NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.

P)

THIN CYLINDERS & SPHERES

Introduction: The vessels such as boilers, compressed air receivers etc are of cylindrical and spherical forms. The vessels are generally used for storing fluids (liquids or gases) under pressure. The walls of such vessels are thin as compared to their diameters. If the thickness of the wall of the cylindrical vessel is less than of its internal diameter, the cylindrical vessel is known as a thin cylinder. In case of thin cylinders, the stress distribution is assumed uniform over the thickness of the wall. CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS OR HOOP STRESS OR MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE STRESS OR TENSILE STRESS Consider a thin cylindrical vessel subjected to an internal fluid pressure. The circumferential stress will be set up in the material of the cylinder, if the bursting of the cylinder takes place as shown.

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The bursting will take place if the force due to fluid pressure is more than the resisting force due to circumferential stress set up in the material. In the limiting case, the two forces should be equal.

Equating the two equating ( )

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This stress is tensile as shown in the figure. LONGITUDINAL STRESS Consider a thin cylindrical vessel subjected to an internal fluid pressure. The longitudinal stress will be set up in the material of the cylinder, if the bursting of the cylinder takes place as shown.

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The bursting will take place if the force due to fluid pressure is more than the resisting force due to longitudinal stress ( ) set up in the material. In the limiting case, the two forces should be equal.

Hence in the limiting case

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Maximum shear stress: -

EFFICIENCY OF A JOINT (Joint efficiency means efficiency of longitudinal joint) The cylindrical shells such as boilers are having two types of joints namely longitudinal joint and circumferential joint. In case of a joint, holes are made in the material of the shell for the rivets. Due to the holes, the area offering resistance decreases. Due to decrease in area, the stress developed in the material of the shell will be more. Hence in case of the riveted shell the circumferential and longitudinal stresses are greater. If the efficiency of a longitudinal joint and circumferential joint are given then the circumferential and longitudinal stresses are obtained as:

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EFFECT OF INTERNAL PRESSURE ON THE DIMENSION OF A THIN CYLINDRICAL SHELL

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NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.P) [ [ ] ]

[ [

] ]

) (

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NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.P) [ ( ( ] ) ) [ ]

A THIN CYLINDERICAL VESSEL SUBJECTED TO INTERNAL FLUID PRESSURE AND A TORQUE When a thin cylindrical vessel is subjected to internal fluid pressure (p), the stresses set up in the material of the vessel are circumferential and longitudinal stress . These two stresses are tensile and are acting perpendicular to each other. If the cylindrical vessel is subjected to torque, shear stresses will also be set up in the material of the vessel. Hence at any point in the material of the cylindrical vessel, there will be two tensile stresses mutually perpendicular to each other accompanied by a shear stress. ( ( ) )

(
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[ THIN SPHERICAL SHELL

Figure shows a thin spherical shell of internal diameter d and thickness t and subjected to an internal fluid pressure p. The fluid inside the shell has a tendency to split the shell into two hemispheres along x-x axis.

Circumferential Stress developed in hemispherical portion

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Change in dimension of a thin spherical shell due to an internal pressure. We know that the stresses and at any point are equal and like. There is no shear stress at any point in the shell. Maximum shear stress other. Therefore the strain in any one direction is given by Circumferential strain , the stresses and are acting at right angle to each

( ( ( Volumetric strain Volume of a sphere

) ) )

Taking the differential of the above equation

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CYLINDRICAL SHELL WITH HEMISPHERICAL ENDS

d= Internal diameter of the cylinder, t1= Wall thickness of cylindrical portion, and t2= Wall thickness of hemispherical portion. Circumferential stress developed in cylindrical portion, Longitudinal stress developed in cylindrical portion, Circumferential strain in cylindrical portion
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Circumferential stress developed in hemispherical portion,

Circumferential strain developed in hemispherical portion,

In order that there is no distortion at the junction of cylindrical and hemispherical portions the circumferential strains in the two have to be equal

Total change in volume of cylindrical shell with hemispherical end=

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NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.P) ( )

WIRE WINDING OF THIN CYLINDERS

A tube can be strengthened against the internal pressure by winding it with wire under tension and putting the tube wall in compression. As the pressure is applied, the resultant hoop stress produced is much less as it would have been in the absence of the wire. The maximum stress will be in the wire which is made of a high-tensile material. The analysis of wire wounded cylinders is made on the assumption that one layer of wire of diameter is closely wound on the tube with an initial tension T. The procedure is as follows:

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Initial tensile stress in wire

, ( )

Initial tensile force in wire for length L Where n= Numbers of turns in length L

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Initial compressive stress in cylinder Initial compressive force in the cylinder for length L We know that L=nd So

As we know that Initial tensile force in wire for length L ( )

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NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.P) Initial tensile force in wire for length L Initial tensile force in wire for length L And Initial compressive force exerted by wire on cylinder for length L For Equilibrium Initial tensile force in wire = Compressive force on cylinder ( ) ( ( ) )

CASE 2nd:Circumferential stress developed in the cylinder due to fluid pressure only (tensile) Stress developed in the wire due to fluid pressure only (tensile) The resultant stress in the cylinder The resultant stress in the wire ( ( )
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WIRE WINDING OF THE THIN CYLINDER IS USED To increase the pressure carrying capacity of the cylinder. To reduce the chances of bursting of the cylinder in the longitudinal direction. Bursting force due to fluid along longitudinal section per cm length Resisting force of cylinder along longitudinal section per cm length due to fluid pressure

Resisting force of wire per cm length due to fluid pressure ( ( ( ) ) )

Bursting force due to fluid pressure = Resisting force of cylinder + Resisting force of wire ( ( )
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NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.P) The circumferential strain in the pipe is also equal to the strain in the steel wire. Since the wire and cylinder remain in contact, the circumferential strain in the cylinder should be equal to the strain in the steel wire. Due to fluid pressure, the stresses set up in the cylinder are circumferential stress and longitudinal stress. But in the wire there is only one stress. Circumferential strain in cylinder = Strain in wire ( )

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NRI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BHOPAL (M.P) ROTATIONAL STRESSES IN THIN CYLINDER

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