Ishka De Leos and Candice Wong Period 2 11/8/13 NHD Bibliography Bibliography Primary Sources Akai, Tatsuroo.

The Common People and Painting (, trans.). In Chie Nakane and eds. Tokuagawa Japan: The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan.: University of Tokyo Press, 1990. 167-91. This source of information gives insight on the commoners/peasants of feudal Japan and how they compare to higher social ranks such as the lords. Beard, Mary Ritter. The Force of Women in Japanese History. Washington D.C., US: Public Affairs Press, 1999. This primary source had documented evidence that helped us understand the great influence of women during feudal japan. This book looked into the responsibilities women had and describes the role women had towards family responsibilities. The contents in this book was collected during a women's movement in Japan. Due to this, we were able to conclude many of women's history in social and political influence. Beliveau, Richard. "Samurai: The Prestigious Collection of Richard Beliveau." Montreal Museum of Archaeology and History. Accessed September 30, 2013. http://pacmusee.qc.ca/en/exhibitions/samurai-the-prestigious-collection-of-richardbeliveau. This website article gave excellent descriptions on samurai's and their responsibilities during the wars. This article also displayed numerous evidence (pictures) artifacts that helped us understand the samurai's role in society. Though this article also explains the rules on what it takes to be a great samurai warrior, while also briefly explaining certain items the samurais used to complete their responsibility, like swords, shields, etc. Bix, Herbert P. Peasant Protest in Japan, 1590-1884. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986. This text refers to the uprising in the feudal society. This book has helped us understand the rules peasants during this time had to follow in order to make a living. This book described the responsibility of peasants and lower class peoples in society. Daidoji, Yuzan. The Code of the Warrior: Daidoji Yuzan. Translated by D.E. Tarver. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, 2003.

This book teaches the basics of bushido without going too far into any one fief's history or traditions. The Code of the Warrior is a clear and easy to understand version of the Budo Sho Shinshu. As a result, we learned that the principles of bushido still influence every facet of the Japanese way of thinking.

Deutsch, Sanna Saks, and Howard A. Links, eds. The Feminine Image: Women of Japan. Honolulu, HI: Honolulu Academy of Arts, 1985. This primary source also adds more details on women's responsibilities, including their role in society and how it influenced the economy. This book briefly described the rights women had in their family, society, and government. Elison, George, and Bardwell L. Smith, eds. Japan in the Sixteenth Century. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 1981. This primary sources gives a great overview on the rights of warlords, artists, and commoners in Japan. During this research, we came upon various detailed descriptions pertaining to their rights. Frederic, Louis. Daily Life in Japan at the Time of the Samurai, 1185-1603. New York, NY: Praeger Publiishers, 1972. Frederic explains a brief overview on the lords and clans that have helped us understand more of their responsibilities towards their communities. This book is very reliable and is a very short description of the influence of the lords and clan chiefs using their responsibility to shape the towns. Hall, John Whitney, and Jeffery P. Mass, eds. Medieval Japan: Essays in Institutional History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974. This book is a collection of essays documented in Japan. It has helped learn different perspectives on the good of rights and responsibilities of mostly merchants and many artisans. The essays described the same rights and responsibility in different ways which turned to be a really interesting read. Izumo, Takeda, Miyoshi Shoraku, and Namiki Senryu. Chushingura: The Treasury of Loyal Retainers. N.p.: Columbia University Press, 1971. Chushingura (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers) was the most famous and popular of all Japanese dramas, written around 1748 as a puppet play. This source told about ancient Japanese culture and tradition during the medieval period as well as it explained the morality of the samurai warriors and lords.

Keene, Donald. Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852-1912. Chichester, NY: Columbia University Press, 2002. This book touches up on the basic of the right and responsibilities of samurais and emperors. This also helped us understand the women's rights in this period as Keene wrote about it on a one page summary. It very useful on checking back to sources like these that have the same information to make sure that all data collected is correct. Kozaburo, Kikuya. View of Entire Suruga Region. Map. Tokyo, Japan: n.p., 1828 CE - 1859. World Digital Library. This map provides information on the entire region of Sugura, one of the most frequently mapped provinces in early modern Japan, and no doubt due to the popular attraction of the mountain and its significance as a sacred pilgrimage site. Kuniyoshi, Utagawa. Sato Norikiyo Nyudo Saigyo Yoshinaka. Photograph. 1850. World Digital Library. Library of Congress. This print between 1849 and 1852 shows Saigyo surrounded by men trying to prevent him from leaving his house to become a priest. The poet Saigyo(1118-90) was born into an aristocratic military family but rejected the warriors life and took orders as a Buddhist priest when he was about 22 years old. Miyamoto, Mushashi. The Book of Five Rings: The Classic Text on Strategy. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, 2003. This book is a Japanese all time classic that tells us about Strategy, Leadership, and Warrior philosophy during Japan's medieval period. Munenori, Yagyu. The Life-Giving Sword: Secret Teachings from the House of the Shogun. Translated by William Scott Wilson. N.p.: Kodansha International, 2003. This book tells about the legendary seventeenth-century swordsman Yagyu Munenori who was the sword instructor and military and political adviser to two shogunsand was a rival to the great Miyamoto Musashi. Despite his martial ability and his political power, Munenori spent his life immersed in Zen teachings and practice. Nakamura, Satoru. The Development of Rural Industry (J. Victor Koschmann, trans.). In Chie Nakane and Shinzaburo Oishi, eds., Tokugawa Japan: The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1990. 167-91. This reference briefly explains the development of the rural industry in modern day Japan and how to compares to medieval Japan. This source also tells us about agricultural development in early modern Japan.

Nakane, Chie. Tokugawa Society (Susan Murata, trans.). In Chie Nakane and Shinzaburo Oishi, eds., Tokugawa Japan: The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1990. 167-91. Nitobe, Inazo. Bushido: The Warrior's Code. N.p.: Ohara Publications, 1979. This book explains to us the persistence of feudal Japan's morals, ethics, and etiquette into modern times. Nitobe draws examples from indigenous traditions Buddhism, Shintoism, Confucianism, and the philosophies of samurai and sages to help further explain the culture of feudal Japan. Recreating Japanese Women. Edited by Gail Lee Bernstein. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991. This is considered a primary source because it had direct documents taken from Early feudal Japan. Many of these evidence are connected to the rights of women to society. The little power women had in Japan, and the comparison of rights women had against men. Sako, Yamago. "Shido: 1450-1750" [The Way of the Samurai]. Asia for Educators. Accessed October 20, 2013. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/ soko_samurai. Yamago Sako describe the way of the samurai that includes their rights in society. Many of which are actual documented excerpts from feudal Japan. Sato, Hiroaki. Legends of the Samurai. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 1985 Sato overlooks into the history of samurais. Our numerous sources for the research on samurai responsibilities and rights are a great way for us to look back and check if our information is correct. Seki, Fumitake. Legacies of the Sword: The Kashima-Shinryu and Samurai Martial Culture. Translated by Friday F. Karl. N.p.: University of Hawaii Press, 1997. This book source is helpful to us in examining samurai martial culture from a broad perspective: as a historical phenomenon, as a worldview, and as a system of physical, spiritual, and moral education. He uses his samurai ancestors, the descendants of the Fujiwara an retainers of the Kashima Grand Shrine to further explain samurai culture. Smith, Robet J. Journal of Family History. Vol. 3 of The Domestic Cycle in Selected Commoner Families in Urban Japan: 1757-1858. Standford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1978. This book had great descriptions of responsibilities of commoner families. Many of which were taken from documented excerpts in history. This book is very useful because of its detailed explanations on the life of a commoner.

Smitka, Michael, ed. The Japanese Economy in the Tokugawa Era, 1600-1868. New York, NY: Garland Publishing, 1998. This book is a great source of Japanese to English translations of the feudal system. It took the actual documents written in Japanese and is rewritten in English, so that it was easily read to help us understand the rights of the people in feudal japan better Suenaga. Suenaga's Mongol Invasion Scrolls. Photograph. Accessed October 20, 2013. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Mooko-Suenaga.jpg. This scroll illustrates the life of Takezaki Suenaga, a retainer of the Higo Province, Japan who fought in both the Battle of Bun'ei and the Battle of Koan during the Mongol invasions of Japan. Tsuenetomo, Yamamoto. "Hagakure, 1783" [The Book of the Samurai]. Translated by William Scott Wilson. Asia for Educators. Accessed October 20, 2013. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/hakagure_wilson_version.pd Numerous documents and excerpts about the samurai's are formed to make this website article. Like other samurai and warrior sources we have found, it explains and gives a greater knowledge on their rights and responsibility. Tsuji, Tatsuya. Politics in the Eighteenth Century (Harold Boltho, trans.). In John W. Hall and James L. McClain, eds., Early Modern Japan, volume 4 in The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 425-500 This source explains to us the law and political events present in early modern Japan. This also explains the political roles in Japan: Samurai (Warriors), Peasants (Commoners), Lords, and Merchants/Artisans. Tsunoda, Rusaku, Wm. Theodore de Bary, and Donald Keene, Sources of Japanese Tradition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958) This source includes other important information on Japanese culture in the 8th century such as readings on early and medieval Shinto, the tea ceremony, readings on state Buddhism, Chinese political thought influence in Japan, sections on women's education, medieval innovations in the uses of history, and laws and precepts of the medieval warrior houses. Wakita, Haruko, Anne Bouchy, and Ueno Chizuko, eds. Gender and Japanese History. 2 vols. Osaka, Japan: Osaka University Press, 1990 This book was published containing numerous documents taken from history. This book has helped us understand the rights of genders and family role. It also covers on the responsibility of being a certain member in his or her family. Yamamoto, Tsunetomo. The Hagakure: The Heart of the Warrior. Translated by D.E. Tarver. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, 2003.

This book is a manual for the samurai classes consisting of a series of short anecdotes and reflections that give both insight and instruction-in the philosophy and code of behavior that foster the true spirit of Bushido-the Way of the Warrior.

Secondary Sources Adolphson, Mikael S. The Gates of Power: Monks, Courtiers, and Warriors in Premodern Japan. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 2000. This secondary source is a book written expressing political influence in pre-modern japan towards the temples that are created and spread by monks, and their servants. This book examines the standards placed upon monks and warriors during this tie that may or may not have been influenced by the government. This gives a great insight on the roles of monks, servants, and warriors. Ascher, Marcia. Exploration of Ideas Across Cultures. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002. This secondary source describes and goes over the ideas of the feudal system and its basic rights. It has also helped us create and get a better idea of what our them should be. There are also documented excerpts from history annotated in the text that has helped us know that this source is valid. Author, Unkown. "Feudal Japan." Facts about Japan. Accessed October 20, 2013. http://www.facts-about-japan.com/feudal-japan.html. This article does mostly touch up on a samurai's type of clothing, though the author brushes on the responsibility of the samurai in the society. This secondary source helped us establish the tasks and regulations samurais had during Feudal Japan. Furthermore, this article helped us understand a samurai's perspective during these times. . "Samurai." In Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages. N.p.: n.p., 2010. This online website provided a great overview on hierarchy in feudal japan. Many of the research on the site focuses on the feudal system in Japan around 1185-1603 covering the social order and a description of their role in society. Bunce, Willliam K., Religions in Japan: Buddhism, Shinto, Christianity (Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle, 1955). This source gives information on the various religions practiced during medieval era of Japan; Shinto being Japan's oldest religion, dating back to prehistoric times. Also included is information on Zen Buddhism; adopted by the samurai warriors.

Butler, Lee. Emperor and Aristocracy in Japan: Resilience and Renewal. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University East Asian Monographs, 2002. This book traces the foundation of responsibilities of emperors, warriors, and elites. Butler describes their relationship and rights in society using numerous documents, diaries, and letters taken from the Japan. Bushido. (2013). In World History: The Modern Era. Retrieved October 20, 2013, from http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/. This source gives a brief definition of the Bushido code (the code of the samurai warrior). This database page tells us that the Bushido is a strict set of rules that governed Japanese samurai behavior. Both men and women from samurai families were expected to follow the code of behavior, which emerged in the 12th century. Collcutt, Martin, Marius Jansen, and Isao Kumakura. Cultural Atlas of Japan. New York, NY: Facts on File, 1988. This book contains multiple maps of Japan from different time periods. This source was useful to us because it showed us the overall region of Japan during the medieval period and gave us facts about Japan during its medieval period. Those facts included the roles of feudal Japan; lords, samurai, peasants, etc. Cunningham, Don. Law and Order in the Age of the Samurai. Boston, MA: Tuttle Publishing, 2004. The Taiho-jutsu is a great book that helped us understand the rights and laws in Japan. This books includes many historical evidence that shows the developments in responsibilities of warriors in Japan. Furthermore, many of these Cunningham's description explains the rights of samurai warriors towards the political system. Deal, William E. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Handbook to Life. New York, NY: Infobase Publishing, 2005. This book really described the responsibilities of the entire feudal system in Japan in great detail. This book basically summarized the feudal system and gave us an explanation on their rights in the social system and as citizens. Lastly, it taught us the contributions of military leaders including what they also had to do (responsibility). Distel, Zac. "Samurai Artifact with a Message." The Fraizier History Museum. Accessed September 31, 2013. http://fraziermuseum.org/ samruai-artifact-with-a-message/ This website articles adds on to a samurai's rights, also showed using certain artifacts. Many of these artifacts were painting and writings, but also included some actual items used by the warriors.

Feive, Nicholas, and Paul Waley, eds. Japanese Capital in Historical Perspective: Place, Power, and Memory in Kyoto, Edo, and Tokyo. London, UK: Routledge Courzon, 2003. This book develops the attribution of the feudal system to japan. Though this book also helped us acquire and shape our opinion on the everyday rights on the Japanese. The book talked about a large amount on the rights of powerful people like the emperors and warriors. Grossberg, Kenneth, Japan's Renaissance: The Politics of the Muromachi Bakufu (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1981). This book is a detailed and researched account of the regime of Japan's second shogunate, and also an comparative analysis of the political economy of the period with other Renaissance systems in history. The book argues that the development of shogun power in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Japan was similar to the evolution of monarch power in France and England during the same period. Matrasko, Cheryl. "BUSHIDO, WARRIOR CODE OF CONDUCT: The Samurai." Aikido World Web Journal. (1999), http://www.aikido-world.com/articles/Bushido-Code of the Warrior.htm (accessed October 9, 2013). This web journal gives a summary of the entire feudal period in Japan. The journal explains the Bushido code, samurai warriors, Zen Buddhism, and Confucianism influence in Japan. Milton, Giles. Samurai William: The Englishman Who Opened Japan. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux Publishing, 2003. This book explains a true story of a samurai's life that helped us gain information on a samurai's responsibility to it's empire. This book shows a unique description on a warrior's rights told through many documents and notes that were written during the early feudal Japan. Nakayama, Inaba, Kazuya Nakayama, and Shigenobu Nakayama. Japanese Homes and Lifestyles: An Illustrated Journey through History. Tokyo and New York, Japan and NY: Kodansha International, 2000. This is a secondary source that fully illustrates what families have to do in their homes. It mostly describes the responsibility of mothers, fathers, children, and servants during this time. It is one of the only books that we have researched that has given us a description on responsibilities and rights of each of the family members. Patterson, William. "Bushido's Role in the Growth or Pre-World War II Japanese Nationalism." Academia Education. Accessed September 31, 2013. http://www.academia.edu/1348502/ Bushidos_Role_in_the_Growth_of_Pre-World_War_II_Japanese_Nationalism. This is an online book that has provided us with more information concerning the Bushido role in society. This book gives pictures that clearly describe the actions samurai's had to do in

Japan and the laws they had to follow that limited their rights. This book has given us an illustration on what the feudal Japan looked like. PBS. "Japan's About-Face Timeline: Japanese Military History." PBS. Last modified July 8, 2008. Accessed October 20, 2013. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/japans-aboutface/timeline-japanese-military-history/1168/. This website includes the timeline of Japan's military history and gives a brief summary on the military history during feudal Japan, including the fact that once Japan unified in 600, the country was ruled by a samurai class during the Heian period (794-1603) and a feudal military dictatorship. Perez, Louis G. Daily Life in Early Modern Japan. "Daily Life Through History". Westport, CT: Greenwod Press, 2002. This engaging reference resource helps us find the answers to questions such as: What did common people do in their normal lives in 18th century Japan? What kind of work did they do? What did they eat? What tools did they use? What was "normal" and "natural" for them? and many other questions concerning the details of living in this culture during this time period. Reischauer, Edwin O., "Japanese Feudalism," Feudalism in History , ed. Rushton Coulborn (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956). This book explains the Japanese feudal system in early modern Japan. During that period local rulers, either powerful families or military warlords, dominated the land. Japanese feudalism was organized around a four-tiered social structure, with the samurai warrior class at the top. "Samurai and Bushido." The History Channel Website. Accessed October 20, 2013. http://www.history.com/topics/samurai-and-bushido. This online article shows documented excerpts describing the feudal system as well. There are also various videos about History of a samurai that helped our understanding

Souyri, Pierre Francois. The World Turned Upside Down: Medieval Japanese Society. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2001. This book also describes the life of a samurai during the transitional period. It briefly describes their complex society during this time and their influence towards the society. Szczepanski, Kallie. "Feudalism in Japan and Europe." Asian History. Accessed October 20, 2013. http://asianhistory.about.com/od/japan/a/ Feudalism-In-Japan-And-Europe.htm. This article is a comprehensive overview on the feudalism's history providing us more information on each of the social levels. Szczepanski also provided extra information on similarities between different feudal systems. Especially on the Japanese and European feudal system.

Tokugawa Period and Meiji Restoration, The History Channel website, http://www.history.com/topics/meiji-restoration (accessed Oct 20, 2013). This webpage provides information about the Tokugawa Period and the Rise of the Tokugawa Shogunate. From the beginning, the Tokugawa regime focused on reestablishing order in social, political and international affairs after a century of warfare. The Neo-Confucian theory that dominated Japan during the Tokugawa Period recognized only four social classes--warriors (samurai), artisans, farmers and merchants--and mobility between the four classes was officially prohibited. Turnbull, Stephen. Strongholds of the Samurai: Japanese Castles 250-1877. Westminster, MD: Osprey Publishing, 2009. This book not only studies the entire period of Japanese castle development from the very first fortifications, through to the sophisticated structures of the 16th and 17th century and beyond to the 19th century, but also covers the castles built to control Korea during the brief samurai invasion in the late 16th century and the development of temples and monasteries in Japan. World History: The Modern Era, s.v. "Meiji Restoration," accessed October 20, 2013. http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/. This database page includes information about Meji Restoration; a chain of events that restored imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. The Restoration led to enormous changes in Japan's political and social structure, and spanned both the late Edo period and the beginning of the Meiji period. World History: The Modern Era, s.v. Samurai, Retrieved October 20, 2013, from http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/. This database page goes more into detail about the Samurai and what their roles are in society. This source tells us that the samurai were the warrior class of feudal Japan between the 13th and 19th centuries CE. This source also goes into detail about the various clans of medieval Japan World History: The Modern Era, s.v. "Michitsura Nozu," accessed October 20, 2013. http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/. This database page provides us information about Michitsura Nozu, a Japanese field marshal and leading figure in the early Imperial Japanese Army. This gives us more information about the Feudal Japanese military during the time. Yamamura, Kozo, The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 3: Medieval Japan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). This is another source that gives detailed information on the history of medieval Japan. The medieval or "feudal" period of Japanese history, dominated by the powerful regional families (daimyo) and the military rule of warlords (shogun), stretched from 1185 to 1600.