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Matz Ohlen, Megger Sweden Peter Werelius, Megger Sweden Jialu Cheng, Megger China
DFR measurements oil impregnated Kraft paper, moisture content < 0.5%
10oC
20oC
30oC
40oC
50oC
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Polarization index (PI) Measuring the current after 1 and 10 minutes of applying test voltage
PI > 2 Good PI < 1 Unsatisfactory
Note: Polarization index (PI) was introduced to detect moisture in the winding insulation of rotating machines. For the complex oil-cellulose insulation system of transformers the PI results can be misinterpreted, especially if the transformer is new/has very good oil. CIGRE TB 445 and IEEE C57.126 do not recommend PI for new oil-immersed transformers
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PI measurement examples
Polarization current for a transformer with low moisture (1%) and new oil (0.1 pS/m)
Polarization current for a transformer with low moisture (1%) and aged oil (10 pS/m)
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Example (Exy=0.9eV): If insulation temperature is 40C and we would like to have our 60 s Insulation Resistance at 20C. We measure our 6.2 s IR at 40C and divide its value with 0.103 (from formulas above). use this new IR value as equivalent for 60s IR at 20C
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IR (GOhm)
1 0.1 0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
10000
Time (s)
This is Individual Temperature Correction (ITC) in time domain (patent pending) applied on a single material
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Insulation resistance and temperature correction for a service aged distribution transformer
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T, C
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Weaknesses
More sensitive to AC interference More sensitive to DC interference Limited frequency range (PDC only) Data conversion necessary (combined PDC/DFR only) Discharge before measurement may be necessarry
Weaknesses
Longer measurement time for very low frequencies.
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FDS data can be achieved up to about 1 Hz To reach FDS down to 1 mHz with good accuracy 1000 s polarization current measurement are needed
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Substation interference
Transients, corona and more High frequency switching noise (HVDC station) Induced AC (50/60Hz + harmonics) Low frequency interference (fluctuating DC) Induced DC (e.g. Corona discharge or HVDC stations)
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Magnitude of interference
Recorded AC interference levels from 100 randomly selected measurements Type of interference Power frequency AC DC 50% median value 0.24 A 4.5 nA 90% percentile 166 A 62 nA Max value 1600 A 70 nA
AC interference is in A and DC in nA. (AC interference is usually much higher than DC interference)
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Corona is affected by wheather, especially humidity Corona is pronounced in negative cycle, causing a small DC current
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DC current nA
-15
-20
-25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Number of samples
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Time and frequency domain measurements (test voltage 200 V peak) with and without DC interference
No interference +1 nA DC interference
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DC (PC/PDC)
AC interference is handled by use of digital filters, however, narrow band filtering as in the AC case is not possible. DC interference will add (or subtract) to the measurement current and will strongly affect DF at low frequencies. Increased test voltage will reduce the influence of interference
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-8
-9
1 Reference: C: Reference 0 uA AC, 0nA DC C: 130 130 uA uA RMS RMS AC, -60dB Sine-corr. filter filter C: 710 710 uA uA RMS RMS, AC,1900 1900nA nADC, DC,Improved improvedfilter filter 0,1
-10
-11
-12
0,01
-13
-14
0,001
0,01
0,1
10
100
0,001 1000
Frequency (Hz)
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DFR Measurement Technologies Interference signals Low Voltage DC Low Voltage AC High Voltage AC AC (50/60Hz + harmonics) DC/VLF Sensitive Very sensitive Not sensitive Sensitive Not sensitive Not sensitive
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50
40
30
20
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Measurement time with different frequency domain DFR technologies Frequency range 1 mHz 1 kHz (20-30 C insulation temperature)
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Summary
Time domain data can be transferred to frequency domain and vice versa Individual Temperature Correction of dielectric properties can be performed in both frequency domain (tan delta) and time domain (e.g. Insulation Resistance) DC interference, caused by e.g. corona, may influence time domain data and will, if transformed, influence frequency domain representation. Such influence may lead to over- or under-estimation of moisture content Measurement time for AC measurements is improved by using multi-frequency technique
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