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IPTC 10925

Hydrodynamic Conditions of Hydrocarbon Migration and Accumulation Exemplified by


the Pomorsko, Czerwiensk, and Zarnowiec Oil Fields, Poland
L. Zawisza, SPE, E. Wojna-Dylg, SPE, and R. Smulski, SPE, AGH-U. of Science and Technology

Copyright 2005, International Petroleum Technology Conference

This paper was prepared for presentation at the International Petroleum Technology
Conference held in Doha, Qatar, 2123 November 2005.

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Abstract
The hydrodynamic conditions of migration and accumulation
of hydrocarbons are exemplified by the Pomorsko,
Czerwiensk and Zarnowiec oil fields in Poland.
According to Hubbert, under hydrodynamic conditions a
buoyancy force and moving water exert major control over
the distribution of water, oil and gas in a reservoir, causing
the oil/water and gas/water contact to be tilted.
In this paper, a modified theory is advanced to define
more precisely the position of potential oil and gas traps. The
theory introduced here is more universal than Hubberts
theory because it accepts not only the groundwater motion
(dynamic effect), but also the variability of the oil, gas and
water density (static effect) and heterogeneity of reservoir
rocks (capillary effect).
According to the presented method, to determine potential
hydrodynamic entrapment of hydrocarbon, it is necessary to
construct potentiometric maps for groundwater in terms of
fresh water, maps of differential energy of oil or gas with
respect to groundwater and maps of differential energy of oil
or gas caused by capillary forces and then to add them up by
superimposition.

Introduction
For determining hydrodynamic traps, Hubbert's potentiometric
model of hydrocarbon accumulation is applied
1
with its further
modifications.
2-5

Potentiometric theory by M.K. Hubbert
1
accounts for the
influence of buoyancy force and hydrodynamic factor, related
with the motion of groundwaters in a water-oil-gas bearing
strata, on the locality of oil-water and gas-water contacts.
M.K. Hubbert's theory disregards changes in the density of
water, oil and gas, as well as the capillary pressure effect.
An original method of mapping hydrodynamic traps for oil
is presented in the paper. It is a modification of the
potentiometric theory by M.K. Hubbert.
1
This novel approach
accounts both for the influence of dynamics of groundwaters
and also changes of reservoir fluids density values and the
effect of capillary pressure values on the location of
hydrodynamic traps. With this method it is possible to
determine hydrodynamic traps location on a map, in 3D space,
in the flowing water conditions.

Methods of Mapping Hydrodynamic Traps for Oil
For a bi-component system, consisting of groundwater and oil,
two different potential values will exist for water and oil in
each point of the hydrodynamic field
1
i.e.


w
w
P
z g

+ =
, (1)


o
c
o
o
P P
z g

+ + =
, (2)

where
w
,
o
are the potentials for water and oil, respectively,
m
2
/s
2
; g is the gravitational acceleration, m/s
2
; z is the
elevation of the measurement point above the standard datum
(mean sea level), m; P is the reservoir pressure, Pa, P
c
is the
capillary pressure, Pa; whereas
w
,
o
, are the densities of
water and oil in reservoir conditions, kg/m
3
.
By calculating P from Eq. 1 and substituting it to Eq. 2, we
find that
4



o
c
o
o w
w
o
w
o
P
z g

=
. (3)

Taking into consideration that
1



w w
h g =
, (4)


o o
h g =
, (5)

where h
w
is the height above datum to which water of density

w
would rise, m; h
o
is the height above datum to which oil of
density
o
would rise, m; Eq. 3 can take the form:

2 IPTC 10925

o
c
o
o w
w
o
w
o
P
z g h g h g

=
. (6)

Multiplying both sides of Eq. 6 by
o
, we obtain:

( )
c o w w w o o
P z g h g h g + =
, (7)

which is equivalent to the equation:

( )
c o w w o
P z P P + =
, (8)

where P
w
, P
o
are the scalar force potentials for water and oil,
respectively, expressed in pressure units; whereas P
c
is
capillary pressure.
Replacing P
w
, P
o
, P
c
by an equivalent column of fresh
water that is, dividing Eq. 8 by
fw
- gives:


c
fw
o w
fw o
H z H H +


, (9)

where H
fw
, H
o
are the potentials of water and oil, respectively,
expressed in meters of column of fresh water, m; H
c
is
additional potential for oil in meters of column of fresh water,
produced by capillary pressure, m;
w
is the specific weight of
groundwater, N/m
3
;
o
is the specific weight of oil in reservoir
conditions, N/m
3
;
fw
is the specific weight of fresh water,
N/m
3
; z is the depth of the top of the reservoir stratum
(aquifer), reduced to the sea level, m.
Potential value of groundwater (freshwater head) H
fw
can
be calculated from the equation:


fw
fw
P
z H

+ =
. (10)

For mapping the locality of hydrodynamic traps for oil, the
following equation can be used:


( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
+

=
fw
o w
fw o
y , x y , x
y , x z y , x H y , x H



, (11) ( y , x H
c
+ )
)

where:

( )
(
fw
c
c
y , x P
y , x H

=
. (12)

In Eqs. 11, 12: H
o
(x,y) denotes a map of hydrodynamic
traps, accounting for capillary pressures; H
fw
(x,y) denotes a
map of potentials for groundwater in meters of column of
fresh water; z (x,y) denotes a structural map of the top of
water-oil-bearing horizon;
w
(x,y) denotes a map of specific
weight of groundwater;
o
(x,y) denotes a map of specific
weight of oil in reservoir conditions; P
c
(x,y) denotes a map of
capillary pressures; H
c
(x,y) denotes a map of additional
potentials for oil, a result of capillary pressure.
M.K. Hubbert
1
presented an equation for capillary pressure
in the form:


d
cos C
P
c

=
, (13)

where C is a dimensionless factor of proportionality; is the
interfacial tension, Nm
-1
; is the contact angle of the oil-water
interface at the grain surface, degrees; d is the effective grain
diameter, m; the remaining denotations as in Eq. 2.
For water-wet rock = 0 and cos = 1. The constant value
of C is 16.3.
1, 6

Thus, Eq. 13 will take the form:


d
P
c
3 . 16
=
, (14)

Determination of the distribution of an average diameter of
grains controlling the movement of hydrocarbons in the
deposit is very tough, but can be done with the use of, for
example, R.R. Berg's equation.
6

R.R. Berg
6
empirically presented an equation for
permeability as a function of porosity and effective grain
diameter, in the following form:

, (15)
2 1 . 5
084 . 0 d k =

where is porosity, in a fraction of unity; d is effective grain
diameter, m; k is permeability, m
2
.
From Eq. 15, d can be calculated:

( )
5 . 0 1 . 5
9 . 11

= k d . (16)

Using Eq. 16 it is possible to calculate the diameters
determinant of grains d, and so to determine changes of
capillary pressure, which decides about the capillary growth,
and finally the location of the oil-water contact.
Therefore,

. (17)
5 . 0 55 . 2
725 . 4

= k P
c


Distribution of capillary pressure values within the whole
water-oil-bearing strata can be determined from the formula:

( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
5 . 0 55 . 2
, , 725 . 4 ,

= y x k y x y x P
c
. (18)

Finally, Eq. 12 can take the form:


( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
5 0 55 2
725 4
. .
fw
c
y , x k y , x
.
y , x H

=


, (19)

and Eq. 11 in the form:

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
+

=
fw
o w
fw o
y , x y , x
y , x z y , x H y , x H



IPTC 10925 3

( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
5 0 25 2
725 4
, ,
fw
y , x k y , x
.

+


. (20)

In Eqs. 18, 19, 20: (x,y) denotes a map of porosity; k (x,y)
denotes a map of permeability.
In the case, when no accurate measurements of interfacial
tension are available, the water-oil interface tension can be
determined from the formula:
7


, (21)
0994 . 0
379 . 38 =

where =
w
-
o
.
In Eq. (21)
w
,

o
are density of water and oil in reservoir
conditions, respectively, in g/cm
3
.
To determine hydrodynamic traps for oil, a structural map
of the top of water-oil-bearing horizon, potentiometric map for
groundwater, map of specific weight of groundwater, map of
specific weight of oil in reservoir conditions, map of porosity
distribution and map of permeability distribution should be
made; then, Eq. 20 should be applied. The whole procedure
lies in making a few simple algebraic operations on maps. To
precisely determine the oil-water contacts, at least one point in
the contact should be established.

Numerical Realization of Model Described with Eq.
20 on the Example of Pomorsko, Czerwiensk and
Zarnowiec Oil Fields
The realization of the model described with Eq. 20 is
presented on the example of three oil fields: Pomorsko,
Czerwiensk and Zarnowiec. Tilted oil-water contacts were
found for these fields.
3, 8

Pomorsko and Czerwiensk oil fields. Pomorsko and
Czerwiensk oil fields can be found in the Main Dolomite
Zechstein beds in the Fore-Sudetes area (Fig. 1).
The Main Dolomite Zechstein beds are made of limestone-
dolomite series of thickness varying from some to 190 m. Oil
and natural gas fields appear in the zones of various thickness
in rocks of favorable reservoir properties.
3, 8
Pomorsko oil field was discovered in 1976.
3, 8
Reservoir
rock is made of grey and light-grey dolomites; they are
compact and in places strongly fractured. The oil-bearing level
is about 1900 m deep. The surface area of the field is about 3
km
2
(Fig. 1), average thickness of the deposit series is 51.5 m.
Originally, reservoir pressure was 23.58 MPa. 12 boreholes
were drilled in the field, two of which (Pomorsko-4 and
Pomorsko-7) produced industrially significant quantities of
oil. Pomorsko-3, Pomorsko-6 and Pomorsko-1 wells turned
out less productive, therefore were closed. The density of oil
in reservoir conditions is 760 kg/m
3
, whereas the density of
groundwater is 1239 kg/m
3
.
Czerwiensk oil field was discovered with Czerwiensk-2
well in 1969.
3, 8
The oil-bearing horizon in the borehole profile
was found at 1896-1881.5 m of depth. For technical reasons,
this borehole had to be closed. Moreover, oil flux was
observed in Czerwiensk-4, Czerwiensk-5, Czerwiensk-6 and
Czerwiensk-8 wells (Fig. 1). Originally, reservoir pressure
measured in Czerwiensk-5 well was 23.20 MPa. The density
of oil in reservoir conditions was similar to that of Pomorsko
field, i.e. 760 kg/m
3
, and density of groundwater was 1230
kg/m
3
.
To determine oil-water contacts for Pomorsko and
Czerwiensk oil fields, the following maps were made: 1.
structural map of the top of the Main Dolomite aquifer (bed);
2. potentiometric map of groundwater; 3. map of porosity
distribution; 4. map of permeability distribution; 5. map of
capillary pressures; 6. map of additional potentials for oil, a
result of capillary pressures; 7. resultant map of hydrodynamic
traps for oil, accounting for capillary pressure; 8. map of
hydrodynamic traps for oil with superpositioned structural
map. Besides, two hydrogeological cross-sections were made,
with the results of hydrodynamic tests presented.
Average density values for reservoir water and oil in
reservoir conditions were assumed:
w
= 1 239 kg/m
3
,
o
=
760 kg/m
3
, respectively.
The structural map of the top of the Main Dolomite aquifer
(Fig. 1) was assumed on the basis of a work by E. Wojna-
Dylg
3
and P. Karnkowski.
8

The potentiometric map of ground water in meters of
column of fresh water in the Main Dolomite aquifer (Fig. 2)
was made on the basis of measurements of reservoir pressures
in: Pomorsko-4, Pomorsko-7, Czerwiensk-2, Czerwiensk-4,
Czerwiensk-5 wells, calculated for the column of fresh water,
according to Eq. 10. The data, on the basis of which the maps
were made, were presented in a work of E. Wojna-Dylg.
3
It
follows from the map that the flow of groundwater in the Main
Dolomite aquifer takes place from the south to the north. The
freshwater head (hydraulic head) values are from 520 to 455
m above sea level.
The map of porosity of the Main Dolomite aquifer (Fig. 3)
was made on the basis of well log data.
3

The map of permeability of the Main Dolomite aquifer
(Fig. 4), similar to the map of porosity, was also made on the
basis of well log data.
3

The map of capillary pressure distribution for the Main
Dolomite aquifer (Fig. 5) was made as a result of simple
algebraic operations made in line with Eq. 18, employing the
maps of porosity and permeability. Owing to the small
variability of porosity and permeability values for the Main
Dolomite aquifer, capillary pressure values varied little, too,
ranging between about 100 Pa to 700 Pa.
The map of the additional potentials for oil, a result of
capillary pressure in the Main Dolomite aquifer (Fig. 6) can be
construed on the basis of the maps of porosity and
permeability, following Eq. 19 or directly from the map of
capillary pressures, dividing values from the map by the
density values for the fresh water. The map of the additional
potentials for oil represents the capillary growth, in m of
column of fresh water. Owing to the small variability of
porosity and permeability values of the Main Dolomite aquifer
and relatively big grain diameter, the capillary growth is small,
ranging from 1 cm to 7 cm. Thus, the capillary growth does
not have a significant influence on the location of contours of
deposits, therefore can be neglected.
The resultant map of hydrodynamic traps for oil, made in
congruence with Eq. 20, accounts for the gravity factor
(buoyancy forces) and the dynamic factor related with the
flow of the reservoir waters, as well as the influence of
4 IPTC 10925
variability of density of reservoir fluids and capillary pressure
on the location of the oil-water contacts and hydrocarbon
accumulations.
Fig. 7 shows a map of hydrodynamic traps for oil,
accounting for capillary pressures, on the background of the
structural map of the top of the Main Dolomite aquifer.
It evidently follows from the map in Fig. 7 that Pomorsko
and Czerwiensk oil fields have tilted oil-water contacts, with
the shift to the north, in compliance with the direction of flow
of groundwaters. Moreover, the documented original oil-water
contacts
8
are close to the contacts determined in this paper.
In the hydrogeological sections across Pomorsko field
(Fig. 8) and Czerwiensk field (Fig. 9), the oil-water contacts
determined on the basis of the methods described in the paper
are presented on the background of original oil-water contacts
defined by P. Karnkowski
8
.

Zarnowiec oil field. The Zarnowiec oil field was found in the
Mid Cambrian series, on the eba elevation in the Polish
Lowland
3, 5, 8
(Fig. 10).
Reservoir properties of the Mid Cambrian sandstones are
strongly variable both in vertical and horizontal plane.
Porosity values vary from 1% in the west to 28% in the east,
whereas permeability from 6 to 110 mD, respectively.
Deterioration of reservoir properties of Mid Cambrian
sandstones to the west can be associated with their growth and
their increasing quartzitization. Quartzitization of sandstones
depends on the depth of their deposition and rhythmicity of
clayey-sandstone interbeddings.
3, 5, 8

The average groundwater and oil densities in the reservoir
conditions were assumed as follows:
w
= 1123 kg/m
3
;

o
= 721 kg/m
3
.
To determine potential hydrodynamic traps in the Mid
Cambrian series in the Zarnowiec oil field, the following maps
were made: 1. structural map of the top of Mid Cambrian
aquifer; 2. potentiometric map of groundwater; 3. map of
porosity; 4; map of permeability; 5. map of capillary
pressures; 6. map of additional potentials for oil resulting from
capillary pressures; 7. resultant map of hydrodynamic traps for
oil, accounting for the capillary pressure effect; 8. map of
hydrodynamic traps for oil with superpositioned structural
map. Moreover, a hydrogeological cross-section C-C through
the Zarnowiec oil field was made.
The structural map of the top of Mid Cambrian aquifer
(Fig. 10) was assumed on the basis of work by E. Wojna-
Dylg.
3

The potentiometric map of ground water in meters of
column of fresh water in the Mid Cambrian aquifer (Fig. 11)
was made on the basis of measurements of reservoir pressures
in Zarnowiec IG-4, Zarnowiec-6k, Zarnowiec-7, Zarnowiec-
8k, Pianica-2, Dbki-4 wells, calculated for the column of
fresh water, according to Eq. 10. It can be inferred from the
map that the flow of groundwaters in the Mid Cambrian
aquifer is taking place from SE to NW direction. The
hydraulic head values range there from 305 to 295 m a.s.l.
The map of porosity of the Mid Cambrian aquifer (Fig. 12)
was made on the basis of well log data.
3
The map of permeability of the Mid Cambrian aquifer
(Fig. 13) was also made of well log data.
3
The map of capillary pressures in the Mid Cambrian
aquifer (Fig. 14) was construed in the course of simple
algebraic operations in compliance with Eq. 18, using the map
of porosity (Fig. 12), and permeability (Fig. 13). Owing to a
small variability of porosity and permeability of the Mid
Cambrian series, the capillary pressure values vary to a small
degree. The capillary pressure in the Mid Cambrian aquifer
ranges between ca. 1000 Pa to 1500 Pa.
The map of the additional potentials for oil, a result of
capillary pressure in the in the Mid Cambrian aquifer (Fig. 15)
can be construed on the basis of the maps of porosity and
permeability, following Eq. 19 or directly from the map of
capillary pressures, dividing values from the map by the
density values for the fresh water. The map of additional
potentials for oil shows the capillary growth in metres of fresh
water. Owing to a small variability of porosity and
permeability values for the Mid Cambrian series and the
relatively great granulation, the capillary height is small,
ranging between 10 cm and 16 cm. Therefore, the capillary
growth does not have a significant influence on the location of
reservoir contours and can be ignored in the further discussion.
The resultant map of hydrodynamic traps for oil accounts
for the gravity factor (buoyancy force) and dynamic factor
related with the flow of groundwater, as well as influence of
changes of reservoir fluids density values and impact of
capillary pressure on the location of oil-water contacts and
location of hydrocarbon accumulations. This map (Fig. 16) is
presented on the background of the structural map of the top
of Mid Cambrian aquifer (Fig. 10).
In the hydrogeological section across Zarnowiec oil field
(Fig. 17) the oil-water contacts determined on the basis of the
method described in the paper are presented on the
background of original oil-water contacts defined by P.
Karnkowski.
3, 5, 8

Conclusions
1. An original method of mapping hydrodynamic traps for
oil is presented in the paper. This method enables a
precise determination of the locality of hydrodynamic
traps for oil and gas. It accounts for both the dynamics of
groundwater and variability of reservoir fluids density and
the influence of capillary pressure on the position of
hydrodynamic traps.
2. To determine hydrodynamic traps for oil, the following
maps should be made: structural map of the top of the
water-oil-bearing horizon, potentiometric map for
groundwater, maps of specific weight of groundwater and
oil in reservoir conditions, map of porosity, and map of
permeability; then, Eq. 20 should be followed. The whole
procedure is reduced to a few simple algebraic operations
on maps.
3. The realization of the method of positioning of
hydrodynamic petroleum traps is presented on the
example of Pomorsko, Czerwiensk and Zarnowiec oil
fields.
4. The following conclusions on the nature of hydrocarbon
accumulation can be drawn from the above considerations
and hydrodynamic experiments on Pomorsko, Czerwiensk
and Zarnowiec oil fields.
IPTC 10925 5
Migration and accumulations of oil and gas usually
take place in the condition of waters flowing in a
porous medium.
The shape of the trap is determined by geological
borders of the strata, and the oil-water and gas-water
surfaces (contacts).
The location of the oil-water and gas-water contacts
is influenced by the movement of groundwater,
properties of rocks and of reservoir fluids.

Nomenclature
C = dimensionless factor of proportionality
D = effective grain diameter, m [ft]
g = acceleration of gravity, m/s
2
[ft/sec
2
]
h
o
= height above datum to which oil of density
would rise, m [ft]
h
w
= height above datum to which water of density
w

would rise, m [ft]
H
c
= additional potential for oil, produced by capillary
pressure, m [ft]
H
fw
= potential of water, m [ft]
H
o
= potential of oil, m [ft]
k = permeability, m
2
[md]
P = reservoir pressure, Pa [psi]
P
c
= capillary pressure, Pa [psi]
P
o
= scalar force potentials for oil, Pa [psi]
P
w
= scalar force potentials for water, Pa [psi]
z = elevation of the measurement point above the
standard datum (mean sea level), m [ft]
H
c
(x,y) = map of additional potentials for oil, a result of
capillary pressure, m [ft]
H
fw
(x,y) = map of potentials for reservoir water, m [ft]
H
o
(x, y) = map of hydrodynamic oil traps, accounting for
capillary pressures, m [ft]
k (x,y) = map of permeability, m
2
[md]
P
c
(x,y) = map of capillary pressures, Pa [psi]
z (x,y) = structural map of the top of water-oil-bearing
horizon, m [ft]
= contact angle of the oil-water interface at the grain
surface, degrees

fw
= specific weight of fresh water, N/m
3
; [lbf/ft
3
]

o
= specific weight of oil in reservoir conditions, N/m
3
;
[lbf/ft
3
]

w
= specific weight of water in reservoir conditions,
N/m
3
[lbf/ft
3
]

o
= density of oil in reservoir conditions, kg/m
3

[lbm/ft
3
]

w
= density of water in reservoir conditions, kg/m
3
[lbm/ft
3
]
= the interfacial tension, Nm
-1
[dyne/cm]
= porosity, fraction

o
= potential for oil, m
2
/s
2
[ft
2
/sec
2
]

w
= potential for water oil, m
2
/s
2
[ft
2
/sec
2
]

o
(x,y) = map of specific weight of oil in reservoir
conditions, N/m
3
[lbf/ft
3
]

w
(x,y) = map of specific weight of water in reservoir
conditions, N/m
3
[lbf/ft
3
]
(x,y) = map of porosity, fraction
References
1. Hubbert M.K.: Entrapment of petroleum under hydrodynamic
conditions, AAPG Bulletin (1953) 37 (8) 1954-2026.
2. Zawisza L.: Hydrodynamic condition of hydrocarbon
accumulation exemplified by the Carboniferous formation in the
Lublin Synclinorium, Poland, SPE Formation Evaluation
(1986) 1 (3) 286-294.
3. Wojna-Dylg E.: Hydrodynamic conditions of hydrocarbon
generation in porous media, Ph.D. Dissertation, AGH-
University of Science and Technology, Krakw, Poland (2003).
4. Zawisza L.: Hydrocarbon condition of hydrocarbon
accumulation exemplified by the Pomorsko and Czerwiensk oil
fields in the Polish Lowland, paper SPE 90586 presented at the
2004 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,
Houston, USA, Sept. 26-29.
5. Zawisza L., Wojna-Dylg E., Smulski R. and Macuda J.:
Hydrocarbon condition of hydrocarbon accumulation
exemplified by the Zarnowiec oil field, Poland, presented at the
2005 7
th
Offshore Mediterranean Conference and Exhibition,
Ravenna, Italy, March 16-18.
6. Berg R.R.: Capillary pressures in stratigraphic traps, AAPG
Bulletin (1975) 59 (6) 939-956.
7. Davis R.W.: Analysis of hydrodynamic factors in petroleum
migration and entrapment, AAPG Bulletin (1987) 71 (6) 643-
649.
8. Karnkowski P.: Oil and gas deposits in Poland, Geosynoptics
Society GEOS University of Mining and Metallurgy,
Cracow (1999) 380.

SI Metric Conversion Factors
ft x 3.048* E-01 = m
md x 9.869 233 E-04 = m
2
mile x 1.609 344* E+00 = km
psi x 6.894 759 E+03 = Pa

*Conversion factor is exact.
6 IPTC 10925





Fig. 1-Structural map of the top of the Main Dolomite aquifer. Pomorsko and Czerwiensk oil fields.





Fig. 2-Potentiometric map for the Main Dolomite aquifer. Pomorsko and Czerwiensk oil fields.

IPTC 10925 7





Fig. 3-Map of the porosity distribution for the Main Dolomite aquifer. Pomorsko and Czerwiensk oil fields.





Fig. 4-Map of the permeability distribution for the Main Dolomite aquifer. Pomorsko and Czerwiensk oil fields.
8 IPTC 10925





Fig. 5-Map of the capillary pressure distribution for the Main Dolomite aquifer. Pomorsko and Czerwiensk oil fields.





Fig. 6-Map of the additional potentials for oil, a result of capillary pressure in the Main Dolomite aquifer.
Pomorsko and Czerwiensk oil fields.
IPTC 10925 9





Fig. 7-Map of the hydrodynamic oil traps on the background of the structural map of the top of the Main Dolomite aquifer.
Pomorsko and Czerwiensk oil fields.





Fig. 8-Hydrogeological section A-A across the Pomorsko oil field.




10 IPTC 10925





Fig. 9-Hydrogeological section B-B across the Czerwiensk oil field.










Fig. 10-Structural map of the top of the Mid Cambrian aquifer. Zarnowiec oil field.

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Fig. 11-Potentiometric map for the Mid Cambrian aquifer. Zarnowiec oil field.






Fig. 12-Map of the porosity distribution for the Mid Cambrian aquifer. Zarnowiec oil field.

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Fig. 13-Map of the permeability distribution for the Mid Cambrian aquifer. Zarnowiec oil field.





Fig. 14-Map of the capillary pressure distribution for the Mid Cambrian aquifer. Zarnowiec oil field.

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Fig. 15-Map of the additional potentials for oil, a result of capillary pressure in the Mid Cambrian aquifer. Zarnowiec oil field.





Fig. 16-Map of the hydrodynamic oil traps on the background of the structural map of the top of the Mid Cambrian aquifer. Zarnowiec oil field.

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Fig. 17-Hydrogeological section C-C across the Zarnowiec oil field.

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