Module 5

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS. TRANSFORMERS.

GENERATOR and FARADAY LOW

The EMF induced in a circuit is directly proportional to the time rate of change of the magnetic i fl flux through h h the h circuit i i

Synchronous y Generator

Diesel Generator

Synchronous generator
Main stator (armature), Main rotor (field),

Exciter stator (field)

Exciter rotor (armature) Rectifier assembly

Rotor Shaft

Main Rotor

Exciter Rotor

PMG generator

Rotating g Rectifier

Construction
The generator is made up of six major components: Main stator (armature) Main rotor (field) Exciter stator (field) Exciter rotor (armature) Rectifier assembly Voltage regulator.

Synchronous Generator

Exciter Stator

Rectifier circuit

Rotating Rectifiers

Rotating Rectifier

Rotating Rectifier & Exciter Rotor

PMG

PMG

Generator Excitation

Synchrounce Generator main components

AVR output D.C Into E it Exciter Stator
P2 -P3 -P4
X+ (F1) XX- (F2)

A.V.R
6-7-8

Main Stator Exciter Rotor & Stator

A.C Power & Sensing From Main Stator (2 or 3 Phase sensing)

Bearing

Main Rotor

Shaft

PMG Power Supply To A.V.R (When Fitted).

Rectifier Fan

Voltage Regulator AVR

Generator parameters p
Output voltage:
f T frequency (const.) stator t t phase h turns t no.(const.) ( t)

excitation ( field) ) current. So emf = k If , k constant emf is directly proportional to the excitation current If

Speed control

Speed control block Diagram

Power sharing. Load shedding.

PARALLELING GENERATORS
Back feed power from downstream. Condition of Synchronization between Generator & Grid. 1. Same Voltages g 2. Same frequency and Phase sequence. 3. Minimum Phase Shift Manual Sync. Automatic Sync y

Transformers

ElectricCircuits(1)
Transformers Transformers are electromagnetic devices that transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another by mutual induction. VS = secondary voltage VP = primary voltage IS = secondary current IP = primary current NS = Sec. Coil turns NP = Prim. Coil turns VP/VS=IS/IP=NP/NS

ElectricCircuits(1)
If a transformer has Vp= 240 V, Ip=5 A, and Is=10 A, then Vs=?? Transformers are rated for the amount of apparent power they can provide. KVA Rating= Vp X Ip = Vs X Is.

POWER TRANSFORMER
The transformer permits electrical energy to be generated at relatively l ti l low l voltages lt and d transmitted t itt d at t high hi h voltages lt and d low currents, thus reducing line losses. Transformers consist of two or more coils that are electrically insulated, insulated but magnetically linked. linked The primary coil is connected to the power source and the secondary tertiary coils are connected to the load

Transformer theory of operation and equations 1. When an AC voltage V1 is applied to a primary coil of N1 turns linking a suitable iron core . A magnetizing reactive current flows in the coil, establishing flux in the core 2. The flux induces in the primary coil an emf E1, by self induction to counter the applied voltage V1 and establish electrical balance. 3- Secondary coil of N2 turns is linked by the same flux, then by mutual induction, an emf E2, is developed in this coil.

Transformer theory of operation and equations

E.M.f. induced in transformers is by the following equation:

E1(primary) = 4.44 m F N1 Self induction E2(secondry) = 4.44 m F N2 Mutual induction where E1 E2 are induced e.m.f.( E1, e m f ( volts), volts) f is frequency of AC( Hz) N1 N2 are number N1, b of f turns., t m is peak (maximum) flux, webers.

TRANSFORMERS TYPES
Criteria Basedon Input,output Voltage
Step pdown TransformsHVtoLV

TYPE Stepup

Comment TransformsLVtoHV

Criteria
Basedon operation

TYPE
Power transformer

Comment
LocatedatpowerstationstoStepup thevoltage &handleslargepower. Typicalvoltageratings are400kV,220kV,132KV,66kV,33kV etc. Locatedatsubstationsofa distributionnetwork andhandleslow power.Typicalvoltageratings are11kV, 6.6kV,3.3kV,440V,230V etc. Usedformeasuringhighvoltageand currentin measuringinstruments

Distribution transf.

Instrument transf transf.

Criteria
Basedon location

TYPE
outdoor

Comment
Locatedoutsideonaconcrete structureoriron polestructure Locatedinsideashedonconcrete structure Inputandoutputsupplyareof singlephase Inputandoutputsupplyareof threephases (R/Y/B)withorwithoutneutral

indoor Basedon Singlephase connection Threephase

Transformer losses and efficiency As there is no rotating part in a transformer, the efficiency remains in the range g of 96 to 99 p percent. Transformer Losses are mainly classified to: 1- Constant Loss: this is also called iron loss or core loss, which mainly depends upon the material of the core and magnetic circuit of the flux path. 2 Variable 2V i bl L Loss: this hi is i also l called ll d load l d loss l or copper loss, l which varies with the square of the load current.

Current transformer (C.T) CTs are used to:- measure or monitor the current in the power circuit -isolate the metering g equipment q p and protection p relays y connected to secondary side. Remember You cannot open p current Secondary y terminal during Operation otherwise you will be shocked

Current transformers

Voltage transformer (V.T) (V T)

1- measure or monitor the voltage in the power circuit 2- isolate the metering equipments and protection relays

DC Shunt
V= R X I Output current is expressed in mV.

(C.T) & (V.T) connections