The Nations of India at the Battle between the Pandavas and Kauravas Author(s): F. E.

Pargiter Reviewed work(s): Source: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, (Apr., 1908), pp. 309-336 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25210584 . Accessed: 19/07/2012 19:59
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JOURNAL
OF THE

ROYAL

ASIATIC X.

SOCIETY.

THE NATIONS OF INDIA AT THE BATTLE BETWEEN THE PANDAVAS AND KAURAVAS.
By F. E. PARGITER.

how the nations paper explains in the great war of India were arrayed and the annexed map the Kauravas, against the names of the by exhibiting position rpHIS peoples in different

and

tribes

of the and

the Pan da vas illustrates countries

the Pandavas colours, those supporting in blue and the and their Kauravas ink, being printed allies in red, while those which were neutral and all collateral details division It Dr. Grierson are printed in black ink. s suggestion in order It has been to ascertain prepared at whether the

has any to his researches is based are

ethnographical significance with reference into the languages of India. on the Mah?bh?rata. All the data entirely

from that work, and I have not gone even to the Hari-Vamsa, to supplement or of it, outside itself what the Mah?bh?rata To enter into says. modify of that encyclopaedia is no part of of criticism questions adduced taken the present discussion. it is to let the book all that
J.R.A.8.

The

aim for

is a much and of

humbler

one

it says
1908.

speak the about

itself, formation

to put together the two hostile

21

310

THE NATIONS OF INDIA AT THE BATTLE

The story, with its interspersed confederacies. explanations and allusions, is taken just as it stands, and the incidents are treated narrated of course, the miraculous) (excluding, as if real. It is only in this way that, in the first instance to estimate whether the account least, one can attempt in it yields of the great battle and of the nations engaged the of about information divisions any ethnographical at ancient Calcutta The India. edition P?ndavas The edition of the Mah?bh?rata Virata, raid of used is the of 1834. had delivered

king of Matsya, led the from the combined cattle-lifting Kauravas, and and the Trigartas, led by Su?arman, by Duryodhana, on Uttar? in his bestowed Virata, daughter gratitude, were son The solemnised Abhimanyu.1 Arjuna's nuptials at his there :?Krsna with princes kings the king of K??? and the king from ?narta, the Dasarhas to the P?ndavas, of Sivi, who were very friendly Drupada of Pa?cala; and Dhrstadyumna Sikhandin, Yaj?asena, who are not named definitely.2 and also others apparently exile had come to an end, As the period of the P?ndavas' the occasion was deemed a fitting one for them to demand and that they should were be restored to their former position, and negotiations Krsna and the P?ndavas opened.3 his attendant capital Upaplavya, came the following and in response to invitations

to allied closely and friendship, marriage, by consanguinity, his for he and they were first cousins,4 Arjuna had married were like brothers. and he and Arjuna sister Subhadr?,6 princes were commit did not then wholly his kinsmen, however, and to the support of the P?ndavas, themselves the home after returned proposed marriage.8 Drupada or at while their kingdom that the P?ndavas, demanding and
2 iv, 2348-76. was his father e v, 100. s Vasudeva's

Krsna

1 4 5

iv, 2313-47. Their mother

Prtli?

Kunt?

v, 24, sister.

etc.

i, SubhadnVharana-p.

BETWEEN THE PANDAVAS AND KAURAVAS. least five

311

to all the kings should send messengers villages, to solicit their aid, so as to forestall Duryodhana, according to the to the maxim that right-minded persons respond was That them.1 of who first those request importune who done,2 but Duryodhana, means their proceedings by also immediately afterwards.8 The himself kept sent of spies, informed out of appeals

was and his kinsmen of Krsna princes support a matter to each party, and Duryo of great importance to solicit to Dv?rak? and Arjuna each hastened dhana course. He joined the Krsna took a middle help.4 a large body a as non-combatant P?ndavas ally, and sent of warlike cowherds called N?r?yanas to fight for Duryo their (or families), Andhakas S?tvatas, Vrsnis, Bhojas, (or Andhas), were not and Kukuras, M?dhavas, Dasarhas, ?hukas, one in their at them of Most sympathies. altogether sided with Krsna and the P?ndavas, and thus naturally the and other princes actively Cekit?na, joined the Yuyudh?na, P?ndavas ; but Krtavarman joined Duryodhana,6 though no definite reason is apparent why he took that course in It may, however, to the rest of the Y?davas. opposition are while all called Vrsni, be noted these that, princes them is called alone etc., Krtavarman S?tvata, among a Bhoja.7 As a Bhoja, he would have approxi therefore, to the other Bhojas, who dwelt on the east of the mated with Vidarbha and so had connections Sahya mountains, The other princes and M?hismati. on the west side of those mountains all lived ; Krsnas capital apparently was dhana.6 The Y?davas and their tribes

lived in ?narta.8 and Yuyudh?na Dv?rak?, in from for aid, kings hastened In reply to the messages of set all quarters. out to Madra, Salya, king join the
1 4 6 T v, 70-89. v, 133-4. v, 570, 586-7, v, 5737 ; viii, 2233-4 1070, 2 5 v, 129. 144-52 s ; vii, 8 3255 ix, v, ; viii, 104, 132. 1077. 947.

; ix, 4065 ; ix,

v, 1969-84.

1623.

312

THE NATIONS OF INDIA AT THE BATTLE

were his sister's of whom the two youngest P?ndavas, he them before reached sons1 ; but Duryodhana interposed over won and earnest lavish and him by hospitality sides The took The other kings definitely. entreaty.2 came with an aksauhini leading kings are named, and each on the P?ndavas* of troops. themselves Seven ranged side ; thus the P?ndavas side, and ten on the Kauravas' their had with and the Kauravas had seven aksauhinis, own aksauhinis.8 army eleven it seems their names, because all comprised are mentioned combatants have in the to note is important that their to be implied It races of of the the come and tribes battle. course to have Each not long in afterwards

troops which No

the miscellaneous

fresh

appear

except R?ksasas must therefore

leading kings soldiers brought only his own from surrounding tribes summoned but also contingents is stated This his which overlordship. acknowledged to certain of the kings, such as reference with expressly and Sudaksina, Virata, Bhagadatta, Yuyudh?na, Drupada, seem would from such state it and list ; in the following from not only that the kings ments, brought contingents subordinate tribes, but also that some of them, such as Yuyudh?na leading Two had bodies and Drupada, on each side then were kings lists are given of those on S?tyaki5 of whom of mercenaries. these. side,4 and with of the S?tvatas, were from various The

and N?gas.

the P?ndavas*

Yuyudh?na they name?(1) an army of soldiers, many

countries ; (2) Cekit?na0 ; (3) Dhrstaketu, king of Cedi7 ;

; i, 3816; v, 199. to comprise is stated aksauhiiii and 109,350 foot-soldiers 65,610 cavalry, even numbers, camp-followers. including 3681 1 vi, 3 An 2 v, 172-90; ix, 310-11.

21,870 chariots, elephants, are impasible These (i, 293-8). in is given Another reckoning was commonly used that the term aksauhini it is stated where v, 5204-7, of trooj?. bodies for smaller the names with as more or less synonymous BHe was a * v, 2006, 7645. and 2233-54. Vrsni, v, 570-83 8 He was of the Vrsuis, vi, 3718-20. vi, 3715 ; and of the Satvatos, 7 Son of v, 5900. Sisup?la, 21,870

BETWEEN THE P?NDAVAS AND KAURAVAS.

313

son of Jar?sandha, or rather Sahadeva,1 Jayatsena, Dr of ; (5) upada, king of Pauc?la, whose king Magadha from various with all soldiers countries, army comprised who his princes and sons ; (6) Virata, king of Matsya, in mountain chiefs train and his ; (p?rvatiya) brought (4) (7) either the king of P?ndya with troops of various kinds or five Kai key a brother from the sea-coast countries, was chief3 is (for there princes,2 of whom Vrhatksattra a difference On of between the two side lists). king with force ; Pr?gjyotisa, son of Somadatta6 ; (3) ?alya, king of (2) Bh?ri?ravas, Madra Krtavarman with ; (4) H?rdikya Bhojas, Andhas, e and Kukuras and other kings of Sindhu ; (5) Jayadratha7 and Sauvira; with an (6) Sudaksina, king of K?mboja,8 and Sakas Yavanas of ; Nila, army containing (7) king with called from Daksin? M?hismati,9 troops Nil?yudhas Vinda and (8) and (9) the two kings of Avanti, patha; each with an aksauhini ; and (10) five brother Anuvinda,10 was chief.11 whom of the Vinda of Kaikeyas, princes
1 on the is named he is placed v, 577 ; but expressly, Jayatsena on and was killed that Kauravas' side v, 2503, vi, 623, side, by in the first passage would viii, 120. therefore, Jayatsena, Abhimanyu, see p. 316 below. seem to be an error for Sahadeva, 2 in v, 578-9, and the Kai key a princes in v, 2240. is mentioned P?ndya side and are often mentioned. former Both were on the P?ndavas' The was a reigning latter were and the ousted from their princes king, see p. 317 below is said to have led an ; yet the Kaikeya prince kingdom, ? vii, 972-3, 3971, 5021. vi, 3066. aksauhini, 4 with 2242-54 ; vi, 622-4 are corrupt. v, 583-95, 8 v, 5742 ; vi, 3730-4. He was a Bhoja, v, 2252, 5737 ; vii, 4429 ; and a S?tvata, vii, 3253. 7 He was son of ; and was Vrddhaksattra, vii, 6258-63 king of Sindhu, more v, 2186 ; vii, 6205-6. es?>ecially king of Sindhu, 8 5751. v, i, 6995 ; v, 5274-5. 10 be distinguished from two of the vi, 3651 ; vii, 3682-94. They must on the same side. of the same names who were The princes Kaikeya The two Kaikeya two Avanti vii, 3682-94. kings were killed by Arjuna, viii, 507, 521-2. princes were killed by S?tyaki, 11 See last note. v, 594 ; viii, 492.

the Kauravas'

were4?(1) Bhagadatta, in his and Kir?tas Cinas

314 Reasons

THE NATIONS OF INDIA AT THE BATTLE are these why those which various took one kings some to side influenced

given side or the other, and with the P?ndavas

Drupada, king so the P?ndavas' interested, Sikhandin,1 and and

may be considered first. and of Panc?la, was father of Draupadi, was father-in-law. He therefore deeply

him his ten sons, including brought with all the P?nc?la princes who were headed They belonged which Somakas,4 the battle. Virata, bound called to two families are often mentioned

by Dhrstadyumna.2 and the Sr?jayas5 in the course of

king of Matsya, was, to the P?ndavas by gratitude as already Krsna was, mentioned, and to the P?ndavas attached by consanguinity, marriage, had been his friends;6 close friendship, yet both parties and though he did not take an active part in the fighting as already mentioned, and intermarriage. the P?ndavas' cause, and advised and supported kinsmen Yuyudh?na utmost. His to the them encouraged were not constrained and Cekit?na7 by any S?tyaki6 and joined the P?ndavas with Duryodhana, connection he warmly with the all their forces. of his difficulty to take refused altogether.8 P?ndavas* brother Balar?ma, feeling more than Krsna, acutely position and withdrew in the contest part his other Y?davas there came to the But

With

any the

who was king of Kunti aid Purujit Kuntibhoja, was a of cousin Krsna's he for father, Vasudeva, r?stra,9 as his daughter Vasudeva's sister Kunti, and had adopted the mother A brief of the P?ndavas.10 account much events that are mentioned of political other influenced that of the reasons king of Magadha, had established

will kings.
1 2

explain Jar?sandha,

7494-5. v, 5100, 7397-7407, v, 2891. brother, i, 7174 ; v, 5100, 5152, 5324, 7598. Draupad?'s * ? v, 92, 140-1, 158, 5342. v, 64, 90. i, 7174 -, v, 661-2. 7 ? v, 5101 ; vi, 3715. ii, 125 ; v, 668, 5101, 5882, 7645. 8 had and Duryodhana Bhima Both ix, 1969-84. v, 5347-9, 5387; in the art of arms, his pupils v, 5163, 5922 ; vi, 834, 1740. v, 5346-7. 10 i, 4382-3.

been 9

BETWEEN THE PANDAVAS AND KAURAVAS. a supremacy and Central over

315

the kings in Eastern India, Madhyadesa, India, and his special adherents were ?i?up?la, the kings of Va?ga king of Cedi, Vakra, king of Karusa, was and Pundra Karna, (or Paundra).1 king of Anga, his ally, for he had given Karna that was Bhagadatta, king of Pr?gjyotisa, and called in Bhojakata of the Bhismaka, Bhojas king and of to submitted Jar?sandha, separated D?ksin?tya, king from his kinsmen, viz., the other tribes of the Bhojas.4 The Kurus under Bhisma were Jar?sandha's the Andhakas skilful the and Vrsnis were and kingdom,2 to him.3 subservient

in the west of independence who of families Bhojas, Only eighteen were under settled in the neighbourhood of Mathur?, Krsna's ascendancy.7 leading stood out against Jar?sandha's These tribes and unsettled many political developments in Madhyadesa, and some of them are said to nations In the turmoil have shifted their position westwards.8 some Dekhan.6 full Krsna found was of the Bhoja sandha and became scope for his Jar? race,9 married his vassal10 ; and strengthened by the and tyrannized in Mathur?11 alliance established himself over all his kinsmen. Krsna, forming a small combination, on and father Ugrasena killed Karhsa,12 placed Karhsa's Jar? the throne at Mathur?13; and this deed provoked sandha's took persistent hostility arms against him, him.14 against foiled but was for Jar?sandha a time. Kaihsa, genius. of two daughters who

Purujit policy.6 maintained grand-uncle,

allies, and into by subjection brought the P?ndavas' maternal Kuntibhoja,

up fled in fear Afterwards, however, Krsna and his adherents at Dv?rak?.15 to the extreme west and established themselves 1
4

ii, 571-84.
1115-16

2
; v, 5350-1. 7

iii, 15052 ; xii, 134-5.

5 v, " 14

3
8

ii, 579-80.
2054-6. ii, 590-3. xii, 12954. ii, 761.

ii, 585-8, ? ii, 580-1. 9 vii, 388. 12 ; vi, 2609. ii, 594-8 18 631-2. ii, 599-625,

ii, 589. ,0 vii, 387. 13 v, 1885.

316 When

THE NATIONS OF INDIA AT THE BATTLE the P?ndavas reign and aimed at and supremacy, they had to reckon first with and Bhima with Arjuna and Krsna killed s in the his son Sahadeva installed kingdom and Sahadeva made friendship with Krsna began their

independence Jar?sandha,1 him.2 They

then fell to pieces. The confederacy in Eastern The Angas, Va?gas, and other nations Pundras, India stood apart under of Karna, king of the hegemony in Pr?gjyotisa. became Ajiga,5 and Bhagadatta independent The a separate group under the of Cedi ; and Bhismaka of Si?up?la, king leadership to the and his became friendly regained independence, was Si?upala, then P?ndavas.9 The most formidable king son Dhrstaketu became and Krsna killed him.7 ?i?up?las followed and K?r?sa of he the and Cedi,8 king kings Cedis and K?r?sas formed and there was moreover lead; was mother for sanguinity, ?i?upala'8 mother Kunti.9 father and the P?ndavas' therefore Bhismaka's offered sister a bond of con to Krsna's The Cedis and

of Magadha, and the P?ndavas.4

Krsna's

K?r?sas war.10 married,11 afterwards either and

in the great the P?ndavas sided with son Rukmin, sister Krsna had whose and his support first to the P?ndavas but withdrew on not being appreciated by from the contest.12

to the Kauravas, at his own estimation

though placed than acquire more ; for two other kings of Magadha kingdom and Danda,13 who Dandadh?ra reigned apparently
1 ? 4 7 ii, 625-33. ii, 594-5, ii, 884, 902 962-6. ; v, 669-71. ; v, 5900. Nakula 2 ; v, 2325 ii, 929-30. ; xiv, 2436-44. 8 ii, 1527. 8 v, 5900. also married " He ruled 5366. 688-704. over v, fl

In Magadha Sahadeva,

itself Jar?sandha's

fall produced dissension, did not the throne, the western part of the are mentioned, in Jar?sandha's

ii, 1166-7. sister, i, 3831 ;

ii, 1584 ' ii, 1508

Dhrstaketu's

iii, 898. 10 v, 669. 12 v, 5366-87.

Bhojas

1881, 5360. and ?hukas,

two

tribes

of

the

v, 5350-1, Y?davas, "? ii. 1090-1 ; viii,

BETWEEN THE PANDAVAS AND KAURAVAS.

317

in the eastern part of the (which was Girivrajal are and from Jar?sandha's son.2 country), distinguished or had a brother, Sahadeva who Jayatsena Jayasena,3 seems some to have possessed Sahadeva sovereignty. capital, sided with two other his friends Krsna So and are also and kings, the opposite course.6 named Jalasandha,6
the same.7

Dandadh?ra

the P?ndavas,4 and the and Danda, took naturally did another M?gadha prince seems the to five have done

Jayatsena apparent

Kaikeya The princes and the P?ndya king joined the P?ndavas. former had been ousted from the Kaikeyas,8 for there was a contest two families between of royal each cousins, of five brothers.9 and consisting They had been worsted, were therefore in a position similar to that of the P?ndavas. The victorious They were also friends of the P?ndavas.10 close neighbours of the Sindhus, Sauviras, princes were and Madras, and would naturally have gone with them in the Kauravasu would ; the ousted supporting princes with the P?ndavas, and have sympathized in own the of their joined hope kingdom. regaining As the P?ndya there regards king S?ra?gadhvaja, to have been some connection his royal between appears house and Mathur?, and it is said he made friendship with Krsna,12 and was a devoted admirer of the P?ndavas.13 naturally them have

Similar

reasons

why

2 1091. and ii, 627-8, viii, 696; 809-10, ii, 1090-2. 8 * 120. v, 2014, 5325. v, 2014 ; viii, v, 5764. 6 for M?dhava read Magadha ; vii, 4573-92. v, 2504, 5793, where 7 he is said to have heen killed by Ahhimanyu. v, 2503 ; viii, 120, where are mentioned Both and Jayatsena in v, 2014. Sahadeva is Jayatsena named in v, 577, 2014 as having the P?ndavas, but this seems joined s The point, is not important is is important ; what however, were the M?gadhas took the P?ndavas' divided side ; the western and the eastern 1. the Kauravas' side. See p. 313, note ? 8 Or 168-9. v, 664, 2248 ; viii, vi, 3501-3. Kekaya, that erroneous.

10

12

in, 462.
1016-20.

? See p. 319.
,3 v, 667,

vii,

5918.

318

THE NATIONS OF INDIA AT THE BATTLE

now the to the leading who joined Turning kings the foregoing show in part why Kauravas, explanations those of them who lived in Eastern and Central India were hostile Karna and to the P?ndavas as follows. was an intimate advisers trusted of Duryodhana and one was ill his in it advice fact, ;l of G?ndh?ra, that forced on the friend and Krsna; and further reasons are found of his most

that of Sakuni, king He was also a determined rival in arms great contest.2 to led his own Anga of Arjuna.3 He therefore troops4 in of nations and the kindred aid, Duryodhana's brought Eastern under the Vangas,6 India, namely, their king Srut?yudha.8 king and also the Kalingas.

Bhagadatta, the kindliest afterwards

Jar?sandha

is said to have cherished of Pr?gjyotisa, P?ndavas7 towards the ; yet he may feelings for his been have induced by friendship
to entertain resentment against them and

Krsna,

It is stated, moreover and so to join the Kauravas. there had been hostilities that in fabulous form), (though between Krsna and Pr?gjyotisa.8 of the Kauravas of the strength Much lay in the assistance countries. which they received king from and to the north-western Jayadratha, Dhrtar?stra's of Sindhu and Sauv?ra,9 had had been defeated off Draupadi.11 for supporting

married by He

the P?ndavas had,

daughter,10 in his attempt the strongest therefore,

carry reasons

; vi, 1620 ; viii, 1275, 1732. * 5409-10. iii, 17171-2. 2303, 2414-16, 4 led by some of are also said to have been viii, 863, 877-81. They who would have their own mleccha 877-80), viii, (vii, 1142-5; kings vassals. been Kama's 8 son of Samudra&ena, is named vi, 4102 ; viii, 863 ; yet Candrasena, to have been side (v, 5911 ; vii, 1007) ; and they appear on the P?ndavas' iii, 17169 2 v, 631-8,

of Vahga (ii, 1097-8 ; vii, 1007). kings 7 ?

8

ii, 580. ii, 121 ; vi, 623, 657. ; xii, ; iii, 488 ; v, 1887-92 ii, 1567-8 10 9 i, 2744-5. iii, 15618, 15635.

12954-6. ?

iii, Draupadi-harana-p.

BETWEEN THE PANDAVAS AND KAURAVAS. and the have the P?ndavas. of them ten nations.1 He is said He

319 to

Duryodhana have had

opposing

kings specified, but, besides the Sindhus that among them were the kings and and Kulinda,5 Sivi,6 probably whom are said to have brought armies besides direction. ?Sakuni

probably it is mentioned

leadership summoned he had

would

to accompany him, and him.2 with They are not Trigarta,4 none of also Ambastha, or in separate aksauhinis of these them kings had in the same on. of his of evil for also one his uncle and Sauviras, of G?ndh?ra,3 it appears

to Duryodhana's Some help. reasons personal swaying They Saubala, and will be noticed king other of sons

in order

further was

Duryodhana sister G?ndh?ri Duryodhana's He genius.8 With him

G?ndh?ra, of Dhrtar?stra, He was advisers, in the

was most beat his

their mother.7 intimate

and was

Yudhisthira

came

son Ul?ka.10

and unscrupulous gamester, were given and Kaitavya

match.9 gambling was a As he practised the names of Kita va, Kaitava, to him and his son,11 and were followers.12 Sakunas were

also apparently applied to their no doubt his followers.13

had been, as already men Susarman, king of Trigarta, in the raid on Matsya, tioned, an ally of Duryodhana and had been beaten by the P?ndavas. He was, therefore, a bitter foe to them, and his nobles banded themselves under to slay the P?ndavas.14 in the way the Kauravas oalya , king of Madra, joined a lame described. That is rather already explanation one ; but, if he was one of the kings who looked up to Jayadratha, he may to Duryodhana's have yielded solicitation out of policy.
1 4 7 9 12 14 viii, iii, vi, vi, vii, 100-1. 15593-4. 748, 1731-2, etc., 3729. 2513. 5648 ; vii, 2 5 8 ,0 See iii, p. 313. 15594. 3 ? iii, iii, 15595-6. 15612-21.

an oath

ii, 2051,

689, 4808, 683-700.

; v, 2303. ii, 1718-23, 1762-5, 2510-13 ? vi, 3166 ; ix, 1528-33. v, 5412. 13 184. vii, 802.

320 The

THE NATIONS OF INDIA AT THE BATTLE other from and been the north-west were

Sudaksina, The case reason

leading kings of K?mboja, king the latter has

the Kaikeya

explained He joined the Kauravas. why Sudaksina one does not appear to have had any personal way feelings or the other; it seems probable hence that he followed is given Jayadratha's initiative. great assistance also from the and obtained Duryodhana of Central India, kings the two kings of Avanti. referred reasons

of

princes. No already.

Krtavarman, Nila, namely, Krtavarman's conduct has been

possible their tribes had settled their India. way They east and must

to already, but there appear to be no particular s part.1 he and One they took Duryodhana why with be conjectured. The Y?davas motive may inWestern south been into India, and were pushing Central and Southern and the and dangerous two kings the P?ndavas

have

troublesome

have may naturally opposed not does Krsna but this ; by explain Krtavarman's more than suggested above (p. 311). partisanship, the Only one leading king from Madhyadesa supported but it is to difficult make Kauravas, namely, Bh?ri?ravas, son of Somadatta,2 who was He was out his position. son of son of V?hlika,3 who was brother of Pratipa,4 6 All these, therefore, were S?ntanu and uncle of Bhisma.6 are said to have and Somadatta and V?hlika Kauravas,7 backed been an alive at the time of V?hlika the great is said it seems war,8 though to have resigned the

neighbours, of Avanti

and Nila

at M?hismati

impossibility. to his younger brother S?ntanu of the Kurus kingdom his uncle's maternal to have to and gone family, where a very Now his he inherited prosperous kingdom.9
1 2

with It is said Nila had had hostilities v, 5752. Sahadeva, 5 v, 2206, 3402 ; vii, 6931-2. v, 5742 ; vi, 3730-4. 8 ? 4 ; v, 5055. v, 693 ; vii, 6934. i, 3797-8 i, 3800, 4425. 8 7 693-4 6929-34. 106. v, ; vii, vii, 6006-7, viii, 7230; 9 of succession ? the mother this an instance Was v, 5053-68. through side by side. If so, the story shows both forms of succession existing

BETWEEN THE P?NDAVAS AND KAURAVAS. mother was a

321

presumably to be no Other

therefore, Saivya princess,1 and he would, have become king of Sivi ; but there appear the Sivis. him with indications connecting

thus a king ?ivi or of Sivi are mentioned: kings on to the is P?ndavas' referred side,2 and Gov?sana ?aivya is named on the Kauravas' side.3 There was also Saivya

a people as will be noticed or V?hlikas, called V?hlikas on. name is very striking, further The of similarity common names in the Mah? in is yet similarity stress cannot be laid on it so as to bh?rata,4 and much was king of the V?hlika race. that king V?hlika prove dwelt the Sala Bh?ri?ravas' brother among younger V?hlikas6; attended have then, some were been and one yet a V?hlika king or V?hlika is said to have Draupadi's V?hlika This could hardly svayamvara.6 for he was a very old man himself, was if it was not he, then the V?hlika king be offered about remarks will else. Further

and it seems on the whole the V?hlikas, that the V?hlikas and from king V?hlika his grandson different Wherever Bh?risravas' Bh?ri?ravas. may have kingdom as take of Kaurava been, he might, lineage, naturally

the negotiations that part ;7 and throughout Duryodhana's and Bh?risravas the battle V?hlika, Somadatta, preceded as closely are represented the Kaurava with connected
Court.

other kings Besides the foregoing leading kings, many in the and princes and many other peoples are mentioned on one side or the other. as fighting course of hostilities in order to these particulars It is necessary to examine complete arrayed
1 i, 3797.

the

list

of side.

countries This,

on each
2

peoples is not however,

and

which always
3

were easy,
vi, 655. the

v, 5707 ; vi, 834, 2079, 2088 ; vii, 6698. both Vinda and Anuvinda, two princes named E.g. and the Kaikeyas Avantis ; see p. 313. 6 6 vi, 750 ; vii, 5997, 6002. i, 7001. 7 See also v, 4350. 4

among

322 because both

THE NATIONS OF INDIA AT THE BATTLE verbal errors

have crept into the text as regards of kings and the names of people. Some times two kings had the same name or names almost alike ; names which might different moreover, easily peoples had in what be confused. of this will be mentioned Instances the names follows. and people on the P?ndavas' princes, kings, side may be taken first. We may put aside such warriors as Ksattradharman,4 Ksattradeva,3 Amitaujas,1 Jayanta,2 or and Uttamaujas,6 Susarman Satyajit,6 Yudh?manyu were all of whom P?nc?la Sudhanvan,7 rather, apparently, on and ; ?at? Dhrstadyumna attending Drupada princes were and who Sankha,10 nika,8 Madir?ksa,9 S?ryadatta,11 The other who appears Virata's to have been An?dhrsti,12 relatives; a Y?dava relatives the other of and ; royal leading kings. other kings are mentioned of whom it is difficult Certain as who to assert anything such Drdhadhanvan,13 precise, was a Paurava, and brought the Pauravas w ; Rocam?na16 Saucitti17 ; (or rather two kings of this name16) ; Satyadhrti were Krodhahantr18 and who of Sen?vindu Srenimat,19 Kuru and Citr?yudha.20 remain certain There lineage; who well-known territories. had kings side were Abhibh?,21 Thus, on the P?ndavas' king of of P?rhsur?strau ; K??i,22 and his son23; Vasud?na, king
1 4 8 8 10 v, 12 14 18 v, 5903. vi, 4152 v, 7624, iv, 1011 iv, 1015; 2 ; vii, 7638 953-4. v, 5903. 5 s v, 5902, 7646 ; vii, 5916. ; vi, 5555 ; v, 2237. v, 2237. 955, ; vii, 974. 1002.

; vi, 714, ; vi, 5541. v, 2237;

835.

v, 5903, 7 v, 5163 1012 " " v,

was a P?ncala, viii, apparently a Cedi, viii, 2740. 18 17 182. v, 5912; viii, v, 5910, 7649 ; vi, 4151 ; vii, 990. ? 19 v, 5909 ; vii, 1003. v, 5101, 5919, 7650; vii, 990. 21 v, 2007 : vi, 2117 ; vii, 3528. 22 Kasi v, 5906-7 ; K?aya, v, 5915, 7650 ; vi, 846, raja, vi, S34 ; K?aika, is sometimes confused with Kniicya. This 4151 ; vii, 976. ? -? ; v, 5101, 5919; ii, 1884-5 v, 7650 ; vi, 4151 ; vii, 990. vii, 990.

vi, 2081, 2415. 170. One viii,

iv, vi, 2010. 5164. 18

1014; i, 6995 ; v, 5919. v, 5921. 2736 ; and the other

BETWEEN THE PANDAVAS AND KAURAVAS. Citrasena, whose of Abhis?ra1; is not clear. and No that some

323

king

?aivya

position be given as to the motives

explanations these swayed of

appear kings,

prince2 to yet The

may be suggested something was Jar?sandha's K??? of king have felt the full

power he may have made his Krsna and the P?ndavas, for it is said that deliverers, a close friend Babhru of formed K??i, (Abhibh? ?), king Krsna.3 a K??i with And Bhima besides had married ship princess.4 In this connection are mentioned notice

conjecture. and must neighbour of his arm, and it is possible choice out of gratitude to his

by way nearest

must be taken of the Kosalas. as both on the P?ndavas' They fighting on side6 and also or the opposite side.6 Vrhadbala is named as king of Kosala Vrhadratha at this time,7 but the Solar dynasty plays a small part in this great contest, seem to have suffered an and would this eclipse during would This have been caused Jar? period. probably by sandha's His power would have borne most supremacy. and it is said that hardly on the eastern part of Kosala, the Eastern Kosalas own their abandoned territory through fear of him, and migrated southward.8 Eastern Kosalas, are mentioned in the Southern moreover, and region, a Kosala is to in a referred with king conjunction king on the Ven va (Wainganga).9 we not dwelling May attribute the growth or Daksinakosala of Mah?kosala to such causes ? And I would further that the suggest connection between the two Kosalas R?ma's from began time, for Rama spent ten years of his exile at a hermitage, seems (from such indications which as exist) to have been situated somewhere in Chattisgarh.10 K??i plays a more than Kosala in the Mah?bh?rata, and important part
1 4 viii, 526-7, i, 3829. 540-1. 2 See p. 327 below. 5 vii, 877, 1004, 5069; 8 9 ii, 590-2. ed. Gorr. xv, 5-28, 3 v, 806-7. fl viii, 864. 1117.

7 See p. 326 below. 10 Aran.-k., R?m?y.,

viii, ii,

459.

324 would

THE NATIONS OF INDIA AT THE BATTLE seem to have

Jar?sandhas

influence after considerable regained so that have it may downfall, acquired over Eastern Kosala, and it is worthy of notice supremacy on the are mentioned as fighting that where Kosalas P?ndavas' side they are sometimes the Ka?is. joined with but a body the Kauravas,1 king of Kosala went with of Kosalas, from eastern of the the probably portion came to the P?ndavas' also country, help, and probably so in connection with the king of K?si. They were led by a chief of their own.2 A large number of miscellaneous on the P?ndavas' to their

The

did

races are also mentioned

is made side, and, as no special allusion as already or chiefs, seem would it that, kings summoned of contingents noticed, they consisted merely at the If so, their appearance their overlords. to attend battle would not have any ethnological They significance. :? are the following ' This word means The Prabhadrakas. very handsome.' 3 or in to P??c?las,4 itself It is used generally by apposition once once and with with but ; and K?mbojas6 Kekayas5 seems the word It once again it is used with 'youths.'7 to mean a band itself appears Pataccaras.8 and so would chiefs the P?ndavas. mountain to refer especially. connected with the Matsyas,9 They were the Matsyas' lead in joining have followed The Matsya is said king in his train10 ; they must to have have brought come from of youthful nobles; to the P?ne?las and where used by

the northern part of the P?rip?tra Mountains (the Aravalli and such the Pataccaras may have been. Hills), on the as Dasfirnas.11 They are also mentioned being that is because but Kauravas' erroneous, side,12 probably
* 2 v, 7635 ; vi, vii, 1004. p. 326 below. 5 2416. 5895 ; vi, 2022. vi, v, 2264, 5153, 8 7 6 v, 1842. vi, 2081. vii, 992. 10 9 See p. 313. 1108 ; iv, 11-12. ii, 590-1, 12 11 vi, 2102 ; viii, 864. v, 4749. 1 See 4 5190 ; vii, 1026.

BETWEEN THE PANDAVAS AND KAURAVAS.

325

their king is said to have been on the P?ndavas' side,1 and for him to take that course. it would have been natural son ?ikhandin of the the daughter married Drupada's Dasarna king,2 and the Dasarnas king of Cedi would as the acknowledged his army. joined probably their suzerain, have and

and K??icyas Dr?vidas,3 Colas,4 Keralas,6 (or people of 6 are also and last of these first the and mentioned, Ka?c?) are also mentioned on the side.7 None of these opposite names represent peoples, are of mere and either real significance, of contingents because troops they probably from such drawn may army side.8 have or in been that

comprised of king Nila, o?lveyas

such contingents in the P?ndya king's or even in both. any on the P?ndavas'

also were

different from the Salvas (who will apparently and had been allies of the Kauravas' the allies), among 9 follow the Matsyas' thus ; Matsyas they might naturally
lead.

They were be noticed

on the of petty tribes are also mentioned and Madakas,11 side, namely, N?kulas,10 Ladakas V?hikas,16 and Hundas,12 Saravas,13 Tittiras,14 Tumbumas,16 on are both sides, while mentioned others ; Tanganas17 and K iratas,19 Kulindas,20 Nis?das,21 namely, D?serakas,18 ** or Kaundivrsas.23 and V?hikas Kund?visas The T?nganas came The of India. from the outer northern frontiers A number P?ndavas'
1 4 8 8 7 vi, 2080, viii, 455 viii, viii, 455. 459 here. 972. 2081. 2084. ; vi, 753. 4271-6. ; vi, 2084, where v, 7418-20. Codhras should 2 3 probably viii, 454, be Colas. 2304.

or Ka?yas should be read K??is ; but probably 8 9 v, 5510, 5555. v, 2138, 5652. iv, 10 " 12 vi, 2084. vi, 2083. vi, " 18 14 vi, 2084. vi, 2084. vi, 18 ? vi, 2084. vi, 2083. 18 ,9 vi, 2080 ; and 2409, 5483. vi, 2080 ; and v, 584, 7609 20 viii, 4308, etc. ; and 4328. 21 5484 ; viii, 779. vi, 2081 ; viii, 2304 ; and vi, 2239-49, 22 ? vi, 2083. vi, 2410. J.R.A.8. 1908.

22

326 Kulindas

THE NATIONS OF INDIA AT THE BATTLE and Kir?tas from the southern slopes of the occupied from about Kulu eastward to Nepal, All these there to the extreme east. bands which to the followed side, P?ndavas' Drupada or bands came

Himalayas, and the latter

the former

tribes may have or the Kaikeya on the other from the well side.

furnished princes

which attended the kings of Trigarta and Pr?gjyotisa

Tumbumas Mountains, the Avantis. localized some and Nis?das probably the Vindhya or K?r?sas cannot have be owned and may have accompanied The rest of these petty but may except conjecturally,

tribes

and so kings, leading are of None of them, however, importance the other kings We may next consider the Kauravas' Drona,
r?stras

to one or other of the allegiance to attend. been have summoned in this inquiry. on and peoples we also may put aside Bhisma, and others, who were Dhrta
and all his sons.

side.

Here
and

Krpa,

Aavatth?man, India their

grand-uncle

ministers,

From

Eastern under

came

the Kalingas,

who who

are often

has been mentioned,1 king Srut?yudha, 2 also The to referred Karna, already. Va?gas accompanied also contingents from the Paundras them went and with and Utkalas,6 Mundas,6 (or Pundras),8 T?mraliptakas,4 Maladas.7 above. have been mentioned Eastern M?gadhas these may be included under the term Pr?cyas,8 which appears to be used in its general meaning.9 came the Kosalas10 under their king From Madhyade?a u or as mentioned Vrhadbala Vrhadratha,12 above,13 and with some Videhas14 and Vrkas.16 them were probably associated The Ail The Vatsas allies.
1

must

also be

included

among

the Kauravas' are more

864, 882.

They

are mentioned,

though Matsyas

often
882.

2409, 3132, 5483 ; viii, 2249-50, vi, 662, 668, 670, 2230-4, 4 * See p. 318 above. viii, 863, vii, 802 ; viii, 863. 6 7 8 2410. 882. vii, 183. vi, viii, 8 v, 5510, 5555 ; vi, 664, 689, 2141, 2584, 2646 ; viii, 863. ,0 See p. 330, note 7. viii, 864 viii, 138. ,2 11 5325. 5765 ; vi, 1683-4, v, 7612. v, 3534, 3855, 15 14 ? See p. 323. vi, 2106. vi, 5483. 2

; vi,

3855.

BETWEEN THE PANDAVAS AND KAURAVAS. named.1 is probably a mistake, The because name Vatsa and as would

327

Matsya

the Matsyas should it no

with their king Virata were deeply pledged to the P?ndavas'

above.2 support as explained be read in all these doubt written The they and Vateya3 Vatsya and Vatsabh?mi Vatsas4 were an important passages, the confusion are and is also be easy. 6

nation,

correctly their king

mentioned

attended

Draupadi's

svayamvara.6

are a people often named on the Kauravas' The ??rasenas with Mathur?, and side.7 connected They were closely in both Karhsa, who and his Mathur?, younger reigned who was king of S?rasena, were killed Sun?man, The S?rasenas, had strong grounds therefore, by Krsna.8 for opposing Krsna and the P?ndavas.9 brother From and the north-west The and the V?hlikas. Sivis, Va??tis, Ambasthas, were under their king Ambasthas10 ?ivis12 under his their king Gov?sana to Yudhi had married came

?rut?yus,11

Saivya.13 daughter to support him ; have been expected sthira,14 and might on a the P?ndavas' indeed, Saivya prince is often referred to are always on But the Sivis the side.15 mentioned to account Kauravas' it is difficult for that side, and prince on the opposite were and Ambasthas confederate
1 8

Gov?sana

side.

It would his

seem

that

the Sivis and his the ?ivis

dominated

kings,
5555 vi,

and followed

by Jayadratha lead.16 With

v, 5510, Conversely,

; vi, 688, 752, 2405. are mentioned Vatsas 2084.

on

the P?ndavas1

side

erroneously

for Matsyas, 5 vii, 396 4 ii, 1084

1951. ; xiii, 1946. ; vi, 2084 ; viii, 237 ; xiii, 8 iii, 15245 ; v, 7351. i, 7 vi, 688, 2097, 3294, 5485 ; vii, 183, 799. * The Hari-Vamaa fuller particulars. gives 10 vi, 688, 750, 2584, 4340, 5485. 12 v, 7609 ; vi, 688, 2104, 4809, 5485, 5648 13 3528, 3552. vi, 655, 4501 ; vii, 1789-91, 18 v, 5707 ; vi, 834, 2088, 2079, 2117 ; vii, 18 15602-5. iii, 15581-7,

7002. 8 " ; viii, 14 1008, vii, 387-9. 2647 ; viii, 107.

vi, 2584, 1077. i, 3828. 6698.

328 are almost

THE NATIONS OF INDIA AT THE BATTLE associated always to have been two tribes or V?hlikas already seem that has been and the two the Vasatis,1 one composing kingdom. mentioned.2 Their in part, and on the from king different

appear The V?hlikas

are often discussed they were

position whole it would

who was a Kaurava.8 In addition to what has V?hlika, been said above, it may be noticed that they were closely so that related to the Madras, the two seem to have one so almost nation.4 formed connected Being closely with the Madras, have accompanied they would naturally the Madras to help the Kauravas. 6would have Pa?canadas from formed a local contingent of the five rivers of the Panjab, and would junction been included among or have gone with the Sindhus
Sau viras.

the have
and

to the same group Belonging or Abh?s?has.6 the Abhis?has with

Sivis, ??rasenas, the eastern border of the Panjab. from They were distinct as has been who sided with the P?ndavas the Abhis?ras, or rather V?tadh?nas.7 noticed. So also the V?radh?nas came Their king had From the near west the Salvas.8 of Si?up?la, been a friend or even brother king of Cedi, on s death* Krsna and took up arms against Si?up?la them, and Krsna that the Salvas and under their killed should king

of nations, no doubt, were linked They are generally came from and Va??tis, and probably

between There was bitter hostility It was natural, him.10 therefore, him and the P?ndavas, go against Ugrakarman they attended

the Kaikeya

princes.11

1 v, 7609 ; vi, 688, 2104, 2584, 4809, 5485, 5648. 2 v, 2289, 7607 ; vi, 1707, 3293, 5484 ; vii, 973, 4818 ; viii, ? See v, 2289 ; vi, 3533, 4666. ; but compare p. 321 above 8 4 i, 2696, 4426-7. vi, 750, 2406. 6 127. vi, 688, 5485, 5648 ; vii, 3254, 3339, 7207 ; viii, 7 vi, 2405. 8 1077. v, 5510 ; vi, 688, 752, 3169, 5485, 5649 ; viii, ,0 ? 9 637. v, 2249 iii, 619-889. iii, 615-18,

779.

; viii,

131.

BETWEEN THE PANDAVAS AND KAURAVAS. From the south-west of Madhyade?a sometimes simply came

329

the M?lavas.

They are mentioned " times as Western are also

and Northern and

sometimes named,3 as Ksudraka-m?lavas4 ; but together were apparently from M?lavas, distinct

as such,1 and some 2 M?lavas." Ksudrakas are referred to both Ksudraka-m?lavas for both are named

in one passage.6 them further. to distinguish It is difficult the the and also Salvas attended They Kaikeya princes.6 or Andhrakas,7 and From the south came the Andhras also the Andhakas.8 Andhas is probably a mistake or Kukuras.11 would go respectively the Kukkuras10 with The Andhakas Kukuras and with the Bhojas, Vrsnis, etc., were Y?dava have been in Krtavarman's tribes, and might were Dravidian and Kukkuras tribes army.12 The Andhras have been among the D?ksi India, and might whom of Nila, king M?hismati, n?tyas13 brought. There were besides the Nisadhas,14 Vidarbhas,15 Traipuras,16 in Central and Mekalas,18 all of which may have accom Kuntalas,17 two Avanti the and Nila. All would be panied kings the general included within of designation D?ksin?tyas, are also named were The Nisadhas which separately.19 not under any king apparently. The Kuntalas may have come from two places, for there were two countries of this name ; one was apparently the region between Bellary and near and the other south of Benares. Chu?ar, Belgaum, are mentioned,9 but this name or for Andhakas. for Andhras These

1 3 8 7

vi, viii, vi,

viii, 3852; 137. 3852-3. ; iii,

137. 8 12839; vii,

2 4 v, 122 ; viii, I0

vi, 4808, vi, 2106, 2249. 779.

5484, 2584,

5648 2646,

; vii, 183. 3853.

8
11 13 18 18 19

ii, 1175 v, 586 ii, 767 viii, vi, 2103. viii, 864,

ii, 767 ; iii, 15654 ; iv, 2360 ; v, 1885, 3043.

; read Andhakas. ; v, 586 ; xii, 8457. ii, 1872 ; vi, 2097. ,a He had viii, 780. Bhojas, ,4 780. vii, 1437 ; viii, 864, 882. 18 ,7 vi, 3855. vi, 2102 ; viii, 779. is Melakas). ; and vi, 2103, 3855 (where the reading ; vi, 3852 ; viii, 863.

882 7608

v, 5510,

330 These with There

THE NATIONS OF INDIA AT THE BATTLE latter Kuntalas the Andhras. remain of petty to the Kauravas, and would the a number tribes which they may have and came from be considered come from the from of the and the Mekalas would have

gone

all quarters

to their grouping. according Paradas1 and Praticyas2 western there confines or from round of the the north. to Malwa

Panjab, From and

the Varvaras eastern limits

Panjab of S?dras8 Jayadratha

a general

were

scattered they of Salva.

and ?bhiras,4 and the king

sense.5

tribes the aboriginal have attended would Praticya is used in

Pr?cyas included all

name is used

are mentioned tribes

in a

that
general

and appear to have generally,8 came from Eastern The India.

sense.7

From
Pulindas,8

the slopes would which

and valleys have been

of the Himalayas

came
Vikarnas.11

the term side

Haihsapadas*Karnapr?varanas,10and

AJ?

these

Udicyas, Other

is also used

insignificant were A?v?takas,18 Cicchilas,14 and Upanandakas,18 Nandas

the within comprised in a general sense.12 tribes named on the Kauravas' C?likas,16

Recakas,16 Viku?jas,17 Manibhadrakas,19 Siihhalas,20 or M?velakas M?velvakas,28 Venikas,22 V?mana-kosalas,21 The first three may have and Lalitthas.25 Tundikeras,24

1 3 8 8 7 8 12

vi, vii,

3853. 183, 798. 4

v, 5510, 5555, vii, 798.

7608

; vi,

689.

v, 890, 7608-9; 138. See viii, v, 890, 7608-9 v, 5510, 5555; vii, 798.

viii, 3511, 3524 ; ix, 28. p. 326, note 8. ; viii, 3511, 3524 ; ix, 28. viii, 779. vi, 3853; 10 ? vi, 2103. viii, 138, 3511, 3524; ,5 vi, 3297. 18 vi, 2098. a vi, 2105. ; they ? may vii, 692 perhaps ; viii, ix, 28. 18 ? ? be 137.

v, 890, 7608-9; ?4 vi, 3855. 17 vi, 2410. 20 vii, 798. 23 vii, 692 ; viii,

13

vi, 2105. vi, 2105. vi, vi, 2097. 2099. M?vella

138 138.

connected

vi, 2097. with

(i, 2364 ; ii, 1272).

24 vii, 691 ; viii,

BETWEEN THE PANDAVAS AND KAURAVAS. come from from the northern the

331

neighbourhood the Wainganga. The V?mana-kosalas may perhaps mean the people of Daksina-kosala, but there are no indications the rest. All those from the south would be regarding included From within the general description D?ksin?tya.1 came the Himalayas of beyond contingents None Sakas,3 Kha?as,4 Tusaras,5 and Daradas.6 been under kings of their own. as already the king of K?mboja others no doubt attended him or

region, and the last four probably of the Vindhya Mountains and

Yavanas,2 of these The first

appear to have two accompanied

and the three mentioned,7 the king of G?ndh?ra. AU under

these also might be included the general designation of Udicyas.8 The only tribes remaining are R?ksasas to be noticed and Nagas, and also no doubt certain which Pi?acas, were the former. R?ksasas accompanied arrayed on both sides. On the P?ndavas' is said to have a R?ksasa side was Ghatotkaca, king,9 the son of Bhima by the R?ksasa u lived in the Her brother Hidimba of Panc?la,12 and was killed by Bhima.13 been

who

princess Hidimb?.10 forest in the north Ira vat, a Naga He is king,14 also came to the P?ndavas. a said to have been the son of Arjuna by princess.16 Naga on this side.16 Certain Pi?acas are mentioned a R?ksasa On the Kauravas' side were Alambusa, king,17 was brother and his kinsman Alambusa of Al?yudha.18
1 2 8 4 v, 890, v, 590, v, 590, v, 5510, 7608-9 7609 5510 ; viii, ; vi, ; vi, 3511, 3524 3856 ; ix, 28. ; vii, 798.

753, 2097,

753, 2408, 5649. 8 4847 ; viii, 779. vi, 3297. 8 on the vi, 2106, 5484 ; vii, 799 ; yet some are mentioned erroneously side (vi, 2083, where Daradas P?ndavas' should probably be Dravidas). 7 See p. 313 above. 8 ; viii, v, 890, 7608-9 138, 3511, 3524; ix, 28. ,0 9 " 3663-70. vi, 2863-9, i, 6071-80. i, 5940, 5962. 13 14 12 5927. i, 5874-93, i, 6036-8. 3288, 3557, 3661. vi, 1737-9, l8 18 vi, 3977-80. vi, 2083. 17 18 ; vii, 7848-81. v, 5802; vi, 1711-13 vii, 8004-10. 5555 ; vii,

332 Vaka,

THE NATIONS OF INDIA AT THE BATTLE whom whom Bhima also and killed near He that and son of Ehacakr?,1 north in the Himalayas, is also called a descendant

Jata, of Panc?la

Bhima Kosala.2 if

killed

of Rsya?r?ga,8 who Rsya?r?ga

be the same as the person in the territory of Lomap?da, king came of A?ga,4 Alambusa the forests from probably the River Kau?iki and Nepal.6 He had, therefore, bordering a double with the P?ndavas, and naturally blood-feud on are the Kauravas. sided with also mentioned Pi?acas and lived the Kauravas' In locating panying ventured side.6 the various I have nations adhered and races to the of in the accom which I views

in my translation Pur?na, except in a few cases where has led me to modify them. We

map, to express

further

the M?rkandeya consideration

sum up these results in the following may way, all the insignificant tribes which leaving out of account to the larger kingdoms, furnished merely contingents some overlordship that were near them and that claimed
over them.

On

the P?ndavas'

side were

these

:? (with R?ksasas or forest

From Madhyade?a?P?nc?las tribes from their north), Matsyas, K?sis, various From Eastern tribes Kosalas, dwelling Hills.

Cedis, K?r?sas, Dasarnas, with and Western M?gadhas, Mountains in or near the Vindhya from Gujarat and from

and Aravalli

the West?all

the Y?davas

the territory east of Gujarat. From the North- West?some

Kai key as and Abhis?ras. from with From the South?the P?ndyas, contingents races in the Karnatic. the Dravidian
2 ; iii, 11519-22. ; i, 6104, 6206, 6291-5. vii, 4005-76 vii, 7855-8 4 4584-5. vi, 4552, 4570-5, iii, 9990-10094. 5 at Singar, as Dr. Orierson tells me, places Rsva?r?iga Modern belief, for it. in the south-east but I know of no authority of the Gaya district, 1 3 vi, 3854.

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BETWEEN THE P?NDAVAS AND KAURAVAS On the Kauravas' From side were these :?

333

Videhas, Pr?g M?gadhas, (with Cinas and K iratas), Angas, Vaiigas, Pundras, jyotisas with contingents and Andhras, Mekalas, Kalingas, Utkalas, on them. from all the tribes bordering From Madhyade?a?S?rasenas, ? the North-West From V?hlikas, Ambasthas, all around From except From From south from Vatsas, Sindhus, and Kosalas. Sau viras, Madras, Ti?gartas, the tribes

the East?the

Eastern

G?ndh?ras, K?mbojas, Kaikeyas, from and Sivis, with contingents them. tribes from all along the north of Paiic?la. and M?lavas. Y?davas Baroda, of from

the North?hill the West?Salvas Central and

the Himalayas,

India?the

south-east

and Kuntalas, Vidarbhas, Nisadhas, the races bordering them in the Dekhan. We

country M?hismakas, Avantis, from and contingents

the

summarize these conclusions further may by our nations. Those to the attention confining leading on the P?ndavas side were the P?nc?las, Matsyas, Cedis, from ; K?r?sas, Ka?is, and Western Madhyadesa M?gadhas all and the Y?davas the P?ndyas. from North nations and West cast of it ; and the country from Gujarat side were all the On the Kauravas*

all Bengal and South-Eastern Behar, as far the and of all Assam, region south Bengal as the River God?vari ; the S?rasenas, Vatsas, and Kosalas in Madhyade?a in the north and north ; all the nations west with the Salvas these and M?lavas India. more cause South still, we generally combined the P?nc?las may and the of : and the Avantis and all the nations Stating say that all the S?rasenas Gujarat India. of Central conclusions

the P?ndavas' of kingdoms and Vatsas)

Madhyade?a (except with the Y?davas together

the rest of Northern, against Now the Y?davas of Gujarat

and Eastern Central, are said to have been

334 an be

THE NATIONS OF INDIA AT THE BATTLE offshoot from those who dwelt in the near

country

Mathur?1

of the contending ; and the division parties may to said and P?nc?la be South broadly Madhyade?a the rest of India. This is a striking generalization, against some significance, not be without and it may although reasons have been nation made

individual almost every why given its particular But of sides. the choice value of this general is diminished statement ethnological : first, the nations on three factors either side by arranged were certainly not all of the same stock ; secondly, it must was their which remembered that it be brought kings were that kings of subjects, and there are indications of their not always of the same race as the majority to but that sometimes subjects, they belonged dynasties them which had conquered the countries and established armies selves and with the commandeered Instances the first a ; and thirdly, king powerful from kingdoms neighbouring contingents his overlordship. tribes which acknowledged in the sovereignty of the smaller factor last factor nations it is stated have been and tribes. in dealing noticed an As instance of

that in genealogical chapters have race the K?r?sas their whatever may king (to were of very different stock from their allied belonged) nations side it And on the Kauravas* of Madhyade?a. were and Orissa of Bengal is certain that the nations therefore and were to be mlecchas, considered wholly from an their allies of the

different west.

and the north of Madhyade?a we may note factor second As instance that Krsna and the tribes of Bhojas, Vrsnis, S?tvatas, etc., a short time in Gujarat themselves had established only must and Cekit?na the war,2 so that Yuyudh?na before in their armies, and something have brought alien subjects stated about the formers of this kind is distinctly troops.3 Similarly,
1 ii, 589-616.

on

the Kauravas'
2

side

it is clear

that Karna,
s See p. 312.

ii, 589-616.

BETWEEN THE P?NDAVAS AND KAURAVAS.

335

was not an Aiiga,1 and yet, as Anga though king of Anga, nations of Va?gas, of the kindred had the hegemony he all alien nations those etc., Pundras, brought Kalingas, to join in a war which did not concern them in the least. be cited here as asserting instance may One further a connection between several of the kingdoms that supported a was who P?ndavas. the Paurava, Vasu, conquered Cedi over it, and also subdued the neighbouring and reigned countries. separate the dynasties further He rulers had of Cedi five sons and and established them as in those countries, and Magadha.2 and chronological two of them founded By a fable, which

is full of absurdities the

alleged of Dhrtar?stra grandmother a dynasty in Matsya.8 The way be noticed. in which The each P?ndavas1

that another

son, whose

it is inconsistencies, sister was Satyavati, and P?ndu, established its forces may the Upaplavya,

side marshalled centre was

and the Kauravas' centre was their capital of Matsya,4 own capital, Hastin?pura. on The hosts that assembled are so vast that they side said to have been the Kauravas' at Hastin?pura, and they stretched could not concentrate in a curve the north P?ndavas' The how from the southern of Kuruksetra allies made red about tracts portion of the Panjab to the north of Pafic?la.6 in and around and an each nation round The

concentrated

Matsya.6

remarks each

of the blue and conformations. marched took up

the negotiations failed the P?ndavas in Duryodhana's and north, driving outposts, on the west a position The of Kuruksetra.7

probably When

in the map will reached its position

inspection show readily in these two

see p. 315 ; and, the kingdom of Anga, Jarasandha gave Karna we may it is certain think of Kama's that parentage, alleged as stock as the other actors. of the same treated he is always being see p. 318, note 4. He had mleccha kings under him in Aiiga, 2 9 * 3801-16. v, 101, 196, 685, 5157-8. i, 2371-2419, i, 2334-65. 5 .7 5174-7 ; vi, 645. v, 2241, 4956, 5147-51. v, 596-601. v, 5165-6, whatever

336

BATTLE BETWEEN THE P?NDAVAS AND KAURAVAS. in around the east of that region,1 closed was fought on the plain of Kuruksetra.2 remarks may be permitted concluding by way hosts formed on the great war. The nations in and around a very strong portion of the Kaurava

Kaurava Some

and the battle of comment the Panjab1

their battle and the great by destroying confederacy, their monarchs have seriously weakened and armies would and their Now it strength stability. gravely imperilled is worthy the introductory of notice that part of the son Pariksit was how Abhimanyu's Mah?bh?rata describes in at Taksaeil? killed by the N?ga Taksaka who reigned the Panjab, and how Pariksit's This and Taksa?ila. Taksaka fabulous son Janamejaya vanquished in ridiculously is narrated in it, is one feature noteworthy so which constituted kingdoms,

form, yet there the Panjab that namely, a bulwark in the great war, have all disappeared ; strong came over into and the the N?ga Taksaka Panjab, reigned and great-grandson direct conflict with Arjuna's grandson who If one may hazard a conjecture reigned on the Jumna. on such a flimsy story, it is that the N?gas must have risen which to power during followed the interval of weakness the great Panjab.
1 v, 5310-11, 5407, 7613 ; vi, 645. 2 vi, 3.

battle

and have

conquered

the kingdoms

of the