short ranges

b. Near and far
c. Interpupillary and focal adjustments
d. Quick and long-term ranges
Item 7 What equipment is usually used to transmit vital information to the FDC?
a. Binoculars
b. Radar
c. FDC
d. Radios
Item 8 What are the two methods to locate targets?
a. Polar plot, and sun spot methods

b. Radar, and sun spot methods
c. Hand estimation and grid coordinate methods
d. Grid coordinate, polar plot methods

Item 9 Which is the most common method for locating a target?
a. Shift from known point method

b. Grid coordinate method
c. Sun spot method
d. Radar method
Item 10 Which of the following lists the four types of fire missions?
a. Artillery, mortar, naval gunfire, and CAS

b. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps
c. Adjust fire, fire for effect, suppression, and immediate suppression/smoke
d. Local, integrated, coordinated, and exfoliated
Items 11 Matching: For items 11 through 14, place the letter of the description in
Through 14 column 2 that best matches the type of fire mission in column 1. The answers
in column 2 may be used only once.
Column 1 Column 2
Type of Fire Mission Description
___ 11. Adjust fire a. Rapidly brings fire on a

___ 12. Fire for effect preplanned target.
___ 13. Suppression b. If your target location is accurate
___ 14. Immediate suppression enough, your first rounds have an
effect on target.
c. Receive spotting rounds.
d. Rapidly brings fire on a target
that is engaging friendly forces.

Item 15 Which of the following lists the six elements of a call-for-fire?
a. Observer identification, warning order, target location, target description,

method of fire, and method of control
b. Observer identification, type of fire mission, target location, target
description, type of ammunition, and method of control
c. Begin planning, arrange recon, make recon, complete the plan, issue, and
supervise
d. Higher unit, supported unit, type of fire mission, target location, number
of rounds, and time on target
Items 16 Matching: For items 16 through 18, place the letter of the element of a call-
Through 18 for-fire transmission in column 2 that occurs in the segment identified in
column 1. The answers in column 2 may be used only once.
Column 1 Column 2
Segment of Call-for-fire Element of Call-for-fire

Transmission Transmission
___ 16. First transmission a. Target location

___ 17. Second transmission b. Target description
___ 18. Third transmission c. Warning order
d. EOM
Item 19 Which of the following lists the contents of a message to observer?
a. Unit to fire, number of rounds in effect, changes to your call-for-fire, and

target number
b. Record as target, refinements, end of mission, battle damage
c. Adjust fire, fire for effect, suppression, immediate suppression/smoke
d. Observer ID, target number, method of engagement, number of rounds in
effect

Item 20 High explosive shell is best used against
a. personnel standing.
b. tanks.
c. POL sites.
d. battlefield illumination.
Item 21 Illuminations shells will illuminate an area for up to
a. 30 seconds.
b. 1 minute.
c. 2 minutes.
d. 3 minutes.
Item 22 Which of the following artillery shells is most effective against POL sites?
a. HE
b. DPICM
c. Smoke
d. WP

Answers The table below provides the answers for the exercise items. If you have any
questions, refer to the reference page listed for each item.

1 a 2-5
2 b 2-5
3 a 2-5
4 c 2-6
5 c 2-7
6 c 2-8
7 d 2-9
8 d 2-10
9 b 2-10
10 c 2-12
11 c 2-12
12 b 2-12
13 a 2-12
14 d 2-12
15 a 2-13
16 c 2-16
17 a 2-16
18 b 2-16
19 a 2-18
20 a 2-19
21 c 2-20
22 d 2-19

LESSON 2
ADJUSTING INDIRECT FIRE
Introduction
Study Time
Lesson Scope Adjusting indirect fire is the process of moving the impact of rounds to within
50 meters of the target. The process involves spotting the impact of a round,
determining the corrections required, and transmitting the corrections to the
FDC. This is repeated until you have effects on target. The goal is to use the
minimum number of rounds as possible to adjust.

Objectives
· Describe the steps to spot the impact of artillery rounds.
· Identify the two elements to adjust rounds onto targets.
· Describe the procedure for making lateral adjustments.
· Identify the two methods for making range adjustments.
· Describe the steps for bracketing to adjust rounds onto targets.
· Describe the steps for creeping to adjust rounds onto targets.
· Describe the various subsequent corrections.
· Identify the content of an end of fire mission statement.

In This Lesson This lesson contains the following lessons:
Topic See Page

Introduction 2-27
Spotting 2-29
Adjusting Rounds 2-30
Lateral Correction 2-31
Range Correction 2-33
Subsequent Corrections 2-36
End of Mission (EOM) 2-38

Spotting
Defined Spotting is the mental determination of where a round impacted in relation to

the target. There are two types of spottings
· Left or right
· Long or short
When Spotting is conducted immediately after the round impacts.

Conducted
How to The table below lists the steps to conduct spotting.

Conduct
Step Action
1 To spot, hold your binoculars just below eye level.
2 Observe the target area with the naked eye until you sight the
burst.
3 Raise the binoculars to eye level and make your spotting.
4 Spot for range then for lateral deviation.

Adjusting Rounds
Types of Spottings must be converted into corrections. The two different elements of
Corrections round corrections are
· lateral adjustment (left or right of target)

· range adjustment (add or drop of target)
Observer to Before making any adjustments, the FDC must have the OT direction. If you
Target have used the polar method of target location, the FDC already has the OT
Direction direction. If you used the grid method of target location, there are two times
when you can send OT direction. As discussed in the lesson one, it can be
sent immediately after receiving the MTO. If you did not, you must transmit
the OT direction before to making any subsequent corrections.

Lateral Correction
Determine To determine the lateral corrections, you must convert the deviation in mils
Lateral into distance in meters. Use the binoculars to determine how many mils you
Corrections are off from the target. Remember, each number indicates 10 mils.
Mil Reticle
Pattern With
Target
WERM The WERM formula is used to convert mils deviation into the meters
Formula difference. Multiply the range (R) by the deviation (M) in mils. This gives
you the correction in meters.

Lateral Correction, Continued
Example Using The table below shows the steps to determine lateral corrections using the
the WERM WERM formula.
Formula
Step Action Example

1 Determine the range to the target 1,800 meters
(estimate or measure on your map).
2 Convert the range from step 1 to an 1,800/1,000 = 1.8
OT factor by
1.8 rounded to nearest whole
· Dividing the range to the target number = 2
by 1,000
· Rounding off to the nearest R=2
whole number
OT factor = 2
3 Use the reticle pattern in your Example mil deviation angle =
binoculars to measure the mil 45
deviation angle between the burst
and the target.
4 Complete the formula (W = R x M) W = 2 x 45
by multiplying the OT factor by the
mil deviation angle. W = 90 meters
Round off to the nearest 10 meters.

The result is the lateral deviation in
meters.
Note: Ranges of less than 1,000 meters use an OT factor of 1. Deviation

adjustments are made in multiples of 10 meters with a minimum
adjustment of 30 meters.
Note: The OT factor can and will change based on your corrections for
range. For example, you initially believe the target is 2,600m away.
Your first round was spotted over. The initial OT factor is 3. You
decide to drop 800. The new OT factor would now be 2
(1,800/1,000=1.8 rounded to 2). The OT factor can continue to
change until you are range correct.

Range Correction
Determine The two methods you can use to correct for range are
Range
Corrections · Bracketing
· Creeping
Bracketing When using the bracketing method, your intent is to bracket the target by
Method having rounds land long and short of the target. After your initial spotting
round, add or drop enough range to place the next round on the opposite side
of the target to create the bracket. Use an even amount of meters (i.e. 800m,
400m, etc.) in your adjustment. Assuming you used enough range to create a
bracket, continue to place successive rounds either over or short of the target,
each time cutting the range in half. Once you split the 100 meter bracket (i.e.
50 meter correction) fire for effect.
Minimum Use the minimum bracket guide to help you estimate how much to add or
Bracket Guide drop. Following this guide, make your first range correction large enough to
ensure that the next round lands on the opposite side of the target.
For example, if your first round impacts short of the target and the OT range
is 1,800 meters, then your minimum first range correction is add 200 meters.
If the next round does not land on the other side of the target, continue to add
range until it does.
The table below is the minimum bracket guide.
OT Range Minimum Correction

Less than 1,000 meters 100 meters
1,000 meters to 2,000 meters 200 meters
Greater than 2,000 meters 400 meters
Splitting the Once you create your bracket, successively split the bracket in half until a
Bracket round impacts on the target or get down to a 50-meter adjustment. Then, fire
for effect.

Range Correction, Continued
Example of Your first round is over. In your first range adjustment, drop 400. The next
Bracketing round impacts short. You have bracketed the target. Split the bracket in half
Method to for your next adjustment by adding 200. The next round impacts long. Split
Adjust Rounds the bracket in half again by dropping 100. The next round impacts long. Add
50 and fire for effect.
This example is depicted in the following illustration.

Range Correction, Continued
Creeping Use the creeping method of adjustment when the rounds will land “danger
close.” Rounds are considered danger close when they are within 600 meters
of the target when calling for artillery.
The creeping method usually requires more spotting rounds and more time
than bracketing but ensures the safety of the friendly troops. When you’re
creeping announce, “danger close” in the method of engagement of your call-
for-fire. The table below lists the steps to adjust using the creeping method
shown in the illustration below.
Step Action
1 Determine target location.
2 Announce “danger close” in Method of Engagement portion of
CFF.
3 When sending subsequent corrections, use increments of 100m or
less.
4 Repeat step 3, “walking” the rounds to the target until you are
within 50 meters of the target.
5 Then FFE.

Subsequent Corrections
Various After determining the necessary corrections to move the round onto the target,
Corrections these are sent to the FDC in one transmission. This transmission can include
other items that the FO wishes to change in the mission. The following are
subsequent corrections used to change the mission. These are listed in the
order they are to be transmitted.
· Direction
· Danger Close
· Trajectory
· Shell
· Fuze
· Deviation
· Range
· Change in type of mission/control
· Splash
· Repeat
Direction Key element in adjustment of rounds. The FDC will not be able to accurately
adjust subsequent corrections if the direction is wrong. Announce a new
direction if it changes by 100 mil/5 degrees.
Danger Close When sending corrections, if the round will burst within 600 meters,
announce “danger close.” For example, “Drop 100, danger close, over.”
Trajectory To switch between low and high angle or vice versa.
Shell/Fuze Switch the shell/fuze combination if you determine the current ammunition is
ineffective.
Deviation Lateral corrections are sent as left or right and the distance in meters.
Range Range corrections are sent as add or drop and the distance in meters.

Subsequent Corrections, Continued
Change in Type These include changes like switching from firing “when ready” to “at my
of Mission/ command.”
Control
Splash Request “splash” if you want the FDC to alert you 5 seconds before the round
hits.
Repeat To have the FDC fire another spotting round or FFE with the same data,
simply transmit, “repeat.”
Example of The table below is an example of a subsequent correction transmission and

Adjustment the FDC’s read back transmission to be sure they copied it correctly.
Transmission
FO FDC
“Left 50, add 400. Over.” “Left 50, add 400. Out.”
“Direction 5820, Right 30, Add 200, “Direction, Right 30, Add 200,
request splash, over.” request splash, out.”

End of Mission (EOM)
FFE Impact When the FFE impacts, it should have an effect on target. If the FFE did not
have the desired effect, you can have it shot again by transmitting “Repeat,
Over.” The guns will shoot on the same data. You can also send minor
adjustments. For example, “Left 50, repeat, Over.”
End of Mission Upon achieving the desired effect on the target, an End of Mission (EOM)
Statement statement needs to be sent to the FDC. The EOM statement consists of four
items, some of which are required:
· Refinements. Target data can now be refined under the normal

minimum corrections of 30m deviation and 50m range. Refine the
data if needed and if you intend to save the target data.
· Record as target. Record it as a target if you think you will use

artillery at the same spot in the future. This can speed future fire
missions since adjustments are not required.
· End of mission. This tells the FDC that the mission is over and they
can clear that firing data. If you want the target saved, you must let
the FDC know before saying “End of Mission.” Once EOM is
announced, that data is cleared and is irretrievable. Required item.
· Surveillance. In surveillance, inform the FDC of the effect the FFE

had on the target. Use the terms no effect, destroyed, neutralized, or
suppressed to describe the effect on target and include a casualty
estimate. Required item.
EOM Example “End of mission, 2 T-72’s destroyed, enemy fleeing north, over”
“Right 10, Drop 25, record as target, end of mission, ZSU-23-4 neutralized,
over.”

Lesson 2 Exercise
Study Time
Item 1 Which of the following defines spotting relative to indirect fire?
a. Locating targets
b. The mental determination of where a round impacts relative to the target
c. Locating known points
d. Plotting the forward observer’s and the target’s location on your map
Item 2 Which of the following are the two elements of an adjustment?
a. Bracketing and creeping

b. OT direction and range
c. Lateral adjustment and range adjustment
d. Over and short
Item 3 Which formula is used to determine lateral deviation?
a. BAMCIS
b. LARS
c. METT-T
d. WERM
Item 4 Which of the following are the two methods used to adjust for range?
a. OT direction and shift

b. Over and short
c. Bracketing and creeping
d. Add and drop

Item 5 What are the steps to adjust rounds onto targets using bracketing?
a. Spot round, connect rounds in 100m increments, FFE

b. Spot round, add/drop successive rounds in thirds, split 50m bracket, FFE
c. Spot round, add/drop necessary range, split bracket in half, estimate
d. Spot round, add/drop successive rounds in half, split 100m bracket, FFE
Item 6 What are the steps to adjust rounds onto targets using creeping?
a. Add, subtract, locate, and repeat

b. Determine target location, announce “danger close,” correct rounds in 100
meter or less increments, walk rounds in, FFE
c. Repeat, bracket, adjust, and WERM
d. Look, listen, learn, and launch
Item 7 When do you announce a new target direction?
a. When you face a new direction

b. When converting degrees magnetic to grid
c. If the targets changes direction of travel
d. If direction changes by 100 mils
Item 8 What are the contents of an EOM statement?
a. Battle damage assessment and record as target

b. Refinement, record as target, end of mission, surveillance
c. Quit shooting and return to rear
d. Do not load and FFE


1 b 2-29
2 c 2-30
3 d 2-31
4 c 2-33
5 d 2-34
6 b 2-35
7 d 2-36
8 b 2-38


STUDY UNIT 3
COMBAT SKILLS
Overview
Estimated 2 hours, 15 minutes

Study Time
Scope Regardless of what MOS skill you have in the Marine Corps, you may be
called on to carry out a mission unfamiliar to you. This study unit will teach
you the basic tools for handling medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) and
treatment of enemy prisoners of war (EPWs). The skills learned will be
beneficial to you in and out of a combat environment.

Objectives
· Identify the procedures for evaluating a casualty.
· Identify the steps to administering first aid.
· Identify the procedures for requesting a medical evacuation.
· Identify the procedures for preparing a casualty for transport.
· Identify the procedures for handling enemy prisoners of war.

Overview, Continued
In This Study This study unit contains the following lessons:

Unit
Topic See Page

Overview 3-1
Evaluating a Casualty 3-3
Administering First Aid 3-21
Requesting a Medical Evacuation 3-69
Preparing a Casualty for Transport 3-79
Handling Enemy Prisoners of War 3-121

LESSON 1
EVALUATING A CASUALTY
Introduction
Study Time
Lesson Scope There may be situations when Marines depend on your ability and knowledge
to perform first aid. Numerous casualties could be involved. It is important
that you are able to assess each casualty rapidly and accurately to determine
the extent of their injuries and what actions are needed to provide care.
Learning After completing of this lesson, you should be able to

Objectives
· Identify the steps for evaluating a casualty.
· Identify the vital functions of the body.
· Identify the adverse conditions that can affect the vital functions of the
body.
In This Lesson This lesson contains the following topics:
Topic See Page

Introduction 3-3
Eight Steps for Evaluating a Casualty 3-4
Vital Functions of the Body 3-13
Adverse Conditions of the Body 3-16

Eight Steps for Evaluating a Casualty
Introduction If you are in a combat environment use extreme caution when assessing a
casualty. Marines will have to depend upon their first aid knowledge and
skills to save themselves and other Marines. They may be able to save a life,
prevent permanent disability, and reduce long periods of hospitalization by
knowing what to do, what not to do and when to seek medical assistance.
Most Marines are able to return to their units primarily because they are given
appropriate and timely first aid followed by the best medical care possible.
Eight Steps to Listed below are the eight steps for evaluating a casualty. Check for:
Evaluate a
Casualty · Response
· Breathing
· Pulse
· Bleeding
· Shock
· Fractures
· Burns
· Possible head injury
Check for The first step in evaluating a casualty is to check for responsiveness. Gently
Response shake or tap the casualty while calmly asking, “Are you okay?” as shown in
illustration (A). Watch for a response as in illustration (B). If the casualty
does not respond, proceed to step two (check for breathing). If the casualty
responds continue with the evaluation. Gently roll the casualty onto his back
as shown in illustration (C).
· If the casualty is conscious, choking and cannot talk, stop the evaluation
and begin treatment for clearing an object from the throat. These topics
will be discussed in lesson two.
· If the casualty is conscious, ask where they feel different than usual or
where it hurts. Ask them to identify the locations of pain if they can, or
to identify the area where there is no feeling.

Eight Steps for Evaluating a Casualty, Continued
Check for WARNING: If a broken neck or back is suspected do not move the casualty
Response, unless to save his life. Movement may cause permanent
continued paralysis or death. The illustration below shows how to check
for response.

Check for The second step in evaluating a casualty is to check for breathing. To check
Breathing for breathing, place your ear over the casualty’s mouth and nose, and look
toward his chest. Look for rise and fall of the casualty’s chest, and listen for
sounds of breathing. Feel for breath on the side of your face. If the chest
does not rise and fall and no air is exhaled, then the casualty is not breathing.
If the casualty is breathing, proceed to step four. If the casualty is not
breathing, stop the evaluation and begin treatment such as attempting to
ventilate by performing mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Below is and example
of how to check for breathing:

Check for Pulse Step three for evaluating a casualty is checking for a pulse. If a pulse is
present, and the casualty is breathing, you may proceed to the next step of the
evaluation. The table below demonstrates how to check for a pulse and the
pulse sites used:
Pulse Site Action

Neck Feel for a pulse on the side of the casualty’s neck closest to
(Carotid) you by placing the tips of your first two fingers (not the
thumb) beside his Adam’s apple.
Groin Press the tips of first two fingers into the middle of the groin.
(femoral)

Check for Pulse,

continued
Pulse Site Action

Wrist Place your first two fingers on the thumb side of the casualty’s
(Radial) wrist.
Ankle Place your first two fingers on the inside of the ankle.
(Posterial
Tibial)

Check for The fourth step in evaluating a casualty is to check for bleeding. Look for
Bleeding spurts of blood or blood-soaked clothes. Check for both entry and exit
wounds. If the casualty is bleeding from an open wound, stop the evaluation
and begin first aid treatment in accordance with the following tasks listed in
the table below:
Wound Treatment
Arm or leg wound Apply a field or pressure dressing
Partial or complete amputation Apply a tourniquet
Open head wound Apply a field dressing
Open abdominal wound Apply a field dressing
Open chest wound Apply a field dressing
WARNING: In a chemically contaminated area, do not expose the

wounds. Procedures to check for bleeding and applying field
dressings to wounds will be discussed in lesson two.
Check for Step five for evaluating a casualty is to check for shock. Shock means that
Shock there is inadequate blood flow to the vital tissues and organs. The following
are nine signs and symptoms of shock:
· Sweaty but cool skin (clammy skin)

· Paleness of skin
· Restlessness or nervousness
· Thirst
· Loss of blood (bleeding)
· Confusion (does not seem aware of surroundings)
· Faster than normal breathing rate
· Blotchy or bluish skin, especially around the mouth
· Nausea and/or vomiting
Causes and treatment for shock will be discussed in lesson two.

Check for Step six in the evaluating a casualty is to check for fractures. Check for the
Fractures following signs/symptoms of a back or neck injury and treat as necessary.
· Pain or tenderness of the neck or back area

· Cuts or bruises in the neck or back area
· Inability of a casualty to move (paralysis or numbness)
· Ask about ability to move (paralysis)
· Touch the casualty’s arms and legs and ask whether he can feel your
hand (numbness)
· Unusual body or limb position
WARNING: Unless there is immediate life-threatening danger, do not

move a casualty who has a suspected back or neck injury.
Movement may cause permanent paralysis or death.
Neck and Back Immobilize any casualty suspected of having a neck or back injury by doing
Injury the following:
· Tell the casualty not to move.
· If a back injury is suspected, place padding (rolled or folded to conform

to the shape of the arch) under the natural arch of the casualty’s back.
For example, a blanket may be used as padding.
If a neck injury is suspected, place a roll of cloth under the casualty’s neck
and put weighted boots (filled with sand, dirt or rocks) on both sides of the
head.

Open/Closed Check the casualty’s arms and legs for closed fractures (figure A) or open
Fractures fractures (figure B).
· Look for bleeding

· Look for bone sticking through the skin
· Look for swelling
· Look for discoloration
· Look for deformity
· Look for unusual body position
Check for signs/symptoms of fractures of other body areas (for example,

shoulder or hip).
Check for Step seven for evaluating a casualty is to check for burns. Look carefully for
Burns reddened blistered or charred skin also check for singed clothing.

Check for The eighth step for evaluating a casualty is to check for possible head injury.
Possible Head Look for the following signs and symptoms:
Injury
Unequal pupils
Fluid from the ear(s), nose, mouth or injury site
Slurred speech
Confusion
Sleepiness
Loss of memory or consciousness
Staggering while walking
Headache
Dizziness
Vomiting and/or nausea
Paralysis
Convulsions or twitches
Medical When a nonmedically trained Marine comes upon an unconscious and/or

Assistance injured Marine, he must accurately evaluate the casualty to determine the first
aid measures needed to prevent further injury or death. He should seek
medical assistance as soon as possible, because once he begins first aid, it
must not be interrupted. To interrupt treatment may cause more harm than
good to the casualty.
If Treatment is A second person may be sent to find medical help. If during any part of the
Interrupted evaluation the casualty exhibits any of the conditions discussed in the eight
evaluation steps, the Marine must stop the evaluation and immediately
administer first aid. Remember, in a chemical environment, the Marine
should not evaluate the casualty until the casualty has been masked and given
the antidote. After administering first aid, the Marine must proceed with the
evaluation and continue to monitor the casualty for development of conditions
that may require the performance of the basic life saving measures. He
should continue to monitor the casualty until relieved by trained medical
personnel.

Vital Functions of the Body
Respiration and Respiration (inhalation and exhalation) and blood circulation are vital body
Blood functions. Interruption of either of these two functions need not be fatal if
Circulation appropriate first aid measures are correctly applied.
Respiration Respiration is when a person inhales oxygen into the body and exhales,
carbon dioxide is expelled from the body. Respiration involves the:
· Airway, is the canal through which air passes to and from the lungs. The
nose, mouth, throat, voice box, windpipe, and bronchial tree are airways.
· Lungs are two elastic organs made up of thousands of tiny air spaces and
covered by an airtight membrane.
· Chest cage is formed by the muscle-connected ribs that join the spine in
back and the breastbone in front. The top part of the chest cage is closed
by the structure of the neck, and the bottom part is separated from the
abdominal cavity by a large dome-shaped muscle called the diaphragm.
When the chest cage increases and decreases, the air pressure in the lungs is
less and then more than the atmospheric pressure, thus causing the air to rush
in and out of the lungs to equalize the pressure. This cycle of inhaling and
exhaling is repeated about 12 to 18 times per minute.

Vital Functions of the Body, Continued
Blood The heart and the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) circulate
Circulation blood through the body tissues. The heart is divided into two separate halves,
each acting as a pump. The left side pumps oxygenated blood (bright red)
through the arteries into the capillaries; nutrients and oxygen pass from the
blood through the walls of the capillaries into the cells.
At the same time waste products and carbon dioxide enter the capillaries.
From the capillaries the oxygen poor blood is carried through the veins to the
right side of the heart and then into the lungs where it expels carbon dioxide
and picks up oxygen. Below is and example of blood circulation through the
heart:

Vital Functions of the Body, Continued
Heartbeat The heart functions as a pump to circulate the blood continuously through the
blood vessels to all parts of the body. It contracts, forcing the blood from its
chambers; then it relaxes permitting its chambers to refill with blood. The
rhythmical cycle of contraction and relaxation is called the heartbeat. The
normal heartbeat is from 60 to 80 beats per minute.

Adverse Conditions of the Body
Lack of Oxygen Human life cannot exist without a continuous intake of oxygen. Lack of
oxygen can rapidly lead to death. First aid involves knowing how to open the
airway and restore breathing and heartbeat.
Bleeding Human life cannot continue without an adequate volume of blood to carry
oxygen to the tissues. An important first aid measure is to stop the bleeding
to prevent any loss of blood.
Shock Shock means there is inadequate blood flow to the vital tissues and organs.
Shock that remains untreated may result in death even though the injury or
condition causing the shock would not otherwise be fatal. Shock can occur
from causes, such as loss of blood, loss of fluid from deep burns, pain, and
reaction to the sight of a wound or blood. First aid includes preventing shock,
since the casualty’s chances of survival are much greater if he does not
develop shock.
Infection Recovery from a severe injury or a wound depends largely upon how well the
injury or wound was initially protected. Infections result from the
multiplication and growth of germs and bacteria. Since harmful bacteria are
in the air and on the skin and clothing, some of these organisms will
immediately contaminate a break in the skin or an open wound. The
objective is to keep germs out of the wound.

Lesson 1 Exercise
Study Time
Directions Complete items 1 through 6 by performing the action required. Check your
answers against those listed at the end of this lesson.
Item 1 What is the first step for evaluating a casualty is to check for
a. pulse.
b. wounds.
c. bleeding.
d. response.
Item 2 Which of the following is a sign to look for when evaluating a casualty for
shock?
a. Hot/dry skin
b. Loss of blood
c. Flushed cheeks
d. Dilated pupils
Item 3 Which of the following is a vital function of the body?
a. Ingestion
b. Exhalation
c. Respiration
d. Perspiration
Item 4 What vital body function causes a rhythmical cycle of contraction and
relaxation?
a. Respiration
b. Circulation
c. Digestion
d. Heartbeat

Item 5 Which adverse condition results from the growth of germs and bacteria?
a. Indigestion
b. Diarrhea
c. Infection
d. Dyslexia
Item 6 Which adverse condition to the vital function of the body leads rapidly to
death?
a. Mild infection
b. Lack of oxygen
c. Minor bleeding
d. Mild shock
Continue on next page

Answers The table below provides the answers to the exercise items. If you have any

1 d 3-4
2 b 3-9
3 c 3-13
4 d 3-15
5 c 3-16
6 b 3-16

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LESSON 2
ADMINISTERING FIRST AID
Introduction
Study Time
Lesson Scope In this lesson the NCO will learn the steps and procedures to administer first
aide. Several conditions require immediate medical attention: an inadequate
airway, lack of breathing or lack of heartbeat, and excessive loss of blood.
These are the vital body functions. This lesson will reacquaint you with the
basic measures for restoring and maintaining these functions.
Learning After completion of this lesson you should be able to

Objectives
· Identify the basic life saving measures.
· Identify the procedure to restore breathing.
· Identify the process to control the bleeding.
· Identify how to protect the wound.
· Identify how to treat a casualty for shock.

In this lesson This lesson contains the following topics:
Topic See Page

Introduction 3-21
The Four Life Saving Measures 3-23
Restore the Breathing 3-24
Rescue Breathing 3-28
CPR 3-33
Breathing Obstructions 3-35
Abdominal Thrusts 3-36
Chest Thrust 3-38
Finger Sweep 3-41
Stop the Bleeding 3-43
Pressure Points 3-44
Field Dressing 3-45
Manual Pressure 3-48
Improvised Field Dressing 3-51
Tourniquet 3-52
Protect the Wound 3-58
Treat for Shock 3-63

The Four Life Saving Measures
Introduction There are four basic life saving measures used to restore and maintain the
body’s vital functions.
· Restore the breathing: A lack of oxygen intake (through a compromised

airway or inadequate breathing) can lead to brain damage or death within
a few minutes.
· Stop the bleeding: Life cannot continue without an adequate volume of

blood to carry oxygen to the tissues.
· Protect the wound: Contamination from harmful germs and bacterial can
cause infection in an open wound.
· Treat for shock: Unless shock is prevented or treated, death may result
even though the injury would not otherwise be fatal.

Restore the Breathing
Breathing All living things must have oxygen to survive. Through the breathing
Process process, the lungs draw oxygen from the air, and distributes it into the blood.
The heart pumps the blood through the body to be used by the living cells that
require a constant supply of oxygen.
Blocked Airway Restoring the breathing process can be hindered by a blocked airway.
therefore the airway must be opened. Below is an example of a blocked
airway.
Opening the The tongue is the single most common cause of an airway obstruction. In
Airway most cases the airway can be cleared by simply using the head-tilt/chin-lift
technique or the jaw-thrust technique. These actions pull the tongue away
from the air passage in the throat.

Restore the Breathing, Continued
Head-Tilt This technique is an important procedure in opening the airway; however use
/Chin-Lift caution because excess force in performing this maneuver may cause spinal
Technique injury to a casualty with a suspected neck injury or severe head trauma.
The first illustration is an example of a blocked airway. Using the head-

tilt/chin-lift technique, place one hand on the casualty’s forehead and apply
firm, backward pressure with the palm to tilt the head back. In the second
illustration place the fingertips of the other hand under the bony part of the
lower jaw and lift, bringing the chin forward away from the chest. The thumb
should not be used to lift the chin.
Blocked airway Airway opened
The fingers should not press deeply into the soft tissue under the chin because
the airway may be obstructed.

Jaw-thrust This technique is the safest to use for opening the airway of a casualty with a
Technique suspected neck injury or severe head trauma because it can be accomplished
without extending the neck. The jaw-thrust technique may be accomplished
by grasping the angles of the casualty’s lower jaw and lifting with both hands,
one on each side displacing the jaw forward and up. The elbows should rest
on the surface where the casualty is laying. If the lips close, the lower lip can
be retracted with the thumb. The head should be carefully supported without
tilting it backwards or turning it from side to side.
Maintaining the Once the airway is opened it must be maintained. Check for breathing after
Airway establishing an open airway. Often the act of just opening and maintaining
the airway will allow the casualty to breath properly. The rescuer should
maintain the head position to keep the airway open.

Check for Failure to maintain an open airway will prevent the casualty from receiving
Breathing an adequate supply of oxygen; therefore the rescuer should check for
breathing by observing the casualty’s chest and performing the following
actions within 3 to 5 seconds.
· Look for the chest to rise and fall.
· Listen for air escaping during exhalation by placing your ear near the
casualty’s mouth.
· Feel for the flow of air on your cheek.
· If the casualty does not resume breathing, give mouth-to-mouth

resuscitation.
If the casualty resumes breathing, monitor and maintain the open airway. If
he continues to breathe he should be transported to a medical treatment
facility.

Rescue Breathing
Two Common Rescue breathing (artificial respiration) must start if the casualty does not
Methods resume adequate spontaneous breathing after the airway is opened. The
sooner you begin rescue breathing, the more likely you are to restore the
casualty’s breathing. If you are unsure of whether the casualty is breathing,
give artificial respiration; it can do no harm to a casualty who is breathing.
There are several methods of administering rescue breathing mouth-to-mouth

and mouth-to-nose are two of the most common.
Mouth-to- The mouth-to-mouth method is preferred. This method inflates the casualty’s
Mouth lungs with air from your lungs. This can be accomplished by blowing air into
the person’s mouth. The mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing method is
performed as follows:
Step Action
1 Place your hand on the casualty’s forehead and pinch the nostrils
together with the thumb and index finger of the same hand. With
the same hand exert pressure on the forehead to maintain the
backward head-tilt and maintain an open airway. With your other
hand, keep your fingertips on the bony part of the lower jaw near
the chin and lift.
NOTE: If you suspect the casualty has a neck injury and you
are using the jaw-thrust technique, close the nostrils by
placing your cheek tightly against them.

Rescue Breathing, Continued
Mouth-to- Mouth,
continued
Step Action
2 Take a deep breath and place your mouth (in an airtight seal)
around the casualty’s mouth. If the injured person is small, cover
both the nose and mouth with your mouth, sealing your lips
against the skin of his face.

Mouth-to- Mouth,
continued
Step Action
3 Blow two full breaths into the casualty’s mouth (1 to 1 ½ seconds
per breath), taking a breath of fresh air each time before you blow.
Watch out of the corner of your eye for the casualty’s chest to rise.
If the chest rises, sufficient air is getting into the casualty’s lungs.
4 After giving two breaths that cause the chest to rise, attempt to
locate a pulse on the casualty. Maintain the airway by keeping
your other hand on the casualty’s forehead. The mouth-to-mouth
method is performed at the rate of about one breath every 5
seconds (12 breaths per minute) with rechecks for pulse and
breathing. Allow 5 to 10 seconds to determine if there is a pulse.

Mouth-to-Nose If the casualty has a severe jaw fracture, mouth wound, or his jaws are tightly
closed by spasms, you must use the mouth-to-nose method. The mouth-to-
nose method is performed in the same way as the mouth-to-mouth method
except that you blow into the nose while you hold the lips closed with one
hand at the chin. Remove your mouth to allow the casualty to exhale
passively. It may be necessary to separate the casualty’s lips to allow the air
to escape during exhalation.

Potential If the chest does not rise, do the following and then attempt to ventilate again:
Problems
· Take corrective action immediately by restoring the airway. Make sure
that air is not leaking from around your mouth or out of the casualty’s
nose.
· Reattempt to mouth to mouth/nose resuscitation.
· If the chest still does not rise check for blockage (tongue, food or foreign
objects).
· If a pulse is found and the casualty is breathing stop and allow the
casualty to breathe on his own. If possible, keep him warm and
comfortable.
· If a pulse is found and the casualty is not breathing, continue rescue

breathing.
· If a pulse is not found, begin CPR or seek medically trained personnel for
help.
If the initial attempt to resuscitate the casualty is unsuccessful, reposition the

casualty’s head and repeat rescue breathing. Improper chin and head
positioning is the most common cause of difficulty with resuscitation.

CPR
Administer Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is needed if during your evaluation,

Correctly you discover that the casualty does not have a pulse and is not breathing.
CPR must be performed correctly to provide the brain with oxygen and avoid
further injury to the casualty.
Artificial compression can be achieved because the heart is located between

the solid surfaces of the sternum (breastbone) and the spine.
To compress the heart between these surfaces you must be aware of the
location of other vital organs (lungs) lying under the sternum and ribs. By
locating the proper compression point you will be able to perform this
procedure correctly and effectively.
Compression Run your fingertips up the inside edge of the rib cage until your middle finger
Point fits into the notch in the center of the chest and your index finger is lying
beside it across the lower end of the sternum (in line with the chin).
Step Action
1 Keep the middle finger in this notch and the index finger on the
sternum.
2 Place the heel of the hand closest to the head on the sternum next
to but not covering the index finger.
3 Place the second hand on top of the first.
4 Fingers may be interlaced or extended. Do not rest your fingers on
the casualty’s ribs.
When performing external cardiac (chest) compressions apply only enough

pressure to compress the heart between the sternum and spine without causing
injury to the organs lying in the same area.

CPR, Continued
Artificial To execute artificial compressions you must do the following:

Compressions
Step Action
1 Bend from your hips with your arms straight and compress the
chest with your upper body weight falling straight down from your
shoulders.
2 Keep your shoulders over your hands and your elbows straight and
locked.
3 While keeping your hands in place on the chest position your
shoulders directly over the victim’s sternum again without bending
your arms.
4 Depress the sternum 1.5 to 2 inches for an adult.
5 Between compressions release the pressure completely.
6 Do not lift your hands off the chest, bounce against the chest, or
change your position in any way.
7 Count aloud to establish a rhythm (one and two and three and four
and etc).
8 Give 15 compressions at the rate of 80 – 100 per minute, then two
rescue breaths
9 Check for pulse and breathing after one minute (every fourth
cycle) and then every two minutes thereafter.
10 If the pulse returns, but breathing does not, continue with rescues
breathing at a rate of 12 breaths per minute.
11 Continue rescue breathing and CPR until until the casualty
recover, help arrives, you become two tired to continue, or the
mission does not permit further efforts.

Breathing Obstructions
Airway Airway obstructions often occur because
· The casualty’s tongue falls back into his throat, while he is unconscious
as a result of injury.
Foreign objects become lodged in the throat. These usually occur while
eating or drinking.
Choking Choking on food is associated with
· Attempting to swallow large pieces of poorly chewed food.

· Laughing or talking while chewing and swallowing.
· Drinking alcohol.
· Blood clots may form as a result of head or facial injuries.
Clearing a Clearing a casualty who is choking can be performed by the following

Choking procedures:
Casualty
· Ask the casualty if he can speak or if he is choking. Look for the
universal choking sign.
· If the casualty can speak, encourage him to attempt to cough and expel
the obstruction.
· Listen for high pitched sounds when the casualty breaths or coughs. If
there is poor air exchange or no breathing, call for help and immediately
deliver manual thrusts (either abdominal or chest thrusts).

Abdominal Thrusts
Procedure The manual thrust with the hands centered between the waist, and the rib cage
is called an abdominal thrust or the Hemlich maneuver. To apply manual
thrusts follow the procedures listed below:
Step Action
1 Stand behind the casualty and wrap your arms around his waist.
2 Make a fist with one hand and grasp it with the other. The thumb
side of your fist should be against the casualty’s abdomen, in the
midline, slightly above the casualty’s navel, but below the tip of
the breastbone.

Abdominal Thrusts, Continued
Manual · Press the fist into the abdomen with a quick backward and upward thrust.
Thrusts, · Each thrust should be a separate and distinct movement.
continued
· Continue performing abdominal thrusts until the obstruction is expelled.
Abdominal To perform the abdominal thrust on an unconscious casualty use the

Thrusts, following steps, listed below:
(Unconscious
Casualty)
· Kneel astride the casualty’s thighs.

· Place the heel of one hand against the casualty’s abdomen.
· Place your other hand on top of the first one.
· Point your fingers toward the casualty’s head.
· Press into the casualty’s abdomen with a quick, forward and upward
thrust. You can use your body weight to perform the maneuver,
delivering each thrust slowly and distinctly.
· Repeat the sequence of abdominal thrusts as long as necessary to remove
the object from the obstructed airway.

Chest Thrust
When to Use Chest thrusts is an alternate technique to the abdominal thrust. This technique
is useful when the casualty
· Has an abdominal wound

· Is pregnant
· Is so large you can not wrap your arms around the abdomen
Application The steps to apply chest thrusts are listed in the table below:
Step Action
1 Stand behind the casualty and wrap your arms around his chest
with your arms under his armpits.
2 Make a fist with one hand and place the thumb side of the fist in
the middle of the breastbone.
3 Grasp the fist with the other hand and exert thrust.
4 Each thrust should be delivered slowly, distinctly, and with the
intent of relieving the obstruction.
5 Perform chest thrust until the obstruction is expelled.
· Each thrust should be delivered slowly, distinctly, and with the intent of
relieving the obstruction.
· Perform chest thrusts until the obstruction is expelled.

Chest Thrust, Continued
Chest Thrusts, Chest thrusts is an alternate method to using abdominal thrusts. To perform
(Unconscious chest thrusts on an unconscious casualty use the following steps listed below:
Casualty)
Step Action
A Place the unconscious casualty on his or her back and kneel close
to the casualty’s body.
B Locate the lower edge of the casualty’s ribs with your fingers and
trace the rib cage up to the notch (graphic A).
C Place the middle finger on the notch and the index finger next to
the middle finger on the lower edge of the breastbone and place
the heel of the other hand on the lower half of the breastbone next
to the two fingers (graphic B).
D Remove the fingers from the notch and place that hand on top of
the positioned hand on the breastbone, extending and interlocking
the fingers (graphic C).
E Straighten and lock your elbows with your shoulders directly
above your hands without bending the elbows, rocking, or
allowing the shoulders to sag (graphic D).

Chest Thrust, Continued
Chest Thrusts, Apply enough pressure to depress the breastbone 1 ½ to 2 inches, then
(Unconscious release the pressure completely (Fig D). This is done 6 to 10 times, each
Casualty), thrust should be delivered slowly and distinctly as illustrated in the graphic
continued below.
Breastbone depressed 1 ½ to 2 inches

Finger Sweep
Procedure The finger sweep is used when rescue breathing is prevented due to an airway
obstruction. Use the following steps and illustrations below to administer the
finger sweep:
Step Action
1 Place the casualties on their back.
2 Open the casualty’s mouth by grasping both the tongue and lower
jaw between your thumb and fingers and lifting (tongue-jaw lift).
As illustrated in the graphic below.
Procedure
Tongue-Jaw
Lift
Crossed-Finger If you are unable to open the mouth, cross your fingers and thumb (cross
Method finger method) and push the casualty’s teeth apart by pressing your thumb
against the upper teeth and pressing your fingers against the lower teeth.

Finger Sweep, Continued
Procedure To dislodge foreign bodies on an unconscious casualty use the following

steps listed below.
Step Action
1 Insert the index finger of the other hand down along the inside of
the cheek to the base of the tongue.
2 Use a hooking motion from the side of the mouth towards the
center to dislodge the foreign body.
3 Take care not to force the object deeper into the airway by pushing
it with the finger.
Choking If a casualty who is choking becomes unconscious, call for help, position the
Casualty, casualty on his back, and attempt to open the airway by performing a finger
(Unconscious) sweep and attempt rescue breathing. If you are unable to ventilate the
casualty perform 6 to 10 manual (abdominal or chest) thrusts.

Stop the Bleeding
Introduction This topic discusses the different types of bleeding and the methods used to
control external bleeding.
Types of The three types of bleeding are:

Bleeding
· Arterial (artery) is characterized by the flow of bright red blood (due to
the oxygen content) that pumps out of an artery in distinct spurts.
· Venous (veins) is characterized by a steady flow of dark red or maroon

colored blood. Venial bleeding may be profuse, but it is easier to control
than arterial bleeding.
· Capillary (capillaries) is characterized by the oozing of blood, usually

from minor wounds.
Controlling Mild bleeding may be controlled by elevating the wound or by applying direct
External pressure or a field dressing. Serious bleeding can be controlled by a
Bleeding combination of the following techniques:
· Pressure Points
· Field Dressing
· Manual Pressure
· Pressure Dressing
· Improvised Field Dressing
· Tourniquet
Direct Pressure This is the single most effective method for stopping serious bleeding. If a
bandage is not immediately available, the hand or fingers can be used (inside
the wound if necessary) to bring direct pressure to bear.

Pressure Points
Definition A pressure point is a location where the main artery to the injury site lies near
the surface of the skin and directly over a bone. There are twenty-two
pressure points throughout the body. The three most effective pressure points
are:
· The brachial arteries (arm)

· The femoral arteries (upper thigh)
· The carotid arteries (neck)
Place the heel of your hand over the pressure point and exert pressure
downwards towards the bone until it is obvious that the bleeding has been
controlled. If the casualty is very muscular or obese, you may have to exert
considerable pressure to compress the artery.

Field Dressing
Applying To apply a field dressing, remove it from the wrapper and grasp the tails of
Dressing the dressing with both hands. Do not touch the white (sterile) side of the
dressing, and do not allow the white side of the dressing to come in contact
with any surface other than the wound. Listed below are the steps to apply a
field dressing:

Field Dressing, Continued
Procedures Listed below are the steps to apply a field dressing.
Step Action
1 Hold the dressing directly over the wound with the white side
down. Pull open the dressing and place it directly over the wound.
2 Hold the dressing in place with one hand. Use the other hand to
wrap one of the tails around the injured part, covering about one-
half of the dressing. Leave enough of the tail for a knot.

Field Dressing, Continued
Procedures,
continued
Step Action
3 Wrap the other tail in the opposite direction until the remainder of
the dressing is covered. The tails should seal the sides of the
dressing to keep foreign materials from getting under it.
4 Tie the tails into a nonslip knot over the outer edge of the dressing.
Do not tie the knot over the wound. In order to allow blood to
flow to the rest of an injured limb, tie the dressing firmly enough
to prevent it from slipping but without causing a tourniquet-like
effect (the skin becomes cool, blue, or numb).

Manual Pressure
Definition Manual pressure is the single most effective method to stop serious bleeding.
If a bandage is not immediately available, the hand or fingers can be used
(inside the wound if necessary) to bring direct pressure to bear.
Application If bleeding continues after applying the sterile field dressing, direct manual
pressure may be used to help control bleeding. Apply such pressure by
placing a hand on the dressing and exerting firm pressure for 5 to 10 minutes.
The casualty may be asked to do this if conscious and can follow instructions.
Listed below is the procedure on how to apply manual pressure:

Manual Pressure, Continued
Application Listed below are the procedures on how to apply manual pressure:
Do not elevate a suspected fractured limb unless it has been properly splinted.
Step Action
1 Elevate the injured area slightly above the level of the heart to
reduce the bleeding. As shown in the illustration below:
2 If the bleeding stops,.check and treat for shock.

3 If the bleeding continues, apply a pressure dressing.

Manual Dressing, Continued
Application Pressure dressings aid in blood clotting and compress the open blood vessel.
Step Action
1 If bleeding continues after the application of a field dressing,
manual pressure, and elevation, then a pressure dressing must be
applied as illustrated below:
2 Place additional padding on top of the field dressing, directly over

the wound keeping the injured extremity elevated.

Improvised Field Dressing
Application Place an improvised dressing over the additional padding. Improvised

bandages may be strips of cloth made from T-shirts, socks or other garments.
Wrap the ends tightly around the injured limb, covering the previously placed
field dressing as illustrated below:
Tie the ends together in a nonslip knot, directly over the wound site. Do
not tie so tight that it has a tourniquet like effect.
If bleeding continues and all other measures have failed, or if the limb is
severed, then apply a tourniquet.
When the bleeding stops, check and treat for shock.
Wounded extremities should be checked periodically for adequate circulation.

The dressing (unless it is a tourniquet) must be loosened if the extremity
becomes cool, blue, gray or numb. If bleeding continues and all other
measures have failed then apply direct pressure.

Tourniquet
Definition A tourniquet is a constricting band placed around an arm or leg to control

bleeding. A Marine whose arm or leg has been completely amputated may
not be bleeding when first discovered, but a tourniquet should be applied
anyway. The absence of bleeding is due to the body’s normal defenses
(contraction of blood vessels) as a result of the amputation, but after a period
of time the bleeding will start as the blood vessels relax.
Application Bleeding from a major artery of the thigh, lower leg, or arm and bleeding
from multiple arteries may prove to be beyond control by manual pressure. If
the pressure dressing becomes soaked with blood and the wound continues to
bleed, apply a tourniquet. The tourniquet should be applied only after all
other measures have failed to control or stop the bleeding. On occasion
tourniquets have injured blood vessels and nerves. If left in place too long, it
can cause the loss of an arm or leg. Once applied it must stay in place, and
the casualty must be taken to the nearest medical treatment facility as soon as
possible. Do not loosen or release a tourniquet after it has been applied and
the bleeding stops.
Improvision In the absence of a specially designed tourniquet, an improvised tourniquet

may be used. A tourniquet may be made from strong pliable material, such as
gauze, muslin bandages, clothing, or handkerchiefs. Use a ridged stick-like
object to tighten the tourniquet around the injured limb.
Ensure that the improvised tourniquet is at least 2 inches wide. Below are
some things to do and not to do when applying a tourniquet.
· The tourniquet must be easily identified or easily seen.
· Do not use wire or shoestring for a tourniquet band.
· A tourniquet is only used on the arms or legs where there is danger or

loss of life.

Tourniquet, Continued
Placement Place the tourniquet around the limb, between the wound and the body trunk
(between the wound and the heart). Place the tourniquet 2 to 4 inches from
the edge of the wound site. Never place it directly over a wound, fracture or
directly on a joint. For wounds just below a joint, place the tourniquet just
above and as close to the joint as possible. The tourniquet should have
padding underneath. If possible, place the tourniquet over the smoothed
sleeve or trouser leg to prevent the skin from being pinched or twisted. If the
tourniquet is long enough, wrap it around the limb several times, keeping the
material as flat as possible as illustrated below:

Apply a After placing the tourniquet you must properly apply the tourniquet in order
Tourniquet for it to work effectively. This process is listed in the table below:
Step Action
1 Tie a half-knot (just as you tie the first part of a shoelace.)
2 Place a stick (or similar rigid object) on top of the half-knot.
3 Tie a full knot over the stick.

Procedures,
continued
Step Action
4 Twist the stick until the tourniquet is tight around the limb and or
the bleeding has stopped. In the case of amputation, dark oozing
blood may continue for a short time. This is the blood trapped in
the area between the wound and the tourniquet.

Apply a Tourniquet,
continued
Step Action
5 Fasten the tourniquet to the limb by looping the free ends of the
tourniquet over the ends of the stick (graphic A). Then bring the
ends around the limb to prevent the stick from loosening. Tie
them together under the limb (graphic B).

Remember! · Do not cover the tourniquet it should be left in full view.
· Mark the casualty’s forehead, if possible with a “T” to indicate a

tourniquet has been applied. If necessary use the casualty’s blood to
make this mark.
· Check and treat for shock.
· Seek medical aid.
Do not loosen or release the tourniquet once it has been applied because it
could enhance the probability of shock. If possible, save and transport any
severed (amputated) limbs or body parts with (but out of sight of) the
casualty.

Protect the Wound
Introduction The most common injuries encountered in a first aid setting are soft tissue
injuries with the accompanying hemorrhage (bleeding), shock and danger of
infection.
Definition of a An injury that causes a break in the skin, underlying soft tissues structures or
Wound body membranes.
Classification of Wounds may be classified according to the following criteria:

Wounds
· General condition
· Size
· Location
· Type (manner in which the skin or tissue is broken)
· Causes of the wound
General If the wound is fresh, first aid treatment consists mainly of stopping the
Conditions of bleeding, treating for shock and reducing the risk of infection. If the wound is
the Wound already infected, first aid consists of keeping the casualty quiet, elevating the
injured part, and applying a warm wet dressing.
Definition of Infection is defined as the presence and growth of a foreign organism (fungal,
Infection bacterial, or viral) in an area where it should not be.
Common There are two types of bacteria that commonly cause infection in wounds:
infection-
causing · Aerobic - live and multiply in the presence of air or free oxygen.
Bacteria
· Anaerobic - live and multiply only in the absence of air.
Aerobic The principle aerobic bacteria that cause infection, inflammation, and
Bacteria septicemia (blood poisoning) are streptococci and staphylococci, some
varieties of which are hemolytic (destroy red blood cells). The staphylococci
and streptococci can occur at the time of injury of later during treatment if
non-sterile instruments or dressings are used.

Protect the Wound, Continued
Anaerobic Anaerobic bacteria are widespread in soil (especially manure soil). While not
Bacteria invasive, anaerobic bacteria contributes to disease by producing toxins and
destructive enzymes, often leading to necrosis and/or gangrene of the infected
area.
Clothing To evaluate a casualty for the location, type, and size of the wound, cut or tear
the clothing and carefully exposing the entire area of the wound.
If clothing is stuck to the wound it should be left in place to avoid further

injury.
Avoid touching the wound and keep it as clean as possible.
Do not remove protective clothing in a chemical environment. Apply a field

dressing over the protective clothing.
Lodged and If an object is lodged in the wound, do not attempt to remove or probe for it.
Protruding Apply a field dressing, if an object is extending from (impaled in) the wound,
Objects do not remove the object. Apply a dressing around the object and use
additional improvised bulky materials/dressings to build up the area around
the object. Apply a supporting bandage over the bulky materials to hold them
in place.
Size of the In general, since large wounds are more serious than small ones, they usually
Wound involve more severe bleeding, more damage to the underlying organs or
tissues, and a greater degree of shock. Smaller wounds are sometimes more
dangerous than larger ones since they may become infected more readily due
to neglect. The depth of the wound is also important because it may lead to a
complete perforation of an organ or the body, with the additional
complication of entrance and exit wounds.

Entrance and Before applying the field dressing, carefully examine the casualty to
Exit Wounds determine if there is more than one wound. An object may have entered at
one point and exited at another point. The exit wound is usually larger than
the entrance wound. The casualty should be continually monitored for
development of conditions that may require the performance of the basic life
saving measures.
Location of the A wound may involve serious damage to the deeper structures, as well as to
Wound skin and the tissue immediately below it, the location of the wound is
important. For example, a knife wound to the chest may puncture a lung and
cause interference with breathing. The same type of wound in the abdomen
may result in a dangerous infection in the abdominal cavity, or it might
puncture the intestines, liver, kidneys, or other vital organs. A knife wound to
the head may cause brain damage, but the same wound in a less vital spot
(such as an arm or leg) might be less important.
Causes of Knowing what has caused the wound may give some idea of the probable size
Wounds of the wound, its general nature, the extent to which it is likely to become
contaminated with foreign matter, and what special dangers must be guarded
against. Of special concern in a wartime setting is the velocity of wound-
causing missiles (bullets or shrapnel). A low-velocity missile damages only
the tissues it comes into contact with. On the other hand, a high-velocity
missile can do enormous damage by forcing the tissues and body parts away
from the track of the missile with a velocity only slightly less than that of the
missile itself. These tissues; especially bone, may become damage-causing
missiles themselves, thus accentuating the destructive effects of the missile.
Types of Wounds are categorized by the manner in which the skin or tissue is broken,
Wounds there are six general kinds of wounds:
· Abrasions
· Incisions
· Lacerations
· Punctures
· Avulsions
· Amputations

Abrasions Abrasions are made when skin is rubbed or scraped off. For example, rope
burns, floor burns, and skinned knees or elbows. This kind of wound can
become infected quite easily because dirt and germs are usually embedded in
the tissues.
Incisions Incisions, commonly called cuts, are wounds made by sharp cutting
instruments such as knives, razors, and broken glass. Incisions tend to bleed
freely because the blood vessels are cut cleanly and without ragged edges.
There is little damage to the surrounding tissues. Incisions are less likely to
become infected, since the free flow of blood washes out many of the germs
that cause infection.
Lacerations These wounds are torn, rather than cut. They are ragged, irregular edges and
masses of torn tissue underneath. These wounds are usually made by blunt
objects. For example a dull knife, bomb fragments or accidents with
machinery. Lacerations are likely to become infected due to contamination
from dirt, grease or other material that is ground into the tissue.
Punctures Punctures are caused by objects that penetrate into the tissues while leaving a
small surface opening. Wounds made by nails, needles, wire and bullets are
usually punctures. As a rule, small puncture wounds do not bleed freely;
however large puncture wounds may cause severe internal bleeding. The
possibility of infection is great in all puncture wounds; especially if the
penetrating object has tetanus bacteria on it.
Avulsions An avulsion is the tearing away of tissue from a body part. Bleeding is
usually heavy.
Amputations A traumatic amputation is the nonsurgical removal of the limb from the body.
Bleeding is heavy and requires a tourniquet to stop the flow. Shock is certain
to develop in these cases.

Minor Wound Wash minor wounds immediately with soap and clean water; then dry and
Cleaning and apply a mild, nonirritating antiseptic. Apply a dressing if necessary. In the
Dressing first aid environment, do not attempt to wash or clean a large wound, and do
not apply as antiseptic to it since it must be cleaned thoroughly at a medical
treatment facility. Simply protect it with a large compress or dressing, and
transport the casualty to a medical treatment facility.

Treat for Shock
Causes and Shock stuns and weakens the body. Early identification and proper treatment
Effects may save the casualty’s life. Shock may be caused by severe or minor trauma
to the body and usually is the result of the following:
· Significant loss of blood

· Heart failure
· Dehydration
· Severe and painful blows to the body
· Severe burns of the body
· Severe wound infections
· Severe allergic reactions to drugs, foods, insect stings, and snakebites
Treatment and In the field, the procedures to treat for shock are identical to the procedures
Prevention that would be performed to prevent shock. When treating a casualty, assume
that shock is present or will occur shortly. By waiting until actual signs or
symptoms of shock are noticeable, the rescuer may jeopardize the casualty’s
life. Listed below are tasks you must do to treat and prevent shock:
· Move the casualty to cover, if cover is available and the situation permits.
(Do not move the casualty or his limbs if suspected fractures have not
been splinted.)
· Lay the casualty on his back.
· Elevate the casualty’s feet higher than the level of his heart. Use a stable
object (a box or field pack) so that his feet will not slip off. As illustrated
below:

Treat for Shock, Continued
Treatment and · Do not elevate the legs if the casualty has an unsplinted broken leg, head
Prevention, injury or abdominal injury.
continued
· Loosen clothing at the neck, waist, or wherever it may be binding.
· Prevent chilling or overheating. The key is to maintain body

temperature.
· In cold weather, place a blanket or other like item over and under the
casualty. This will keep the casualty warm as illustrated below.
· In hot weather, place the casualty in the shade and avoid excessive cover.
· Calm the casualty. Throughout the entire procedure of treating and

caring for a casualty, the rescuer should reassure the casualty and keep
the casualty calm.
· Seek medical assistance.
A casualty in shock after suffering a heart attack, chest wound, or breathing

difficulty may breathe easier in a sitting position. If this is the case, allow the
casualty to sit upright but monitor carefully in case his condition worsens. Do
not elevate legs if the casualty has an unsplinted broken leg, head injury or
abdominal injury.

Treat for Shock, Continued
Food and Drink During treatment or prevention of shock, do not give the casualty any food or
drink. If you must leave the casualty or he is unconscious, turn his head to
the side to prevent him from choking should he vomit. As shown in the
illustration below.

Lesson 2 Exercise
Study Time
Item 1 Which of the following is one of the basic life saving measures?
a. Elevate the wound

b. Apply a field dressing
c. Treat for shock
d. Protect the casualty
Item 2 Which of the following is one of the techniques used for opening a block
airway?
a. Head-tilt/Chin-lift
b. Neck-stretch/Head-turn
c. Abdominal thrust
d. Jaw grab
Item 3 Which of the following is one of the methods used to control external
bleeding?
a. Radial pressure
b. Indirect pressure
c. Femoral pressure
d. Direct pressure
Item 4 Which of the following is a step for applying a field dressing?
a. Apply the non-sterile/non-white side to the wound

b. Tie the knot firmly over the wound
c. Hold the dressing directly over the wound white side down
d. Tie the tails into a slip knot over the inner edge of the dressing

Item 5 Which type of bacteria only lives in the absence of air?
a. Anaerobic
b. Aerobic
c. Viral
d. Fungal
Item 6 Which type of wound involves the tearing away of tissue from a body part?
a. Lacerations
b. Avulsions
c. Abrasions
d. Amputations
Item 7 Which of the following is an effect that may cause shock?
a. Choking
b. Aerobic bacteria
c. Tourniquet
d. Severe and painful blows to the body


1 c 3-23
2 a 3-26
3 d 3-43
4 c 3-47
5 a 3-58
6 b 3-61
7 d 3-63

LESSON 3
REQUESTING A MEDICAL EVACUATION
Introduction
Study Time
Lesson Scope The purpose of this lesson is to familiarize the student with the procedures for
requesting a medical evacuation. Many of the casualties evaluated will require
movement from the battle area to the Battalion Aid Station (BAS). You must
become familiar with this process to direct the evacuation of casualties
without causing additional injury and while ensuring accountability of
weapons and personnel.

Objectives
· Identify the casualty evacuation precedence.
· Identify the information required to give a medical evacuation

(MEDEVAC) request.
· Identify the information given in a landing zone brief.

Topic See Page

Introduction 3-69
Determine Precedence of the Casualty 3-71
Requesting a MEDEVAC 3-72

Determine Precedence of the Casualty
Casualty Each injury must be evaluated to determine whether it is life threatening or

Precedence not. Once this has been determined, you can start staging your casualties by
precedence. Remember, MEDEVAC precedence is not determined by rank,
but by severity of the wound and the condition of the casualty. The three
levels of precedence are as follows:
Precedence Description
Urgent Must be moved immediately to save life or limb, or
prevent complication of serious illness. For example:
· Airway and breathing difficulties

· Cardiac arrest
· Open chest or abdominal wounds
· Severe head injuries
Priority Requires prompt medical care. Must be picked up within
48 hours. For example:
· Burns without complications

· Major or multiple fractures
· Back injuries with or without spinal damage
Routine Minor injury, killed in action (KIA). Must be picked up
within 72 hours. For example:
· Minor fractures or other injuries of a minor nature

· Obviously mortal wounds where death appears
reasonably certain
· Obviously dead

Request a MEDEVAC
Required To request a MEDEVAC, the requestor must provide specific information

Information that will allow the supporting element to provide accurate equipment and
personnel for the pick-up and delivery of the casualties. The following
information should be provided as completely and accurately as possible:
· MEDEVAC Precedence
· Number of MEDEVACS
· Airborne medical assistance required/not required
· Pickup coordinates
· Landing Zone (LZ) frequencies/call sign
· LZ secure/unsecure

Request a MEDEVAC, Continued
Landing Zone More often than not you will need to request a MEDEVAC by air
Brief (helicopter). This will require additional information for the flight crew
enroute to your position. Once contact is made with the aircraft, a landing
zone brief will be given with the following information:
· Mission Number: usually a two part hyphenated number assigned by the

air tasking order (ATO) for example 01-2 where 01 is the day of the
month and 2 is the second mission assigned.
· Location Coordinate: this information is typically supplied to the aircrew

prior to launch or enroute in case of a divert mission. It may only be
general information the crew will expect a location update upon contact
with the supported unit.
· Unit Call Sign: information provided to the aircrew prior to them

attempting to contact the supported unit.
· Frequency: this information is provided by an air agency. If the

supported unit has alternate or different working frequencies this must be
passed upon contact.
.
· LZ Marking: describes the methods used to mark the LZ (panel markers,
NATO “Y”, GAIL lights, or colored smoke). After contact with the pilot,
if you plan to use smoke, just say smoke don’t pass the smoke color. If
someone is monitoring the net, it prevents them from luring the
helicopter into an ambush.
· Wind Direction/Velocity: is determined by the direction the wind is

blowing from, not the direction it is blowing to. Pass your best guess as
to wind velocity for it may be different at your location than the pilot
expects due to wind gusts.
· Elevation/Size/Shape: elevation is passed to the nearest 50 feet, size is

passed in meters with length and width of the usable part of the zone
being required information.
· Obstacles: are hazards to aircraft on ingress or egress, or those things that

will hamper a normal landing. For example, communication wire, barbed
or concertina wire, fence posts, stumps, and flooded areas.

Landing Zone · Friendly Positions: Direction/Distance this information is passed to help

Brief, the pilot land near the troop to be picked up. If the troops are all around
continued the zone, tell him where the loading points are.
· Enemy Positions: Direction/Distance this is an intelligence update for

the aircrew allowing them to plan their ingress and egress away from the
threat. Directions are passed in semi-cardinal headings, and distance is
given in meters.
· Last Fire Received: Time/Type of the two type is the most critical, it will
hard to avoid the threat of indirect fire weapons. A barrage of 122mm
howitzer fire is probably less significant than heavy machine gun and
rifle fire. Time will give the aircrew some idea of where the enemy
might be.
· Direction of Fire/Distance: The direction is a semi-cardinal heading.

Distance is the is the more significant of the two, because it is a guide to
the possible effectiveness of the fire. If the rifle fire was received from
the hilltop 1000m away, it will be less significant than the fire received
from 400m away.
· Clearance To Fire: Direction/Distance. This allows the helicopter the

widest latitude possible to fire, consistent with troop safety. This is
generally passed as “cleared to fire to the east side of the zone beyond
50m into the treeline” or ”cleared except for the southern side of the
zone.”
· Approach/Retirement (Recommended): Helicopters prefer to land and

take off into the wind, and like to avoid flying over the enemy, give a
best guess as to which way the helicopters should ingress and egress.
· Personnel/Equipment: Pass personnel as number of sticks (heliteams).

For example: “ I have 17 sticks of 15.” This method is easier for the pilot
to determine the amount of lifts required. The equipment mentioned is
that which is not carried by the individual Marine. Each Marine
(including personal gear) is figured to weigh 240 lbs, things to mention
are pallets of cargo, waterbulls, or vehicles.
Other: Anything that does not fit conveniently in another line, use here.
For example condition of the landing zone, “mud knee deep”, or two
loads of pax (passengers) and seven loads of ammo rigged as
externals.”

Landing Zone Listed below is an example of the format for a landing zone brief:
Brief,
continued

Executing a Once each task in requesting a MEDEVAC has been accomplished, it is time
MEDEVAC to commence the MEDEVAC.
· Prepare the pick up zone. Be sure the LZ is marked by either an air panel
marker or with a specified color of smoke. Be sure all obstructions are
cleared out to the best of your unit’s ability.
· Be sure everyone is staged and ready for evacuation landing and takeoff
before the helicopter arrives at your position.
· Direct the helicopter into your LZ.

Lesson 3 Exercise
Study Time
Item 1 Which casualty evacuation precedence requires prompt medical care and must
be picked up within 48 hours?
a. Routine
b. Regular
c. Priority
d. Urgent
Item 2 What information is required in a MEDEVAC request?
a. Terrain and weather

b. Helicopter Serial number
c. LZ frequencies/call sign
d. Drop coordinates
Item 3 What information is given in a landing zone brief?
a. Preplanned targets
b. Corpsmen location
c. Pick-up time
d. Obstacles


1 c 3-71
2 c 3-72
3 d 3-73

LESSON 4
PREPARING A CASUALTY FOR TRANSPORT
Introduction
Study Time
Lesson Scope The medical evacuation process may require the casualty to be moved from or
to a specific location for transport. This lesson will discuss preparing a
casualty for transport, the types of manual and litter transports.
Learning After completion of this lesson, you should be able to

Objectives
· Identify how to prepare a casualty for transport.
· Identify the general rules for bearers.
· Identify the types of manual carries.
· Identify the types of litters.
Topic See Page

Introduction 3-79
Casualty Handling 3-80
Manual Carries 3-82
Litter Evacuation 3-103

Casualty Handling
Introduction Casualties evacuated by manual means must be carefully handled. Rough or

improper handling may cause further injury to the casualty. The evacuation
effort should be organized and performed methodically, lifting or moving
casualties should be performed deliberately and as gently as possible.
Casualties should not be moved before the type and extent of their injuries are
evaluated and the required first aid is administered.
The exception occurs when the situation dictates immediate movement for
safety reasons. For example, if a casualty is near a burning vehicle or impact
area. This situation dictates that the urgency of casualty movement outweighs
the need to administer first aid.
Preparation for The life saving and life preserving measures must be carried out before
Movement moving a casualty. Except in extreme emergencies the following measures
must be taken to evaluate the type and extent of a casualty’s injuries:
· Open the airway and restore breathing and heartbeat

· Stop the bleeding
· Prevent or control shock
· Protect the wound from further contamination
· Fractures must be immobilized to prevent broken ends from cutting
through muscle, blood vessels, nerves, and skin
· If a tourniquet has been applied mark the casualty’s forehead with a
capital “T” along with the time and date applied
· Serious wounds should be reinforced to provide additional protection
during movement
General Rules Individuals performing the evacuation are referred to as bearers. Improper
for Bearers handling of a casualty can result in injury to the bearers as well as the
casualty. To minimize disabling injuries (muscle strain, sprains) that could
hamper the evacuation effort, the following rules should be followed:
· Use the body’s natural system of levers when lifting and moving a
casualty.
· Know your physical capabilities and limitations.
· Maintain solid footing when lifting and transporting a casualty.

Casualty Handling, Continued
General Rules · Use the leg muscles (not the back muscles) when lifting or lowering a
for Bearers, casualty.
continued · Use the shoulder and leg muscles when carrying or standing with a
casualty.
· Keep the back straight; use arms and shoulders when pulling a casualty.
· Work in unison with other bearers, using deliberate, gradual movements.
· Slide or roll, rather than lift heavy objects that must be moved.
· Rest frequently, or whenever possible, while transporting a casualty.
Normally a casualty’s weapon is not moved with him. Weapons are turned in
at the first available Battalion Aid Station (BAS) or clearing station to be
returned to the parent unit through supply channels. Individual equipment,
including protective clothing and mask, remain with the casualty and is
evacuated with him.

Manual Carries
Introduction Manual evacuation is the process of transporting casualties by manual carries.

It is accomplished without the aid of a litter or other forms of transport. It is
intended to end at the point where more sophisticated means of evacuation
becomes available.
Limiting Manual carries are tiring for bearers and involve the risk of increasing the
Factors severity of the casualty’s injuries. Some situations are essential to save the
casualty’s life. When a litter is not available or when terrain or the tactical
situation makes other forms of casualty transport impractical, a manual carry
may be the only means to transport a casualty to where a corpsman can treat
him. The distance a casualty can be transported by a manual carry depends
upon many factors, such as:
· Strength and endurance of the bearers.

· Weight of the casualty.
· Nature of the injuries.
· Obstacles encountered during transport.

Manual Carries, Continued
Casualty The first step in any manual carry is to position the casualty to be lifted. If
Positioning the casualty is conscious, then it should be explained how they are to be
positioned and transported. This helps lessen the fear of movement and to
gain cooperation. It may be necessary to roll the casualty onto their abdomen,
or back, depending upon which position they are in and the particular carry
used. Use the following method:
· To roll a casualty onto his abdomen, kneel at the casualty’s uninjured

side.
· Place his arms above his head, cross his ankle that is farthest from you
over the one that is closer to you. As in illustration (1).
· Place one of your hands on the shoulder farthest from you, place your
other hand in the area of the hip or thigh. As in illustration (2).
· Roll him gently toward you onto his abdomen.

Casualty · To roll a casualty onto his back, follow the same procedure described for
Positioning, rolling onto his abdomen, except gently roll the casualty onto his back as
continued illustrated below:
Categories of There are two categories of manual carries, one-man carries and two-man
Manual Carries carries. Each category of one-man and two-man carries has many different
types of carries that can be used to evacuate casualties.
One-Man These carries are used when only one bearer is available to transport the
Carries casualty. The fireman’s carry is one of the easiest way for an individual to
carry another.

Fireman’s Listed below are the steps for using the fireman’s carry.
Carry
Step Action
1 After rolling the casualty onto his abdomen, straddle him. Extend your
hands under his chest and lock them together.
2 Lift the patient to his knees as you move backward.
3 Continue to move backward, thus straightening the casualty’s legs and
locking his knees.
4 Walk forward, bringing the casualty to a standing position, tilt him
slightly to prevent his knees from buckling.
5 As you maintain constant support of the casualty with one arm, free your
other arm, quickly grasp his wrist, and raise his arm high. Instantly pass
your head under his raised arm, releasing it as you pass under it.
6 Move swiftly to face the casualty and secure your arms around his waist.
Immediately place your foot between his feet and spread them apart
(approximately 6 to 8 inches).
7 Grasp the casualty’s wrist and raise his arm high over your head.
8 Bend down and pull the casualty’s arm over and down on your shoulder,
bringing his body across your shoulders. At the same time, pass your
arm between his legs.
9 Grasp the casualty’s wrist with one hand, and place your other hand on
your knee.
10 Rise with the casualty positioned correctly. Your other hand is free for
use.

Fireman’s
Carry,
continued

Supporting This carry is used when the casualty is able to walk, or hop on one leg using
Carry the bearer as a crutch. To use this technique:
· Raise the casualty from the ground to a standing position by using the
fireman’s carry.
· Grasp the casualty’s wrist and draw his arm around your neck.
· Place your arm around his waist. The casualty is now able to walk or
hop. As shown in the illustration below:
Supporting carry

Arms Carry This carry is useful in carrying a casualty for a short distance (up to 50
meters) and for placing a casualty on a litter. To use this technique:
· Raise or lift the casualty from the ground to a standing position, as in the
fireman’s carry.
· Place one arm under the casualty’s knees and your other arm around his
back.
· Lift the casualty.
· Carry the casualty high to lessen fatigue. As shown in the illustration
below.

Saddleback Only a conscious casualty can be transported this way because, he must be
Carry able to hold onto the bearer’s neck. To use this technique:
· Raise the casualty to an upright position, as in the fireman’s carry.
· Support the casualty by placing an arm around his waist. Move to the
casualty’s side.
· Have the casualty put his arm around your neck and move in front of him
with your back to him.
· Have the casualty encircle his arms around your neck.
· Stoop, raise him on your back, and clasp your hands together beneath his
thighs.

Pack-Strap The casualty’s weight rests high on your back. This makes it easier for you to
Carry carry the casualty to a moderate distance (50 to 300 meters). To eliminate the
possibility of injury to the casualty’s arms, you must hold the casualty’s arms
in a palms-down position. To use this technique:
· Lift the casualty from the ground to a standing position, as in the

fireman’s carry.
· Support the casualty with your arms around him and grasp his wrist
closer to you.
· Place his arm over your head and across your shoulders.
· Move in front of him while still supporting his weight against your back.
· Grasp his other wrist and place this arm over your shoulder. As in
illustration (1).
· Bend forward and raise or hoist the casualty as high on your back as
possible so that his weight is resting on your back. As in illustration (2).

Pistol-belt This is the best one-man carry for a long distance (over 300 meters). The
Carry casualty is securely supported upon your shoulders by a belt. Your hands and
the casualty’s (if conscious) are free for carrying a weapon or equipment, or
for climbing obstacles. With your hands free and the casualty secured in
place, you are also able to creep through shrubs and under low hanging
branches. The steps for using this technique are listed in the table below.
Step Action
1 Link two pistol belts (or three, if necessary) together to form a
sling.
2 Place the sling under the casualty’s thighs and lower back so that a
loop extends from each side.
3 Lie face up between the casualty’s outstretched legs. Thrust your

arms through the loops and grasp his hands and trouser leg on his
injured side.

Pistol-belt Carry,
continued
Step Action
4 Roll toward the casualty’s injured side onto your abdomen,
bringing him onto your back. Adjust the sling, if necessary.
5 Rise to a kneeling position. The belt holds the casualty in place.

Pistol-belt Carry,
continued
Step Action
6 Place one hand on your knee for support and rise to an upright
position. (The casualty is supported on your shoulders.)
7 Carry the casualty with your hands free for use in rifle firing,
climbing, or surmounting obstacles.

Pistol-belt Drag The pistol-belt drag, as well as other drags, is generally used for short
distances (up to 50 meters). This drag is useful in combat, because both the
bearer and the casualty can remain closer to the ground than with other drags.
To use this technique:
· Extend two pistol belts or similar objects to their full length and connect
them together making a continuous loop.
· Roll the casualty onto his back, as in the fireman’s carry.
· Pass the loop over the casualty’s head, and position it across his chest and
under his armpits. Then twist the remaining portion of the loop forming
a figure eight.
· Lie on your side facing the casualty.
· Slip the loop over your head and turn onto your abdomen. This enables
you to drag the casualty as you crawl.

The Neck Drag This drag also is useful in combat because the bearer can transport the
casualty as he creeps behind a low wall or shrubbery, under a vehicle or
through a culvert. If the casualty is unconscious, his head must be protected
from the ground. The neck drag should not be used if the casualty has a
broken arm. To use this technique:
· If the casualty is conscious, he may clasp his hands around your neck. If
the casualty is unconscious, tie the hands together at the wrists.
· Straddle the casualty in a kneeling face-to-face position.
· Loop the casualty’s tied hands over and around your neck.
· Crawl forward dragging the casualty with you.

Cradle-drop The cradle-drop drag is effective in moving a casualty up or down steps.

Drag Listed below are the steps to use this technique:
Step Action
1 Kneel at the casualty’s head (with him lying on his back). Slide
your hands, with palms up, under the casualty’s shoulders and get
a firm hold under his armpits.
2 Rise (partially), supporting the casualty’s head on one of your

forearms.

Cradle-drop Drag,
continued
Step Action
3 Rise and drag the casualty backward. (The casualty is in a semi
sitting position.)
4 Back down the steps, supporting the casualty’s head and body and
letting his hips and legs drop from step to step.
If the casualty needs to be moved up the steps, you should back up

the steps, using the same procedure.

Two-man These carries should be used whenever possible. They provide more comfort
Carries for the casualty, are less likely to aggravate injuries, and are less tiring for the
bearers.
Two-man This carry can be used in transporting both conscious and unconscious
Supporting casualties. To use this technique the bearers:
Carry
· Help the casualty to their feet and support the body with their arms
around the waist.
· Grasp the casualty’s wrists and draw the arms around their necks.
· If the casualty is taller than the bearers, it may be necessary for the
bearers for the bearers to lift the casualty’s legs and let them rest on their
forearms.

Two-man Arms This carry is useful in carrying a casualty for a moderate distance (50 to 300
Carry meters) and placing him on a litter. To lessen fatigue, the bearers should
carry the casualty high and as close to their chests as possible. If possible two
additional bearers should be used to keep the casualty’s head and legs in
alignment with his body. To use this technique the bearers:
· Kneel at one side of the casualty and place their arms beneath the
casualty’s back, waist, hips, and knees.
· Lift the casualty while rising to their knees.
· Turn the casualty towards their chests, while rising to a standing position.
· Carry the casualty high to lessen fatigue.

Two-man Fore- This carry is useful for transporting a casualty over a long distance (over 300
and-Aft Carry meters). To use this technique:
· One bearer spreads the casualty’s legs and kneels between them with his
back to the casualty.
· He positions his hands behind the casualty’s knees.
· The other bearer kneels at the casualty’s head, slides his hands under the
arms, across the chest, and locks his hands together.
· The two bearers rise together, lifting the casualty.
· The taller of the two bearers should position himself at the casualty’s head.
· Altering this carry so that both bearers face the casualty is useful for
placing the casualty on a litter.

Four-hand Seat This carry is useful in transporting a casualty with a head or foot injury for a
Carry moderate distance (50 to 300 meters). Only a conscious casualty can be
transported with this carry, because he must help support himself by placing
his arms around the bearers’ shoulders. This carry is also useful in placing a
casualty on a litter. To use this technique:
· Each bearer grasps one of his wrists and one of the other bearer’s wrists
forming a packsaddle.
· The two bearers lower themselves sufficiently for the casualty to sit on
the packsaddle.
· The casualty places his arms around the bearer’s shoulders for support,
then the bearers rise to an upright position.

Two-hand Seat This carry is used when transporting a casualty for a short distance (up to 50
Carry meters) and in placing a casualty on a litter. To use this technique:
· A bearer kneels on each side of the casualty (the casualty is lying on his
back) at his hips.
· Each bearer passes his arms under the casualty’s thighs and back, and
grasps the other bearer’s wrists.
· The bearers rise lifting the casualty.

Litter Evacuation
Introduction Litter bearers collect casualties from the battle area and move them to
casualty collection points (CCPs) for evacuation to the battalion aid station
(BAS).
Definition A litter is a collapsible stretcher made of canvas and supported by wooden or

aluminum poles.
Types of Litters A litter may be prefabricated or improvised from available materials. The
military uses several types of standard litters. This standardization allows for
casualty movement in various vehicles on the same litter, minimizing the
possibility of further injury and saving valuable time.
General Rules In addition to the rules for bearers (addressed in the previous lesson), the
for Litter following rules apply for litter bearers:
Bearers
· When moving a casualty, the litter bearers must make every movement
deliberately and as gently as possible. The command STEADY should
be used to prevent any undue haste.
· The rear bearers should watch the movements of the front bearers and
time their movements accordingly to ensure a smooth and steady action.
· The litter must be kept as level as possible at all times, particularly when
crossing obstacles, such as ditches.
· The casualty should be carried on the litter feet first, except when going
uphill or upstairs, his head should be forward.
· If the casualty has a fracture of a lower extremity, he should be carried

uphill or upstairs feet first and downhill or downstairs head first to
prevent the body weight from pressing upon the injured part.
· When the casualty is loaded on a litter, his individual equipment is

carried by two of the bearers or placed on the litter with the casualty.

Litter Evacuation, Continued
Standard Standard litters are prefabricated and may have accessories that are used with
Litters them. The most widely used litter is the standard collapsible litter. It folds
along the long axis only. The basic components of the litter are:
· Two straight, rigid, lightweight aluminum poles.
· A cover (bed) of cotton duck.
· Four wooden handles attached to the poles.
· Four stirrups (one bolted near the end of each pole). The stirrups support
the litter when it is placed on the ground.
· Two spreader bars (one near each end of the litter). These bars are
extended crosswise at the stirrups to hold the cover taut when the litter is
open.
· Two litter securing straps (one attached to each pole at the stirrup bolts).
These straps are used to secure the litter when it is closed.

Standard Below is an illustration of a standard collapsible litter.

Collapsible
Litter
Dimensions The dimensions of the standard collapsible litters are as follows:
· Overall length is 90 inches.

· Overall width is 22 7/8 inches.
· Bed length is 72 inches.
· Bed width is 22 7/8 inches.
· Weight is 15 pounds.

Folding Another standard litter with the same general dimensions as the collapsible
Aluminum litter when open is the folding aluminum litter. It has folding lightweight
Litter aluminum poles. The poles can be folded to one half their length when the
litter is not in use. As shown in the illustration below.
Patient The patient securing strap is used to hold the casualty in position on the litter.
Securing Strap It is designed to fit the straight and folding aluminum litters as well as other
standard litters. There are four straps per litter. This strap can also be used
with an improvised litter and as a patient restraint, if required. It is made
from a 6-foot length of 2-inch webbing and a buckle with a locking device
and spring. As shown in the illustration below.

Using Patient The number of straps placed over the body depend upon the type of terrain
Securing Straps which the casualty is to be carried. If only two straps are necessary:
· Place one strap across the chest and one across the legs, just below the
knees as shown in graphic (A) below.
· Extend the straps under the litter and buckle them against the litter pole.
If the terrain is rough, apply two additional straps:
· One is placed across the waist and the other across the thighs as shown in
graphic (B) below.
· Extend them under the litter and buckle them against the litter pole.
If the casualty is being carried up or down steep slopes, use two additional
straps to secure each thigh to the litter separately.
· Take one strap over one thigh, under the other thigh then under the litter,
and buckle it against the litter pole as shown in figure (C) below.
· Take the remaining strap and secure the opposite thigh in the same
manner.

Poleless This litter is useful for evacuating casualties from ships and from
Semirigid mountainous areas. It holds the casualty securely in position and facilitates
Litter the movement of the casualty in a vertical position.
Basic The basic components are:

Components
· Semi-rigid cotton duck with wooden supports (A).
· Four webbing handles (two at each end). These straps can be used when
the litter is carried by four bearers (B).
· Four loops. These loops are used to insert the poles for carrying.
· Headpiece. This is used to support the casualty’s head (C).
· Seven patient securing straps. These straps are used to secure the patient
to the litter (D).
Dimensions The dimensions of this litter are as follows:
· Overall length 83 ¾ inches.

· Overall width 22 ¾ inches
· Weight 18 ¾ pounds.

Stokes Litter This litter is designed to perform helicopter rescue operations in areas
unsuitable for landing and where other evacuation means are not available or
practical. The Stokes litter carries one casualty and can be used with a hoist
overland or over water. Retaining straps are used to secure the casualty to the
litter, this affords maximum security for the casualty when the litter is tilted
Components The basic components are listed below:
· It is composed of a steel or aluminum tubular frame supporting a bed of

wire mesh netting. It also has slats to support the casualty’s back (A).
· The lower half is divided into four compartments to accommodate the

casualty’s legs (B).
· It has four webbed patient securing straps for use in securing the patient
(C).
· It has ropes, cables, or steel rings that can be attached to the litter as
required for vertical recoveries.
· Its dimensions are length, 84 inches, width, 23 inches, and weight, 31 ½

pounds.

Improvised There are times when a casualty has to be moved and a standard litter is not
Litters available, and the distance may be too far for manual carries, or the casualty
has injuries that would be aggravated by manual transportation. In these
situations litter can be improvised from materials at hand. Improvised litters
must be well constructed to avoid the risk of dropping or further injuring the
casualty. Improvised litters are for emergency measures and must be replaced
with standard litter at the first opportunity.
Types of Listed below are some types of materials that can be used to construct an
Materials improvised litter:
· Blankets
· Ponchos
· Shelter half
· Tarpaulin
· Mattress cover
· Jackets
· Shirts
· Bags
· Sacks
· Doors
· Boards
· Cots
· Chairs
Poles The poles can be improvised from the following items:
· Strong tree branches

· Tent poles
· Skis
· Lengths of pipe

Blanket and To improvise a litter using a blanket and poles, the following steps should be
Poles used:
· Open the blanket and lay one pole lengthwise across the center, then fold
the blanket over the pole graphic (A) below.
· Place the second pole across the center of the folded blanket graphic (B).
· Fold the free edges of the blanket over the second pole and across to the
first pole graphic (C).
Jackets and To improvise a litter using shirts or jackets, button the shirt or jacket and turn
Poles it inside out, leaving the sleeves inside (A), then pass the poles through the
sleeves (B).

Bed Sacks and To improvise a litter from bed ticks, bags, sacks, and poles, rip open the
Poles corners of the bed ticks, bags, or sacks, then pass the poles through them.
Rolled Blanket If poles are not available, roll a blanket, shelter half, tarpaulin, or similar item
Litter from both sides toward the center. Grip the rolls to carry the casualty.

Dressed Litter A litter is dressed with one, two, or three blankets to reduce the danger of
shock and to provide the casualty warmth and comfort during transport. In an
NBC contaminated area, the litter should be dressed with an impermeable
cover (rubber poncho or similar material) to prevent additional exposure. To
dress a litter with one blanket:
· Place the blanket diagonally over the litter as shown in graphic (A).
· After the casualty is placed on the litter, bring the sides of the blanket
over the casualty and tuck in the edges at his head and feet as shown in
graphic (B).

Dressed Litter To dress a litter with two blankets:

with Two
Blankets · Place the first blanket lengthwise across the litter with the blanket edge
just beyond the head of the litter as shown in graphic (A).
· Fold the second blanket in thirds, lengthwise and place over the first
blanket. Place the upper edge of the second blanket about 10 inches
below the upper edge of the first blanket. Open the folds on the second
blanket about 2 feet from the foot end as shown in graphic (B).
· After the casualty is placed on the litter, bring the bottom of the blanket
up and over the patient’s feet. Leave a small fold between his feet, then
tuck the folds closely over and around his feet and ankles as shown in
graphic (C).
· Wrap the casualty with one side and then the opposite side of the first
blanket as shown in graphic (D).

Dressed Litter
with Two
Blankets,
continued

Dressed Litter To dress a litter with three blankets:

with Three
Blankets · Place the first blanket on the litter lengthwise so that one edge is even
with the litter pole farthest from you and the upper end of the blanket is
even with the head of the canvas.
· Fold the blanket back upon itself once, so that the folded edge is along
the litter pole nearer you and the outer edge of the blanket overhangs the
other pole as shown in graphic (A) on the next page.
· Place the second blanket lengthwise over the first one as described above,
except start with the opposite litter pole so that the blanket overhang is on
the opposite side of the first blanket as shown in graphic (B) on the next
page.
· After the casualty is placed on the litter, fold the third blanket once
lengthwise and place it over the casualty with one end under his chin as
shown in graphic (C) on the next page.
· Fold the overhanging edges of the first two blankets over the third
blanket and secure them in place with safety pins, if available or patient
securing straps as shown in graphic (D) on the next page.

Dressed Litter This method of dressing the litter gives four thickness of blanket over and
with Three under the casualty. This provides additional warmth and will help in
Blankets, preventing shock.
continued

Lesson 4 Exercise
Study Time
Item 1 Which item is a measure in preparing a casualty for movement?
a. Protect the wound from further contamination

b. Remove all protective clothing and equipment
c. Check for weapons and classified materials
d. Ensure the casualty is unconscious for ease of movement
Item 2 Which is a general rule for bearers is to know
a. which foot to step off with

b. which casualty you are moving
c. your physical capabilities and limitations
d. the total weight of the casualty
Item 3 Which factor limits the distance a casualty may be transported by a manual
carry?
a. Obstacles encountered during transport

b. The amount of fire support available
c. The direction of travel
d. The height and motivation of the bearers
Item 4 Which type of one-man carry is the easiest way for an individual to carry
another?
a. Pack strap carry

b. Fireman’s carry
c. Pistol belt carry
d. Arms carry

Item 5 Which type of litter is designed to perform helicopter rescue operations in

areas unsuitable for landing?
a. Standard litter
b. Improvised litter
c. Stokes litter
d. Aluminum litter


1 a 3-80
2 c 3-80
3 a 3-82
4 b 3-84
5 c 3-109

LESSON 5
HANDLING ENEMY PRISONERS OF WAR
Introduction
Study Time
Scope The Marine must direct a search of enemy prisoners of war (EPWs) that
identifies all equipment and documents to be tagged. Prisoners must be
segregated by sex and rank. Abuse of EPWs is not tolerated; they are
afforded protection from enemy fire. This lesson will teach you the five Ss
for handling EPWs: search, segregate, silence, speed, and safeguard.

Objectives
· Define the five Ss for handling EPWs.
· Identify the groups for separating EPWs.
· Identify precautions to take for the movement of EPWs.
Topic See Page

Introduction 3-121
Five Ss 3-122

Five Ss
Defined The five Ss are steps for handling EPWs. They are
· Search
· Segregate
· Silence
· Speed
· Safeguard
Search The Marine must direct a search that identifies all equipment and documents
to be tagged. Ensure the searcher has a cover man or act as a cover man, if
possible.
Search consists of
· Going through to find missing or lost gear.

· Looking carefully to find any concealed weapons or documents.
· Providing each searcher with a cover man.

Five Ss, Continued
Tagging Once items have been found, be sure to tag all prisoners, weapons,
equipment, and documents. The tag contains the following information:
CAPTIVE TAG Instructions (Captive Tag)

TAG 1. Complete upper half of tag for
NUMBER_________________ each captive.
DATE/TIME OF CAPTURE______
PLACE OF CAPTURE 2. If captive has document, check
(Coordinates)____________ yes. Complete and detach lower
CIRCUMSTANCES OF CAPTURE half of tag.
WEAPONS ___NO___YES (Type) 3. Securely affix tag to captive.

DOCUMENTS___NO ____YES (If
yes, complete lower half of tag.)
CAPTURING UNIT ____________
DO NOT REMOVE TAG FROM CAPTIVE

Additional information
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Signature ________________
Segregate Prisoners must be segregated. Separate EPWs by sex and rank into the
following groups:
· Females
· Commissioned officers
· Noncommissioned officers (NCOs)
· Enlisted personnel
· Civilian combatants
Isolate EPW groups to reduce talking and the possibility of organizing a

threat.
Protect EPWs from enemy fire and abuse. Abuse of EPWs is not tolerated.

Five Ss, Continued
Silence Maintain silence among the prisoners to cut down on confusion and plotting
for an escape. Post guards to enforce silence. According to Rules of
Engagement Regulations, direct supervision must be maintained to ensure the
EPWs are thoroughly safeguarded.
Speed Units are not responsible for keeping EPWs in position for extended periods
of time. Areas are designated for drop off EPWs. Move EPWs quickly to
drop off areas so you can focus on your mission.
Safeguard Units are responsible for all harm and danger that might occur to the EPWs
under their control. All Marines in the unit must understand the laws of war.
EPWs keep their field protective masks, helmets, and/or flak jackets. Direct
supervision must be maintained to ensure the EPWs are thoroughly
safeguarded.

Lesson 5 Exercise
Study Time
Directions Complete the following exercise items. Check your answers against those
listed at the end of this lesson. If you have any questions, refer to the
reference page listed for each item.
Items 1 Matching: For items 1 through 5, place the letter of the step in column 2 that
Through 5 is described in the process in column 1. The answers in column 2 may be
used only once.
Column 1 Column 2
Process Steps
___ 1. Making sure no weapons go a. Search

unnoticed b. Segregate
___ 2. Making sure EPWs are not c. Silence
planning an escape d. Speed
___ 3. Grouping EPWs into e. Safeguard
categories
___ 4. Letting EPWs keep their
field protective masks,
helmets, and/or flak jackets
___ 5. Processing EPWs so the unit
can focus quickly on primary
mission

Item 6 EPWs should be segregated into the following categories:
a. Females, wounded, commissioned officers, NCOs, civilians

b. Commissioned officers, NCOs, enlisted personnel, civilians
c. Wounded, females, commissioned officers, NCOs, enlisted civilians
d. Females, commissioned officers, NCOs, enlisted personnel, civilians

Lesson 5 Exercise

1 a 3-122
2 c 3-124
3 b 3-123
4 e 3-124
5 d 3-124
6 d 3-123


WARFIGHTING TECHNIQUES
REVIEW LESSON EXAMINATION
Review Lesson
Introduction The purpose of the review lesson examination is to prepare you for your final
examination. We recommend that you try to complete your review lesson
without referring to the text, but for those items (questions) you are unsure of,
restudy the text. When you finish your review lesson and are satisfied with
your responses, check your responses against the answers provided at the end
of this review examination.
Directions Select the ONE answer that BEST completes the statement or that answers
the item. For multiple choice items, circle your response. For matching
items, place the letter of your response in the space provided.
Item 1 What is the power output for low radio frequency on the AN/PRC-119B
SINCGARS radio?
a. 4 watts
b. 50 watts
c. 160 milliwatts
d. 500 microwatts
Item 2 An electronic frequency entered manually using the keyboard is
a. an electronic counter-counter measures.

b. called tuning.
c. an emission.
d. a type of modulation.
MCI Course 8016A R-1 Review Lesson Examination

Review Lesson, Continued
Item 3 Which component provides the primary means of command and control
voice, secure voice, and digital data?
a. Manpack antenna
b. Receiver-transmitter (RT)
c. Handset
d. Battery box
Item 4 When assembling the AN/PRC-119B, what component is connected to the

RT-1523 AUD/DATA port?
a. Handset
b. Antenna
c. Battery
d. Transmitter
Item 5 When assembling the AN/PRC-119B, the manpack antenna is connected to

the _____ connector on the RT-1523.
a. AUD/DATA
b. RXMT
c. ANT
d. AUD/FILL
Item 6 When performing a self-test on the AN/PRC-119B, in which modes is the

radio still functional?
a. FH and FH-M
b. SC and FH-M
c. SC and PA
d. SC and FH

Item 7 In which position is the MODE control knob when loading a single-channel
frequency on the AN/PRC-119B?
a. FH-M
b. SQ ON
c. SC
d. PA
Item 8 Which key on the keyboard of the AN/PRC-119B do you press to store the
FH net update data?
a. LOUT/9
b. STO
c. SYNC/3
d. FCTN
Item 9 What are the three components of the indirect fire team?
a. FO, FDC, and Guns

b. Guns, MT, and Supply
c. Armor, Infantry, and Cavalry
d. FO, FDC, and MTO
Item 10 Which of the following lists four functions of a FO?
a. Communicate with the firing unit, engage targets with indirect fire, screen
friendly units with smoke, and illuminate the battlefield at night.
b. Maintain and operate the tools and equipment necessary to call for and
adjust indirect fire; locate, call for, and adjust fire on suitable targets;
communicate with the FDC; and plan indirect fires.
c. Establish final protective fires, mark targets for close air support, call for
and adjust fire, and report battle damage assessments.
d. Plan no fire zones, report observations to the FDC, coordinate indirect fire
and close air support, and identify known points.

Item 11 Which answer best describes a function of FDC?
a. Determine the firing data required for the guns to fire the mission.
b. Load the weapons with ammo.
c. Call in air support.
d. Provide security for the FO.
Item 12 What are the four essential tools a FO needs to call for and adjust indirect
fire?
a. Map, binoculars, rifle, and ammo

b. Compass, communication equipment, radar, and water
c. Map, compass, binoculars, and communication equipment
d. Chow, map, pencils, and radio
Item 13 Name a purpose for which binoculars are used.
a. To align the weapons

b. To see the rounds fly over
c. To get a close look at the firing unit
d. Study terrain
Items 14 What are the two types of adjustments you must make to use binoculars
properly?
a. Long and short ranges

b. Near and far
c. Interpupillary and focal adjustments
d. Quick and long-term ranges

Item 15 What are the two methods to locate targets?
a. Polar plot and sun spot

b. Radar and polar plot
c. Radar and grid coordinate
d. Grid coordinate and polar plot
Item 16 Which is the most common method for locating a target?
a. Shift from known point method

b. Grid coordinate method
c. Sun spot method
d. Radar method
Item 17 Which of the following lists the four types of fire missions?
a. Artillery, air support, mortar and naval gunfire

b. Army, Navy, and Air Force
c. Adjust fire, fire for effect, suppression and immediate suppression
d. HE, Smoke, WP and DPICM

Item 18 Matching: For items 18 through 21, place the letter of the description in
Through 21 column 2 that best matches the type of fire mission in column 1. The answers
in column 2 may be used only once.
Column 1 Column 2
Type of Fire Mission Description
___18. Adjust fire a. Fire on a planned target

___19. Fire for effect b. If your target location is accurate
___20. Suppression enough your first rounds have an
___21. Immediate suppression effect on target
c. Require spotting rounds
d. Fire on a planned target that is
engaging friendly forces
Item 22 Which of the following lists the six elements of a call-for-fire?
a. Observer identification, warning order, target location, target description,

method of engagement, method of fire and control
b. Observer identification, type of fire mission, target location, target
description, type of ammunition, and method of control
c. Begin planning, arrange recon, make recon, complete the plan, issue, and
supervise
d. Higher unit, supported unit, type of fire mission, target location, number
of rounds, and time on target

Items 23 Matching: For items 23 through 25, place the letter of the element of a call-
Through 25 for-fire transmission in column 2 that occurs in the segment identified in
column 1. The answers in column 2 may be used only once.
Column 1 Column 2
Segment of Call-for-fire Element of Call-for-fire

Transmission Transmission
___23. First transmission a. Target location

___24. Second transmission b. Target description
___25. Third transmission c. Warning order
d. EOM
Item 26 What are the contents of a message to observer?
a. How targets will be attacked, if time permits

b. Unit of fire
c. Types of weapons available
d. Local weather report
Item 27 Which of the following artillery shells contains shape-charged grenades?
a. HE
b. WP
c. DPICM
d. Illumination
Item 28 Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps to conduct spotting?
a. Binos eye level, sight burst with naked eye, raise binos, spot range then
deviation.
b. Sight burst with naked eye, spot range then deviation, check with binos.
c. Binos eye level, sight burst with naked eye, raise binos, spot deviation
then range.
d. Use binos to spot burst, measure mil range, compare against map.

Item 29 Which of the following are the two elements of an adjustment?
a. Bracketing and creeping

b. OT direction and range
c. Lateral adjustment and range adjustment
d. Over and short
Items 30 To determine lateral corrections you must convert
a. mils to yards.
b. meters to mils.
c. mils to meters
d. meters to yards.
Item 31 Which are the two methods for adjusting for range?
a. OT direction and shift

b. Over and short
c. Bracketing and creeping
d. Add and drop
Item 32 What are the steps to adjust rounds onto targets using bracketing?
a. Determine target location, use 100m or less increments, get rounds within
50 meters, FFE
b. After initial round, add/drop enough range to place a round on the
opposite side of the target, continue to split bracket in half
c. After initial round, move round left/right to place a round on the opposite
side of the target, continue to split bracket in half
d. After initial round, adjust graze/air to place round at appropriate height,
continue to adjust, FFE

Items 33 What are the steps to creep adjust rounds onto a target?
a. Determine target location, use 100m or less increments, get rounds within
50 meters, announce danger close, FFE
b. Determine target location, announce danger close, use 100m or less
increments, get rounds within 50 meters, FFE
c. Announce danger close, bracket, get rounds within 50 meters, FFE
d. Use 100m or less increments to bracket target, then creep rounds to within
50 meters, announce danger close, FFE
Items 34 Which is a subsequent correction?
a. BDA
b. Illumination
c. WERM
d. Danger Close
Item 35 What is the content of an EOM communication?
a. OT direction and FO
b. End of mission and battle damage assessment
c. Quit shooting and return to rear
d. Do not load and FFE
Item 36 Which step in evaluating a casualty involves gently shaking or tapping the
casualty while asking, “Are you okay”?
a. Check for recognition

b. Check for responsiveness
c. Check for breathing
d. Check for bleeding

Items 37 Which step in evaluating a casualty involves checking for cuts or bruises in
the neck or back area and unusual body or limb position?
a. Check for breathing

b. Check for injuries
c. Check for fractures
d. Check for flexibility
Item 38 Which items are the two vital functions of the body?
a. Respiration and circulation

b. Expansion and contraction
c. Inhalation and exhalation
d. Aerobic and anaerobic
Item 39 Which adverse condition of the body involves an inadequate flow of blood to
vital tissues and organs and if left untreated can result in death?
a. Bleeding
b. Infection
c. Shock
d. Lack of oxygen
Items 40 Which basic life saving measure if not treated can lead to brain damage or
death within a few minuets?
a. Restore the breathing

b. Protect the wound
c. Stop the bleeding
d. Treat for shock

Item 41 Which technique is best for opening a blocked airway of a casualty with a
neck injury or severe head trauma?
a. Head-tilt/chin-lift
b. Abdominal thrusts
c. Jaw-thrust
d. Chest compressions
Item 42 Which type of bleeding is characterized by the oozing of blood, usually from
minor wounds?
a. Capillary
b. Arterial
c. Venous
d. Free flowing
Item 43 Which method of controlling external bleeding must be applied only after all
other measures have failed?
a. Direct pressure
b. Pressure dressing
c. Field dressing
d. Tourniquet
Items 44 Which is a step for protecting the wound?
a. Remove any clothing that is stuck in the wound.

b. Remove any objects lodged or protruding from the wound
c. Wash or clean large wounds with an antiseptic
d. Elevate the injured area and apply a warm wet dressing

Item 45 Which of the following types of wounds are torn rather than cut, have ragged,
irregular edges and masses of torn tissue underneath?
a. Avulsions
b. Abrasions
c. Lacerations
d. Punctures
Item 46 Which of the following may cause trauma to the body that results in shock?
a. Asphyxiation
b. Poor circulation
c. Dehydration
d. Electric charge
Item 47 Which casualty evacuation precedence must be moved immediately to save

life, limb, or prevent complication of serious illness?
a. Immediate
b. Express
c. Urgent
d. Priority
Item 48 Which of the following information is required in a MEDEVAC request?
a. Rounds per man

b. Pickup coordinates
c. Checkpoints and passwords
d. Key terrain
Item 49 Which information is given in a landing zone brief?
a. Wind direction/velocity
b. Left and right lateral limits
c. Rounds per man
d. Aircraft serial number

Item 50 When preparing a casualty for movement, which of the following measures
must be used to evaluate the casualty’s injuries?
a. Remove excess bandages to allow for circulation

b. Elevate the upper torso to allow blood flow to the wounds
c. Prevent or control shock
d. Replace any objects protruding from the wound
Item 51 Litter bearers must adhere to which of the following rules when transporting a
casualty?
a. Maintain a safe distance between litter bearers.

b. Work in unison with other bearers, using deliberate, gradual movements.
c. Use hand and arm signals to communicate with other bearers.
d. Travel to the right of any oncoming traffic.
Item 52 Which of the following factors limits the distance a casualty may be carried
by manual transport?
a. The number of litters available.

b. The nature of the injuries.
c. The amount of experienced corpsman available.
d. The rank of the casualty.
Item 53 Which one-man carry is best for distances over 300 meters?
a. Supporting carry
b. Pack-Strap carry
c. Pistol-belt carry
d. Arms carry

Item 54 Which two-man carry is best for transporting a casualty for a short distance
(up to 50 meters)?
a. Two-hand Seat carry

b. Two-man Fore and Aft carry
c. Four-hand seat carry
d. Two-man Support carry
Item 55 Which type of litter is useful for evacuating casualties from ships and
mountainous areas?
a. Standard litter
b. Improvised litter
c. Pole-less semi-rigid litter
d. Aluminum litter
Item 56 During which of the five Ss is it important to have a cover man?
a. Search
b. Segregate
c. Speed
d. Silence
Item 57 Separating which two groups of EPWs will cut down on confusion of the
initial capture of prisoners?
a. By MOS
b. Sex and rank
c. By unit
d. Injured and healthy

Item 58 Which of the following lists all the groups for segregation of EPWs?
a. Wounded, females, commissioned officers, and civilians

b. Commissioned officers, enlisted, and civilians
c. Officers, NCOs, civilians, and injured
d. Females, commissioned officers, NCOs, enlisted, and civilians
Item 59 Maintaining control of EPWs and restricting their communication to other

prisoners is a means to
a. secure.
b. speed.
c. scare.
d. silence.
Item 60 Which of the five Ss entails quick processing of EPWs and getting them to
the rear?
a. Search
b. Speed
c. Segregate
d. Silence
Item 61 During which part of the five Ss is direct supervision in place so that it is
done thoroughly?
a. Search
b. Segregate
c. Speed
d. Safeguard

Item 62 Which of the following items must be returned to EPWs?
a. Classified documents
b. Field protective mask
c. Maps with enemy locations
d. Explosives

Review Exercise

1 d 1-5
2 b 1-6
3 b 1-7
4 a 1-15
5 c 1-15
6 d 1-17
7 c 1-18
8 b 1-18
9 a 2-5
10 b 2-5
11 a 2-5
12 c 2-7
13 d 2-7
14 c 2-8
15 d 2-10
16 b 2-10
17 c 2-12
18 c 2-12
19 b 2-12
20 a 2-12
21 d 2-12
22 a 2-13
23 c 2-16
24 a 2-16
25 b 2-16
26 b 2-18
27 c 2-20
28 a 2-29
29 c 2-30
30 c 2-31
31 c 2-33
32 b 2-33
33 b 2-35

Review Exercise, Continued
Answers,
continued
34 d 2-36
35 b 2-38
36 b 3-4
37 c 3-10
38 a 3-13
39 c 3-16
40 a 3-22
41 c 3-27
42 a 3-42
43 d 3-51
44 d 3-57
45 c 3-60
46 c 3-62
47 c 3-71
48 b 3-72
49 a 3-73
50 c 3-80
51 b 3-81
52 b 3-82
53 c 3-91
54 a 3-101
55 c 3-108
56 a 3-122
57 b 3-123
58 d 3-123
59 d 3-124
60 b 3-124
61 d 3-124
62 b 3-124

War Fighting Techniques

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Sergeants Distance

Continued on next page

MCI Course 8016A i Course Introduction

· TM 11-5820-890-30-6, SINGARS Manual.

Table of The following is the table of contents for this course.

Study Unit Title Page

Continued on next page

MCI Course 8016A ii Course Introduction

Summary The table below summarizes all-important “gateways” needed to successfully

Step When you Then you will For more

Publication Number Title

MCI Course 8016A iii Course Introduction

MCI Course 8016A iv Course Introduction

Learning After completing this study unit, you should be able to

· Identify the operation steps of the AN/PRC-119B SINCGARS radio.

In This Study This study unit contains the following lessons.

Topic See Page

MCI Course 8016A 1-1 Study Unit 1

MCI Course 8016A 1-2 Study Unit 1

Learning After completing this lesson, you should be able to

· Identify the capabilities of the AN/PRC-119B SINCGARS radio.

· Identify the components of the AN/PRC-119B by function.

In This Lesson This lesson contains the following topics.

Topic See Page

MCI Course 8016A 1-3 Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

AN/PRC-119B The illustration below shows the AN/PRC-119B radio.

Continued on next page

MCI Course 8016A 1-4 Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

Continued on next page

MCI Course 8016A 1-5 Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

MCI Course 8016A 1-6 Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

Note: The batteries are not components of the

MCI Course 8016A 1-7 Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

Item 2 An electronic frequency entered manually using the keyboard is

a. an electronic counter-counter measure.

MCI Course 8016A 1-8 Study Unit 1, Lesson 1 Exercise

Item Number Answer Reference Page

MCI Course 8016A 1-9 Study Unit 1, Lesson 1 Exercise

MCI Course 8016A 1-10 Study Unit 1, Lesson 1 Exercise

Learning After completing this lesson, you should be able to

· Identify the steps to perform a self-test on the AN/PRC-119B.

· Identify the steps to load single-channel frequencies on the AN/PRC-119B.

In This Lesson This lesson contains the following topics.

Topic See Page

MCI Course 8016A 1-11 Study Unit 1, Lesson 2

Continued on next page

Continued on next page

MCI Course 8016A 1-13 Study Unit 1, Lesson 2

8 Position the battery (BA-1372/BA-5372) with the flat end

CAUTION: Do not cross thread the screws or you will damage

Continued on next page

MCI Course 8016A 1-14 Study Unit 1, Lesson 2

CAUTION: Do not cross thread the ANT or you will damage

Note: A handset or other audio accessories may be connected to

MCI Course 8016A 1-15 Study Unit 1, Lesson 2

Performance After assembling the AN/PRC-119B, you, as an incidental operator, must

2 Set COMSEC switch to CT.

· ECCM (E) and COMSEC module (C) check. If either module

At the end of a successful self-test, “GOOD” will appear in the

Continued on next page

MCI Course 8016A 1-16 Study Unit 1, Lesson 2

Note: The radio is still functional in the SC and FH modes, but

MCI Course 8016A 1-17 Study Unit 1, Lesson 2