SALTS

Chapter 8

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Salts

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INTRODUCTION: SALTS
A salt can be defined as an ionic compound formed when the hydrogen ion in an acid is replaced by a metal ion or an ammonium ion.

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INTRODUCTION: SALTS
H Cl + Na OH
Hydrochloric acid Sodium hydroxide

Na Cl + H2O
Sodium chloride Water

H Cl H Cl Na OH

H Cl Na OH

Na OH

Na OH H Cl

TYPES OF SALTS
Generally there are two types of salt:

Soluble salts
Salt that undissolve in water (at room temperature)

Insoluble salts
Salt that dissolve in water (at room temperature)

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TYPES OF SALTS
Salts
NITRATES CARBONATES CHLORIDES SULPHATES

NO3All nitrates salts are

CO32All carbonates salts are

ClAll chlorides salts are

SO42All sulphates salts are

soluble
ETHANOATES

insoluble
except sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, and ammonium carbonate.

soluble
except silver chloride, and lead(II) chloride.

soluble
except lead(II) sulphate, calcium sulphate and barium sulphate.

CH3COOAll ethanoates salts are

soluble

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Four Reaction To Prepare Soluble Salts

1 2
Reaction between an acid and an alkali* Acid + alkali salt + water Reaction between an acid and a metal oxide** Acid + metal oxide salt + water

3
4

Reaction between an acid and a metal** Acid + metal salt + hydrogen

Reaction between an acid and a metal carbonate**
Acid + metal carbonate salt + carbon dioxide + water

* Titration Method ** Mixed together (acid need to be heated if necessary)

Preparation of soluble salt

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Preparation of soluble salt using reaction between an acid & a metal oxide

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Copper(II) sulphates crystals

Unsuccessful product of copper(II) sulphate crystals.

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Copper(II) sulphates crystals

Good copper(II) sulphate crystals produced by 5 PKM2 students.

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Purification of Soluble Salts by recrystallisation

Impure salts Dissolve in distilled water Dilute solution + Impurities Heat and evaporate to get saturated solution + impurities Saturated solution + impurities Cool it. Crystallisation process begins Pure crystals formed. Filter crystal out. Pure crystals Filtrate contain impurities

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Salt crystals characteristics

Geometrical cuboid, rhombic and prism Flat surfaces, Straight edges, Sharp angles May have same shape but different sizes

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Preparation of insoluble salt with formula of AnBm

Aqueous solution containing Am+ ions (cation)
Am+ n Bnm A nB m

+
Aqueous solution containing Bn- ions (anion)

Precipitation method
(double decomposition reaction)

Filtration

AnBm precipitate
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Preparation of insoluble salt with formula of AnBm

Example: Cation Am+ Pb2+ Anion BnIFirst solution should have Pb2+ (cation) and the other solution should have I- (anion).

To prepare lead(II) iodide, PbI2 we will need two different solution.

Pb2+
1 PbI2

I2

You can use any soluble salt containing Pb2+ for the cation, like lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2. And, any soluble salt containing I- for the anion, like potassium iodide, KI.
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Preparation of insoluble salt with formula of AnBm

Example: Cation Am+ Ag+ Anion BnClFirst solution should have Ag+ (cation) and the other solution should have Cl- (anion).

To prepare silver chloride salt, AgCl we will need two different solution.

Ag+
1

Cl-

1 AgCl

You can use any soluble salt containing Ag+ for the cation, like silver nitrate, AgNO3. And, any soluble salt containing Cl- for the anion, like sodium chloride, NaCl.
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Preparation of insoluble salt with formula of AnBm

Question: Cation Am+ Ba2+ Anion BnSO42-

1. What is the name of the salt?

2. Name one solution to get the cation, Ba2+? 3. Name one solution to get the anion, SO42-?

Barium(II) sulphate
Barium(II) nitrate / Barium(II) chloride Potassium sulphate, K2SO4 Sodium sulphate, Na2SO4 Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4

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Preparation of insoluble salt

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Preparation of insoluble salt with formula of AnBm

Using all the solution prepared, prepare the following insoluble salts:
1 2 3 4

Lead(II) iodide, PbI2 Silver chloride, AgCl Lead(II) chloride, PbCl2 Iron(II) carbonate, FeCO3

5 Copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3 6 Barium(II) sulphate, BaSO4

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Preparation of insoluble salt

Insoluble salt can be prepared by precipitation method. Aqueous solutions containing the ions of the insoluble salt are mixed together to form the salt. The insoluble salt is formed as a precipitate. The precipitated salt is then filtered out, washed and dried.
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Preparation of specified salt

SALT
YES

Is the salt soluble?

YES

NO

Use precipitation method Acid + alkali salt + water

Is it an ammonium, sodium YES or potassium salt?

NO

React with:
Acid + metal oxide salt + water Acid + metal salt + hydrogen Acid + metal carbonate salt + water + carbon dioxide
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