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Dielectric Response Measurements in Frequency, Temperature and Time Domain

Matz Ohlen, Megger Sweden Peter Werelius, Megger Sweden Jialu Cheng, Megger China

Insulation testing - 100 years of history


1889; First portable insulation tester 1903; Megger trade mark registered 1927; Wee Megger for DC insulation resistance testing is patented and released 1929; First dielectric loss and power factor field tests 1990; ABB presents first results on dielectric response measurements on insulating materials (NORD-IS 1990) 1993; Development of the first field instrument for Dielectric Frequency Response measurements is started by Dr. Peter Werelius 1995; First IDA (Insulation Diagnostic Analyzer) instrument delivered 1995 ff; The interest in using DFR/FDS for investigating insulation properties is rapidly growing and numerous papers on the method and technology are presented at international conferences 2004; CIGRE report 254, Dielectric Response Methods for Diagnostics of Power Transformers is published 2006; Project REDIATOOL reported at CIGRE, recommending DFR as a preferred method for moisture assessment of power transformers 2009; CIGRE report 414, Dielectric response diagnoses for transformer windings is published 2011; CIGRE report 445, Guide for Transformer Maintenance is published (FDS/DFR is listed as Special or Advanced Measurements)

DFR/FDS measurements on three different transformers

DFR measurements oil impregnated Kraft paper, moisture content < 0.5%

Kraft paper Tan Delta vs temperature

Frequency domain to temperature domain,


more than one materials (e.g. impregnated cellulose and free oil) DF(w, T2) = DF(w/Axy(T1, T2), T1)
Example (E-cellulose=0.9eV, E-oil= 0.5eV): Below is an example how a frequency sweep is transformed into temperature domain based on procedure above Below is an example how a frequency sweep is transformed into temperature domain based on formulas above

10oC

Frequency domain to temperature domain,


more than one materials (e.g. impregnated cellulose and free oil) DF(w, T2) = DF(w/Axy(T1, T2), T1)
Example (E-cellulose=0.9eV, E-oil= 0.5eV): Below is an example how a frequency sweep is transformed into temperature domain based on procedure above Below is an example how a frequency sweep is transformed into temperature domain based on formulas above

20oC

Frequency domain to temperature domain,


more than one materials (e.g. impregnated cellulose and free oil) DF(w, T2) = DF(w/Axy(T1, T2), T1)
Example (E-cellulose=0.9eV, E-oil= 0.5eV): Below is an example how a frequency sweep is transformed into temperature domain based on procedure above Below is an example how a frequency sweep is transformed into temperature domain based on formulas above

30oC

Frequency domain to temperature domain,


more than one materials (e.g. impregnated cellulose and free oil) DF(w, T2) = DF(w/Axy(T1, T2), T1)
Example (E-cellulose=0.9eV, E-oil= 0.5eV): Below is an example how a frequency sweep is transformed into temperature domain based on procedure above Below is an example how a frequency sweep is transformed into temperature domain based on formulas above

40oC

Frequency domain to temperature domain,


more than one materials (e.g. impregnated cellulose and free oil) DF(w, T2) = DF(w/Axy(T1, T2), T1)
Example (E-cellulose=0.9eV, E-oil= 0.5eV): Below is an example how a frequency sweep is transformed into temperature domain based on procedure above Below is an example how a frequency sweep is transformed into temperature domain based on formulas above

50oC

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Guidelines for DC insulation testing of power transformers (CIGRE 445)


Insulation resistance
Transformers > 69 kV Insulation resistance >1G @ 20 C Transformers < 69 kV Insulation resistance >500M @ 20 C

Polarization index (PI) Measuring the current after 1 and 10 minutes of applying test voltage
PI > 2 Good PI < 1 Unsatisfactory

Note: Polarization index (PI) was introduced to detect moisture in the winding insulation of rotating machines. For the complex oil-cellulose insulation system of transformers the PI results can be misinterpreted, especially if the transformer is new/has very good oil. CIGRE TB 445 and IEEE C57.126 do not recommend PI for new oil-immersed transformers

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PI measurement examples

Polarization current for a transformer with low moisture (1%) and new oil (0.1 pS/m)

Polarization current for a transformer with low moisture (1%) and aged oil (10 pS/m)

Oil conductivity Polarization index (PI)

0.1 pS/m (New) 1.5 (?)

10 pS/m (Service aged ) 4.5 (Good)

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Time domain to temperature domain,


single material (e.g. oil-impregnated Kraft paper) IR(t, T2)=1/Axy(T1, T2)*IR(Axy(T1,T2)*t, T1)
100

Example (Exy=0.9eV): If insulation temperature is 40C and we would like to have our 60 s Insulation Resistance at 20C. We measure our 6.2 s IR at 40C and divide its value with 0.103 (from formulas above). use this new IR value as equivalent for 60s IR at 20C

IR (GOhm) @ 20C IR (GOhm) @ 40C

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IR (GOhm)
1 0.1 0.01

0.1

10

100

1000

10000

Time (s)

This is Individual Temperature Correction (ITC) in time domain (patent pending) applied on a single material

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Insulation resistance and temperature correction for a service aged distribution transformer
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IR (G), Temperature correction factors


8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

IR60, G ITC TCF

T, C

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Methods for DFR measurements


DC (Polarization-Depolarization Current measurements)
Strength
Shorter measurement time at very low frequencies

AC (Dielectric Frequency Response measurements)


Strengths
Less sensitive to AC interference Less sensitive to DC interference Wide frequency range No data conversion No discharge necessary

Weaknesses
More sensitive to AC interference More sensitive to DC interference Limited frequency range (PDC only) Data conversion necessary (combined PDC/DFR only) Discharge before measurement may be necessarry

Weaknesses
Longer measurement time for very low frequencies.

Multi-frequency AC test signal reduces measurement time with about 40%

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Polarization current measurements Fourier transformed to Frequency Domain (FDS)

FDS data can be achieved up to about 1 Hz To reach FDS down to 1 mHz with good accuracy 1000 s polarization current measurement are needed

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Substation interference

Transients, corona and more High frequency switching noise (HVDC station) Induced AC (50/60Hz + harmonics) Low frequency interference (fluctuating DC) Induced DC (e.g. Corona discharge or HVDC stations)

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Interference levels in typical substations

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Magnitude of interference
Recorded AC interference levels from 100 randomly selected measurements Type of interference Power frequency AC DC 50% median value 0.24 A 4.5 nA 90% percentile 166 A 62 nA Max value 1600 A 70 nA

AC interference is in A and DC in nA. (AC interference is usually much higher than DC interference)

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Corona and DC interference

Corona is affected by wheather, especially humidity Corona is pronounced in negative cycle, causing a small DC current

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Corona contribution to DC interference


Measured DC current in previous experiment is about 20 nA -10
1s integration

DC current nA

-15

-20

-25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Number of samples

Average DC current measured under 1 second, 40 consecutive measurements

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Time and frequency domain measurements (test voltage 200 V peak) with and without DC interference
No interference +1 nA DC interference

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Time and frequency domain measurements with and without DC interference


No interference 1 nA DC interference

Moisture assessment @ 25 C FDS measurement: 2.2% PDC measurement: 2.2 %

Moisture assessment @ 25 C FDS measurement: 2.2% PDC measurement: 2.7 %

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How to handle interference


AC (FDS)
AC interference is handled by avoiding measuring at the interference frequency and use effective, narrow-band digital filters. If a data point at interference frequency is needed, it is interpolated. DC noise will not affect the FDS measurement.

DC (PC/PDC)
AC interference is handled by use of digital filters, however, narrow band filtering as in the AC case is not possible. DC interference will add (or subtract) to the measurement current and will strongly affect DF at low frequencies. Increased test voltage will reduce the influence of interference

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Improved signal processing


Capacitance (F)
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
-7

Dissipation factor (Tan-delta)


10

-8

-9

1 Reference: C: Reference 0 uA AC, 0nA DC C: 130 130 uA uA RMS RMS AC, -60dB Sine-corr. filter filter C: 710 710 uA uA RMS RMS, AC,1900 1900nA nADC, DC,Improved improvedfilter filter 0,1

-10

-11

-12

0,01
-13

-14

0,001

0,01

0,1

10

100

0,001 1000

Frequency (Hz)

710 uA AC + 1900 nA DC does not affect frequency domain measurements!

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Noise sensitivity for different DFR measurement techniques/methods

DFR Measurement Technologies Interference signals Low Voltage DC Low Voltage AC High Voltage AC AC (50/60Hz + harmonics) DC/VLF Sensitive Very sensitive Not sensitive Sensitive Not sensitive Not sensitive

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DFR measurement time at different insulation temperatures


DFR frequency range and measurement time (h, min) for moisture, oil and temperature dependence analysis in oil-immersed power transformers Insulation temperature range, C 0-4.9 5-9.9 10-19.9 20-29.9 30-44.9 45-59.9 >60 Recommended low Approximate frequency limit ,mHz measurement time 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 3h25 1h44 43 22 12 6 4

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DFR measurement time


DFR measurement time (minutes), 1000 Hz-1 mHz
60

50

40

30

20

10

0 1st generation 3rd generation Multi-frequency technique

Measurement time with different frequency domain DFR technologies Frequency range 1 mHz 1 kHz (20-30 C insulation temperature)

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Summary
Time domain data can be transferred to frequency domain and vice versa Individual Temperature Correction of dielectric properties can be performed in both frequency domain (tan delta) and time domain (e.g. Insulation Resistance) DC interference, caused by e.g. corona, may influence time domain data and will, if transformed, influence frequency domain representation. Such influence may lead to over- or under-estimation of moisture content Measurement time for AC measurements is improved by using multi-frequency technique

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