1 LECTURE II RENAISSANCE AND RENAISSANCES.

MEANINGS AND FORMS OF HUMANISM Sources: Primary Sources Assers Life of King Alfred, Trans. S. Keynes, M. Lapidge (London: Penguin, 1983), pp. 12 !! "a#on, $., %&! S'udies( in Essays in The Oxford Anthology of English Literature, )o* 1., ed. Ker+ode, $., ,. -o**ander e' a*., (&.!ord: &/P, 1903), p.1 3 Secondary sources: 1ur'ius, 2.3., Latin Middle Ages and European Literature, 'rans.4.2.Tras5 (Prin#e'on: Prin#e'on /P, 1963), pp. 107 8. $*e'#8er, 2.-., A History of English Literature ("os'on: "adger, 2990 :1919;), pp. 11<7120 Moody, 4.=., Lo)e'', 2.M., History of English Literature (>e? @or5: S#riAner, 1918), pp. 0970< Kris'**er, &.P., enaissance Thought and !ts Sources (>.@., 1o*u+Aia /P, 1909), pp. 10721

The question of readin as !osed "# a hu$anist% %2ead no' 'o #on'radi#' and 'o #on!u'e, nor 'o Ae*ie)e and 'a5e !or gran'ed, nor 'o !ind 'a*5 and dis#ourse, Au' 'o ?eig8 and #onsider. So+e Aoo5s are 'o Ae 'as'ed, o'8ers 'o Ae s?a**o?ed, and so+e !e? 'o Ae #8e?ed and diges'ed: '8a' is, so+e Aoo5s are 'o Ae read on*y in par's, o'8ers 'o Ae read, Au' no' #urious*y, and so+e !e?, 'o Ae read ?8o**y and ?i'8 di*igen#e and a''en'ion. 2eading +a5e'8 a !u** +an, #on!eren#e a ready +an and ?ri'ing an e.a#' +an.( ($. "a#on, Of Studies) :!or '8e ?8o*e essay see Ae*o? se#'ion 1. Te.'s;

Main !eriods of &ritish 'iterature to "e studied% Medie(a' 'iterature% 3ar*y Aeginnings71199 7 T8e &*d 3ng*is8 1199 7 1 86 7 T8e Midd*e 3ng*is8 Renaissan)e 'iterature% 1 86 7 1668 7 T8e Tudor Age 166871<93 7 T8e 3*iBaAe'8an Age A. Genera' Histori)a' "a)* round I. Chronology from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages and the Renaissance 7 T8e Midd*e Ages are a #o+p*e. period Ae'?een An'iCui'y and '8e +odern 'i+es, ?8i#8 e.'ends !ro+ appro.. 6'8 'o 16'8 #en'uries. T8ey are genera**y di)ided in'o: T8e 3ar*y Midd*e Ages :a*so 5no?n i+proper*y as '8e Dar5 Ages;E 6 '8 #.719'8 #. T8e -ig8 Midd*e Ages 11'8 #.713'8 #. 199971399 T8e La'er Midd*e Ages 1 '8716'8 :or 1<'8 #.; 139971699 7 T8is period is genera**y #onsidered 'o end ?i'8 '8e 16'8 #. or 8ig8 2enaissan#e :ye' !or #er'ain au'8ors '8e 2enaissan#e *as's !ro+ 13'8 #. 'o 1<'8 #.;

2 II. Characteristics of the European Middle Ages +see espe#ia**y 1ur'ius, !!. -./01, passim.2 "#The disintegration of the Roman Empire T8e disso*u'ion o! '8e 2o+an 3+pire ?as a *ong pro#ess ?i'8 o##asiona* +o+en's o! #oa*es#en#e in '8e '8 #. (1ons'an'ine), <'8 # (,us'inian), 0'8 #. (-era#*ius) $i% The in asions: 7 '8e 2o+an 3+pire is #on!ron'ed ?i'8 se)era* i+por'an' in)aders, su#8 as '8e Fer+ani# peop*es and '8e AraAs 7 '8e Fer+ani# peop*es ?8o +igra'e around '8e 6'8 #., and se''*e in di!!eren' par's o! 3urope and rea#8 >or'8 A!ri#a, Ae#o+e assi+i*a'ed 'o '8e *o#a* popu*a'ions. T8e 'er+ &ermanic people is +is*eading, sin#e i' +ay re!er 'o $ran5s, Ang*o7Sa.ons, =i5ings, e'#. 7 '8e AraAs, a!'er '8e dea'8 o! Ma8o+ed , 0'8 #. (<32), #onCuered Persia, Siria, 3gyp', 2o+an A!ri#a and Spain. 7 '8e AraAi# in)asions de'er+ined i+por'an' #8anges in '8e dis'riAu'ion o! po*i'i#a* #en'res and in '8e 3as'ern 'rade and +ar5ed a s8i!' o! '8e #en're o! gra)i'y. 3urope ?as !or#ed 'o !ind i's o?n ?ay and 'o !orge a ne? iden'i'y !or i'se*!, Ay resor'ing 'o i's o?n 'radi'ions: '8e Free5 and 2o+an 8eri'age and '8e ,udaeo718ris'ian re*igion !ii" Characteristics of in asions: 7 '8e Fer+ani# and AraAi# in)asions are para**e* pro#esses Au' '8ey 8a)e an i+por'an' di!!eren#e: 7 '8e Fer+ani# peop*e assi+i*a'e '8e 2o+an #u*'ure and 18ris'iani'y, ?8ereas '8e AraAi# do no', Ae#ause '8ey 8a)e a*ready a s'rong*y #on!igured re*igion. The Ara's( - Adop'ed '8e Free5 s#ien#e and p8i*osop8y, ?8i#8 '8ey s8aped in a##ordan#e ?i'8 '8e '8eir !ai'8 - a' a *a'er 'i+e '8e 3uropean '8eo*ogians and s#8o*ars redis#o)ered Free5 p8i*osop8y and s#ien#e '8roug8 '8e in'er+ediary ?ri'ings o! '8e AraAi# au'8ors. The &ermanic peoples( - +os' o! '8e+ ?ere ro+aniBed and adop'ed La'in as a +ain +eans o! #o++uni#a'ion (e.#ep' '8e Ang*o7Sa.ons, ?8o a*so used '8e )erna#u*ar) - during '8eir periods o! s'aAi*i'y, '8ey surrounded '8e+se*)es ?i'8 2o+an r8e'ori#ians, Guris's and poe's - '8e 2o+an7Fer+ani# *ega#y ?as a' '8e Aasis o! '8e !euda* *ega* and po*i'i#a* sys'e+s 7 re*a'ed 'o '8ese +igra'ions, during '8e ear*y Midd*e Ages, 3urope #a+e 'o e.perien#e '?o dis'in#' 'enden#ies: - a #en'ri!uga*, Fer+ani# dire#'ion o! *o#a* *and78o*ding and Aar'er a #en'ripe'a* dire#'ion in8eri'ed !ro+ '8e 2o+an 3+pire, o! preser)a'ion o! '8e #en'ra* (i+peria*Hroya*) po?er

III. England and Europe $i% )rief historical outline During '8e An'iCui'y 3ng*and ?as in8aAi'ed Ay se)era* 1e*'i# 'riAes o! Indo73uropean origin. 1e*'i# 3ng*and ?as in)aded and ru*ed Ay '8e 2o+ans Ae'?een 66 "1 and AD 9, Ay '8e Ang*o7 Sa.ons and '8e =i5ings ( 9719<<), and !ina**y Ay '8e >or+ans in 19<<. A!'er '8is *as' in)asion, under '8e >or+an ru*e 3ng*and e.perien#ed se)era* grea' #on!*agra'ions su#8 as '8e -undred @ears 4ar and '8e 4ar o! '8e 2oses. T8is period ?as !o**o?ed Ay an in'er)a* o! re*a'i)e s'aAi*i'y, under '8e Tudor dynas'y (1 8671<93), ?8i#8 +ade possiA*e '8e rise and #onso*ida'ion o! '8e na'iona* s'a'e and, suAseCuen'*y, '8e gradua* e+ergen#e o! '8e "ri'is8 3+pire. !ii" #eneral characteristics of the ma$ing of modern England:

3 7 ea#8 popu*a'ion '8a' in)aded '8e "ri'is8 Is*es Aroug8' a*ong i's o?n +a'eria* and spiri'ua* #u*'ure 7 during '8e Midd*e Ages, under '8e Ang*o7Sa.on and espe#ia**y under '8e >or+an ru*e, 3ng*and #a+e 'o Ae #*ose*y asso#ia'ed ?i'8 3urope and in!*uen#ed Ay '8e #on'inen'a* La'in 'radi'ions 7 *a'er, under '8e Tudors, and espe#ia**y under 3*iBaAe'8 I, 3ng*and ?en' '8roug8 a pro#ess o! Aui*ding up i's iden'i'y as a +odern na'iona* s'a'e, ?i'8 a na'iona* !or+ o! 18ris'iani'y :'8e Ang*i#an 18ur#8;, and ?i'8 a na'iona* #u*'ure e.pressed in a na'iona* *anguage :ear*y +odern 3ng*is8;. T8ese a''e+p's 'o ?or5 ou' an iden'i'y dre? 8ea)i*y no' on*y on '8e Fer+ani# e*e+en's :Ang*o7Sa.on, >or+an $ren#8; Au' a*so upon '8e #*assi#a* and 18ris'ian 3uropean 'radi'ions.

&. Inte''e)tua' histor#. The sha!in traditions I. Euro!e and its sha!in traditions% the )'assi)a' 3or'd and 4udaeo/Christianit# +Curtius, EL, !!. 0./562 -.The reno atio and translatio imperii 7 'he dua' herita e% the Ro$an E$!ire and 4udaeo/Christianit# 7 '8e disin'egra'ion o! '8e 2o+an 3+pire *e!' Ae8ind '8e 2o+an ideas o! s'a'e, #8ur#8 and #u*'ure 2o+e 8ad #o+e 'o #on#ei)e i's po*i'i#a* e.is'en#e as a uni)ersa* +ission '8a' in#*uded 2o+e, '8e 'o?n (ur's) and '8e ?or*d (or'is) 7 '8e #*ai+ o! uni)ersa*i'y ?as ad)o#a'ed on '?o *e)e*s: s'a'e (2o+an 3+pire) #8ur#8 (18ris'iani'y) 7 S'. Augus'ine ( '8 #76'8 #.), in 8is *e ci+itate *ei (On the ,ity of &od) #*ai+s '8a' 2o+e is an ear'8*y i+i'a'ion o! -ea)en*y ,erusa*e+, +ean' 'o #arry ou' and res'ore ,erusa*e+ in i's origina* g*ory a' '8e end o! 'i+e. T8e !o**o?ing ideas re*a'ed 'o '8e !u*!i**+en' o! 'i+e are #o+Ained in Augus'ines )ie?: 1. T8e 2o+an 3+pire as par' o! '8e ?or*d 8is'ory is in 8ar+ony ?i'8 di)ine 8is'ory as re#orded in '8e &*d Tes'a+en', :Fenesis, Danie*;: (i) '8e si. days o! 1rea'ion and (ii) '8e si. ages o! 8u+an *i!e (iii) '8e o'8er !our grea' e+pires in '8e #ourse o! 8is'ory, o! ?8i#8 '8e 2o+an 3+pire is '8e *as' Ae!ore '8e end o! 'i+es (#!. Danie* 2: 317 9)
Danie* 2: 317 9 31. T8ou, & 5ing, sa?es', and Ae8o*d '8ere ?as as i' ?ere a grea' s'a'ue: '8is s'a'ue, ?8i#8 ?as grea' and 8ig8, 'a** o! s'a'ure, s'ood Ae!ore '8ee, and '8e *oo5 '8ereo! ?as 'erriA*e. 32. T8e 8ead o! '8is s'a'ue ?as o! !ine go*d, Au' '8e Areas' and '8e ar+s o! si*)er, and '8e Ae**y and '8e '8ig8s o! Arass: 33. And '8e *egs o! iron, '8e !ee' par' o! iron and par' o! #*ay. 3 . T8us '8ou sa?es', 'i** a s'one ?as #u' ou' o! a +oun'ain ?i'8ou' 8ands: and i' s'ru#5 '8e s'a'ue upon '8e !ee' '8ereo! '8a' ?ere o! iron and o! #*ay, and Aro5e '8e+ in pie#es. 36. T8en ?as '8e iron, '8e #*ay, '8e Arass, '8e si*)er, and '8e go*d Aro5en 'o pie#es 'oge'8er, and Ae#a+e *i5e '8e #8a!! o! a su++erJs '8ras8ing!*oor, and '8ey ?ere #arried a?ay Ay '8e ?ind: and '8ere ?as no p*a#e !ound !or '8e+: Au' '8e s'one '8a' s'ru#5 '8e s'a'ue, Ae#a+e a grea' +oun'ain, and !i**ed '8e ?8o*e ear'8. 3<. T8is is '8e drea+: ?e ?i** a*so 'e** '8e in'erpre'a'ion '8ereo! Ae!ore '8ee, & 5ing. 30. T8ou ar' a 5ing o! 5ings: and '8e Fod o! 8ea)en 8a'8 gi)en '8ee a 5ingdo+, and s'reng'8, and

po?er, and g*ory: 38. And a** p*a#es ?8erein '8e #8i*dren o! +en, and '8e Aeas's o! '8e !ie*d do d?e**: 8e 8a'8 a*so gi)en '8e Airds o! '8e air in'o '8y 8and, and 8a'8 pu' a** '8ings under '8y po?er: '8ou '8ere!ore ar' '8e 8ead o! go*d. 39. And a!'er '8ee s8a** rise up ano'8er 5ingdo+, in!erior 'o '8ee, o! si*)er: and ano'8er '8ird 5ingdo+ o! Arass, ?8i#8 s8a** ru*e o)er a** '8e ?or*d. 9. And '8e !our'8 5ingdo+ s8a** Ae as iron. As iron Area5e'8 in'o pie#es, and suAdue'8 a** '8ings, so s8a** '8a' Area5 and des'roy a** '8ese.

2. T8e 2o+an 3+pire is '8e *as' s'a'e !or+ '8a' is 'o *as' 'o '8e Las' ,udg+en'. T8is idea e.e+p*i!ies a #o++on es#8a'o*ogi#a* !ee*ing a' '8a' 'i+e, Aased on S'. Pau*, 1 1orin'8ians, 19: 11: :; T8us, '8e -ea)en*y Kingdo+ ?as 'o Ae #arried on and res'ored '8roug8 '8e 2o+an 3+pire, 8en#e, reno+atio imperii :rene?a* o! '8e e+pire; 3. Ano'8er "iA*i#a* idea ?as added a##ording 'o ?8i#8, due 'o '8e )i#ious na'ure o! 8u+an Aeings, '8e e+pire (5ingdo+) #anno' s'ay *ong ?i'8 one peop*e, Au' '8e do+iniu+ is 'o Ae K'rans!erredK !ro+ one peop*e 'o ano'8er. -en#e, '8e idea o! translatio imperii :'rans!eren#e o! '8e e+pire; :#!. "iA*ia =u*ga'a, 3##*esias'i#us, 19:8 %regnum a gente in gentem transfertur propter iniustitias et iniurias et contumelias et di+ersos dolos ( :Douay728ei+s "iA*e: %A 5ingdo+ is 'rans*a'ed !ro+ one peop*e 'o ano'8er, Ae#ause o! inGus'i#es, and ?rongs, and inGuries, and di)ers de#ei's.(; T8ese ideas ?ere 'a5en o)er in '8e po*i'i#a* )ie?s Ay )arious 3uropean 5ings '8roug8ou' '8e Midd*e Ages and up 'o '8e 2enaissan#e, !ro+ 18ar*e+agne 'o -enry =III :Tudor; ?8o #*ai+ed 'o Ae *egi'i+a'e 8eirs o! '8e -o*y 2o+an 3+pire 0. The Latin herita e% the si nifi)an)e of romanitas +Curtius, EL, !!.56/572 The Romania: 7 a** '8e ro+aniBed 'erri'ories in ?8i#8 '8e Fer+ani# popu*a'ions adop'ed and used popu*ar or )u*gar La'in +ade up an area designa'ed as 2o+ania The Latin language( 7 a dis'in#'ion ?as +ade Ae'?een 'ypes o! La'in: - *i'erary La'in popu*ar or )u*gar La'in, ?8i#8 ?as adop'ed and #a+e 'o +a5e up di!!eren' )erna#u*ars, lingua rustica or lingua romana 7 '8e 2o+an#e *anguages and *i'era'ures (I'a*ian, Spanis8, $ren#8, Por'uguese) Aased on La'in *anguage +ade possiA*e '8e )arious 2e)i)a*s or 2enaissan#es 7 '8e )arious 3uropean 2enaissan#es, ?8i#8 o##urred pri+ari*y ?i'8 '8e 2o+an#e spea5ing popu*a'ions, prepared, in a #er'ain +anner, '8e 8ig8 2enaissan#e

II. The )on)e!ts of Renaissan)e and Hu$anis$ %.The concept of Renaissance and Renaissances !i"&efinitions: 7 T8e grea' re)i)a* o! ar' and *e''ers, under '8e in!*uen#e o! '8e #*assi#a* +ode*s, ?8i#8 Aegan in I'a*y in '8e 1 '8 #. and #on'inued during '8e 16'8 and 1<'8 E a*so '8e period during ?8i#8 '8is +o)e+en' ?as in progress. :Oxford English *ictionary; 7 T8e 2enaissan#e is a*so genera**y des#riAed as a #on#ep'ion '8a' si'ua'ed +an in '8e #en're o! '8e uni)erse.

!ii" Conflicting ie's concerning the definition of the Renaissance T8ere are Aasi#a**y '?o posi'ions: (a)T8e 16'8 #. :appro..; 2enaissan#e +ar5s a Area5 ?i'8 '8e Midd*e Ages and is #8ara#'eriBed Ay 7 '8e e+ergen#e o! indi)idua*is+ 7 a ne? unders'anding o! '8e ?or*d and na'ure !ro+ a s#ien'i!i# poin' o! )ie? (A) T8ere ?as +ore '8an one 2enaissan#e, in !a#' '8ere ?ere se)era* re)i)a*s, 2enaissan#es :or 2enas#en#es;, '8a' o##urred '8roug8ou' '8e Midd*e Ages. T8ese re)i)a*s #arried ou' '8e idea o! '8e i+peria* and 18ris'ian 2o+e and 'oge'8er ?i'8 '8e+, '8e #*assi#a* edu#a'ion and p8i*osop8i#a* #on#ep'ions and prepared '8e 16'8 #. 2enaissan#e In our )ie?: '8e 8ig8 2enaissan#e did +ar5 a s8i!' in '8e ?ay in ?8i#8 +an unders'ood 8i+se*! in re*a'ion 'o '8e ?or*d: 7 +an Aegan 'o re*y pri+ari*y on '8e +a'8e+a'i#a* +ode*, ?8i#8 8e si'ua'ed a' '8e Aasis o! 8is s#ien'i!i# e.p*ana'ion o! '8e ?or*d 7 as an indi)idua*, 8e de!ined 8i+se*! as a suAGe#' and a sour#e o! 'ru'8 (#er'ain'y) !or a** '8e o'8er '8ings, ?8i#8 Ae#a+e oAGe#'s (. )umanism *see :see Kris'**er, 2TS, pp, 10721; 8a9 Definition 7 '8e 'er+ humanism #o+es !ro+ Aeing edu#a'ed in '8e *iAera* ar's, La'. humanitas, Fr. paideia 7 i' ?as used Ay 1i#ero and Au*ius Fe**ius and *a'er 'a5en o)er Ay 1 '8 #. I'a*ian s#8o*ars, 7 i' designa'ed an edu#a'iona* progra++e, in '8e sense o! edu#a'ed in '8e 8u+anis' ar's, *a'er i' #a+e 'o +ean a p8i*osop8i#a* sys'e+ 7 i' is so+e8o? re*a'ed 'o homo, +an, and 'o ?8a' i' reCuires 'o Ae +an, 8u+an, i.e., humanus, ?8i#8 is so+e'8ing 'o Ae a#Cuired '8roug8 edu#a'ion in '8e 8u+ani'ies :*iAera* ar's; ea#8 2enaissan#e is a##o+panied Ay a re'rie)a* o! #*assi#a* edu#a'ion 8"9 For$s of Euro!ean Renaissan)e and hu$anis$. +1urtius, EL, see espe#ia**y !!. 5:/1;2 7 T8e 1aro*ingian 2enaissan#e (18ar*e+agne) and '8e 8u+anis+ o! '8e Pa*a'ine s#8oo* (A*#uin o! @or5) 7 T8e 12'8 #. 2enaissan#e in $ran#e and '8e 8u+anis+ o! '8e S#8oo* o! 18ar'res (,o8n o! Sa*isAury) 7 T8e 1 '8 #. 2enaissan#e in I'a*y and '8e ear*y 8u+anis's (Dan'e, Pe'rar#8, "o##a##io) 7 T8e 16'8 #. 2enaissan#e in I'a*y and '8e $*oren'ine >eop*a'onis+ (Marsi*io $i#ino, Pi#o de*a Mirando*a, Leon "a''is'a A*Aer'i) 8)9 The En 'ish Renaissan)es% 7 Medie)a* 8u+anis+ during A*!red '8e Frea' :8 97 99; 7 T8e 19'8 #. "enedi#'ine 2e)i)a* under King 3dgar T8e 16'8 #. 8u+anis+: 7 T8o+as Lina#re, :1 <97162 ; 7 4i**ia+ Fro#yn :1 <71619; 7 ,o8n 1o*e' :1 <071619; 7 4i**ia+ Ly*y :1 <871622; T8e 1<'8 #. 8u+anis+: 7 T8o+as More :1 0871636; 7 T8o+as 3*yo' :1 99716 <;: The )o-e named the &o+ernour 7 2oger As#8a+ :1616716<8;: The Scholmaster

< 7 $ran#is "a#on :16<171<2<;: .o+um organum scientiarum, !nstauratio magna, Essays C.TE<TS $ro+ =in A'fred the Great, +reface to Gre or#>s Cura pastoralis L:M; T8en ?8en I re+e+Aered a** '8is, '8en I a*so re+e+Aered 8o? I sa?, Ae!ore i' 8ad a** Aeen ra)aged and Aurn', 8o? '8e #8ur#8es '8roug8ou' a** 3ng*and s'ood !i**ed ?i'8 'reasures and Aoo5s, and '8ere ?ere a*so a grea' +any o! FodJs ser)an's. And '8ey 8ad )ery *i''*e Aene!i' !ro+ '8ose Aoo5s, !or '8ey #ou*d no' unders'and any'8ing in '8e+, Ae#ause '8ey ?ere no' ?ri''en in '8eir o?n *anguage. As i! '8ey 8ad said: J&ur an#es'ors, ?8o !or+er*y 8e*d '8ese p*a#es, *o)ed ?isdo+, and '8roug8 i' '8ey oA'ained ?ea*'8 and *e!' i' 'o us. -ere ?e #an s'i** see '8eir !oo'prin's, Au' ?e #anno' 'ra#5 a!'er '8e+.J And '8ere!ore ?e 8a)e no? *os' Ao'8 '8e ?ea*'8 and '8e ?isdo+, Ae#ause ?e ?ou*d no' Aend do?n 'o '8eir 'ra#5s ?i'8 our +inds. T8en ?8en I re+e+Aered a** '8is, '8en I ?ondered e.'re+e*y '8a' '8e good and ?ise +en ?8o ?ere !or+er*y '8roug8ou' 3ng*and, ?8o 8ad #o+p*e'e*y *earned a** '8ose Aoo5s, ?ou*d no' 8a)e 'rans*a'ed any o! '8e+ in'o '8eir o?n *anguage. "u' I i++edia'e*y ans?ered +yse*! and said: JT8ey did no' '8in5 '8a' +en e)er ?ou*d Ae#o+e so #are*ess and *earning so de#ayed: '8ey de*iAera'e*y re!rained,!or '8ey ?ou*d 8a)e i' '8a' '8e +ore *anguages ?e 5ne?, '8e grea'er ?isdo+ ?ou*d Ae in '8is *and.J T8en I re+e+Aered 8o? '8e *a? ?as !irs' #o+posed in '8e -eAre? *anguage, and a!'er?ards, ?8en '8e Free5s *earned i', '8ey 'rans*a'ed i' a** in'o '8eir o?n *anguage, and a*so a** o'8er Aoo5s. And a!'er?ards '8e 2o+ans in '8e sa+e ?ay, ?8en '8ey 8ad *earned '8e+, 'rans*a'ed '8e+ a** '8roug8 ?ise in'erpre'ers in'o '8eir o?n *anguage. And a*so a** o'8er 18ris'ian peop*es 'rans*a'ed so+e par' o! '8e+ in'o '8eir o?n *anguage. T8ere!ore i' see+s Ae''er 'o +e, i! i' see+s so 'o you, '8a' ?e a*so 'rans*a'e #er'ain Aoo5s, ?8i#8 are +os' need!u* !or a** +en 'o 5no?, in'o '8a' *anguage '8a' ?e a** #an unders'and, and a##o+p*is8 '8is, as ?i'8 FodJs 8e*p ?e +ay )ery easi*y do i! ?e 8a)e pea#e, so '8a' a** '8e you'8 o! !ree +en no? in 3ng*and ?8o 8a)e '8e +eans 'o app*y '8e+se*)es 'o i', Ae se' 'o *earning, ?8i*e '8ey are no' use!u* !or any o'8er o##upa'ion, un'i* '8ey 5no? 8o? 'o read 3ng*is8 ?ri'ing ?e**. &ne +ay '8en ins'ru#' in La'in '8ose ?8o+ one ?is8es 'o 'ea#8 !ur'8er and pro+o'e 'o a 8ig8er ran5. T8en ?8en I re+e+Aered 8o? 5no?*edge o! La'in 8ad !or+er*y de#ayed '8roug8ou' 3ng*and, and ye' +any 5ne? 8o? 'o read 3ng*is8 ?ri'ing, '8en I Aegan a+ong '8e o'8er )arious and +ani!o*d #ares o! '8is 5ingdo+ 'o 'rans*a'e in'o 3ng*is8 '8e Aoo5 '8a' is #a**ed in La'in Pas'ora*is, and in 3ng*is8 KS8ep8erd7Aoo5,K so+e'i+es ?ord !or ?ord, and so+e'i+es sense !or sense, Gus' as I 8ad *earned i' !ro+ P*eg+und +y ar#8Ais8op and !ro+ Asser +y Ais8op and !ro+ Fri+Ao*d +y +asspries' and !ro+ ,o8n +y +asspries'. 48en I 8ad *earned i' I 'rans*a'ed i' in'o 3ng*is8, Gus' as I 8ad unders'ood i', and as I #ou*d +os' +eaning!u**y render i'. And I ?i** send one 'o ea#8 Ais8opri# in +y 5ingdo+, and in ea#8 ?i** Ae an Ns'e* ?or'8 !i!'y +an#uses. And I #o++and in FodJs na+e '8a' no +an +ay 'a5e '8e Ns'e* !ro+ '8e Aoo5 nor '8e Aoo5 !ro+ '8e #8ur#8. I' is un5no?n 8o? *ong '8ere +ay Ae su#8 *earned Ais8ops as, '8an5s 'o Fod, are near*y e)ery?8ere. T8ere!ore I ?ou*d 8a)e '8e+ a*?ays re+ain in p*a#e, un*ess '8e Ais8op ?is8es 'o 8a)e '8e Aoo5 ?i'8 8i+, or i' is *oaned ou' so+e?8ere, or so+eone is #opying i'.( Fran)is &a)on, ,f Studies S'udies ser)e !or de*ig8', !or orna+en', and !or aAi*i'y. T8eir #8ie! use !or de*ig8' is in pri)a'eness and re'iringE !or orna+en', is in dis#ourseE and !or aAi*i'y, is in '8e Gudg+en' and disposi'ion o! Ausiness. $or e.per' +en #an e.e#u'e, and per8aps Gudge o! par'i#u*ars, one Ay oneE Au' '8e genera* #ounse*s, and '8e p*o's and +ars8a**ing o! a!!airs, #o+e Aes' !ro+ '8ose '8a' are *earned.

0 To spend 'oo +u#8 'i+e in s'udies is s*o'8E 'o use '8e+ 'oo +u#8 !or orna+en', is a!!e#'a'ionE 'o +a5e Gudg+en' ?8o**y Ay '8eir ru*es, is '8e 8u+or o! a s#8o*ar. T8ey per!e#' na'ure, and are per!e#'ed Ay e.perien#e: !or na'ura* aAi*i'ies are *i5e na'ura* p*an's, '8a' need pruning, Ay s'udyE and s'udies '8e+se*)es do gi)e !or'8 dire#'ions 'oo +u#8 a' *arge, e.#ep' '8ey Ae Aounded in Ay e.perien#e. 1ra!'y +en #onde+n s'udies, si+p*e +en ad+ire '8e+, and ?ise +en use '8e+E !or '8ey 'ea#8 no' '8eir o?n useE Au' '8a' is a ?isdo+ ?i'8ou' '8e+, and aAo)e '8e+, ?on Ay oAser)a'ion. 2ead no' 'o #on'radi#' and #on!u'eE nor 'o Ae*ie)e and 'a5e !or gran'edE nor 'o !ind 'a*5 and dis#ourseE Au' 'o ?eig8 and #onsider. So+e Aoo5s are 'o Ae 'as'ed, o'8ers 'o Ae s?a**o?ed, and so+e !e? 'o Ae #8e?ed and diges'edE '8a' is, so+e Aoo5s are 'o Ae read on*y in par'sE o'8ers 'o Ae read, Au' no' #urious*yE and so+e !e? 'o Ae read ?8o**y, and ?i'8 di*igen#e and a''en'ion. So+e Aoo5s a*so +ay Ae read Ay depu'y, and e.'ra#'s +ade o! '8e+ Ay o'8ersE Au' '8a' ?ou*d Ae on*y in '8e *ess i+por'an' argu+en's, and '8e +eaner sor' o! Aoo5s, e*se dis'i**ed Aoo5s are *i5e #o++on dis'i**ed ?a'ers, !*as8y '8ings. 2eading +a5e'8 a !u** +anE #on!eren#e a ready +anE and ?ri'ing an e.a#' +an. And '8ere!ore, i! a +an ?ri'e *i''*e, 8e 8ad need 8a)e a grea' +e+oryE i! 8e #on!er *i''*e, 8e 8ad need 8a)e a presen' ?i': and i! 8e read *i''*e, 8e 8ad need 8a)e +u#8 #unning, 'o see+ 'o 5no? '8a' 8e do'8 no'. -is'ories +a5e +en ?iseE poe's ?i''yE '8e +a'8e+a'i#s suA'*eE na'ura* p8i*osop8y deepE +ora* gra)eE *ogi# and r8e'ori# aA*e 'o #on'end. A'eunt studia in mores :S'udies pass in'o and in!*uen#e +anners;. >ay, '8ere is no s'ond or i+pedi+en' in '8e ?i' Au' +ay Ae ?roug8' ou' Ay !i' s'udiesE *i5e as diseases o! '8e Aody +ay 8a)e appropria'e e.er#ises. "o?*ing is good !or '8e s'one and reinsE s8oo'ing !or '8e *ungs and Areas'E gen'*e ?a*5ing !or '8e s'o+a#8E riding !or '8e 8eadE and '8e *i5e. So i! a +ans ?i' Ae ?andering, *e' 8i+ s'udy '8e +a'8e+a'i#sE !or in de+ons'ra'ions, i! 8is ?i' Ae #a**ed a?ay ne)er so *i''*e, 8e +us' Aegin again. I! 8is ?i' Ae no' ap' 'o dis'inguis8 or !ind di!!eren#es, *e' 8i+ s'udy '8e S#8oo*+enE !or '8ey are cymini sectores :sp*i''ers o! 8airs;. I! 8e Ae no' ap' 'o Aea' o)er +a''ers, and 'o #a** up one '8ing 'o pro)e and i**us'ra'e ano'8er, *e' 8i+ s'udy '8e *a?yers #ases. So e)ery de!e#' o! '8e +ind +ay 8a)e a spe#ia* re#eip'.