Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 13

MBT 413 Nano Biotechnology

Lecture 27

NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS

MBT 413 Nano Biotechnology

Lecture 27

Applications in Cancer biology

Immunodiagnosis using antibody-immobilized magnetic nanoparticles.

MBT 413 Nano Biotechnology

Lecture 27

Applications in Cancer biology

MBT 413 Nano Biotechnology

Lecture 27

Nanomedicine today
One of the great promises of nanotechnology is increased control over our personal health. Nanomedicine is a natural application for bionanotechnology. Drug designing Corrective therapies

MBT 413 Nano Biotechnology

Lecture 27

Nanomedicine today
Computer-Aided Drug Design Has Produced Effective Anti-AIDS Drugs Rational drug design is a major triumph of current nanomedicine. Steps in drug designingStep 1- A target is chosen in the pathogenic organism Step 2- the target is characterized at the atomic level Step 3- using this nanoscale information, a team of scientists engineers a molecule that specifically attacks the target, blocking its action. The team typically includes a biologist, who performs the characterization of the target and tests trials a chemist, who synthesizes drugs; and a computational chemist, who designs and optimizes drugs to bind to the target. Through successive cycles of design, synthesis, and testing, drugs are discovered, perfected, and then used in therapy.

MBT 413 Nano Biotechnology

Lecture 27

Nanomedicine today
Computer-Aided Drug Design Has Produced Effective Anti-AIDS Drugs HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) is a successful example of rational drug design. AIDS has changed from a uniformly deadly disease to a manageable disease in many cases, because of the nanoscale design of effective antiHIV drugs. Several of the enzymes involved in the life cycle of HIV have been characterized and used as targets for drug design.

MBT 413 Nano Biotechnology

Lecture 27

Nanomedicine today
Computer-Aided Drug Design Has Produced Effective Anti-AIDS Drugs The reverse transcriptase, which copies the viral genome into a form that is read by the infected cell, was the first to be characterized and the first that was subjected to drug therapy. Because it acts on nucleic acids, early drug design efforts focused on modified nucleotides, which are added to a growing nucleic acid strand but which have modifications that prevent further growth. Thus they prematurely terminate the copying of the viral genome, creating defective copies. Drugs such as AZT and DDI fall into this category.

MBT 413 Nano Biotechnology

Lecture 27

Nanomedicine today
crystallographic structure of HIV protease - true nanoscale design Began

Specific inhibitors based on the natural function of the enzyme were designed. It normally cleaves the viral proteins, clipping them into the proper sizes needed for viral reproduction.
Inhibitors were designed to mimic this reaction by creating a short peptide with an uncleavable bond at the site that is normally broken. The side chains on this peptide were designed to provide maximal binding strength to the protease active site. The drug molecule mimics a peptide, but once it binds it sticks tight and blocks the action of the enzyme.

MBT 413 Nano Biotechnology

Lecture 27

Nanomedicine today
When used in combination with inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, they form the powerful triple cocktail of HAART therapy.

HIV mutates rapidly and quickly develops drug-resistant mutants that evade therapy.

MBT 413 Nano Biotechnology

Lecture 27

Nanomedicine today
Immunotoxins Are Targeted Cell Killers Nanomedicine - more specific approach, designing toxins that target a single cell type, such as the cells in a tumor. a hybrid molecule that links a specific antibody, such as a tumor targeting antibody, to a cell-killing toxin.

an immunotoxin that will seek out cancer cells and kill them, while passing up healthy cells.
Immunotoxins are suicide nanorobots, designed to perform their single function one time, killing the target cell and being destroyed themselves in the process.

MBT 413 Nano Biotechnology

Lecture 27

Nanomedicine today
Artificial Blood Saves Lives Whole blood has a short shelf life and must be carefully matched for blood type. possibility of viral contamination Purified hemoglobin has many potential advantages as a blood substitute No blood typing Can be sterilized for pathogens Stored for 1 yr highly toxic to the kidneys Hemoglobin is normally a tetramer but dissociates into dimers when free in the blood. These dimers are rapidly filtered by the kidney, where it accumulates to toxic concentrations.

MBT 413 Nano Biotechnology

Lecture 27

Nanomedicine today
Artificial Blood Saves Lives Researchers have also explored encapsulation of hemoglobin within artificial containers, effectively building a custom, nonimmunogenic red blood cell. Hemoglobin has been successfully enclosed in liposomes. use of biodegradable polymers Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and metHb reductase maybe included inside the capsule. Hemoglobin is reactive and continually generates toxic oxygen radicals.

MBT 413 Nano Biotechnology

Lecture 27

Nanomedicine today
General Medicine Is Changing into Personalized Medicine a new paradigm of personalized medicine Based on the genetic makeup of each individual patient, therapies may be tailored To prescribe the most effective forms of treatment and

To minimize potential side effects with the particular variants of enzymes found in each persons cells.

Вам также может понравиться