CE304-DC603 Slides

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LECTURE 1 HILBERT TRANSFORM AND REPRESENTATION OF BANDPASS SIGNALS

A/Prof. Z. Zang and Prof. S. Nordholm Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering Curtin University Perth, Western Australia

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CE304-DC603 Slides

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LECTURE 1: REPRESENTATION OF BANDPASS SIGNALS

Review of Fourier Transform and Its Properties (See Lecture Note 2 of CE303)

G(f ) = g ( t) =

g (t)ej 2f tdt G(f )ej 2f tdf

With = 2f , in SS202 we studied the definitions of Fourier transform pair G( ) and g (t), together with all the useful properties.

Those properties lay the foundation for studying this unit. If you do not remember do a review.

All the students taking Unit CE304 are strongly encouraged to devoted a decent amount of time to review the recommended Lecture Note 2 of CE303.
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CE304-DC603 Slides Hilbert Transform

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Fourier transform is very useful for evaluating the frequency content of a signal.

It is used for analysing and designing frequencyselective lters for the separation of signals on the basis of their frequency contents. Another method of separating signals is based on phase selectivity, which uses phase shifts between the pertinent signals to achieve the desired separation.

For example, a common signal processing in communications is by shifting the phase angles of all components of a given signal by 90 degree.

The resulting function of time is known as the Hilbert transform of the signal.
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It is actually the following FT properties that are used 1 U (t) (f ) + (0.1) j 2f 1 ( t) + j 2U (f ) (0.2) t where U () is the Heaveside step function that is 1 for positive arguments and 0 for negative arguments.

Consider a real signal g (t) with Fourier transform G(f ). The spectrum G(f ) is dened for all frequencies. Now dene Z (f ) = 2G(f )U (f ) which has only single side band spectrum. The inverse FT of Z (f ) is given by 1 z (t) = g (t) [ (t) + j ] t (remember multiplication in frequency is convolution in time). The Hilbert transform of g (t) is dened by 1 g ( ) g ( t) = d. t
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(0.3) 3

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The inverse Hilbert transform, by means of which the original signal g (t) is recovered from g (t), is dened by 1 g ( ) g ( t) = d. (0.4) t Note that the integral in Eq.(0.3) is an improper integral because the integrand generally goes to innity at t = . The Hilbert transform is therefore dened as the Cauchy-principle value, that is,
g ( ) 1 t g ( ) g (t) = lim d + d. 0 t t+ t The functions g (t) and g (t) dened by Eqs.(0.3) and (0.4) constitute a Hilbert-transform pair. Also, we note that g (t) may be interpreted as the convolution of g (t) with the time function 1/ t, that is,

1 g ( ) g (t) = g (t) (1/t) = d t Recall that the convolution of two functions in the time domain is transformed into the multiplication of their Fourier transforms in the frequency domain.
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This observation will enable us to obtain the Fourier transform of g (t). For example, for the time function 1/ t, we have 1 jsgn(f ) t where sgn(f ) is the signum function dened in the frequency domain as f >0 sgn(f ) = 0 f =0 1 f < 0. Also, g (t) G(f ). Therefore, the Fourier transform of g (t) can be written as G(f ) = jsgn(f )G(f ). The above equation shows that for a given signal g (t), we may obtain its Hilbert transform g (t) by passing g (t) through a device whose transfer function is given by jsgn(f ).
1,

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This device may be considered as one that produces a phase shift of 90o for all positive frequencies of the input signal, and +90o for all its negative frequencies as shown below:

Linear two-port device with frequency response H (f ) = j sgn(f )

The above gure shows phase characteristic of a device for obtaining the Hilbert transform of a real-valued signal.

Note: The amplitudes of all frequency components are unaected by transmission through the 90o phase shifting device. Such a device is referred to as a Hilbert transformer.
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Exercise: Verify that Z (f ) = 2G(f )U (f ) where Z (f ) is the Fourier transform of z (t) = g (t) + j g (t). Example L1-1: Consider a cosine function g (t) = cos(2fct) From Table A6.3 (Haykins book, 4th ed) we know that the Fourier transform of g(t) is 1 G(f ) = [ (f fc) + (f + fc)] 2 Using this Fourier transform, we obtain the Fourier transform of g (t), G(f ) = jsgn(f )G(f ) j = [ (f fc) + (f + fc)]sgn(f ) 2 1 = [ (f fc) (f + fc)]. 2j The above equation represents the Fourier transform of sin(2fct). Hence, we may conclude that the Hilbert transform of a cosine function is sin(2fct). Exercise: Verify that the Hilbert transform of sin(2fct) is equal to cos(2fct).
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The Hilbert transform has several important applications, such as:

It can be used to realise phase selectivity in the generation of single sideband modulation (more of this topic later on).

It provides a mathematical basis for the representation of bandpass signals.

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Properties of the Hilbert Transform The Hilbert transform operates only in the time domain. The signal g (t) is assumed to be realvalued. Property 1: A signal g (t) and its Hilbert transform g (t) have the same amplitude spectrum. (f ) = jsgn(f )G(f ), and the ampliNote that G tude of jsgn(f ) is equal to one. Property 2: If g (t) is the Hilbert transform of g (t), then the Hilbert transform of g (t) is g (t) (verify this!) Note that a double Hilbert transformation is equivalent to passing g (t) through a cascade of two Hilbert transformers, so that the overall transfer function becomes [jsgn(f )]2 = 1 for all f. Property 3:
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A signal g (t) and its Hilbert transform g (t) are orthogonal (verify this!). Consequently,

g (t)g (t)dt = 0

and 1 T g (t) g (t)dt = 0. lim T 2T T Exercise: Intuitively this is obviously true since their phase dierence is 90o. Can you prove the above rigorously?

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Pre-envelope For a real-valued signalg (t), the pre-envelope g+(t) (also called the analytic signal) of g (t) (for positive frequencies) is dened as the complex function

g+(t) = g (t) + j g (t) where g (t) is the Hilbert transform of g (t). The concept of pre-envelope is useful in handling bandpass signals and systems. An important feature of the pre-evleope g+(t) is the behaviour of its Fourier transform G+(f ) given by G + (f ) = G (f ) + j [jsgn(f )]G(f ) 2G(f ) f > 0 = G(0) f = 0 . 0 f <0 11

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Fourier transform of of g (t) and pre-envelope g+ (t) (analytic signal) (same for positive frequencies apart from a factor 2 scaling)

Note: The pre-envelope g+(t) of a signal has no frequency content for negative frequencies. Now, the above equation indicates that if the Fourier transform of g (t) is known, then the preenvelope of g (t) can be obtained by inverse Fourier transform of G(f ), such that

g+(t) =
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G+(f ) exp(j 2f t)df = 12

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=2
0

G(f ) exp(j 2f t)df.

In a similar way, the pre-envelope of g (t) (for negative frequencies) is dened as

(t) g ( t) = g ( t) j g (t) = g+ (t) is the complex conjugate of g (t). where g+ +

The Fourier transform (or spectrum) of the preenvelope g(t) is given by 0 f >0 G (f ) = G(0) f = 0 2G(f ) f < 0.

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Canonical representations of bandpass signals

A signal g (t) is a bandpass signal if its Fourier transform G(f ) is non-negligible only in a band of frequencies of total extent 2W, centered about the carrier frequency fc as shown in (a) of the following gure.

Canonical representations of bandpass signals

In communications, the bandwidth, 2W, of a bandpass signal is usually small compared with fc . Semester 2, 2011 14

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For this reason, it is referred to as a narrowband signal. Now, for a given narrowband signal g (t) with its Fourier transform G(f ) being centered about fc, let the pre-envelope of g (t) be expressed in the form g+(t) = g (t) exp(j 2fct) where g (t) is referred to as the complex envelope of the signal. Note: The spectrum of g+(t) is limited to the frequency band fc W f fc + W as shown in (b) of the above diagram. Applying the frequency shifting property of Fourier transform to the above expression, it is observed that the spectrum of the complex envelope g (t) is limited to the band W f W and centered at f = 0. By denition, the signal g (t) is the real part of the pre-envelope g+(t). Therefore, the bandpass signal g (t) can be expressed in terms of the complex envelope g (t), such that g (t) = Re[g+(t)] = Re[ g (t) exp(2fct)]
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In general, g (t) is a complex-valued quantity, and can be expressed as g (t) = gI (t) + jgQ(t) where gI (t) and gQ(t) are real-valued lowpass functions. Generation of base-band equivalent signals It follows that the original bandpass signal g (t) can then be expressed in the canonical form, such that g (t) = gI (t) cos(2fct) gQ(t) sin(2fct) where gI (t) and gQ(t)are referred to as the inphase component and quadrature component of the bandpass signal g (t). Both gI (t) and gQ(t) are low pass signals limited to the band W f W. Except for scaling factors, they may be derived from a bandpass signal g (t) using the scheme as shown below:
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Generations of gI (t) and gQ (t) from g (t)

Note: Both lowpass lters are identical with a bandwidth W.

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Generation of bandpass signals If required, the original bandpass signal g (t) can be reconstructed from its in-phase and quadrature components using the scheme shown as follow:

Reconstruction of g (t) from gI (t) and gQ (t)

Note: The mapping from gI (t) and gQ(t) into g (t) is known as passband modulation.

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CE304-DC603 Slides Polar representation

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Also, the complex envelope g (t) may be expressed in the polar form, such that g (t) = a(t) exp[j(t)] where a(t) and (t) are real-valued lowpass functions. Based on this polar representation, the original bandpass signal g (t) is dened by g (t) = a(t) cos[2fct + (t)] Note that a(t) and (t) are often referred to as the natural envelope (or simply the envelope) and the phase of the bandpass signal g (t), respectively. Note: The above discussion shows that a bandpass signal g (t) may be represented in terms of its in-phase and quadrature components, or in terms of its envelope and phase. The information of g (t) is completely represented by the complex envelope g (t).
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The envelope a(t) and phase (t) of g (t) are related to its in-phase and quadrature components gI (t) and gQ(t) as follows: a(t) =
2 ( t) + g 2 ( t) gI Q gQ (t) gI (t)

(t) = tan1 Conversely, we may write

gI (t) = a(t) cos[(t)] gQ(t) = a(t) sin[(t)] It is observed that each of the quadrature components of a bandpass signal contains both amplitude and phase information. Both components are needed for a unique denition of the phase (t), modulo 2 .

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Summary of the denitions for the three different envelopes

1. The pre-envelope g+(t) for positive frequencies is dened by g+(t) = g (t) + jg (t) where g (t) is the Hilbert transform of the signal g (t). The corresponding Fourier transform of g+(t) is given by G + (f ) =
2G(f )

G(0) 0

f >0 f =0 f < 0.

Similarly, the pre-envelope g(t) for negative frequencies is dened by

g(t) = g (t) jg (t) The corresponding Fourier transform of g(t) is given by

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0 f >0 G (f ) = G(0) f = 0 2G(f ) f < 0. 2. The complex envelope g (t)equals a frequency shifted version of the pre-envelope g+(t), as shown by g (t) = g+(t) exp(2fct) where fc is the carrier frequency of the bandpass signal g (t).

3. The envelope a(t) equals to the magnitude of the complex envelope g (t)and also that of the pre-envelope g+(t), such that a(t) = | g (t)| = |g+(t)|. Example L1-2: Determine the dierent envelopes of the RF pulse given by t g (t) = Arect( ) cos(2fct) T Assuming that fcT >> 1, so that the RF pulse is considered as narrowband. Semester 2, 2011 22

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The Fourier transform of g (t) is given by

f >0 G (f ) = 0, f =0 AT sin c[T (f + fc)], f < 0. 2 From G(f ), we can derive the Fourier transform of the pre-envelope g+(t). Thus G + (f ) = AT sin c[T (f fc)], f > 0 0, f 0.

AT 2 sin c[T (f fc)],

Taking the inverse Fourier transform of G+(f ), we obtain the pre-envelope t g+(t) = A rect T

exp(j 2fct).

Correspondingly, the complex envelope is

g (t) = A rect
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and the envelope of equals

a(t) = | g (t)| = A rect

t T

Note: In this example, the complex envelope is real valued.

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