Name: ________________________________________

Ms. Fillingham, U.S. History

Unit 5: The Civil War Part III, The War Itself Graphic organizer to Part III of the Powerpoint PowerPoint available online: http://fillinghamclass.wordpress.com DO NOT TURN THIS IN TO BE GRADED! Use this to study for the first semester examination. Essential question for the Civil War unit: Was the Civil War inevitable? Questions in Sequence 1. How many states seceded from the Union? (Slide 2/14) 2. Explain the Battle of Fort Sumter, and how it was important to the Civil War. (Slides 3-4/14) Answers Notes OPTIONAL (feel free to use this space for your own notes)

Keep in mind that in total, 11 states seceded from the Union Four of these did not secede until after the Battle of Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861 (Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee)

The Battle of Fort Sumter A federal fort located in Charleston, South Carolina This was a Southern attack that marked the beginning of the war Basics of what happened: On April 10, 1861, Brig. Gen. Beauregard, who was in charge of the Confederate forces at Charleston, South Carolina, demanded the surrender of Union troops at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. Union commander Anderson refused. On April 12, Confederate batteries opened fire on the fort, which was unable to reply effectively. At 2:30 pm, April 13, Major Anderson surrendered Fort Sumter, evacuating the fort on the following day. Although there were no casualties during the bombardment, one Union artillerist was killed and three wounded (one mortally) when a cannon exploded prematurely while firing a salute during the evacuation on April 14. Basics of the Battle On September 17, 1862, Generals Robert E. Lee (Confederacy) and George McClellan (Union) faced off near Antietam creek in Sharpsburg, Maryland. The first battle of the American Civil War to be fought on northern soil. Though McClellan failed to utilize his numerical superiority to crush Lee's army, he was able to check the Confederate advance into the north After a string of Union defeats, this victory provided Abraham Lincoln the political cover he needed to issue his Emancipation Proclamation. Though the result of the battle was inconclusive, it remains the bloodiest single day in American history, with more than 22,000 casualties. Transcript of the Emancipation can be read in full here: http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation /transcript.html

3. Explain the Battle of Antietam, and how it was important to the Civil War. (Slides 356/14)

4. What was the Emancipation Proclamation and what did it

mean for the Union and the Confederacy? (Slide 7/14)

Emancipation Proclamation: Signed on January 1, 1863 An executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freeing the slaves in all regions in rebellion against the Union Tremendous impact on the public, but freed very few slaves Lincoln charged that slaves would be free in the south only o Freeing Southern slaves would weaken the Confederacy (Constitution did not give the President power to free slaves within the Unionthough Lincoln did ask Congress to abolish slavery throughout the land) Symbolic measurewhat did this mean for the Union? Not just about preserving the Union, but a war of liberation. The passage of the Emancipation Proclamation provided the impetus for the use of free black men as soldiers and, at a time when state governors were responsible for the raising of regiments for federal service, Massachusetts was the first to respond with the formation of the Fiftyfourth Regiment.

5. What was the 54th Massachusetts Regiment and how was this particular troop important to the Civil War? (Slide 8/14)

54th Massachusetts Regiment Prior to 1863, no effort was made to recruit black troops as Union soldiers. The formation of the regiment was controversial and gained lots of attention. Questions were raised as to the black man's ability to fight in the "white man's war." Andrew chose white officers who came from abolitionist families Although Massachusetts governor John A. Andrew believed that black men were capable of leadership, others felt that commissioning blacks as officers was simply too controversial Most famous for the attack on Fort Wagner in South Carolina in July 1863 Portrayed in the film, Glory, which we will watch segments of after the exam

6. Explain the Battle of Gettysburg, and how it was important to the Civil War. (Slides 9/14)

Battle of Gettysburg (in Pennsylvania) Military historians argue why Lee (Confederacy) chose to invade Pennsylvaniasome say that he was in desperate need of supplies (the Civil War had depleted Virginia of supplies and Pennsylvania had an abundance of them). Lee headed for Harrisburg (also in Pennsylvania), but encountered Union soldiers in Gettysburg. Three days of fighting: July 1-3, 1863 July 3: Picketts Charge (a Confederate disaster where General George Pickett (Confederacy) led a direct attack on Union troops A Union victory: about 51,000 casualties total (Union 23,000; Confederacy 28,000)

7. What was the Gettysburg Address? What were the five main ideas of the speech? (Slides 10-11)

Gettysburg Address (page 524 in your textbook) Officials gathered on November 19, 1863 to dedicate a national cemetery where the Battle of Gettysburg had taken place. President Lincoln delivered a famous speech where he expressed hopes for the nation. Five main ideas of the speech: 1. 2. 3. 4. Our colonial leaders created a nation based on equality. We are fighting a war to preserve our country. We are here to dedicate a cemetery on a part of the battlefield. What the soldiers who fought at Gettysburg did is the most important

8. Who was Robert E. Lee? (Slide 12/14)

thing, not what the living do to honor them now. 5. The living must dedicate themselves to finishing the work of the soldiers to make sure that freedom will survive and that democracy will endure. Robert E. Lee (1807-1870) was one of the most talented and successful generals of the Civil War. After graduating from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1846, Lee fought in the Mexican-American War, where he showed his excellent leadership skills. In 1859, he was in command of the force that captured abolitionist John Brown at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. Though he was against secession, he declined Lincoln's offer to command the Union Army, instead declaring his allegiance to his home state of Virginia. Lee commanded the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia At the Battle of Gettysburg, this turned into a disaster when Lee ordered a huge frontal assault at the middle of the northern line (Pickett's Charge). The South never recovered from the losses of that day, and Lee spent the remainder of the war doing his best to hold off the inevitable. He eventually surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. Lee is still remembered as a great hero of the southern cause. Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885) served as commander in chief of the Union army during the Civil War, leading the North to victory over the Confederacy.

9. Who was Ulysses S. Grant? (Slide 13/14)

After fighting in the Mexican-American War, Grant left the army, only to rejoin at the outbreak of the Civil War. His victories at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Vicksburg and Chattanooga convinced Lincoln to promote him to head all Union armies. During the Civil War, Grant was the only Union general who could equal southern general Robert E. Lee. Grant's early victories catapulted him into the public eye, and his willingness to be aggressive and fighttwo traits sorely lacking in many Union generalsallowed him to keep his post after a near-disaster at Shiloh. After a bloody campaign in Virginia, Grant accepted Confederate General Robert E. Lee's surrender on 9 April 1865. Grant later became the eighteenth President of the United States, serving from 1869-77. o Fun fact: Grant's subsequent presidency was mired in corruption, and he became caught up in several political scandals.

10. When and how did the Civil War officially end? (Slide 14/14)

The Civil War officially ended on April 9, 1865 when Lee surrendered to Grant at the Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia