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TeJlbCTBO 3K33MeH, 2003. - 352 c.

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ISBN 5-94692-378-1
AHrfH-IHcKl1i1 H3bIK. Y'-Ie6Hl1K YCTHoro nepeBona Opl1eIlTl1pOB3H lIa o6y-
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llBJllleTOI OCHOBHOi1 CneUH3JlbHOCTbKl. YQe6Hl1K MOlKeT 6blTb TaKlKe I1CnOJlb10-
BaH Ha Ha'-l3JlbHOM 3T3ne o6y'-leHI1H Ha nepeBOA'-IeCKI-IX (paKYJlhTeT3X.
ISBN 5-94692-378-1
y ilK 811.111(075.8)
EJEJK 81.2Atl rJI-923
MHllbHp-EenoPY'-IeBa A.n., Ml1\1bHp-5eJlOpY'-IeB K.S., 2003
I--l1naTeJlbCTBO 3K3AMEH, 2003
OrnasneHVle
flpeouCJIoaue ............................................................................................. 5
PART I ............. ................................................ . .5
Unit I. Development of Mankind ................................................................... 8
J1eKcwleCKI1H KOMMeHTapI1H ...................................................................... 20
rpaMMaTI14eCKI1H KOMMeHTapI1H. BpeMeHHble CPOpMbl nepcpeKTa ............ 25
Unit 2. Clash of Civilisations ....................................................................... 28
J1eKCVI4eCKI1H KOMMeHTapI1H ..................................................................... .42
rpaMMaTI1LleCKI1H KOMMeHTapl1i:j. MO.1l.artbHble rJlarOJlbl .......................... .46
UNIT 3. International Relations .................................................................. 50
fleKCI14eCKI1H KOMMeHTapl1i:j ...................................................................... 64
rpaMMaTI14eCKI1H KOMMeHTapI1H. npH4acTHe ........................................... 67
Unit 4. Globalisation ...................................................................................... 69
J1eKCI14eCKI1H KOMMeHTapHH ...................................................................... 81
rpaMMaTI14eCKHH KOMMeHTapl1i:j. VlHCPI1HI1THB ......................................... 83
Unit 5. International Law ............................................................................. 87
J1eKCI14eCKI1i:j KOMMeHTapHi:j .................................................................... 1 0 I
rpaMMaT114eCKI1i:j KOMMeHTapHH. CTpa.1l.aTeIlbHbli:j 3a.nor ....................... 1 07
Unit 6. Human Rights ................................................................................. 111
J1eKCI14eCKI1H KOMMeHTapI1H .................................................................... 126
rpaMMaT114eCKI1i:j KOMMeHTapl1i:j. fepYHI\I1H ........................................... ) 30
Unit 7. Recent History of Russia ............................................................... 133
.DeKCI14eCKI1H KOMMeHTapl1i:j .................................................................... ) 45
fpaMMaTI14eCKI1K KOMMeHTapI1H. Cy6beKTHblii
npe.1l.I1KaTI1BHbJiiI1HCPI1HI1TI1BHbIK 060pOT ............................................... ) 47
3
Unit 8. Armed Forces .................................................................................. 149
JleKCl1lIeCKl1M KOMMeIITapI1H .................................................................... 163
f'paMMaTI1l.JeCKH 11 KOM ii. OO'benll blli 11 pC.DJI KaTI1BHblH
I1H<pI1HI1TI1BHblii OOOpOT ........................................................................... 165
PART n ... ................................................. 167
Unit 9. Macl'ol'l'Ollolllics ........................................................................ 167
.nCKcwlecKIIIl K(lMMcll'lapI1H .................................................................... 182
rpaMM<lTlI'IC(J(lIii 1\()!\IMeHTapI1M. repYH)l.l1aJlbHbl'i1 060pOT .................... J 87
Unit 10. World Economy ............................................................................ 189
JleI\CII'ICC KI1 ii KOMMeIITapI1H .................................................................... 204
I 'paMM3TlI'leCKlfH KOMMeHTapl1M. COCJlaraTenbHoe HaKnOHeHl1e ............ 207
Unit 11, Mass Culture ........................................................................ , ........ 211
j leKcl1'lecKl111 KOMMeHTapf1H "., .. ', .. " ... , .. , ................................................. 225
[paMManll.JeCKI1H KOMMeHTapI1M. CornaCOBaHI1C BpeMeH ....................... 229
Unit 12. Mass Media .................................................................................... 232
JleKCl14eCKI1H KOMMeHTapI1H .................................................................... 244
KOMMCrITapI1H. ApTl1K1lb ............................................. 248
Unit 13. Information Society ...................................................................... 257
JleKCHL[eCKI1H KOMMeHTapI1H................................................... . ............ 273
r paMMaTI14eCKI1M KOMMeHTapHH. npHlJaCTHasI KOHCTpyKL\I151 ................. 276
Unit 14. Biotechnology ................................................................................ 280
JleKCI1l.JeCKI1H KOMMeHTapl1H .................................................................... 296
rpaMMaTI14eCKI1M KOMMeHTapI1H. CTeneHl1 cpaSHeHYllI ........................... 303
Unit 15. Conquering Space ......................................................................... 306
j ICKcI14ecKI1H KOMMeHTapl1 H .................................................................... 324
r'ra\-1Manll.JeCKf1M KOMMeHTapI1M. CnmKllble npe)l.no)l(eHYllI .................... 328
Ullit 16. Olympic Games ............................................................................. 330
.nCKCII'lecKVlM KOMMeHTapVlM .................................................................... 343
rpaMMalWleCKI1H KOMMeIlTapI1H. npe)l.norl1, <ppa30Bble rJlaroJlbl .......... 346
4
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7
Part I
UNIT 1.
Development
of Mankind
YnpaHlHeHue 1. TeKCT Bcnyx.
The most remarkable development of the last quarter of the twentieth
century has been the revelation of enormous weaknesses at the core of the
world's seemingly strong dictatorships, whether they be of the military-
authoritarian Right, or the communist-totalitarian Left. From Latin America
to Eastem Europe, from the Soviet Union to the Middle East and Asia,
strong governments have been failing over the last two decades. And while
they have not given way in all cases to stable liberal democracies, liberal
democracy remains the only coherent political aspiration that spans different
regions and cultures around the globe. In addition, liberal principles in eco-
nomics - the "free market" - have spread, and have succeeded in producing
unprecedented levels of material prosperity, both in industrially developed
countries and in countries that had been, at the close of World War 11, part
of the impoverished Third World. A liberal revolution in economic thinking
has sometimes preceded, sometimes followed, the move toward political
freedom around the globe.
Nationalism has been the vehicle for the struggle for recognition over the
pasl hundred years, and the source of this century's most intense conflicts. A
world made up of liberal democracies should have much less incentive for
war, since all nations would reciprocally recognise one another's legitimacy.
And indeed, there is substantial empirical evidence from the past couple of
hundred years that liberal democracies do not behave imperialistically to-
ward onc another, even if they are perfectly capable of going to war with
stales Ihal are not democracies and do not share their fundamental values.
8
";llinllalism is currently on the rise in regions like Eastern Europe and ex-
""viel Union where peoples have long been denied their national identities,
.IIHI yet within the world's oldest and most secure nationalities, nationalism
I, ulldergoing a process of change. The demand for national recognition in
WL'stcrn Europe has been domesticated and made compatible with universal
Iccogllition, much like religion three or four centuries before.
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IL\V1M
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caMoe B(l)[{HOe C06bITI1e .................................................................................. ..
nCHOBHble l.(eHHOCTI1 ........................................................................................ .
II[HI'IJ.1Ha,D,JUI BOHHbl ....................................................................................... ..
Ilcc06ll\ee npl13HaHI1e ...................................................................................... .
cl1na 60Pb6bl ................................................................................ .
L'1l060,D,Ha5! 3KOHOMI1Ka ................................................................... .
jlB"DKeHHe K nOnl1TWleCKoM cB060,D,e ............................................................ ..
nOnHHIYeCKa5! CJ.1CTeMa ............................................................ .
ypoBeHb MaTepJ.1aJ1bHOrO ...................................................... .
YnpaJKHeHHe 3. Ha PYCCKOM s:l3blKe OCHOBHoe COAep)!(aHl<1e TeK-
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yeTaHI<1s:lM. I<1X Hal<13ycTb.
10 achieve equality ......................... . to become pessimistic ...................... ..
10 be at odds ................................... . to become accustomed to .................. .
10 be based on ................................ . to share values ................................. ..
In be on the rise ............................ .. to establish validity .......................... ..
In go to war .................................... . to excite commentary ....................... ..
in come to an end .......................... .. to address the question ..................... ..
10 give way to ............................... .. to demand recognition ..................... ..
III have effect .................................. . to appeal to the authority .................. .
III make possible ............................ .. to establish the basis for .................... .
III make sense ................................. . to span different regions .................. ..
in make compatible ........................ . to undergo modernisation ................. .
9
to present an effort ........................ . to draw on the ideas ofsmb .............. .
to prove wrong ............................... . to establish a uniform horizon ......... .
to raise the question ...................... .. to increase standards of living ......... .
to seek recognition ......................... . to provide for the universal education
to unify nationally .......................... .
YnpaJKHeHUe 5. nepeBeAl-ne YCTHO C nVlCTa cneAYKlLL\Vle npeAnO>KeHVlH. 06-
paTVlTe oco6oe BHVlMaHVle Ha nOA4epKHYTble cnoBoco4eTaHVlH.
I. Standards of living increase, populations become more cosmopolitan
and better educated, society as a whole achieves a greater equality or
condition, and people begin to demand not simply more wealth but rec-
Qgnition of thei r status.
2. It is not sufficient to appeal to the authority of the great phi losophers of
the past to establish the validity of an objective history.
3. People have become accustomed by now to expect that the future will
contain bad news with respect to the health and security of liberal politi-
cal practices and they have problems recognising good news when it
comes.
4. History comes to an end because the contradictions that pushed the his-
lorical process have now been settled down.
5. The thesis or the "end of history" was drawn on the ideas or philoso-
phers like Kant and Hegel who had addressed this question before.
6. Modern natural science establishes a uniform horizon of economic pro-
duction possibilities.
7. The new theory excited an extraordinary amount of commentary and
controversy.
8. Technology makes possible the limitless accumulation of wealth, and
thus the satisfaction of an ever-expanding set of human desires.
9. Understanding history in a conventional sense as the occurrence of
events, people pointed to the numerous developments as evidence that
"history was continuing," and that the thesis 01" the "end of history" was
proven wrong.
10. By raising the question of whether there is such a thing as a Universal
History of mankind, the scholar is resuming a discussion that was begun
in the early nineteenth century.
11. Human beings seek recognition of their own worth, or or the people,
things, or principles that they invest with worth.
10
12. All countries undergoing economic modernisation must increasingly re-
semble one another: they must unify nationally on the basis of a cen-
tnrlised state, urbanise, replace traditional forms of social organisation
with economically rational ones based on function and efficiency, and
provide for the universal education of their citizens.
YnpaJKHeHHe 6. TeKCT npo ce65'1, oAHoBpeMeHHo ClIV1Ta5'l Bcnyx
Ha PYCCKOM 5'l3bIKe.
ECTb BeCKYfe OCHOSaHYf5! C'IYfTaTb COllpeMeHHYlo 3noxy flepeJlOMHOH,
4TO [ro6Y)l()J.aeT K Pa3MbIWJleHYf5!M 06 IHOI"aX MYfPOBOH YfCTOPYfI1 11 ee Ilep-
CneKTYfBax. KpOMe Toro, 113BeCTHO, 4TO nO)J.06Hble pa3Mb1UJJleHI15! 1l006ute
Hal160Jlee TI11l114Hbl )J.Jl5! KOHlJ,a Ka)K)J.oro CTOJleTI15!, a TeM 60Jlee TbIC5!4eJle-
TI15!. O)J.HHM Yf3 HanpaSJlellHH 3TI1X pa3MblWJleHYfH MO)l(eT 6blTb nonblTKa
OTBeTl1Tb Ha sonpoc: c03)J.aHbl JlI1 13 xO)J.e npe)J.UJeCTSYfOLUeH I1CTOPI1I1 Ta-
Kl1e l1)J.e 11 , l1)J.eaJlbl I1 11 pn H UYf n bl, KOTopble 11 MefOT 06LUe UI1BYfJlI13aUI101l-
Hyro, YHYf8epcaJJbHYIO Yf Henpexo)J.5!ll(Ylo 3Ha4YfMOCTb. KOHe4Ho, COUl1aJlb-
Ha5! OpraH113aUYf5! pa3Hblx 1"0 cy.1J.apCTB, noseJleHYfe MHonlX JlIOnCK, rpynn.
HaLtl1H S BCCbMa HeO.1J.YfHaKOSOH Mepe BOnJlOLUmOT 06Lue4eJlOBe'lecKl1e
I1neYf, Yf)J.eaJJbl Yf npYfHlJ,l1nbl. O)J.HaKo Bp5!)J. JlYf MO)l(HO OTpYflJ,aTb, 4TO JlfO-
60e cospeMeHHoe 06LUecTBo nOJl)I<HO C MaKCYfMaJlhHOH nOCJle1l0SaTeJlbHO-
CTbfO peaJJI130BaTb )J.aHHble Yf)J.eYf, l1.1J.eaJJbl Yf npI1HlJ,l1nbl, eCJlYf OHO XO'leT
o6ecne
l
l YfTb 60Jlee BblCOKYfO CTeneH b nYf HaM Yf3Ma Yf cTa611J1 bHOCTYf CBoero
pa3BYfTa5!, 60Jlee BblCOKHH yposeHb 6J1arOCOCT05!HYf5! 11 6J1arOYCTpoeHHO-
CTI1 )l(113HI1 60JlblUYfHCTBa CSOHX 'IJleHOll, C)J.eJlaTb HX OTHoweflHH 60Jlee
lJ,HSHJlH30SaHHbIMYf, a YfX caMHX 60Jlee 3noposblMH, H 4JH3WleCKYf, H Hpas-
CTseHHO.
YnpaJKHeHMe 7. YCTHO Ha 5'l3blKe OCHOBHoe cOAep-
}f(aHV1e TeKCTa ynpa}f(HeHV15'1 6.
YnpaJKHeHHe 8. IlepeBeAV1Te C IlV1CTa Ha 5'l3b1K OTpbl-
BOK, BCTaBJl5'l5'l IlponYll.(eHHble cnOBa (lITO OAHO cnOBO MO}f(eT ynoTpe6n5'lTbC5'I He-
CKonbKO pa3 V1 B HeKOTopblX cnYlla5'lx Heo6xOAV1MO V1cnonb30B3Tb MHO}f(eCTBeHHoe
lIV1cno).
Some years ago as the Cold ...... was ending and the Soviet ...... was im-
ploding, almost everyone saw the emergence of a single superpower ...... .
11
Since then there has been much debate over how to conceptualise the suc-
cessor ...... to the hipolar ...... of the Cold ....... Is it unipolar, multipolar or
un i-multipolar? A unipolar world is one in which a single state acting unilat-
erally with little or no ...... from other states can effectively resolve major
international ...... and no other state or combination of states has the ...... to
prevent it from doing so. A multipolar world is one in which a ...... of major
powers is necessary to resolve important international ...... and, if the ...... is
a substantial one, no other single state can prevent it from doing that. A uni-
multipolar world, on the other hand, is one in which ...... of key international
...... requires action by the single superpower plus some ...... of other major
states and in which the single superpower is able to veto action by a ...... of
other states. Global ...... has now moved from a brief unipolar moment at the
end of the Cold ....... into one or perhaps more uni-multipolar decades on its
way towards a multipolar twenty-lIrst ...... .
(century, coalition, combination, co-operation, t!mpire, issue, politics,
power, resolution, system, war, H"orld)
YnpaJKHeHlle 9. Bblnl-lWl-ne l-l3 Bce B03MO>KHble cneAYfO-
li.\l-lX cnOB l-l B KOTOPblX OHl-l 06M1CHl-lTe, KaKl-le l-13 3Tl-lX
3Ha4eHl-li1 C npo6neMaTl-lKoi1 AaHHoro ypOKa.
aspiration ......................................................................................................... .
core .................................................................................................................. .
fact ................................................................................................................... .
history .............................................................................................................. .
idea .................................................................................................................. .
identity ............................................................................................................ .
legitimacy ........................................................................................................ .
prosperity ........................................................................................................ .
revelation ........................................................................................................ .
revolution ....................................................................................................... ..
theory ............................................................................................................... .
vehicle ............................................................................................................. .
YnpaJKHeHlle 10. 06cYAl-lTe nepCneKTl-lBbl yellOBeyeCKOrO o6ll.\e-
CTBa Ha aHrnl-li1cKoM cnOBa l-l l-l3 2,
4, 5, 8 l-l 9. nl-lCbMeHHO nepeAai1Te OCHOBHble MOMeHTbl Al-lCKYCCl-ll-1 Ha PYCCKOM

12
YnpaJKHeHHe 11. 3anl1WI1Te nOA AI1KTOBKY Ha H3blKe cneAYIO-
l.I..\l1e AaTbl, I1cnonb3yH I1CKfl10411TenbHO L\l1cpPOBble 0603Ha4eHI1H. 3a-
nI1CHMI1'C BaWI1MI1 KonneraMI1. YCTHO Ha H3blKe npOBepbTe pe3ynbTaTbl
AI1KTOBKI1 BaWI1X Konner, I1cnonb3YH nonHble Ha3BaHI1H AaT. BbIHCHI1Te, C KaKI1MI1
Ba>KHbIMI1 I1CTOpl14eCKI1MI1 C06blTI1HMI1 CBH3aHbl 3TI1 AaTbl.
May 9, 1945; April 12, 1961; July 14,1789; October2S, 1917; July4,
1776; October 31, 1517; November 11, 1918; December 14, 1825; Febru-
ary4, 1945; April 5, 1242; April 29, 1707; October 10, 1066; April 22.
1870; March 18, 1871; October 24, 1648; August 23, 476; May 2, 1989;
June6, 1815; July 20, 1969; FebruaryI9,1861; June 6, 1799; Octo-
ber 14, 1492; January 1, 1700; September 7, 1812; March 4, 1933; Novem-
ber21, 1620; October 4, 1957; 1\11 ay 29, 1453; January 1,2001.
YnpaJKHeHHe 12. nepeBeAI1Te Ha cnyx no npeAnO>KeHI1IO OT-
pbIBOK.
Ha'-lI1HaH C nocneJJ.HI1X neT npownoro CTOJleTI151, B IICTopWleCKOI1 HaYKe
npOI1CXOJJ.I1T onpeJJ.eneHHaH nepeOpl1eHTaL(I151. noJJ. rlOnpOCOM OKa3<IJII1Cb Te
npeJJ.nOCbIJ1KI1, Ha KOTOPblX nOKOl1nOCb I1CTOpl1'-1eCKOe IICCJleJJ.OBaHl1e C B03-
HI1KHOBeHI151 I1CTOPI1I1 KaK HaytlHOH JJ.I1CL(l1nJlI1Hbl. MHonle YlJeHblC Ha'l3n11
nOHI1MaTb 11 nl1CaTb I1CTOPI1IO nO-JJ.pyroMy. 3TOT nOBOpOl CB5I3aH C tPYHJJ.a-
MeHT3nbHbIMI1 113MeHeHI151MI1 ycnoBI1H caMoro '-IenOBe'leCKoro CYlUeCTBOBa-
HI151. Y)I{e co BpeMeH HI1L(we nowaTHYJlaCb Bepa B I1CTOPI1IO KaK B P33YMlIblfi
11 HanonHeHHblH CMblcnOM npouecc, B xOJJ.e KOToporo OBJl3JJ.eHl1e CHJlaMI1
npHpOJJ.bI 11 nporpecc HaYlJHoro 3HaHI151 BeJJ.YT K 6narocoCT05lHl1lO 'lenOBe'le-
CTBa. OJJ.HaKO XX B. C ero P33pYWHTeJlbHbIMI1 MI1POBblMI1 BOI1HaMI1, TOT3nI1-
TapHblMI1 pe)l{I1MaMI1, YHI1'lTO)l{eHl1eM OKpY)l{alOwel1 cpeJJ.bl nOK33311 npOTI1-
nporpecca, B xOJJ.e KOToporo HaYKa 11 TeXHHKa CT3n11 Cpe}.lCTBOM
He TOJlbKO oCB06ml<JJ.eHI1S1, HO 11 nopa60weHI1S1 'leJlOBeKa. Dpor-pecc
Ben K MblCnl1 0 TOM, lJTO I1CTOPIHI npI16JlI1)((aeTC5I K cBoeMY KOHLlY.
YnpaJKHeHHe 13. nepeSeAI1Te nl1CbMeHHO Ha H3blK cneAYlOl.I..\l1e
npeAnO>KeHI1H, o6paw,aH SHI1MaHl1e Ha ynorpe6neHI1e speMeHHblx CPOPM rpynnbl
nepcpeKTa.
I. The West has become pessimistic with regard to the possibility of over-
all progress in democratic institutions.
13
2. Strong have been failing over the last two decades.
3. It \vas argued that a remarkable consensus concerning the legitimacy
of liberal democracy as a system of government had emerged
throughollt the world over the past few years, as it conquered rival
ideologies.
4. Liberal principles in economics have spread, and have succeeded in
producing unparalleled levels of material prosperity, both in industrially
developed countries and in countries that had been part of the impover-
ished Third World.
5. By the end of the twenty first century democracy will have removed all
possi ble obstacles to its future development.
6. The government promised that it would have domesticated the de-
mands for national recognition of the minor ethnicities by the end of the
decade.
7. Totalitarianisms of the Right and Left have kept us too busy to consider
the question of the future democratie institutions seriously for the better
part of this century.
8. The new world order that came into being with the collapse of the So-
viet Union will have been eXisting for twenty years in 2011.
9. Free market has been spreading in unparalleled pace during the last
decade.
10. "fhose theories suggested that there would be no further progress in the
development of underlying principles and institutions, because all of the
really big questions had been settled.
11. In Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union people have long been denied
their cultural identities.
12. The unfolding of modern natural science has had a uni form effect on all
societies that have experienced it.
13. The senator-elect addressed his constituents and promised not 10 run for
re-election because by the end of his lenn he would have been repre-
senting his people for six years and it would be appropriate time to send
someone else to Washington.
14. A liberal revolution has preceded the move toward political freedom
around the globe.
15. The victims of the past century's political violence would deny that
there has been such a thing as historical progress.
14
YnpaJKHeHUe 14. Ha (.1 PYCCKOM
Kax. oco6eHHOCT(.1 pa3JlVl4HblX BpeMeHHblX CPOPM
rpynnbl nepcpeKTa B Vl CneL\VlcpVlKY VlX nepe,Qa4(.1 Ha PYCCKOM f13bIKe.
1. In watching the flow of events
over the past decade or so, it is
hard to avoid the feeling that
something very fundamental has
happened in world history.
2. The past year has seen a flood of
articles commemorating the end
of the old world order.
3. The choice it makes will be
highly important for us. given
the country's size and military
strength, for that power wi II
continue to preoccupy us and
slow our that we have
already emerged on the other
side of history.
4. There was no material reason why
new fascist movements did not
spring up again after the war in
other locales, but for the fact that
expansionist ultranational ism, with
its promise of unending conflict
leading to disastrous military de-
feat, had completely lost its
appeal.
5. What is important from this
standpoint is that political liber-
alism has been following eco-
nomic liberalism, more slowly
than many had hoped but with
seeming inevitability.
1. Ha6Jllo)],a5l, K3K pa3Bopa'HlBaJOT-
cS! C06bITHS! B nOCJle)J,Hee )J,eCS!TI1-
Jlenle I1J1H OKOJlO Toro, Tpy)],HO
H36aBHTbCS! OT Oll.lYll.leHI151, 'HO
130 BceMHpHoi1 I1CTOPI1I1 npOHC-
XO.LlHT He4To cpYH)],aMeHTaJlbHoe.
2. B npOLUJlOM rOllY nOSlBHJlaCh
Macca cTaTei1, B KOTOPblX 6blJl
npoBOJrJlaWeH KOHel( cTaporo
Ml1pOnopS!)],Ka.
3. C)]'eJlaIlHbli1 Bbl60p 6y.ueT I1MeTb
)],JlS! Hac orpOMHoe 3Ha4eHI1e
Be)J,b, eCJlI1 Y4ecTb Teppl1TOpl1fO 11
BoeHHYfO MOll.lb cTpaHbl, oHa f10-
npe}!(HeMY 6y.ueT nOrJlOll.laTb
Hawe BHI1MaHl1e, MewaS! oc03Ha-
Hl1fO Toro, 'ITO Mhl HaXO)J,HMCSI
y}!(e no Ty CTOpOHy 11CTOPHI1.
4. KaKl1x-Jl1160 MaTepl1aJlbHblX npl1-
411H, I1CKJIl04aBWI1X nOS!BJleHl1e
nOCJle BOi1Hbl HOBblX cpaWI1CTCKI1X
.LlBI()KeHHH B )],pyrl1x perl10HaX, He
6bIJlO: Bce 3aKJlf043JlOCb B TOM,
4TO 3KcnaHCHOHI1CTCKI1i1 yJlbTpa-
Hal(110H3Jl113M, 06ell.la51 6eCKOHeQ-
Hble KO HcpJI11 KTbl H B KOHe'IHOM
I1TOre BoeHHYfO KaTacrpotPy, JIH-
WHJICSI BCS!KOi1 npI1BJleKaTeJlbHO-
CTI1.
15
5. C .uaHHoH T04KI1 3peHH5I B3)KHO
TO, 4TO nOJll1TI14eCKI1H Jll16epa-
JlI13M H)],eT BCJle)], 3a Jll16epanH3-
MOM 3KOHOMH'leCKI1M, - Me)],Jlell-
Hee, l.JeM MIIOrl1e Ha)],eSlJIHCh,
O)],HaKO, HeOTBpa-
TI1MO.
6. By the end of the twenty first
century the idea of the end of
history will have completely
lost majority of it proponents as
many other concepts of the
twentieth century.
7. Less organised social imrlLllsl's
have been successfully satisfied
within the sphere of I i IC
that is permitted in liberal socie-
ties.
6. K KOHIW XXI CTOJlenlll npc,Ll.-
Cral3J1eHl1e 0 KOHue I1CTOPI1I1 no-
TCPSICT 60Jlbllll1HCTBO CROI1X CTO-
1)()IIIIIIHlll. K,IK 11 MHOrHe )J,pyrl1e
Il'OI';111 XX.
7. MCIIl'l' opraH 1 UOBilH Hble COUI1-
HMIIYJlbCbl C ycnexoM
l:I ccpepe 4a-
CTHOI1 )ldl'3H Yi, )(OII)'C KaeMOI1 J111-
6epaJlbHblM 06UlCCTI30M.
YnpaJKHeHUe 15. nepeSeAlI1Te nll1CbMeHHO Ha aHrflll1WCKlI1L1 H3blK
npeAnO}f(eHlI1H, lI1cnOflb3YH Heo6xOAlI1Mble cj:JOPMbl nepcj:JeKTa.
1. 13 .LlCC51THnenle 113MeHI1naCb 11HTenneKTYaJlbHa5l aTMoccpepa
BO I3CCM Ml1pe, BO MHOrl1X CTpaHax Ha'laJll1Cb Ba)KHble perjlopMbl.
2. LJT06bl nOH5ITb, KaK 3TOMY XBaTHno )J,ep30CTI1 y-rBep)K)J,aTb,
'ITO I-1CTOPI1S1 3aKOH411naCb, CJIC)J,YCT YSlCHI1Th CIlSl3b era l1)J,ei1 C paHee
(03)WH H bIMH cj:Jl.IJlOCOqJC.KHMI1 KOHuell UW!.MH.
3. ,L.l,ei1CTRHTenbHo nH Mbr nO)J,ownl1 K KOHUY I1CTOpl.HI?
4. K KOHU.Y cJle)J,YIOll(ero rO)J,a Bbli1)J,CT H CBeT HOB3S1 KHl1ra, B KOTOPOi1
3TOT Y4eHhIH 06ell(aeT npe.LlCTaBIHb HeonpOBep)KI1Mbre tj:laKTbI, CBI1)'le-
Ten bCTI3YIOll(l1e 0 KOH ue I1CTOPI1I1.
5. To, 4TO cYll(eCTReHHble 3neMeHTbl 3KOHOMI14CCKoro 11 1I0nl1TI14eCKOro
JIH6epaJ1l13Ma npl1BI1JlI1Cb B YHI1KaJlbHblX ycnol3l151x Tpa)J,I1UHH 11 HHCTI1-
TYTOB B11aCTI1 )J,aHHoH crpaHbl, CBIl)J,eTeJlbCTByeT 06 I1X cnoc06HoCTI1 K
Bbl)KI1SaH moo
6. 3a nocne)J,Hl1.e flSlTHa)J,uaTb JleT CTapllil 3KOHOMWleCKaSl CI1.CTeMa 6bIJla
non HOCTblO )J,I1CKpe)J,HTH posaHa.
7. KonoHHaJJbHbIM )J,ep)KaSaM nOHa)J,06HJlOCb HeCKOJlbKO neT, 4T06bl OTKa-
33TbC5I OT CBOHX Bna)J,eHHH 11, TaKHM 06pa30M, BblflOJlHI1Tb 06513aTeJlb-
CTRa, KOTopble OHH B3S1nH Ha cc651 B xO)J,e BTOPOH MI1POBOti BOHHbl.
8. II0cne OKOH'IaHI1.S1 BTOPOH MI1POBOH BOHHbl MaJlO KTO peWHJ1C5I 661
npe)J,cKa3aT6, 4TO K Ha'-laJlY XXI B. CCCP y)!{e C KapTbl Ml1.pa.
9. CeH4ac, KOf')J,a C03)J,aeTCSI Bne4aTneHl1e, 4TO Mbl n06e)J,HJHI, Mbl )J,on)KHbl
HaHnl OTBeT Ha Bonpoc, KTO Mbl H 'ITO Mbl 6Y)J,eM )J,eJlaTb )J,aJlbwe.
10. 3MI1rpaHTbl C006ll(Hnl1, 4TO 60nbWl1HCTBO HaCeneHH5I B HX CTpaHe y>Ke
OTKa3aJlHCb OT npI1Bep)KeHHOCTI1 oepl1.Ul1aJlbHO npos03rJrawaeMblM npl1H-
UHnaM.
16
11. CYTl.> nporpecca 3aKJlIO'-IaeTCH B TOM, '[T06h! CneJlaTb '-ITO-TO JlY4we,
4eM 3TO neJlaJl H paHee.
12. bOJlbWHHCTHO CJlY'-laeB ycneuIHoro yperYJlHpoflaHHSI BOeHHb[X KOH-
cpm1KToB nYTeM neperoBopoB nponoJJ)KalOT OCTaBaTbCSI
06l1(eCTBeHHocTH, nOCKOJlbKY Ha 3TOM HaCTaHHalOT 3mlHTepeCOBaHHble
CTOPOHbl.
YnpaJllHeHHe 16. V'13Y4\11Te cneAYKlLL\V1e cnOBa V1 cnOBOCOyeTaHIMl.
conflict
1. n. I) KOHCPJlHKT, RoopY)KellfJOe CTOJlKHOBeH He: armed conD ict - BOO-
KOllqlJlHKT. Syn: fight, battle; 2) KOH<jJJIHKT, CTOJlKHOBeIHIC, npo-
THBope4He: to come into conflict with 5mb -- BCTymm, fl KOH(PJlHKT C KeM-
m160, to provoke a conflict - cnpoBoWlpoBaTh KOH cllJlI I KT, to resolve a con-
Ilict - pa3peWHTb IJpOHIBOpe'lfle, recurring conflicts - nOBTOpHlDl1(lIeCSI
KOHCPSIHKTbl. Syn: dispute. collision, controversy
2. v. 1) 60POThCSl, CP:l)K3ThCSI. Syn: to fight, to cOlltend, to do battle;
2) HaXO)H1TbCSI B KOHcpJlHKTe, BCTynaTb II KOH(PJlHKT: nCTy"aTb B npoHIBO-
pe4l1e, npoTIIBOpe41ITb (with). Syn: to come into collision, to be incom-
patible
evidence
1) cpaKThl, naHHble: on this evidence - B CBeTe 3Toro, Ha oCHoBaHHH 3TO-
ro, from all evidence - Ha OCHOBaHIH1 Bcex CpaKTOEl, scrap / shred of evi-
dence - MHHHMaJJbHhle npH3HaK11, body of evidence - Kopnyc naHllblX, bulk
of evidence - OCHOBHble (paKTbl, empirical evidence - onblTHble .LLaHHble,
(1)aKTbl. Syn: indication, sign, tokcn, trace; 2) )(OKa3aTeJlbCTBO, CBl1neTeJlbCT-
RO, nonTBep)\(j(eH He: evidence of facts .- 11OI\TBep)J(,c(elll1e (llaKToB, am-
ple / cogent / compelling / convincing evidence - y6eJlInCJlbHble LlOKa3a-
ren bCTBa, documentary evidencc -. I\OKYMCHTaJl bH ble CRHLleTCJl bCTBa,
undeniable / unquestionable evidence - HCOCIlOpllMble ;'lOKa33TCJlbCTBa, reli-
able / trustworthy / satisfactory / strong evidence -- y6eJ(HTCJlbHbIC nOKa3a-
TeJlbCTBa. Syn: testimony, proof
government
1) n paBHTeJlbCTBo: to d issol ve a government - pacnycKaTt.>, pacej.lopMH-
pOBblBaTb npaBHTeJlbCTBO, to form a government - (POPMlIPOB3Th IIpaBI1-
reJlbCTBO, to head a government - B03fJlaBJI5!Tb npaB1HeJlbCTBO, to oper-
17
ate / run a government - ynpaBJU1Tb npaBI1TeJlbCTBOM, strong government -
IIraBIITeJlbCTBO, organs of government - npaBI1TeJlbCTBeHHble op-
rallbl, ccntral / general/national government -- UCI-ITpaJIbHOe npaBlneJlbCT-
BO, civil government - rp3)J(.!laHcKOe npaIlIITCJlbCTI:lO, invisible government
- q)aKIWICcKoe npaBVlTellbcTBo, limitecl govcrnmcnt - orpaHWleH}le EJlaCTVI,
military government - BoellHiUI a}l,',,1111I11C"IP,1l1l151, minority government -
npalHlTenbCTBo MeHbWI1HCTHa, provisional govcrnment - BpeMcHHoe npa-
rnlTeJlbCTBO, shadow govcrnnlcnl - TellCBoe "paI3I1TCflbCTBO; 2) cj)opMa
npal3J1eHI151: democratic govcrnmcnt - .LleMOKpaTWICCl(a5l (j:>opr\lil IlpaBJleHH5l,
dictatorial governmcnt -- ,'llIKTaTypa, federal government - (i)CJlepaJIbHa5l
cjJopMa rocY)lapCTLlClllloro YCTpoHcTBa, parliamentary government - napJla-
MeHTCKa5l <-/)OP\1:1 IlpaIlJlCHI15l, totalitarian government - TOTaJII1TapI13M;
3) ynpaBJlelll1c: local/provincial government - MeCTHoe caMoynpaBJleHl1e.
Syn: control; 4) npOflI1HUIHI, wTaT; rocY)lapcmo, KH5l)KeCTBO, pecny6mlKa.
Syn: provincc, state
national
I. ad). 1) HapO)lHbli1, HaUI10HaJIbHbIH: national feelings - Hal-l110HaJIhHble
'IYBCTBLl, national self-determination- HaUI10HaJIbHOe C3MOOllPC.LlCJlCHl1e,
national minority - HaL(110HaJIb1lOe MeHbLUI1HCTBO, national convention -
ilaUI10llaJIbHblH napTI1wHbl1l Cb(3)l; 2) rocY)lapcTBeHHbJlt national interests
- ['QcY)lapCTBeHHble I1HTCpeCbl, national sovereignty -rocY)lapCTBeHHbIH cy-
llepeHVlTeT, national power - rocY)lapCTBeHHa5l / cpe)lCpaJIbHa51 BJlaCTb, na-
tional assembly - HaUI10HaJIbHOC / rocY)lapCTBeHHOe C06paHl1e, national se-
curity - / rocYJlapCTBCHHa51 6e30nacHocTb, national bank -
rocYJlapCTBeHHblw 6aHK, national anthem - I'OcY)lapCTl:leHHbll1 rI1MH, na-
tional debt - rocY)lapCTflcHHblH .LlOJlf, national emergency - Qpe313bl
L
laHHoe
nOJlO)KCHl1e I:l cTpaHc. Syn: state, public
2. n. I) COOTe'ICCTBCHflI1K, Syn: compatriot, fellow countryman; 2) nO)l-
JILlHHbll1, rpa)K)laHI1H: enemy nationals - 110)l,naHHble llpa>K.Lle6HOfO rocy-
;.lapCTIl':
SOli ree
IICI'O'IHI1K, nepBOI1CTO'IIII1K, nepBOnpl1
'
1I1Ha, npHLIVlHa: at a
source -- In nepB0I1CT04HHKOB, to cite sources - UJIHlpOl:laTb, CCbIJlaTbC5I Ha
IICH)'11I11KI1, unimpeachable / unreliable source - IleHa)le)KllblH I1CTO'lHI1K,
replItahle / trustworthy source )lOCTOBepHbIH HCT04HI1K, undis-
closed / unnamed source - IICI13BCCTHblH original source - nep-
18
IIOll crOlillIIK. secondary sources - JHlTepaTypa n o K<IKO:\ IY-JII I6o uonpocy.
Syn: origm
YnpaJKHeHHe 17. n8p8B8A"T8 Ha cnyx B 6blCTPOM T8M08 cn8AYIO"1"8 cno-
BOCOY8TaH"R.
Y 6l'.1I1Tl'J]hllblC ;loK;naTCIIhCTB;) - to run a gOVl'rtlIlK'1l1 110U10p51 !OWHe -
C}I K01HIJJ1I IKThl - n<ltional ant hem .- (PC;lCp,UhHJ}1 (j JOPM:1 r ney l;q1CH3cIIHoro
)cTpoHe-roa _. unimpeac habl e source - to resolvc;1 L'onllic1 Illilitary gov-
l'rnmcnt - OCHOAalll1l1 .,Toro - rUITllpOU;rn, II CTO'III1IK I(el l r paJJhllOC
I lpaIHI Tl'JlbCTBO - KOpll yC .ll a1l1lL1X - - shadow govl' rnml' nt CIlPOIJOLUlpOHaTh
KOrHl lJI IIKT - reliabk evidenc e - r ocY;lapCT13CII1H,11i oallK - MCCTHoe ca:-.lO-
:- IIpaB) ]C!BtC - nat ional asscmbly - invisible governmcnt - '1pL"WbrQanIlOe
I IOJIOIKClllle B e r palll' - IIcoCnOpII\l hlC ;lOKalaTCJlhCTBJ - national sovcr-
cignty - limi ted government - o rpall l l'IIt B,lTh cBOOn; l) _. <tIC; ICP::U1bllcUI
Il.IJaCTh - enemy nationals - provisional government - rocY)' wPCTBcll llhl e
IIHTL'peChl - BCTynaTh B KOH(IJJl II KT - Cmm alt cvidencc \111I1I1\1;}JlI.,III.,IC
I1rHunaKl1 _. JUlTcp;JT} pa 11 0 KUKOMY- : 11I60 BOl l POCY - OClI01J li l.,ll.' <IK1KTbl -
Ilational !cclings - doculllentary c vi(knce - to dissolvt..: a government - llC-
JIOBe'ICCKJ111 pOll - shrcd o r l'vidence I-JaIUl 01l<IJ1[,II OC -
.' IOCTOBCPII hln II CTO'II 111 K - (jJJKnl 'Ice Koe 11 p:WI1TeJI hC I uo lI al UIOlJaJl hJl 1., 1 if
lI apTllnll bli1 CbCJ}l - body of evidence t o comc inlo L'olli:-.ion -- rOl:Y.' lapcT-
BCllll hlll I"IIMII.
YnpaJKHeHHe 18. nOA6ep"T8"3 npaB0I1 ,0nOHK" C"HOH"Mbl K CnOBaM, pac-
OonQlf(8HHbIM B n8BO" KOnOHK8.
evidcnce
governmcnt
soun.:c
national
conl1i cl
compa tri ot
colli sion
po' .... cr
proor
Ortglll
YnpaJKHeHHe 19. OTB8TbT8 Ha BonpoCbl no COA8p)f(aH"1O T8KCTOB AaHHoro
ypoKa.
I.
,
How has the human society been developing over the past decades?
Why has nati onalism been the vehic le for the struggle for recognition
over the past hundn.:d Yl":ars?
19
J. Why has oLlr L'I)()L'I, been considered transitional?
4. In what way has history demonstrated the contradictions of progress?
5. Wh;11 h;IVL' 111L' liberal principles brought to the world?
YnpaJKHeHUe 20. Ha H3blK Bb1CKa3b1Ba-
HVlS1. BblYYVlTe HaV13YCTb.
1.lbL'rty is conforming to [he majority.
(Hugh Scanlon)
""" If people have to choose between freedom and sandwiches, they will
take sandwiches.
(Lord Boyd-Orr)
''o Every time thought is driven underground, even if it is bad thought, it is
a danger to society.
(Ramsay Macdonald)
''o A little rebellion now and then, is a good thing.
(Thomas Jefferson)
''o Ancient civilisations were destroyed by imported barbarians; we breed
our own.
(Dean Inge)
''o Comfort is the only thing our civilisation can give us.
(Oscar Wilde)
nEKCliI"IECKliIi,1 KOMMEHTAPliIi,1
., n aHI'JH1KCKOM }!3bIKe, KaK 11 B mo6oM Jl,pyrOM 1I3b1Ke, cYllleCTBYKH npa-
EHi!la CU'It'T3eMOCHl cnOB. YCfOH411Bble cnOBOCO'leTaHl1l1 (aTpI16YTI1BHble:
historicul experience; rnaronbHblC: to lay / withdraw siege, to make an
([/tempt: rnarOJlbHO-npeJl,nO)l{HO-I1MeHHble: to come down to history; rJla-
rOJlhIIO-3J1,Bep6aJlbHble: 10 date back to; etc.) Jl,OBOJlbHO MHor0411CneHHbl.
3TO 06YCjlOBneHO CeMaHTI14eCKI1MI1 11 Cl1HTaKCl14eCKI1MI1 npaBI1JlaMI1 C04e-
TaCMOcnl lIHI'JII1i1CKI1X CJlOB. 3HaHI1e YCT0i14I1BbIX Bblpa)l{eHHH 11 YMeHHe HX
I1CllOfll,'\OHilTh ooner4alOT pa60TY nepeBOJl,4l1Ka.
20
." AHrJHIHCKHe CJIOBa nation, national. nationality HeCKOJl6KO 3Ha-
'1eHHH \Cl MorYT nepeBo.n.HT6Cll Ha PYCCK"'H 5I'lblK no-pa3HOMY. ,QJlll PYCCKOll-
3blYHOrO peL(I1IlHeHTa Hal160Jlee ecreCTBeHHblM :lHa'ICfIlleM CJlOB3 nation
Ilpe.n.CTaBJllleTCll HaLIU51. TIO.n.06HbIH nepeBO}l 80'3\lml(ell '" B onpe.n.encHHoM
KOHTeKCTe llBnlleTCll npaBHJlbHb[M, HanpHMep, natio}) stote nepeBo.n.HTCll Ha
PYCCKHH1l3blK KaK lIa4uoHQJ/bHoe 20cyoapcJnso.
OllHaKO cnOBO nation .n.OBOJlhHO Y3CTO ynoTpe6nilcToI 13 Illa'leHII'" ;'ocy-
Japcmso, H MO)f(eT BblCTynaTb KaK B KayeCTBe CHHOH"'Ma cnOflil state, TaK H
B Ka'leCTBe em aHTOHIIM3. BTOPOi1 Bap",aHT oc06eHHo xapaKTCpCH JlJlll aMC-
Bapl1aHTa aHrnl1HCKOrO }!3b1K3 - B Coe.n."'HeIlHb[X LlITLlT3X CilO-
BO state ynoTpe6JllleTC}! rnaBHblM 06paJOM B JHaYeH"'VI wma/n, O/nIlOC}{-
lllUUCJl K ypOSHIO WnJIJJ}LQ, B TO BpeM5I KaK natiun, J1mional 0603H3'laeT
CTpaHy B L(eJlOM (npl1yeM Be TOJIbKO CUIA), C"'HoHHMaM11 national B 3TOM
CTaHOHilTCH cJloBa/edt'ral, central.
KaK np3BIIJlO, CJIOBO national ncpeBo.n.UTCil Ha PYCCKHH H3blK - HIJ4uu-
}IOJ/bHblLi, O)lHaKO lie B 3HayeHVlH omJloCf/lIlWiCJl K II04uU, IIUPO());, a B 3Ha-
yeH 11 '" 2ocyoapcmlieHllbzll, OmHOCJllljlIUCf/ K ?ucyoapunsy. TaK, CJlOBOCO'le-
TaHHe national interests CJIe.n.ycT nepeuo..'U1Tb K3K .'0c.:),c)apcm6cllflble
lIIlmepeCbl, 3 He 11iJ/IUU11Q}IbHl>IL' WlmepeCIJI, XO'J'51 BTOPOi1 11 nony-
'111Jl cpaBHlneIlbHO Wl1pOKOe B PYCCKOM 113bIKe.
CJlOBO natiunality B no.n.aBJI51fOllleM 6()nbI1JIIHC'T8e c1YliaeB 060:lJlalf3n
lie HOLIUOHWlbHOCln1> (XOTll T3KOC lHa'lCHlle TO)l(C cYlllecTflyeT), a :pQ.)/('(}all-
cnllJO. nooooJlcm(Jo, B TO BpeM51 1{3K iUI}! OOOJlla'teHlI}! H<lLHIOHaJlbHOi1 11PI1-
1IJ..'1.Jle)f(HOCT'" 8 J.HrJIHHCKOM 113hlKe YlllrrrCOJl51IOTCH TepMHHhl ethnicity HJlH
('ultural identity.
,. CYIl.\ecTByeT oc06a51 K:lTempHH CJlOB, 113BCCTHblX lWK JIQ)KHble llPY3bil
IICPCBoll'IHKa. ')TlI CJTOB3 I1MeK)T CXmKI1C (llOPMbl, HO pa3JI1I'1Hble 3H34eHI151
Il 1l,ByX H 60IIee 5l3blKax. TaK, aHrJlI1HCKOe cnOBO decade 03H34aeT oeOlmu-
/emuC', nepuoo npOOOJ/,)lCUmeJlbflOCmblO 6 OeC5imb /wm. MC)f(.n.y TCM PYCCKOC
aeKaoa I1CnOJIbJyeTC51 .n.Jl51 060:lHayeHVl51 OCCfllllU ofleii.
LJIICJlO JlO)f(HbIX )l,pY3eJ;1 l3eJI VI KO. HHOr)l3 TaKOC 3HI'-
JnlJ;1CKoe cnOBO MQ)KeT IIMeTb HeCKOJIbKO 3Ha'leHVlJ;1. OflHO 1[3 KOTOPblX 6y-
iteT COBna)laTb CO 3H34eH",eM COOTBeTCTBYfOll(erO CMY pYCCKoro CJIOBa, B
HOM cllyl/ae HC06XO)l,I1MO Opl1eHTVlp08aThCll Ha KOIlTeKCT 11 BblOP3Tb npa-
/i/Ulblloe, a He Hal160Jlee .n.ocTynHoe 3Ha'leHl1e. B npoucccc nepCBO)l,l/C-
.n.e51TeJlbHOCTI1 He Bcer)la eCTh B03MO)f(HOCTb npOBCpl1Tb 3H3lieHI1C
(JlOB3 no CJlOB3PfO, n03TOMY YCTHh[H nepeBo.n.lmK .n.OJI)f(CH 3H3Tb H31160-
21
llee paCIlpOCrp311CIIIIl,IC Jlch:OI'ICCKHe eJ\I1HI1I!bl, OTHOC5lUJ.l1eC5l K llO)l{HblM
J\PY'bHM IICPCIlO;l'lflK3. 130T HeKOTOpble IHIX:
sympathy. to sympathise - C04Y[JCTBl1t\ CO'IYI1CTrlOB3Tb (ropa3J\0
PC)l(c 'HII CllOB3 I1CIlOllb3yKlTC5l B '311,I'ICIIIII1 C/OlllamUfl, CUMnamu-
ilI/J(}{Wmh)
rosary - 'IeTKII, MOllllTBbl 110 4eTKaM (PYCCK. pO:lapl1l1 - UBeTHI1K; no-
J],06Hoe 3Ha
'
leHl1e y 3Toro aHrlll1i:fcKoro CllOBa TaK)l(e I1MeCTC5l)
gas (gasoline) - 6eHJI1H, ropKl4ee (B JH3'1CHI1II :no CJIOBO TQ)l(e
ynoTpe6115leTCH, 110 J\aneKO He TaK LI3CTO - IIMeihe B BI1J\Y, 4TO
60JlbUJl1HCTBO MaWHH Ha rme ew.e He pa60TaKlT, 11 CpeJIIIHM aMepH-
Kallell He XOJ\I1T flO aOT03allpaBKaM C KaHI1CTpori B nOllCKax ;'alU, KaK
3TO nepeBeJII1 B OJ\HOM 113 CPI111bMOB; CllOBOC04eTaHYle ,'U3UPOCUIIIIWl
coiJu IlCpeBOJ1,I1TC5l TOJI bKO KaK .lfmrkIing water)
minister - He TOllbKO MI1HI1CTP, HO 11 nOCOll, nOCJ13HHI1K, a TaK)Ke
CB5lUteHHI1K
notebook - B paJroBopHoM PC411 - ,an I1CHa5l KII H)I{Ka, (B TO
BpeM5l KaK nepeHOCHOI1 flopTaTH BII blH KOM flhKlTep, )lMI 0603H3'
ICH 115l
KOToporo B PYCCKOM 5l3blKe I1CnOllb3yeTC5l CJlOBO lIoym6p,: no-
allrJll1HCKH 6YJ\eT laptop); B 3H3
'
1eHI1H 1I0yT6YK ynoTpe6115leTCH I1C-
KjlKl4l1Tell bHO B n po<peCCI10H3J1 1,11011 c4Jepe
sodium - H3Tpl1M (XOT51 B 3HrJll1HCKOM 5l3blKe cyw.ecrByeT 11 npyroe
CllOBO C 3Tl1M )l{e 3Ha
l
leHIleM - l1alruim, B TO 8peM5l K3K cooa no-
allrlll1HCKI1 6YJ\eT soda)
preservative - KOHcepRaHT
corral - 3arOH J\1l5l CKOTa, CTOHllO (TorJ\a KaK KOpLL7J/ 1l0-aHrllI1HCKH
6YJ\eT coral)
band - TeCbMa, lleHTa, KpOMe Toro - rpynna JlKlJ\eH, OTP5l}l, MY3bl-
KaJlbHa5l rpynna (8 3H3
'
leHI1H 6aHiJa 3TO Cll080 ynoTpe6JI5leTCH KpaH-
He peJ1,KO - 06bl4HO CllOBO 6aw)a nepeBOJ11ITC5l cnOBOM gang)
sausage - KOJ16aca (8 TO 8peM5l KaK COCUCKQ 1I0-aHrnI1HCKH 6Yf!eT
hot doy,)
Caucasian - 6ellblH, OTHOC5l11UIHC5l K 6elloH (eBpofleMcKoH) pace (8
311a4elll1l1 KaCKmC1WLI ynoTpe6115leTC5l JlOCTaT04HO PC.L\KO)
.,. B aHrlll1MCKOM 5l3blKe flaTbl JanI1CbIBaKlTC5l Clle.L\YIOlUI1M 06pmOM: CHa-
4aJla MeC5lU, 3aTeM 'IHCllO, B caMOM KOHue - 1'0))" 8 TO BpeM5l KaK 8 PYCCKOM
22
5!3blKe nHWeTC5! CHa4aJ1a ,neHb, 3aTeM MeC5!U. 06panITe BHl1MaHl1e, 4TO C",)-
BO year B aHrJll1MCKOM 5!3blKe onYCKaeTC5!:

May 9, 1945 - 9 Ma5! 1945 r.
nO,n06Hoe npaBI1JlO pacnpOCTpaH5!eTC5! U Ha '3ar1HCb ,naT B UUCPPOBOM
cpopMaTe (TO eCTb Kor,na BMecro Ha3BaHl15! MeC5!ua era nop5!)l,-
KOBblM HOMep). TaK, CJleJlYfOLUa5! 3anl1Cb, JlaHHa5! B 3111'J1IIMCKOM TeKCTe
5/9/1945 (l1JIH )Ke 5.9.1945) 0603Ha4.an Bce Ty )!(e ,naTy - 9 Ma5! 1945 r.
(May 9, 1945) 06paTl1Te BHI1MaHl1e, 4TO PYCCK05!3bI4HbIM pelUllllleIIT l1Men
np0411TaTb ,naHHyfO 3anl1Cb KaK 5 cewnfl6pfl 1945,'., nOCKOJlbKY
B PYCCKOM 5!3blKe l1 B UI1CPPOBOM cpopMaTe BHaIJaJle nl1WeTCSl )lellb, "WTeM
MeC5!U. Ha1160Jlee npl1eMJleMOH Ul1cpposoM3anl1CblO )laTbl 9 Ma5! 1945 I" IlJl5l
pyccKoro Sl3blKa 5!SJlSleTC5! CJle,nYfOLUee cOKpaLUeHl1e: 9.05.1945 (l1JIH )Ke
9/V/ /945). O,nHaKo no,n06HYIO 3anl1Cb aHrJlOSl3bl4HblM peUl1mleHT 11POllH-
TepnpeTl1pyeT KaK September 5,1945.
KpOMC Toro, S HeKOTopblX TeKCTax (oc06eHHO S fa3eTHblX) "pl1 nOJl-
HOM 3anl1CH ,naTbl S03MO)!(HO l1CnOJlb30Balll1e ,nJlSl lla3Ballllri
MecSlues:
Sept. 7, 1812
npl1 nl1CbMeHHOI1 cpHKCaUl1l1 ,naT ;1751 ce6;1 l1CnOJlb3YHTe Ha1160Jlee
npl1Sbl4HblM ,nIISl Bac cpopMaT (TO eCTb PyCCKl1M). COKpa1lleHHoe Hallflca-
Hl1e oc06eHHO Sa)!(HO npl1 3an1lC5!X ,nJl51 nOCJle,nosaTeJlbHoro nepeBo,na l1Jll1
pecpepl1pOSaHl15!, nOCKOJlbKY 5!BJlSleTC51 Ha1160Jlee 3KOHOMHbIM. npl1 06LUe-
Hl1l1 C l1HOSl3bl4HblMl1 peL{l1nl1eHTaMl1 l1CnOJlb3YHTe CTaH.uapT "3anl1Cl1, Ilpl1'
eMJleMblH )lJl51 sawero B113aSl1, 11J111 )Ke nOJlHYfO 3anl1Cb C Ha3Balll1eM MC-
cSlu,a. 3TO n03BOJll1T '"136e)KaTb He,nonOHl1MaHl1Sl. ECJll1 Sbl BCTpeTl1Te
COKpaweHHYIO Ul1CPPOBYKl 3anl1Cb - 0pl1eHTllpYHTeCb Ha KyJlbTYPHblH
KOHTeKCT Opl1rl1HaJla.
B aHrJll1C1cKOM 513blKe cyweCTSYIOT CJle,nYIOwl1e npa13l1Jla npO'lTeHI151
,naT. )J,Jl51 0603Ha4eHl1Sl ,nH5I l1CnOJlb3yeTc5I nOp5!,nKORoe 'll1CJll1TeJlbHOe C
onpe,neJleHHblM apTlIKJleM, KOTopoe MO)!(eT CT05lTb KaK nOCJle, TaK l1 .uo
Ha3BaH l1Sl MeC5I ua: S [JOCJle,nHeM CJlY4ae 06Sl3aTeJl bHO ynoTpe6JleH l1e
npe,nJlora of - l1ml KOJl114eCTBeHHoe 411CJll1TeJlbHOe 6e3 apTl1KJl5l, KOTopoe
CTaSHTC5! TOJlbKO nOCJ1e lIa3Salll1Sl MeC5!ua. ro,na, COCT051Lllee 113
4eTblpex Ul1CPP, 06bl4HO pa3611BaeTC5I Ha napbl, Ka)!(,na5l 113 KOTOPblX 411Ta-
eTC5! KaK He3aSl1CIIMOe ,nBY3Ha4Hoe 411CJlO, np114eM HOJlb (0) npOfl3HOCl1T-
CSl KaK Ha3BaIlHe aHfJ1l1HCKOH 6YKBbl 0 [au]. ,[(aTbl, COCT05!LUl1e 113 Tpex
UI1CPP, TaK)!(e pa3,neJl5l10TC5! Ha ,nse 4aCTl1 - nepsa51 u,llcppa 411TaeTC51 KaK
23
O.L\H03Ha4Hoe 4MCJlO, 8TopaSl M TpeTbSl - KaK .L\BY3Ha4Hoe. nOJlHOe npO'ITe-
HMe MCIlOJlb3yeTcSI .L\JlSl Bcex .L\aT KpaTHblx CTa (500, 600, 1700, 1800 11
T . .L\.), a TaKiKe .L\JlSl Bcex .L\aT .L\Ila.L\uaTb nepIloro CTOJleTMSI; npl1 3TOM npl1
060311a
'
ICllllll .L\aT nepIloro .L\eCSlTMJlCTMSI .L\Ila.L\l(LlTb nepIloro IleKa HOJlb He
npOll1HOClncSI. B paJrOBopHOH pelf M .L\Jl5! 0603Ha
l
leH,lS1 .L\aTbl BMeCTO Ha-
3BaHMSI MeCSlua TaK)I(e MO)l(eT ynoTpe6JlSlTbCSI lIMCJlMTeJlhHOe, npIJ4eM nep-
BaSl UMcppa 6Y.L\eT OTHOCMThCSI K ro.L\y, a IlTOpa51 - K lHICJly. eJlOBO year B
aHrJlI1HCKOM Sl3blKe onycKaeTcSI:
August 23, 476 - August twenty three four seventy six - August the
twenty third four seventy six - The twenty third of August lour sev-
enty six
October 10, 1066 - October ten ten sixty six - October the tenth ten
sixty six - The tenth of October ten sixty six
January I, 1700 - January one seventeen hundred - January the first
seventeen hundred - The first of January seventeen hundred
April 29, 1707 - April twenty nine seventeen 0 seven - April the
twenty ninth seventeen 0 seven - The twenty ninth of April seventeen
o seven
May 9, 1945 - May nine nineteen forty five - May the ninth nineteen
forty five - The ninth of May nineteen forty five
January 1, 200 I - January one two thousand one - January the first
two thousand one - The first of January two thousand one
B aHrJlI1HCKOM Sl361Ke cYll.\eCTByeT .L\Ila B03MO)l(HblX Bapl1aHTa Hanl1CaHI1S1
11 np0I13HOWeHI1S1 HaJBaHl111 nepIl0l111 BTOPOI1 MI1POBblX BOHH:
World War I (World War One) - World War 11 (World War Two) -
BCer.L\a C Hy.rleBblM apnlKJleM
The First World War - The Second World War - Bcema C onpe.L\e-
rreH H hIM apTMKrreM
:r 3anOMHI1Te nepeBO.L\ CJle.L\YfOll.\l1x reorpacpM4eCKMx HaJBaHI1I1:
the Middle East - 6JlM)KHMH BOCTOK (a He Cpeo1-luiL)
the Far East - ,QanbHI1H BOCTOK (eCJm no KOHTeKcTY He06xo.L\MMO
nO.L\4epKHYTb PaJHI1UY Me)l(.L\y POCCI1I1CKI1M ,QanbHHM BOCTOKOM H
KMTaeM, 5lnoHHeH, Kopeel1 B03MO)l(HO I1CnOJlb30BaHI1e HaJBaHI1S1
jJanblle60CmOlJlIO- TuxooKeallcKuiL pe2U01-l)
24
Middle Asia - Cpe)lHSlSl A3I1Sl, UeHTpaJlbHaSl A311Sl
Eastern Europe - BOCTOlJHaSl EBpona (06bI'IHO BKlllOlJaeTCSl H eBpo-
neHCKlli! lJaCTb POCCHl1)
Western Europe - 3ana,nHaSl EBpona
Latin America - J1aTHHCKa51 AMepHKa
}.> npl1 nepeBo)le acpopl13MOBI1lll1 BbICKa3blBaHHH Bbl)lalOlllHXC>I JlH'lHOCTeH
ClleJlyeT nepeBO)lHTb H)lelO, a He CHHTa1<CHC. ECJ1H 60llbWIIIICT30 ClIlI'llHH-
CKHX nOCJlOBHU, norOBopOK H acpopl13MOB HMelOT YCTOHlJl1llhle )IClHIBa.neH-
Tbl B PYCCKOM Sl3blKe, TO MHOrl1e BbICKa3bIBaHI1Sl MI1HYBwero H HaCTO}lU(ero
BeKOB nepeBO)llJHKY npHXO)lHTCSl nepeBO)lHTb BnepBble, 11 :no Bbl3blBaeT
oc06ble TPy)lHOCTI1. Hanpl1Mep, BbICKa3bIBaHl1e Jlop)la DOHJl-Oppa "Ijpeo-
pie have to choose bet'vveen freedom and sandwiches, they will take sand-
wiches" cJle)lYeT nepeBO)lHTb CJle;XYIOLUHM 06Pa30M: ECJlU fllor)fL,H npuoem-
CR 6bl6upamb Me:JIC{Jy c806000u u xfle60M, OHU 6bl6epym xfle6. B )laHHOM
cJlYlJae CJlOBO sandwiches nepeBO)lI1TCSl KaK XJ1e6, nOCKOllf,KY f(llSl HOCI1Te-
JleH PyccKoro Sl3blKa B nO)l06HoM KOHTeKCTe TaKOH nepeBo,n 51BllSleTCSl HaH-
60Jlee KYllbTYPHO 060cHoBaHHblM (cp.: xfle6 C COJlbIO, xJle6 c MaCfIOM; TaK)I{e
B03Hl1KaeT npSlMaSl aCCOUHaUI1Sl C )lp. PI1MCKI1M: xfle6a u "3peJluu/).

BpeMeHHble cjJOPMbl nepcjJeKma
f"JlaroJlbl B cpopMax cOBepweHHoro BpeMeHI1 (Perfecl Tenses), a TaKlKe
MO)laJlbHble rJlarOJlbl C nepcpeKToM B PYCCKOM 513blKe He CYLUeCTBYIOT, O)lHa-
KO B aHrlll1HCKI1X TeKCTax OHI1 WI1POKO npe)lCTaBJleHbl.
Bcero cYLUeCTByeT BoceMb BpeMeHHblX CPOPM nepcpeKTa - l{eTblpe Perject
11 lJeTblpe Perfecl Continuous. nepcpeKTHble cpOPMbJ 06Pa3YIOTCl1:
Perfect Tenses - C nOMOLUblO BcnOMOraTeJlbHoro rJlarOJla 10 have B co-
OTBeTcTBYIOw,eH cpopMe O)lHOro H3 indefinile Tense (Presellt, Past, Fulure,
Future in Ihe Pasl) 11 npl1lJaCTI1Sl npowe)lUlero BpeMeHH (TaK Ha3blBaeMaSl
mpembR rjJ0pMa 2JIaZofla) CMblCllOBoro rJlaroJla;
Perfect Conlinuous Tenses - C nOMOll(blO BcnOMOraTeJlbHoro rllarOJla la
have B COOTBeTCTBYIOLUeH cpopMe O)lHOro 113 Indefinile Tense, npl1lJaCTHSl
npowe)lwero BpeMeHI1 rJlarOJla 10 be (been) 11 npH'laCTI1Sl HaCTOSlLUero Bpe-
MeHI1 CMb[CJlOBOrO rnarOJla.
25
8 IIPIIBC/l,CIHIOI1 TaOJHHJ,c HapHJJ.Y C ncpCPcKHlbl\\H1 npcJJ.cTaBJlCHbl H JJ.PY-
rHC (I)OPMbl rJlarOIlOB allrJlHf1cKOro H'JbIKa.
---
-- --
I
F'utu re
I
(1)'lpl\Il,l Present Past Future
in the Past
Il1dl'/llIil(:' take took will take would take
( '()lIfiIlIlUlfS
am (is I are) was (were) will be taking would be
taking taking taking
Per]e(t have (has) had taken will have would have
taken taken taken
Perfect Con- have (has) had been will have would have
linllolls been taking taking been taking been taking
HaH6oJlbWI1C CJlO)f(HOCTH npH nepcso,llc KaK C PyccKoro H3blK3 Ha aHr-
TaK H C aHrJlHi1.cKOrO Ha PYCCKHM npCJJ.CTaSJHIIOT neprpeKTHhl C
{j)QPMhJ HaCTOSl.IJJ,ero BpCMeHH. C T04Klf 1peIH'lH PYCCKO}[1bl'IHoro PCLl,IHHf-
CIIT3 3TH ll,CMCTBH}[ npHllaJlIle)KaT IIIlat-ly npOWCLl.Wcro BPCMCHH, B TO BpCMH
KaK 1I0CHTeJlH allrJlJ.1HCKOrO H3hlKa paCCMaTpHBatOT HX KaK 4aCTb IIJlafla lIa-
CT05lwero BpeMeHH. lloflo6HaH .QHXOTOMH5I oTpffiKacT HCCHHXPOHHOCTb
Bocnp11HTH5I rpaHHLl, MC)KJlY IIpOW.r1hIM 11 HaCT05lWHM spCMeHCM HOCHTCJlSl-
MH pYCCKoro aHrJH1HCKOro 513bIKOB. fl ep$CKTllblC ct>OPMbl HaCT05l.WCro
BPCI\1t;!1\H HCllOJlh'3YIOTCSI J1.JlH Bblpa)KCIIH5I npOLIJc,aWHX J],eHCTBI-111, TCCHO
CBW3aHHbtX C HaCT05lw,I1M (Present Perfect) J.1JlI-1 "pOLl,CCCa, Ha'laBwcrOC5I
B npOWJIOM 11 npO)J,OJl)KafDwerOC5I B HaCT05lWCM (Present Perfect COl1linu-
ous). [ -paHHll.a Me)K)J,Y nJlaHOM H npOWJloro BpeMeHH B allr-
Jl HHCKOM H3hlKe 51BJlHeTC5I H onpe,neJl5leTC5I. B nepBYHJ OqepeJlb
cy6'beKTHBHblM rOBopHw.ero. HanpBMep, npOUICJl.Ulee }1,e HCT-
BJ.1e MQ)KeT 6hJTb OTfleJleHO OT HaCTOllw,ero MI1IH1MaJ1bHbIM BpeMeHHblM UH-
TepBaJl0M, HO paCCMaTpHBaTbC5I B KalleCTBC 3aSepWCHl-lOrO He1aBHCJ.1MO-
ro. B 3TOM CIlY'lae )'I,JlH era BblpffiKeHH5I. ynoTpc6JI5I.IOTCH BpeMeHHblC ct>OPMbl
npoweJlwero SpeMelll1.
I delivered a report two hours ago.
B TO )Ke BPCM5I ,aeHCTSHe, OTCT05lUJ,ec OT HaCT05lw,ero Ha HeCKOJlbKO
Jl.Hdi , HeneJlb, MeCSllleR, JleT na)KC )'I,eCHTUJleTHM B onpc,aeJlCHHblX 06CT05l-
TeJlbCTBaX MO)KCT paccMaTpl1BaTbC5I. KaK lIeOTbeMJleMa51 qaCTb IUlaHa t-Ia-
cToSlIu,ero spcMellH.
Per capita incomes have been failing since the late eighti es.
26
Since mid-century, the objective reasons for pessimism have faded.
Nationalism has been the vehicle for the struggle for recognition over
the past hundred years.
Oc060e BHHMaHHe B .naHHOM KOHTeKCTe ClellYCT Yf\CJlHTb ynoTpe6Jle-
HHIO TeMnopa.%HorO aTTpH6YTHBa pas! - npowc!lImlii - 13 '\HayeHHI1 yxo-
.n5lWHH, TO eCTb :Jmom. TaKHe Bblpa)f{eHH5I KaK past e'elll/ll'\' nOjlY'lalOT oco-
60 wHpoKoe B KOHl.\e oeKa.
In the past century, there have been two major chal kllgcs to I i beral-
ism, those of fascism and or communism.
04eBH.nHo, 'ITO 3TH CTPOKH 6blJlH HanHcaHbl B KOHl.\e XX 0., KOTOPblH
.\Jl51 aBTopa 5IBJl5leTC5I
nOCKOJlbKY B PYCCKOM 5I3blKe OTCYTCTBYIOT, Pres-
ent Perfect H Present Perfecl Crmlinu{)s B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOHTeKCTa MoryT
nepe.naBaTbC5I rJlarOnaMH JlH60 B npOUJe.nUJeM, JIH60 B IIaCT05l111eM BpeMC-
HH. 3HaYHTeJlbHO 60Jlec Tpy.noeMKHM 5IBJl5lCTC5I ncpeBOn C pYCCKom 5I3blKa
Ha aHrJlHHCKHH; B 3TOM CJlyyae Bbl60p ncp<lleKTHblX HaCT05lUlerO
BpeMeHH BO MHOf'OM 060CHOBblBaeTOI cy6beKTHBHblM BOCnpH5ITHeM lJepe-
Bo.n4HKa.
<DOPMbl Past Perfecl H Past Perfed Conlinuous HCnOJlb3YIOTOI .nJI5I 060-
3Ha'leH 1151 neHCTBH5I B npOWJlOM, npe.nLUeCTBOBaBwero npyrOMY ileikl BI1J{)
B npOUJJlOM, H nepeBO)\5ITC5I Ha 5I3b1K CPOPMOH npoUJC,i1welO 8pC-
MeHI1.
<DOPMbl Future Per/ecl, FUlure Perlecl C{)ntinu{) us, a TaK)!(e Future in
the Past Perfect 11 Fulure in the Past Perfect COlllinuolLl", ynoTpe6.
1
151IOWHe-
(51 .nIl}! YKaJ3HH5I Aei1cTBH5I, KOTopoe 6y.nCT npCnUJeCTBOBaTb .npyrOMy
6y.nyweMY lleHCTBHIO, nepeBo.n5lTC5I Ha PYCCKHH 5I3b1K rJlaro.naMH B
6y.uyweM BpcMeHH (.nJl51 Future) 11 COCjlaraTCJlbHOM HaKJIOHeHIHI (nJI5I Fu-
lUre in the Pasl).
UNIT 2.
Clash
of Civilisations
YnpaJKHeHHe 1. np04V1T3CiTe TeKCT Bcnyx.
Nation states remain the principal actors in world affairs. Their behav-
iour is shaped as in the past oy the pursuit of power and wealth, but it is also
shaped by cllltllral preferences, cOllllllonalties, and differences. The most
important groupings or slates arc the eighllllajor civilisations. Non-Western
societies are developing rheir economic weJllh and creating the basis for en-
hanced military power and political intluence. As their power and self-
confidence increase, non-Western societies increasingly assert their own
cultural values and reject those "imposed" on them by the West. The
"international system of the twenty-first century," Henry Kissinger has
noted, "will contain at least six major powers - the United States, Europe,
China, Japan, Russia, and probably India - as well as a multiplicity of me-
dium-sized and smaller countries." These six major powers belong to five
very different civilisations. In this new world, local politics is the politics of
ethnicity; global politics is the politics of civilisations. The rivalry of the su-
perpowers is replaced by the clash of civilisations.
In this new world the most pervasive, important, and dangerous conflicts
will be between peoples belonging to different cultural entities. Tribal wars
and ethnic conflicts will occLlr within civilisations. Violence between states
and groups from different civilisations, carries \Vith it rhe potential for esca-
lation as other states and groups from these civilisations rally to the support
of their "kin countries." Cultural conflicts are more dangerous today than at
any timc in history. The most dangerous cultural conflicts are those along
the fault lines between civilisations. The major differences in political and
28
economic development among civilisations are rooted in their different cul-
tures. The West is and will remain for years to come the most powerful
civilisation. Yet its power relative to that of other civilisations is declining.
A central axis of the present world pol itics is the interaction of Western
power and culture with the power and culture of non- \Vestern civi I isations.
YnpaJKHeHMe 2. BblnL-1u.IL-1Te L-13 TeKCTa 1 KnlOlleBble, Ha Baw
cnoBa.
YnpaJKHeHMe 3. 3aKpoihe Y4e6HL-1K. Ha BblnL-1CaHHble cnOBa, ne-
peAal4Te COAep>KaHL-1e TeKCTa L-13 ynpa>KHeHL-15'l 1 Ha aHrIlL-1I4CKOM KaK MO>KHO
6nL-1>Ke K OpL-1rL-1Hany.
YnpaJKHeHMe 4. nOA6epL-1Te pycCKL-1e 3KBL-1BaneHTbl K cneAYIOLI.\L-1M cnOBOCO-
4eTaHL-15'lM.
cultural commonalties .................... . political influence ............................. .
cultural differences ........................ . politics of civilisations ...................... .
cultural conflicts ............................ . politics of ethnicity ........................... .
ethn ic con fl icts ............................... . clash of civilisations ........................ .
tribal wars ...................................... . non-Western civilisations ................. .
world affairs ................................... . potential for escalation ...................... .
global politics ................................. . economic development ..................... .
local politics ................................... . pursuit of power ............................... .
central axis ...................................... major powers ................................... ..
kin countries.................................... rivalry of the superpowers ................ .
medium-sized and smaller countries ............................................................... .
YnpaJKHeHMe 5. nepeBeAL-1Te nL-1CbMeHHO co CIlOBapeM Ha 5'l3b1K
OTpbIBOK.
U.HBHmI3al.(HS! - :no wHp04aiiwaS! KYJlbTypllaSl 06ll.(HOCTb. Y )J.epeBellb,
pemoHoB, 3TIIH'leCKHX rpynn, Hapo,UHocTeH, peJlHflt03HblX rpynn cYLUecT-
By lOT oc06ble P33HoypoBHeBble MHoro06p33Hble KyJlbTYPbJ. ltHBHJlH3al.(HSI
npe,UCTaBJlSleT C060M caMYIO WI1POKYIO KyJlbTypllylO rpynnHpoBKy JlIO,UeH H
caMbIH WHPOKHH Kpyr HX KyJlbTypHOM H,UeHTHcpHKal.(HIi - 3a I1CKJlI04eHlieM
Toro, 4TO Bo06LUe OTIII14aeT JJIO,UeH OT ,Upymx }\(IiBbIX CYLUecTB. UIiBIiJlH3a-
29
U,1110 OllpC)lCnlllOT 11 T<lKI1e 06Wl1e 06beKTl1BHble '3JlCMeHTbl, KaK ll3blK, I1CTO-
pI1Sl. PC;IIIIIIII. 'lpa,llIIIlJ,lI1, J,lHCTl1TYTbl J,l cy6beKHftlHa51 CaMOJ,l,lleHTI1Q:JI1Kal.(l1ll
JlIOilCii.
Y 11IIIlIIJIII'lau,J,lH He 6blBaeT yeTKO 06O'JH<l'ICllllbIX Ipallllu" TO'lHOrO Ha-
'''lJl:1 11 JlfO,llJ.1 MOryT nepeOCMblunlllaTh 11 IICPCOCMblC1l1BafOT CBOfO
II)ICII 111'IIIOC,[b, J.1 [J pe3ym;raTe U,IIUI1JIWlilllllll I1 ee 04epTaHl1ll
co IlpCMClleM MeHllIOTCll. KYJlbTypGI lIapO,llOB B3al1MOJlciiCTBYIOT 11 nepe-
KI1""laIOT ,llpyr ,llpyra. CTeneHh I1X CXO,llCTBa J.1 pa3JlI1'11111 'f<lIOICC cYU(eCTBeH-
110 tl<lpbJ,lpyeTCll. TeM IIC MCHec, l.J.l1Bl1nJ,l3al.(lH1 - 3TO II0JlHblC CMblcna l.(eno-
CTHOCTJ,l; OHI1 peaJlbHO cywecrBYfOT, XOTll rpaHJ.1u,bl MCjKJ(y IIHMI1 pe,llKO
6blBafOT 'leTKI1MI1. LlI1BI1JIW3au,l1J,l CMepTHbl, HO BMeCTe C TeM }KI10YT ,llOJlrO;
OHJ.1 JBOJllOl.(110HHPYfOT, a,llanTl1pYfOTCll l1 llBnllfOTCll Hal160nee nOCTOllHHbl-
MI1 LleJlOBe'leCKIIMI1 06-ue.L\I1HeHJ.1llMI1.
IlpaKTJ.14eCKI1 Bce OCHOBHble MJ.1pOBble l.(J.1Bl1nl13au,l1J.1 ,llBa,llu,aToro BeKa
J.1Jl11 cywecTBOBaJll1 B TeyeHJ,le l.J.enoro TblCllyeJleTl1ll, J.1nl1 }Ke SlBnllfOTCll
npllMblM OTnpblCKOM JI.pyroH ,llOnrOBe'IHOH I.J.I1Bl1nJ.13al.(J.1I1.
YnpaJKHeHHe 6. Bce B03MO)l(Hble npm13BOAHble OT cneAYlOl.I..(l!1X
CnoB.
to succeed ........................................................................................................ .
to recognise ...................................................................................................... .
to reveal ........................................................................................................... .
to develop ........................................................................................................ .
to govern .......................................................................................................... .
to behave .......................................................................................................... .
to fail ................................................................................................................ .
YnpaJKHeHHe 7. nepeA BaMl!1 l!1HTepBblO, KOTopoe B3,1n )l(ypHa-
nl1CT Y l!1MeHl!1Toro aMepl!1KaHcKoro npocpeccopa. K CO)l(aneHl!1IO, )l(YPHanl!1CT He Bna-
AeeT B CTeneHl!1 a npocpeccop He rOBOpl!1T no-
PYCCKl!1. BauJa 3aAa4a - BblcTynV1Tb B Ka4eCTBe nepeBOA4l!1Ka 3TOro l!1HTepBblO. ne-
peBeAl!1Te YCTHO Ha cnyx BonpOCbl, 3aAaHHble )l(ypHanl!1CTOM, Ha a
OTBeTbl npocpeccopa - Ha .
.lOt) R NA LIST: B XX B. OCHOBHble KOHQ:JnJ.1KTbl npOl1CXO,llI1Jll1 BHyTPI1
OT!ICJII,II"IX IlI1BJ,lJllf3au,J.1H. 1l0yeMY Bbl CYI1TaeTe, YTO XX] B. CTaHeT Bpe-
MCIICM C 1O.lIKIIOBeHJ,lH Me)!(JI.Y I.J.J.1BI1J1J.13al.(J.1llMJ,l?
30
PROFESSOR: Because the world has evolved and, in particular, West-
ern civilisation has evolved, and the major clashes of the twentieth century
were all within Western civilisation. Civilisatiolls evolve over time, and
most scholars of civilisation argue that they go through periods of warring
states, and eventually evolve into a universal The West has not
reached its universal state as yet, although its close to it, but it certainly
has evolved out of its warring state phase, which it was ill for a couple of
centuries.
JOURNAUST: Mbl rrpe)!{)l.e Bcero 0 3ana)l.H0f1 LlIlrll1!1luaql111,
KOTOPOM CerO)l.H51 npMHa)l.fle)!{IH Be)l.ylll,ee MeCTO B MMpe. KaKl1e CTP(JHbl, no
BaweMY MHeHMfO, npM Ha)l.fle)!{aT K 3ana)l.H0f1 BMflM3aUMI1, M KTO 5l13JI51eTC51
ee flM)l.epoM?
PROFESSOR: Well, the leaders are the United States and Western
Europe. And the big question for the West is, what other countries should
be incorporated into Western institutions? And the answer from a civilisa-
tion point of view is very clear. These are the countries which historically
have been part of Western Christendom going back a thousand years or
more.
JOURNALlST: 4TO Bbl MQ)KeTe CKa3aTb () lIpyrMx UMBMJIII3aLll151X?
PROFESSOR: Well, I think the most important ones are Orthodox civili-
sation with Russia as a core state, Islamic civilis(Jtion which stretches fr0111
Morocco to Indonesia. Chinese civilisation, Jaran, which is really a civilisa-
tion all unto itself; Hindu civilisation; I"atin America, that I would classify
as a separate civilisation, although some people wouldn't; and Africa, which
is, a very special type of civilisation.
JOURNAUST: Bbl {(pe)l.ynpe)K)l.aeTe 06 onaCHOCTM CTOflKHOBeHI1f1 Me-
)K)l.y UIIBHDM3aUM51MH. KaK B 3TOM cflY'lae Bhl BI1)l.MTe aMepl1KaHcKYlo BHew-
llfOfO nOflMH-lKY?
PROFESSOR: Well, I think the United States first of all has to recognise
the world for what it is. And r think we have been in something of a denial
mode, and have not been very quick at adjusting to this terribly complex
world where there is ethnic rivalry of all sorts, and ethnic rivalry becomes
most dangerous, of course, when it is between groups from different civili-
sations because there is always the danger of escalation. And so I think
American foreign policy clearly has to focus on the intercivilisational con-
n icts that wi II challenge us, and we also have to keep our guard up and I
think try to reinvigorate relations with Ollr European allies, which 1 think our
adrn inistration has rather neglected.
31
JOURNALIST: TaKl-1M oopa30M, Bbl rOBopl-1TC 0 He06xo))'l-1MOCTl-1 C6JlH-
))(eHII5I COC}lHIICI-lllbIX WTaTos c Esponoi1?
Yes. Promote the unity orllle West.
JOURNALIST: A TaK)I(e yKpenm/Tb caMY '3arla!lHYI-O llIIBH,'Hl3alll1l-O?
PRO l'l::SSOR: Right. Which means not just ill III i I itary and econom ic
terms out also in moral terms and in commitment to Western values.
JOURNALIST: KpOMe Toro, Ha Baw S3 I'Jl 51))" 3ana)),y CJlejlyeT OTKa3aTb-
CH OT npe)),cTaSJlelH15I 06 YHllsepcaJlbHOCTl-1 CBOl-1X u.eHHocrei1'?
PROFESSOR: That's right.
JOURNALIST: BmlJH H)leH nOJly4l1JlH npOTlmOpe411Bble OueHI(11 130
BceM MHpe. 51 )l(eJlal-O BaM TBOp4eCk:l-1X ycnexos H ysepeH, 4TO
Mbl elue He pa3 YCJlbllUHM BaUlI1 0PHI'llHaJlhlIble KOHu.enllI1H. f:iOJlhlllOe cna-
cl-160 3a I-1HTepBbl-O.
PROFESSOR: Thank you. I appreciate it.
YnpaJKHeHHe 8. CpaBHlt1Te TeKCT C BaWlt1M nepeBoAoM TeKCTa
5. 06cYAlt1Te cYll.\eCTBYIOll\lt1e
A civilisation is the broadest cultural entity. Villages, regions, ethnic
groups, nationalities, religious groups, all have distinct cultures at different
levels of cultural heterogeneity. A civilisation is the highest cultural group-
ing of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have short of
that which distinguishes humans from other species. It is defined both by
common objective elements, such as language, history, religion, customs,
institutions, and by the SUbjective self-identification of people.
Civilisations have no clear-cut boundaries and no precise beginnings
and endings. People can and do redefine their identities and, as a result,
the composition and shapes of civi I isations change over time. The cultures
of peoples interact and overlap. The extent to which the cultures of civili-
sations resemble or differ from each other also varies considerably. Civili-
sations are nonetheless meaningful entities, and while the lines between
them are seldom sharp, they are real. Civilisations are mortal but also very
long-lived; they evolve, adapt, and are the most enduring of human asso-
ciations.
Virtually all the major civilisations in the world in the twentieth century
either have existed for a millennium or are the immediate offspring of an-
other long-lived civilisation.
32
Ynpa1llHeHJle 9. Bcnyx OTPbIBOK,
pe310Me TeKCTa 1. TeKCT Ha
Sl3blK Ha cnyx no
The present world is a world of seven or eight major civilisations. Cul-
tural commonalties and differences shape the interests, antagonisms, and as-
sociations of states. The most important countries in the world come from
different civilisations. Local conflicts most likely to escalate into broader
wars are those between groups and states from different civilisations. The
predominant patterns of political and economic development differ from
civilisation to civilisation. The key issues on the international agenda in-
volve differences among civilisations. Power is shifting from the long pre-
dominant West to non-Western civilisations. Global politics has become
multipolar and multicivilisational.
Ynpa1llHeHJle 10. TeKCT,
BCIO B
CBOASl K Bce
TeKCT BO pa3. Ha
YCTHO TeKCTa Ha Sl3b1Ke, 06paLl.\aSl oco-
60e Ha AaT, AeHe)f(HbIX CYMM,
HOMepa BblnYCKa ra3eTbl.
Saturday, January 7, 1984.9:37 a.m.
Inspector was getting nervous. He had been waiting for more than two
hours and all in vein. For the sixty eighth time in the last thirty minutes he
replayed the conversation. "See you at 7:30 on Saturday in lobby of the
Roosevelt Hotel. You know where it is. Madison Avenue at 45
th
Street".
Saturday, January 7,1984.10:54 a.m.
After having been waiting for almost three and a half hours Inspector de-
cided to leave at 1 p.m. Apparently Long John would not come this day.
Maybe they could meet on Sunday, or Monday. Monday morning was
Inspector's last chance to get the evidence of his innocence. Pretty expen-
sive evidence, in fact - three thousand bucks, but that was Long John's price
and Inspector had to comply. On Monday at noon he would face at last the
charges that had been presented to him on Christmas, and either he would
prove his innocence or be discharged from the police. Giving $ 3,000 away
33
would leave Inspector with $ 25.14, but at least he would still be the in-
spector.
SlIm/Ul' . .Junumy 8, 1984. 9:07 p.m.
Inspector was disinterestedly looking at the newspaper that he had just
thrown on the floor. He had been trying to break through it since morning.
A II that he was able to read was, "The New York Times, volume 133, num-
ber 45,917." His thoughts were with Long John. John's telephone was dead
and there was no other way to get in touch with him. If Inspector didn't
reach him, then in 14 hours and 53 minutes all his life would be ruined. He
had been serving in the police for seven years ... or eight? He did not care.
He made up his mind to join the police at the age of thirteen, and in 1976 he
launched his career with the police. March 15, 1976. It was the best Monday
in his life. Thus his service would have lasted for 7 years 9 months and
24 days by tomorrow noon.
Not knowing what to do Inspector came back to the newspaper. He was
too nervous to read but decided to look through it once again. A picture
caught his eye. It took Inspector almost two minutes to realise that it was
Long John. Even more dead than his telephone. The article said that an uni-
dentified body had been found on Friday night, at 11:46 p.m. The police ar-
rived at 12: 13 a.m. Saturday, but still could not identify the person. A sad
smi led touched Inspectors lips. For the last 45 hours and 21 minutes all his
hopes had been in vain. Alas!
Monday, January 9, 1984. 12:23 p.m.
It took the committee less than half an hour to decide on the charge. In
fact 5 minutes would have sufficed as well. Inspector would not admit his
guilt, but after John's death there was no way for him to dismiss the charge.
His romance with the police was over.
Sunday, July 13, 1997.9:23 a.m.
Inspector smiled. Not the inspector any longer, simply Inspector. The
time ... 13 years 6 months 3 days and 21 hours without the police were not
so bad as he had expected. He had never imagined to have a talent for busi-
ness, but he earned his first million in less then two years. The second came
faster - in 11 months. And now he was worth $ 25 million. Not bad for an
ex-cop, eh?
SlInday, July 13, 1997. 11 :49 a.m.
The body of a well-known businessman who had started his career in the
pol ice was found on 5
th
A venue at 77
th
Street. By the time of his death he
was worth $ 24,789,32.94. The police would not comment the death.
34
YnpaJKHeHHe 11. IlpocnywaCiTe cne.QYIOl1.\14Ci TeKCT H144ero He
n14CbMeHHO. Ilocne n14CbMeHHO COCTaBbTe pe310Me TeKCTa Ha aHr-
n14CiCKOM v1cnonb3yCiTe B Ka4eCTBe 06pa31..\a TeKCT 9.
HeT HH OJlHOI1 UHBHJlH3aUHH, KOTopaSl 6bl 3apOJlHnaCb H pa3BHJlaCb 6e3
1l0JlHTH4ecKol1 caMocTOSITenbHocTH, XOTSI, JlOCTHrHYB Y)l(e H3BecTHol1 CH-
nbl, UHBHJlH3aUHSI MO)l(eT erue HeCKonbKO BpeMeHH cyruecTBoBaTb H nocne
nOTepH caMOCTOSlTeJlbHOCTH. B Ka4eCTBe npHMepa 3JleCb MO)l(HO npHBecTH
):LpeBHIOIO fpeUHIO. 51BJleHHe ::no, H3 KOToporo HeT HH OJlHOro HCKJlI04e-
HHSI B HCTOPHH, caMO no ce6e Jlel'KO 06'bSlCHHMO. Ta)l(e npH4HHa, KOTopaSl
npenSITCTByeT pa3BHTHIO JlH4HOCTeJ;! 8 COCTOSlHHH pa6CTBa, npenSlTcTByeT
H pa38HTI1IO HapOJlHOcTel1 8 COCTOSlHHH nOJlHTH4ecKol1 3aBHCHMOCTI1, TaK
KaK B 060HX cnY4aSlx HHJlHBHJlYarTbHOCTb, HMelOruaH C80H caMOCTOSlTenb-
Hble uenH, 06paruaeTCH 13 CJlY)l(e6Hoe opYJlHe, 8 CpeJlCTBO JlnH JlOCTH)I(e-
HI1H 4Y)l(HX uenei1. EcnH TaKHe 06CTOSITenbCT8a 3aCTHl'HyT JlH4HOCTb I1JlH
HapOJlHOCTb 8 paHHeM 803paCTe Pa3BHTH51, TO I1X caM06blTHOCTb JlOJl)l(Ha
nOI'116HYTb. BCH HCTOPI1H JlOKa3bIBaeT, 4TO UHBHJlH3aUl1H He nepeJlaeTCH
OT OJlHOrO KYJlbTypHO-HCTOpI14eCKOro THna JlPyroMy; HO H3 3Toro He CJle-
JlyeT, 4T06 OHH OCTaBarTHCb 6e3 BCHKoro B03Jlei1cTBHH JlPyr Ha Jlpyra,
3TO 1l03Jlei1cTBHe MO)l(eT ocyrueCT8JlSITbC51 pa3nl14HblMH nyTHMI1. Dporpecc
COCTOI1T He B TOM, 4T06bl I1JlTI1 BceM B OJlHOM HanpaBJleHI1I1, B TaKOM CJly-
4ae OH CKOPO 6bl npeKpaTHJlCH, a 8 TOM, 4T06bl 80 Bcex HanpaBJleHI1HX
I1CXOJlI1Tb none, COCTa8Jl5l1Oll(CC nOflpl1ll(e HCTopH4ecKoi1 JleSITeJlbHOCTH
4eJl08e4eCTBa. COOTBeTCTBeHHO, HH OJlHa Ll,HBHJlH3aUH5I He MO)l(eT rop-
JlHTbCH TeM, 4TO OHa npeJlCTaBJl51eT BblCWYIO T04Ky pa3BHTHH, B cpa8He-
HI1H C ee npeJlWeCTBeHHHuaMH I1JlH COBpeMeHHHuaMH CO Bcex CTOPOH
pa3BHTHH.
YnpaJKHeHHe 12. BblcTyn14Te O.QHOC\ 143 BOCbM14 I..\14B14n14-
3al..\14Ci (CM. 1 14 7), no B03MO}l(HOCT14 npe.QCTaBb Te Bce BoceMb
I..\14S14n143al..\14Ci. Ha aHrn14C\cKoM S13blKe 06cY.QltlTe nepCneKT14Bbl 4enOBe-
4eCKoro 06l1.\ecTBa B paMKax llapa.Q14rMbl W14B14n143al..\1414: KOHcpn14KT 14 corpY.QH14-
4eCTBO. Ilocne OKOH4aH14S1 o6cY>KAeH14S1 Il14CbMeHHO o606l1.\14Te ero XO.Q 14 pe-
3ynbTaTbl Ha PYCCKOM S13blKe (s xO.Qe H144erO He CP14KC14PYI1Te
n14CbMeHHO).
35
YnpaJKHeHHe 13. Ha R3blK
o6palllaR Ha MOAanbHblx rnaronOB.
4.
I 1llllpe;111 curricula should not only include the teaching of Graeco-
1{1l111"" ""d Christian traditions but should also convey the knowledge
01 lIoll-European traditions.
Iltc worst thing would be for us to stumble into a great war without re-
;iI ising it, without being prepared for it.
lite military would be compelled to establish a dictatorship until this
Ilew revolution shall be consolidated.
Expanding this conflict is the one action that could galvanise a clash of
civilisations.
5. The educational system in any given cultural environment must go be-
yond the exclusive interpretation of the collective cultural awareness on
the background of the very culture's speci fic traditions of that culture.
6. In the very variety of cultural systems we find the unique chance of
gaining a clearer and more critical consciousness of our own system;
thus, we may comprehend in a deeper sense the value of cultural free-
dom as being something that is common to all human beings.
7. By adding our own consumer driven, competitive culture, we can't hope
to do any good and therefore might as well not even go.
8. Each conflict is unique yet we can learn from the successes and fail-
ures.
9. The psychology of envy and grudge as well as the impact of mass media
has to be better understood.
10. If these organisations are to fulfil the protection role, they should adopt
a rights based approach which meets people's need for security, freedom
and justice.
1 I. We have to do everything we can to prevent them from becoming our
enemy.
12. The scholars have not been able to find a convincing economic answer
10 this predicament.
13. The aspirations of the middle class in this country ought to be compared
not with those of European middle class, but with the aspirations the
middle class of this country had immediately after World War 11.
14. Tlte cullure ofa village in southern ltaly may be different from that ofa
vi Ilage in northern Italy, but both will share in a common Italian culture
Iltal dislillguishes them from Gennan villages.
36
15. Non-governmental organisations and individuals can be helpful in the
broader context, while we should recognise that professional diplomats
and mediators in and around the United Nations may be more effective,
when a contlict is imminent and precise negotiations are required.
YnpaJltHeHlle 14. CKo6KL-1, MO-
AaJlbHble rnaronbl. IlepeSeAL-1Te YCTHO Ha L-1CXOAHble L-1 TpaHccpopML-1-
posaHHble
I. This goal (MO)f(eT) only be achieved by establishing the basis for an ob-
jective dialectics of cultural self-realisation.
2. We (.ll.OJl)f(HbI) explore economic, social, cultural as well as political and
psychological dimensions of a conflict.
3. A civilisation (MO)f(eT) only fully develop itself if it (cMO)f(eT) relate to
other civi I isations.
4. This theory (MO)f(eT) serve as a methodological basis for a theory of
cultural self-comprehension.
5. I n many armed contlicts international humanitarian actors (.ll.OJl)KHbJ)
provide protection and assistance to the people affected by the conflict.
6. I think it (6bJJlO 6bI) be very undesirable at this point to expand the war
into a war.
7. A truly multicultural society (.ll.OJl)f(HO) emerge on the global level.
8. Conflict prevention in the twenty first century (.ll.OJ1)f(HO) confront the
global trend.
9. Many (6bl ocnopl1JlI1) challenge that we (MO)f(eM) spread all these other
values elsewhere.
10. We (BbIHY)l(.lJ.eHbJ) recognise the limits on our power.
I I. It (MO)f(eT) be that transnational corporations will wield more power in
the coming century than do nation-states.
12. Regarding the maintenance of regional dominance there (CJle.ll.yeT) be no
illusions.
YnpaJltHeHlle 15. nepeseAL-1Te yCTHO Ha cneAYIOLl.\L-1e
MOAanbHble rnarOflbl.
I. Ka)l(.lJ.aJl 113 3Tl1X BepcHH .ll.OJl)f(Ha Y4HTbIBaTb OT.ll.eJlbHble aCneKTbJ cy-
weCTBYKlUleH pean bHOCHI.
4T06bJ H36e)f(aTb KpaHHocTeH B Me)f(rocY.ll.apCTBeHHblx oTHOWeHH}{X,
CJle.ll.yeT npl1HjlTb nOJlI1THKY .ll.06poCOCe.ll.CTBa H COTPY.ll.HH4ecTBa.
37
3. HaLl.HOHaJI blloe rOCYllapCTBO ,UOJ1)KHO OCTaTbCSI rJlaBH blM ,UeHCTBYlOw.HM
nHIWM Ha MC)I(,UYHapO,UHOH apeHe.
4. CIOJIKIIOUCHHe L1.}!BHJlH3aQHH He ,UOJl)KHO CTaTb ,UOMHHI1PYlDW.HM cpaK-
TOPOM MHPOBOH nOJlI1TI1KH.
5. t'Pll)IYIUHI1 KOHCPJlI1KT Me)K,UY L1.HBHnH13UH5!MH MQ)KeT CTaTb 3aBep-
IlIalOLl(eH CPaJOH 3BOJllOQI1}! rJl06an bH blX KOHCPJlflKTOB B cOBpeMeHHoM
MHpe.
6. Ha npOTSI)KeHIUI nOJlYTopa BeKOB nocJle BeCTcpanbCKoro Ml1pa, ocpop-
MHBwero COBpeMeHHYlO Me)K,UYHap0,UHYlO CI1CTeMY, B 3ana,UHOM Ml1pe
KOHCPJlHKTbl 06bl4HO npOl1cxo,UI1JlI1 Me)l(,UY rocy,UapSlMH, CTpeMHBWH-
MHCSI npl1Coe,UHHHTb HOBble 3eMJll1 K CBOI1M BJla,neHI1S1M.
7. rocy,UapcTBaM-JlI1,UepaM cne,UyeT BeCn! 'upyr C ,UpyroM neperoBopbl 0
c,Uep)KI1BaHI1I1 HJlI1 npeKpaw.eHI1I1 BOHH, OCTaB3SlCb B paMKax CBOHX QH-
BHJlH3aLl.I1H.
8. KYJlbTypH3SI caMoH,UeHTl1cpHKaLl.HSI JllO,Ueti MO)KeT MeHSlTbC5!, H B pe-
3YJlbTaTe MeH5!lOTC5! COCTaB 11 rpaHHQbl TOH I1JlI1 HHOti L1.I1Bl1JI113aUI1I1.
9. B paMKax ,UaHHoti Ql1BHJll13aQl1l1 OTCYTCTByeT rocy,UapCTBO, KOTopoe
MOrJlO 6bI BblcTynaTb B Ka4eCTBe JlH,Uepa H 3TO, B CBOlO 04epe,Ub, oc-
JlO)KH5!eT paJBI1Tl1e pemoHa.
10. Henb35! npl1HSlTb 3T01' apryMeHT, HO B ,UaHHOH CB5!3H 6bIJlO 6bl none3HO
I1CCJle,UOBaTb, CTaHOBSlTCSI JlH l.lHBl1JI113aLl.HH 60Jlee QHBHnH30BaHHbIMI1.
11. HenpeKJlOHH3SI n03I1QI1S1, KOTOPY1O 3aHSlno npaBI1TenbCTBo, OCJlO)KH5!eT
OTHOWeHI1S1 He TOJlbKO C COnepHl14alOw.I1MI1 rocy,UapCTBaMH, HO H C Te-
MH Koro eMY XOTeJlOCb 6bl C4HTaTb CBOI1MH eCTeCTBeHHblMI1 COlO3HH-
KaMI1.
12. HaHBHO nOJlaraTb, 4TO TpHYMcPanbH3SI n06e,Ua O,UHOH L1.I1BI1JlI13aLl.Ht!
MO)l(eT nOJlO)KI11'b KOHeQ paJHo06paJl1lO KYJlbTYP, KOTopble MHoro Be-
KOB OJlI1QeTBOpSlJlI1 C060H BeJlI1Kl1e Ql1Bl1JlH3al.ll1H Ml1pa.
YnpaJKHeHHe 16. V13YYL.1Te cnegYKlll\L.1e cnOBa L.1 cnOBOC04eTaHL.1s:1.
clash
I. n. I) CTOJlKHOBeHl1e, CTbI4Ka. Syn: fight, skirmish; 2) KOHcPmfKT,
CTOJIKHOBeHHe: clash of opinions - paCXO)K,UeHl1e BO B3rJlSl,Uax, clash of in-
terests - CTOJlKHOBeHl1e / rrpOTl1BOpe4He I1HTepeCoB, clash of civilisations -
CTOJlKII()IICHHe L1.HBHJlH3aQI1H. Syn: collision, conflict
2. v. IlpHXO,UHTb B CTOJlKHOBeHl1e (0 B3rJl5!,Uax, I1HTepecax); CTOJlKHYTbC51,
CXllaTHTbCll (against, with). Syn: to conflict, to disagree, to interfere
38
nation
I) HapOn, HaL\I15I; HapOnHOCTb. Syn: fo I k, people, national ity; 2) rocy-
napCTBo, HaL\IUI, cTpaHa: to build / establish a nation - C03naTb /ocHoBaTb
rocynapcTBo, civilised nation - L\HBvlnH30BaHHoe rocynapcTBo, member na-
tion - CTpaHa, SlBJlSl!Oll(3.5!CSI 4JleHOM KaK0I1-JlH60 Me)KnYHaponHoH opraHH-
3aL\HH, friendly nation - npY)l(ecTBeHHoe rocynapcrso, independent nation -
He3aBHCHMoe rocynapcTBo, sovereign nation - cyBepeHHoe, He3aBHCHMoe
rocynapcTBo, nation state - HaL\HOHaJlbHOe rocynapCTBO, belliger-
ent / warring nations - BO!O!OLl(He rocynapCTBa, peace-loving nations - MH-
POJl!06HBble CTpaHbl. Syn: state, country; 3) the nation - CWA, )l(HTeJlH
CWA, aMepHKaHL\bl; 4) HapOnbI, HaCeJlSl!OLl(He 3eMJl!O, HapOnbl MHpa;
5) nJleMSI, 06benHHeHHe nJleMeH. Syn: tribe
power
I) CHJla, MOLl(b; MorYLl(eCTBo. Syn: strength, might, vigour, energy, force;
2) BJlaCTb, nOJlHOM04 HSI, npaBo: to assume / take / seize power - npHI1TH K
BJlaCTH, 3aXBaTHTb BJlaCTb, to come into power - npHihH K BJlaCTH, to exer-
cise / wield power - 06J1anaTb BJlaCTb!O, to transfer power to smb - nepe-
!\aTb BJlaCTb KOMY-JlH60, executive / legislative / judicial power - HCnOJlHH-
TeJlbHaSl / 3aKOHOnaTeJl bH3.5! / cyne6H3.5! BJlaCTb, political power
n0J1HTH4eCK3.5! BJ1aCTb, supreme power - BepXOBH3.5! BJ1aCTb, government in
power - HaXOnSlLl(eeCSI y BJlaCTH npaBHTeJlbCTBO, party in power - npaBSlll(3.5!
lIapTHSI, war powers - npa[lo Ha 06bSlBJleHHe BOI1Hbl, emergency powers -
'lpe3Bbl4aHHble n0J1HOM04HSI. Syn: jurisdiction, authority; 3) CTpaHa, nep-
}I(aBa: the Great Powers - BeJlHKHe nep)l(aSbl, belligerent powers - BO!O-
IOLl(He cTpaHbI / nep)l(aBbl. Syn: state, nation
society
1) 06ll(ecTBo: to polarise a society - pa3neJlHTb 06ll(eCTBO Ha nBa npoTH-
1l0nOJIO)l(HblX JlarepSl, to unite a society - 06benHHHTb 06ll(eCTBO, advanced
- cOBpeMeHHoe, nepenoBoe 06ll(eCTBO, affluent society - 60raToe
no Ll(eCTBO, 06Ll(eCTBO H306HJlHSI, capitalist society - KanHTaJlHCTH4eCKoe
nOll(eCTBo, civilised society - L\HBHJlH30BaHHoe 06Ll(eCTBo, pluralistic soci-
ety - nJl!OpaJlHCTH4ecKoe 06ll(eCTBO, primitive society - nepB06blTHoe 06-
llteCTBO. Syn: community, civi I isation; 2) 06ll(eCTBO, 06benHHeHHe, opraHH-
\;1I1HSI: to establish / set up / found a society - OCHOBaTb, C03naTb, y4penHTb
(IpraHH3aL\H!O, to disband / dissolve a society - pacnycTHTb opraHH3aL\H!O,
Illllnane society - 4eJlOBe4eCKoe 06Ll(eCTBo. Syn: association, organisation,
kllowship, fraternity, sorority
39
state
I. n. I) roCynapCTBO: to establish / found / set up a state - C03naTb rocy-
napCTBO, to govern / rule a state - ynpaBJllITb, npaBI1Tb rocynapCTBOM,
secular state - CBeTCKoe rocynapcTBO, sovereign state - cYBepeHHoe rocy-
napCTBO, member state - CTPWa, lIBJllIlOlJ.lallClI 'lJleHOM KaKOH-JlH60
llaponHoH OpraHH3aJ..\HH, buffer state - 6ycpeplloe rocynapcTBo, city-state -
ropon-rocynapcTBO, client state - 3a0l1CI1MOe rocynapcTBo, CaTeJlJlHT, inde-
pendent state - He3aBHCHMoe rocYJlapCTBO, puppet state - MapHoHeT04Hoe
rocynapcTBO, garrison state - ROCHHalI nl1KTaTypa, state at war - rocynapcT-
BO, HaxOJllllJ.leeClI B COCTOllHl111 BOIOIOlJ.lee rocynapcTBO, states con-
cerned - 3aHHTepecooallHblc, cooTBeTcTBYIOIUHe rocynapCTBa. Syn: com-
monwealth, nation; 2) Imar the States - CiliA; 2) = State Department -
rocynapcTBeHHblH J1.CnapTaMeHT CIllA
2. adj. I) rocynapcTBeHHblH: state secret - rocynapcTBeHHalI TaI1Ha, state
scholarship rocynapcTBeHHalI CTHneHnHlI. Syn: national, public.
2) OTHOClIlJ.lHHClI K OTneJlbHoMY wTaTY (B OTJlH4He OT federal, national - OT-
HOClIlJ.leHClI K CTpaHe B l(eJlOM)
YnpaJKHeHHe 17. Ha CIlyX B 6blCTPOM TeMne CIlO-
BOC04eraH
BeJlI1Kl1e nep)!(aBbI - advanced society - rocynapcTBO, HaxonlllJ.leeClI B
COCTOllHI1H BOHHbl - client state - HCnOJlHHTeJlbHalI BIlaCTb - clash of
opinions - state secret - to wield power - HapOnbI, HaCeJll'llOlJ.lHe 3eMIllO -
to polarise a society - Hal(HOHaJlbHOe rocynapcTBO - pluralistic society -
cYBepeHHoe rocynapcTBO - BOIOIOlJ.lHe rocynapcTBa - pacnycTHTb opraHH-
3al(HIO - nepenaTb BJlaCTb - puppet state - HaXOnlllJ.leeClI y BJlaCTH npaBH-
TeJlbCTBO - rocynapcTBeHHalI TaHHa - primitive society - npHHTH K BnaCTH
- belligerent powers - Cyne6HalI BJlaCTb - C03naTb rocynapcTBo - party in
power - aMepHKaHl(bI - cOBpeMeHHoe 06lJ.leCTBO - llHBHJlH30BaHHoe rocy-
napCTBO - to seize power - city-state - to build a nation - BOeHHaJI nHKTa-
Typa - member nation - MI1POJl106HBble cTPaHbl - CaTeJlJlHT - supreme
power - He3aBHCHMoe rocynapcTBO - 3aHHTepecoBaHHble rocynapcTBa -
06benHHHTb 06lJ.leCTBO - secular state - sovereign nation - MapHOHeT04-
Hoe rocynapCTBO - legislative power - 06lJ.lecTBo H30611JlHlI - to set up a
society - npOTI1BOpe4He HHTepeCOB - npaBO Ha 06bl'lBJleHHe BOHHbI - gar-
rison state.
40
YnpaJKHeHlle 18. CflOBa B PSlAbl.
4TO OAHO TO lKe CflOBO MOlKeT oAHoBpeMeHHo B HeCKOflbKO
PSlAOB, a ABa CflOBa, He 06Sl3aTeflbHO SlBflSlIOTCSl
MelKAY
Association, authority, civilisation, clash, collision, community, conflict,
country, energy, fellowship, fight, folk, force, fraternity, government, might,
nation, nationality, organisation, people, power, province, skirmish, society,
sorority, state, tribe.
YnpaJKHeHlle 19. OrBeTbTe Ha BonpOCbl no TeKCTOB AaHHoro
ypoKa.
I. What are the major civilisations of today?
2. What are the roots of the major contemporary conflicts?
3. What countries should be incorporated into Western institutions?
4. What aspects can distinguish one culture from another?
5. How can civilisation be destroyed?
YnpaJKHeHlle 20. Ha Sl3blK Bb1CKa3b1Ba-
\o1X HaIo13YCTb.
'&'- An Englishman who was wrecked on a strange shore and wandering along
the coast came to a gallows with a victim hanging on it, and fell down on
his knees and thanked God that he at last beheld the sign of civilisation.
(James A. Garfield)
The chief danger to the white man arises from his arrogant contempt for
other races.
(Dean Inge)
Each of us, to defend his own petroleum, is in the process of arranging
fire to the entire Middle West.
(Guy Mallet)
As long as there is mankind there will be wars. Only dreamers think
otherwise.
(Paul van Hindenburg)
41
'i)a Mankind must put an end to war - or war will put an end to mankind.
(John F. Kennedy)
'i)a We Americans have no commission from God to pol ice the world.
(lJenjamin Harrison)

> nOBOJIbHO 'IaCTO nepeBo)],4HK CTaJIKHBaeTCSI C np06neMoH nepe)],a411 Ha
)J,pyroH Sl3blK CJIOB, KOTopble el.L\e He 6blJll1 3acpHKCI1pOBaHbl B )],BYSl3bI4HOM
H 0)],HOSl3bILJHOM CJIOBapSlX. TaKHe HOBble CJIOBa nonY'IHJIH Ha3BaHl1e He-
OJIOrH3MbJ)). B TeKCTax )],aHHoro ypOKa Hcrronb3YfOTCSI HeOJIOrH3Mbl, C03-
)],aHHble no npaBHnaM aHrJII1HCKoro cnoBo06paJOBaHHSI. 3HaHHe npaBl1n
cnoBo06paJOBaHHSI aHrnHikKoro Sl3blKa 06ner4aeT pa60TY nepeBO)],4HKa,
.n,eJIaeT era pe'Ib 60JIee rH6KOH.
B aHrJIl1HCKOM Sl3blKe cyU\eCTByfOT Tpl1 OCHOBHblX cnoc06a 06paJoBaHHSI
cnOB:
a) nocpe)]'CTBOM CYCPCPHKCOB, CT05lU\I1X B KOHue CJIOBa 11 npecpHKcoB, Ha-
XO.n,Sll.L\HXC5! B Ha'IaJIe CJIOBa;
6) nocpe)],cTBoM nepexo)],a O)],HOH 4aCHI pe4H B .n,pyrylO (KOHBepCI1I1);
B) nocpe)]'CTBOM CJIO)!(eHH5! cnOB I1JII1 HX OCHOB.
HaH60JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHblM cnoc060M cJIoBo06paJoBaHI1S1 SlBJlSleTCSI
CYCPCPHKCaJIbHbIH. npH rrpH6aBJIeHl1l1 CYCPCPHKCOB 06PaJYfOTCSI np0I13Bo)]'-
Hble CJIOBa, OTHOC5!l.L\HeC5! K PaJHblM 4aCTSlM pe411, HanpHMep: civilisation -
l/U8w/U3Q1fUf1 (cYl.L\eCTBHTenbHoe); civilisation+al (n pl1JIaraTeJIbHoe) - l/u-
6w/U3al/UOHHbZU. npecpHKcbl, B OTJIl1'--IHe OT Cy<pqHlKCOB npl1 HX npl16aBJle-
IIHI1 K CJIOBY He H3MeH5!fOT ero npI1Ha)]'JIe)!(HOCTb K onpe)]'eJIeHHOH qaCTH
pe411, HanpHMep: civilisational- l/U8w/U3al/UOHHbZii (npI1JIaraTeflbHoe), inter
+ civilisational - MeJICl/U8w/u3al/UOIlHbZU (n pHJIaraTeJIbHoe). B pe3YflbTaTe
06paJoBaHH5! CJIOB nocpe)],cTBoM CYCPCPI1KCOB H npecpl1KCOB O)],HO H TO )!(e
CJIOBO MO)l(eT co.n,ep)l(aTb B ce6e KaK CYCPCPI1KC, TaK 11 npecpl1KC, Hanpl1Mep:
re+ in+vigor+ise.
Cfle)],yeT nOMHHTb, qTO )],JI5! 06paJoBaHH5! cyU\eCTBI1TeJIbHbIX I1CrrOJIb3Y-
fOTC5l CYCPCPI1KCbl: -or/er, -'ion, -ism, -sion, -is', -men'; .n,JISI 06paJoBaHI15l
npHflaraTeJIbHblX CJIY)I(aT CYCPCPHKCbl: -ian, -ai, -less. B aHrnl1HCKOM 5!3blKe
cyU\eCTByeT nSlTb a6COJIfOTHO rrpo.n,YKTI1BHbIX CYCPCPHKCOB: -or/-er, -able, -
ness, -like, -less, KOTopble rr03BOJI5lfOT C03.n,aTb JIIo60e CflOBO. llepeBo)],'IHKY
42
Ha 3TO CJleJlyeT 06pall(aTb oc060e BHI1MaHl1e, nOCKOJlbKY B YCTHOH pe411
cnOHTaHHble HeOnOrl13Mbl JlOBOnbHO MHor04I1CJleHHbl.
Hal160Jlee SlpKI1M npl1MepOM KOHBepCl111 SlBJlSleTCSI JleKCI14eCKaJI eJlI1Hl1ua
round, KOTOPaJI B 3aBI1CI1MOCTI1 OT 4aCTI1 pe411 MO)l{eT nepeBO)l,I1TbCSI
KPYZ, KpY2JlbrLI, oKpYJlCamb.
CnO)l{Hble cnOBa, 06pa30BaHHble nYTeM CnOBOCJlO)l{eHI1S1 )l,ByX 11 60nee
CJlOB Cne)l,yeT nepeBO)l,I1Tb He JleKCI14eCKI1MI1 COe)l,I1HeHI1S1MI1, KaK 3TO npl1-
HSlTO B HaCTOSlll(ee BpeMSI, a cnOBOC04eTaHI1S1MI1, xapaKTepHblMI1 )l,nSl pyc-
CKoro Sl3b1Ka. Hanpl1Mep, battlefield CneJlYeT nepeBO)l,I1Tb KaK nOJle 6UmSbl.
3anOMHI1Te nepeBO)l, CJleJlYfOU\I1X TepMI1HOB:
Western civilisation - 3ana,uHaJI UI1BI1JlI13aUI1S1
Orthodox civilisation - npaBOCJlaBHaJI UI1BI1JlI13aUI1S1
Islamic civilisation - I1CnaMCKaJI UI1BI1JlI13aUI1S1
Chinese civi lisation - KI1TaHCKaJI UI1 Bl1nl13aUI1S1
Japanese civilisation - SlnOHCKaJI UI1Bl1nI13aUI1S1
Hindu civilisation - I1H)l,I1HCKaJI UI1Bl1nI13aUI111
Latin American civilisation - naTI1HOaMepl1KaHCKaSl UI1Bl1nI13aUI1S1
Africa civilisation - a<ppl1KaHCKall UI1Bl1nI13aW1S1
the West - 3arra)l,
the East - BOCTOK
>- Y1MeHTe B BI1)l,y, 4TO B aHrnl1i1cKOM Sl3blKe cYll(eCTByeT O)l,HO cnOBO )l,JlSl
0603Ha4eHI111 um'Jeu1lee (KopeHHoro HaCeneHI111 AMepI1KI1) 11 wl()uuljee ()I{I1-
TeneH VIH)l,I1I1) - Indian. 3TO BOCXO)l,I1T K OWI16Ke XPI1CTo<popa KOJlYM6a,
KOTOPbIH, OTKpblB AMepI1KY, nonaraJI, 4TO )l,OCTl1r VlH)l,I1I1. 06bl4HO KOH-
TeKCT nOMoraeT nOHllTb, l1)l,eT nl1 petjb 06 I1H)l,eHuaX I1nl1 I1H)l,I1HUax; KpOMe
TOro )l,nll 1136e)l{aHI1S1 nYTaHI1Ubl 4aCTO I1crronb3YfOTCll CI1HOHI1Mbl:
Native American - American Indian - Amerindian ()l,nll I1H)l,eHueB)
Hindu ()l,nSl I1H)l,I1HUes)
06paTI1Te BHI1MaHl1e Ha ynOTpe6neHI1e cnos America 11 American. XOTSI
<pOPMaJlbHO OHI1 OTHOCSlTCSI K 060l1M aMepl1KaHCKI1M KOHTI1HeHTaM (lO)I{HOH
11 CeBepHoH AMepI1Ke), B aHrJlI1HCKOM 113blKe OHI1 I1CnOnb3YK>Tcll npel1My-
ll(eCTBeHHO B 3Ha4eHI111 the United States of America. LIT06bl rrO)l,4epKHyTb,
4TO pe4b l1)l,eT 06 AMepl1Ke KaK 4aCTI1 cseTa, B aHrJJl1HCKOM 113blKe 4aCTO
43
yllOl IUIOI CJl0130C04eTaHlUI the American continent, the Western
1/(,111/,\1,11("(', )l.'l}l OT)l,eJlbHbIX qaCTeii AMepHKH HCnOJlb3YIOTCll Ha3BaHHll
Norlll ,IIII<'I'/ell, South America, Central America, Latin America.
IluJloollOe cJloBoynoTPe6neHHe 8bI3bl8aeT He)l,oYMeHHe, a HHOr)l,a 11 He-
JIOIlOJlI.CTIlO )KHTeJleii ,LlPyrHx cTpaH aMepHKaHcKHx KOHTI1HeIlT08, oc06eH-
110 Ilpl:JIC'raBHTeJIeH JIanlHcKoH AMepI1KH, KOTopble TaK)({e HMelOT nonHoe
lI[1allo C4HTaTb ce611 aMepI1KaHl1.aMI1, COOT8eTCT8eHHO, 8 JlaTHHcKOH AMe-
[1I-1Ke flO OTHOWeHl11O K CiliA I1CnOJlb3YIOTCSI North America H
North American (nO,Llpa3YMe8aSI rocY)l,apcTBo, HaxO)l,Sll1(eeCSI K ceBepy OT
3MepI1KaHO-MeKcHKaHcKoH rpaHHL(bI, '-ITO, KCTaTI1, TO)({e He C013CeM npa80-
M04HO: Bo-nep8bIX, eCTb el1(e 11 KaHa,Lla, 80-8TOPbIX - MeKCHKa H L(eH-
TpaJJbHoaMepHKaHCKHe rOCY)l,apCT8a TeXHl1'-1eCKH TO)({e OTHOCSlTCSI K CeBep-
HOH AMepHKe). B CiliA, BenHKo6pHTaHHH J.1 ,Llpymx CTpaHax 3TH
B nO,Ll06HOM CMbIcne He Hcnonb3YIOTCSI.
B aHrnoroBopSlWJ!X CTPaHax Bce 0603Ha'-leHHSI BpeMeHH ynoTpe6JISlIOT-
CSI HCKnlO'-II1TenbHO 8 ,LlBeHa)l,L(aTJ.1'-1aC080M cpopMaTe (8 OTJIH4He 01' POC-
CHH, r)l,e OCPHL(l1aJJbHO npl1HSlT ,Ll8a)l,L(anI4eTblpeX'-IaCOBOH cpopMaT, B TO
BpeMSI KaK 8 06HXO,LlHOH pe4H WHPOKO Hcnonb3yeTcSI H )l,8eHa)l,L(aTH4aCO-
80H cpopMaT).
0603Ha'-leHHe BpeMeHH 8 aHrJlHHCKOM Sl3bIKe 8Cer)l,a COnpOBO)({,LlaeTCSI
YKa3aHHeM, KaKaSI 4aCTb CYTOK HMeeTCSI B 8H)l,y -)l,O HJlH nocne nOJlY)l,HSI:
9 a.m. - ,LleBSlTb qaCOB (YTPa)
9 p. m. - )l,Ba)l,L(aTb O,LlHH "lac (,Lle8S1Tb 4aC08 8e4epa)
,[(JlSl 3Toro HCnOJlb3YIOTClI JlaTI1HCKHe COKpal1(eHHlI - a.m, (ante
meridiem) - ,Ll0 nOJlY,LlHSI, p.m. (post meridiem) - nocne nonY,LlHSI. nOJlHble
nanlHCKHe 0603HaqeHHlI 8 aHrJlHHCKOM Sl3blKe He HcnOJlb3YIOTCSI.
HaH6oJlbWYIO CJlO)({HOCTb 8bl3blBaeT nepeBO,Ll BpeMeHH Me)({,IlY nOJlYHO-
'lblO H '-IaCOM HO'-lH H Me)({,LlY nOJlY)l,HeM H 4aCOM )l,HSI. TaKoro BpeMeHH KaK
HOflb 4aCOB 8 aHl'JlHHCKOM 113blKe He cYl1(eCTByeT:
12:30 a,m. - nOJlnep80ro HO'-lH (HOJlb 4aC08 TpH,LlL(aTb MHHYT)
12:30 p.m. - llOJlnepBOro ,LlHSI ()l,BeHa,LlL(aTb TpH)l,L(aTb ,LlHSI)
VlCKJII04CHHe COCTaBJlSlIOT 80opy)({eHHble CHnbl aHrJlOrOBOpSlWHX cTpaH,
r).le H C 11 OJI b3yeTcSI ,LlBa,LlL(aTH 4eTblpeX 4aCOBOH cpo pMaT,
VlCTO'UHIKOM onpe)l,eJleHHOH nYTaHHL(bl MO)({eT CJlY)({HTb cpopMaT L(HCP-
POBblX 3aIlHCdL B PYCCKOM Sl3blKe )l,Jlll OT,LleneHHSI L(eJloro qHCJla OT )l,po6H 8
44
J(eCSIT114HOH 3anHCH I1cnoJlb3yeTcSI 3anSlTaSI, a B aHrJlI1HCKOM Sl3blKe - TO'-lKa.
3anSlTaSI B aHrJJl1l1cKOM Sl3blKe I1cnoJlb3yeTcSI ,nJlSl OT,neJleHHSI 11I1CPP KpaTHblX
TbICSI'-Ie (B PYCCKOM Sl3blKe 11I1CPPbl 11J111 Bo061l1.e He pa3,neJlSlIOTCSI, HJlH ,nJlSl
:)THX lleJleH B 0CPHllHaJlbHbIX ny6J1HKallHSlX I1cnoJlb3yeTcSl np06eJl, a B 0611-
xo,ne - TO'-lKa):
4,000 (En) - 4000 (Rus) - 4eTblpe TbICSl'-lH
26.84 (En) - 26,84 (Rus) - ,nBa,nllaTb weCTb lleJlblX BOCeMb.LleCSlT '-Ie-
Tblpe COTblX
34,871,85.6 (En) - 3487185.6 (Rus) - TPH.LlllaTb '-IeTblpe MI1J1J1110Ha
BoceMbCOT ceMb,neCSlT o,nHa TbICSI'-Ia BoceMb,neCSlT nSlTb H weCTb ,ne-
CSlTblX
B aHrJJHHCKOM Sl3blKe lleJlble 411CJla 4HTalOTCSl CJle.LlY10 U(11M 06Pa30M:
6,000,000 - six million
4,000 - four thousand
3,321 - three thousand three hundred twenty one
2,500 - two hundred five thousand HJlI1 twenty five hundred (06a
BapHaHTa B03MO)]{Hbl ,nJlSl '-IHCeJl KpaTHblx CTa OT TblCSl411 ,no ,neCSlTI1
TbICSl'-l)
06paTHTe BHHMaHHe, '-ITO CJlOBa million 11 thousand Bcer,na ynoTpe6J1S1-
IOTCSl B e,nI1HCTBeHHOM '-I HCJle. Bo MHO)KeCTBOM 4l1CJle OHI1 ynoTpe6J1SlIOTcSl
TOJlbKO B Tl1na millions ofl1 thousands of, B KOTOPblX OTCYTCT-
Byer T04Hoe 0603Ha'-leHHe '-II1CJla.
ECJlI1 e,nHHI111bI CJlI1 WKOM ,naneKO OTCTOSlT OT TbICSl'-l (HJlH M 11J1J1HOHOB)
4acTO I1cnoJlb3yeTcSI COlO3 and:
4,507,001 - four million five thousand seven and one
6,005 - six thousand five (six thousand and five)
)J.ecSlTH'-IHble ,np0611 npoH3HoCSlTCSI no 11l1cppaM, npl1'-1eM TO'-lKa TO)Ke
'-II1TaeTCSI :
26.84 - twenty six point eight six
0.06 - zero point zero six
ECJlI1 '-IHCJla 0603Ha'-lalOT ,neHe)KHble CYMMbl, TO ,neCSlTI1'-1HaSI ,np06b '-111-
raeTCSl KaK lleJloe '-I HCJlO, npH 3TOM CJlOBa dollar 11 cent MOryT I1CnOJlb30-
BaTbCSl, a MOryT 11 onycKaTbcSI, eCJlI1 H3 KOHTeKCTa SlCHO, 4TO pe'-lb l1,neT 0
)..leHe)]{HbIX CYMMax:
$ 25.14 - twenty five dollars fourteen cents (twenty five fourteen)
45
3HaK $ 0603Ha4aeT .1l,OJ1nap, 3HaK - ueHTbl, 3HaK - QlYHTbl CTepmm-
rOB, 3HaK p - neHCbl. Tpa.1l,v!lJ.HOHHO 3TH 3HaKH CTaB5lTC51 nepe.1l, CYMMOH, a
npOH3HOC51TC51 nocne Hee:
$ 20 - twenty dollars
60 - thirty pounds
50 ($ 0.50) - fifty cents
p 20 ( 0.20) - twenty pence
rPAMMAT(,1"1ECK(,1M KOMMEHTAP(,1M
M008I1bHble 2I1820I1bl
l{acToTHOCTb ynoTpe6neHH51 B TeKCTe MO.1l,anbHbIX rnarOJJOB (Modal
Verbs), TO eCTb rnaronOB, Bblp3.)J{afOUJ.HX BepmITHOCTb, He06xo.1l,HMOCTb,
B03MO)l(HOCTb COBepWeHH5l .1l,eHCTBH51, Bblpa)l(eHHOrO OCHOBHblM rJ1arOnOM,
06ycnoBneHa uenbfO BbICKaJbIBaHI15l. nOCJ1e MO.1l,anbHbIX rnaronOB 4aCTHLla
to He ynoTpe6n51eTC51 (3TO npaBHJIO He pacnpOCTpaH51eTC5I Ha MO.1l,anbHble
KOHCTjJYKUHH ).
MO.1l,anbHble rnaronbl can, could H MO.1l,anbHa5I KOHCTPYKUH51 to be able
to HCnOJJb3YfOTC51 He TonbKO .1l,n51 Bblp3.)J{eHH5I cnoc06HOCTH BbJnOJJHl1Tb TO
HnH HHoe .1l,eilcTBl1e, HO 11 .1l,n51 Bblp3.)J{eHH51 npocb6bl, .1l,a4H paJpeweHH5I,
npe.1l,J10)l(eHH51 ycnyrH. <DopMa could nepe.1l,aeT MeHbwylO CTeneHb YBepeH-
HOCTH, npe.1l,nOJJO)l(eHl151 HnH COMHeHH5l. B BonpOCHTeJ1bHbIX npe.1l,J10)l(eHH-
5lX, KacafOUJ.HXC5l B03MO)l(HOCTH cOBepWeHH51 .1l,ei1cTBI151, l1 B oTjJHuaTeJlbHbJX
npe.1l,J10)l(eml51X .1l,J151 Bblpa)l(em151 HeB03MO)l(HOCTH cOBepWeHH5I .1l,ei1cTBH51
HCnOJlb3YfOTC51 MO.1l,anbHble rJlarOJ1bl can (cannot, can't) l1 could (could not,
couldn't).
How can you account for it? - KaK Bb] MO)l(eTe 3TO 06b51CHHTb?
Can we please progress to the next question on our list? - Mbl MO)l(eM
nepei1TH K Cne.1l,YfOUJ.eMY Bon pocy B cDHcKe?
It could be true, but it is better not to believe it. - M O)l(eT 6bITb 3TO H
npaB.1l,a, HO JJY4we 3TOMY He BepHTb.
rJlarOnb] can H could B C04eTaHHH C rnarOJlaMH, 0603Ha4afOUJ.HMI1 4YB-
CTBa H BOCnpH51Tl15l (to see, to hear, to feel, to smell, to taste H T . .1l,.), Ha pyc-
CKI1H 5l3blK He nepeBO.1l,5lTC5l.
He could hear her answer. - OH CJl blwan KaK OHa OTBe4ana.
46
~ n l l Bblp3JKeHl1l1 npe.!l.nOnO)!(eHl1l1 COBepWeHl1l1 .!l.eHCTBl1l1 B YTBep.!l.l1-
TenbHbIX npe.!l.nO)!(eHl1l1X, I1CnOnb3YfOTClI rnaronbI may 11 might, npl1'teM
might Bblp3JKaeT 60nbwyfO CTeneHb COMHeHl1l1 B B03MO)!(HOCTI1 Onl1CbIBae-
MOro C06b1T1111.
She may (might) come today. - OHa, MO)!(eT 6bITb, npl1.!l.eT cero.!l.HlI.
Pa3nl1'me Me)!(.!l.y MO.!l.aflbHbIMI1 rnaronaMI1 may not / might not 11
cannot / could not 3aKnfO'IaeTClI B TOM, 'ITO rnaronbl may not / might not
YKa3bIBafOT Ha B03MO)!(HOCTb Toro, 'ITO Ne'lmO He lIBnlleTClI BepHblM, B TO
BpeMlI KaK cannot / could not YKa3bIBafOT Ha HeB03MO)!(HOCTb Toro, 'ITO He-
'ITO lIBnlleTClI BepHblM.
MO.!l.aflbHoM fnaron must ynoTpe6nlleTClI .!l.nll Bblp3JKeHl1l1 06113aTenbHO-
CTI1 .!l.eMCTBI1Sl 11 COOTBeTCTByeT B PYCCKOM 1I3blKe cnOBaM OOflJlCeH, HyJICHO,
HaOo. rnaron must 'IaCTO ynoTpe6nlleTClI B 3Ha'IeHl1l1 B03MO)!(HOCTI1 .!l.eMCT-
BI15I 11 nepeBO.!l.I1TClI Ha PYCCKI1H 1I3blK KaK OOflJICHO 6blmb, 6epoRmHo, no
6ceu BepoRmuocmu.
They must overcome the resistance. - OHI1 .!l.On)!(HbI npeO.!l.OneTb co-
npOHwnemle.
He must have told him about it. - .D:on)!(HO 6bITb, OH CKa3afl eMY 06
3TOM.
rnaron need B Ka'IeCTBe MO.!l.aflbHOfO rJlaroJla Bblp3JKaeT He06xo.!l.l1-
MOCTb cOBepWeHl1l1 .!l.eMCTBl1l1 B HaCT05IweM 11 6Y.!l.yweM BpeMeHI1. Need
ynoTpe6nlleTC5I B BOnpOC"lTenbHblx 11 OTpl1uaTenbHblx npe.!l.nO)!(eHI1SlX, a
TaK)!(e B yTBep.!l.I1TeJlbHbIX npe.!l.nO)!(eHI15IX, CO.!l.ep)!(aWI1X TaKl1e Hape'Il15I C
OTpl1l.(aTenbHbIM 3Ha'IeHl1eM, KaK hardly, scarcely.
MO.!l.aflbHa5I KOHCTPYKl.(I15I to have to ynoTpe6n5IeTClI .!l.nll Bblp3JKeHl1l1
He06xo.!l.I1MOCTI1, 06ycnoBneHHoM KaK BHeWHI1MI1 06CTOSITenbCTBaMI1, TaK 11
I1H.!l.I1BI1.n.yaflbHbIMI1 oc06eHHOCT5IMI1 .!l.eHcTBYfOwero cy6beKTa. MO.!l.aflbH3.S!
KOHCrpYKl.(l1l1 to be to YKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO .!l.eMCTBl1e .!l.On)!(HO I1Men MeCTO B
CB5I311 C HaMe'IeHHbIM nnaHOM I1nl1 .!l.OrOBOpeHHocTbfO.
You have to finish the paper by tomorrow. - Bbl .!l.OJl)!(Hbl 3aKOH411Tb
.!l.OKna.!l. K 3aBTpawHeMY .!l.HfO.
We are to meet at 11 o'clock. - MbI .!l.On)!(Hbl BcrpeTI1TbC5I B 1 1 'IaCOB.
~ n l 0603Ha'IeHl111 nOrl1'IeCKOrO BbIBO.!l.a I1nl1 3aKnfO'IeHl111 ynoTpe6Jl5IeT-
CSI rnaron must, YKa3bIBafOWI1M BblCOKYfO CTeneHb .!l.On)!(eHCTBOBaHI1l! 11 I1C-
IIonb3yeMblH B npI1Ka3ax, npe.!l.OI1CaHI15Ix. <DopMa must not (mustn 'I) YIiOT-
l)c6Jl5IeTCSl .!l.nll Bblp3JKeHI1Sl 3anpeTa. <t>OpMbl need not (needn'l) 11 dOli"
47
have to YKa3bIBaIOT Ha TO, 4TO HeT He06xo,LlJIMOCTH B COBepweHHH KaKoro-
JUl60 )),eflCTBI1SI.
MO)),aJlbHbIH rnarOJl ought to ynoTpe6JllleTClI Jl.JllI Bblp<DKeHl1l1 MOPaJlb-
Horo )),OJlra, )l{eJlaTenbHOCTI1 COBepWCHHlI )J.d1cTOHlI. OTHoclIw.eroclI K Ha-
CTOllU\CMY 11 6y)),yw.eMY BpeMeHH. Ha p y K ~ I H 1I3blK ollght to nepeBo)),liTClI
C1ICiJO(laJIO 6bl, cJIeoyem, OOlIJICeH,
You ought to do it at once. - BaM CJlC)),YCT (CJlC)),OBlliJO 6bl, Bbl )J.OJ1)K-
Hbl) C)J.eJlaTb :no ceH4ac )l{e,
rnaroJl ought to MO)l{eT BblproKaTb BepollTHoCTb, npe)J.nOJlO)l{emle, B03-
MO)l{HOCTb )),e HCTBI1 1I, 0603Ha4eHHoro nocne)),YIOUJ.I1M HHrPI1HI1TI1BOM, 11 B
3TOM CJlY4ae OH nepeBO)),I1TClI Ha PYCCKHH 1I3blK CJlOBaMH OOJI:JICHO 6blmb
I1nH OOJIJlCeH,
MO))'aJlbHbIH rnaron should I1cnonb3yeTCSJ B COBeTax, peKoMeH)),a1(l1l1X H
I1HCTPYK1(HlIX, B npe)),nOJlO)l{eHl1l1X 0 TOM, 4TO MO)l{eT n P0I130HTH, O)),HaKO
OH BbJp<DKaeT MeHbWYIO CTeneHb YBepeHHOCTI1 roBopllUJ.ero B HCTHHHOCTH
cBoero MHeHHlI, 4eM npH ynoTpe6JleHHI1 rJlarOSla must. B 3THX 3Ha
l
leHHllX
should nepeBo)),I1Tcll Ha PYCCKHH 113b1K CJIeoyem, CJIe006QJ10 6bl, OOJIJlCeH.
You should be more cautiolls, - BaM CJle))'OBaJlO 6bITb oCTopmKHee.
B TOM CSlY4ae, Kor)J.a rJlarOJl should nO)J.4epKYlBaeT y)J.YlBJleHHe, CO)l{aJle-
Hl1e, nO)),03pCHl1e, Heo))'06peHHe roBOPlllUero, C04eTaHHe should C nocJle-
)J.ylOlUYlM HHrPYlHYlTHBOM nepeBo)J.HTcSJ JlH4HOH rPOPMOH rnarOJla B H3bllBH-
TeJlbHOM HaKJlOHeHHI1 HacTolllUero HJlH npowe)),wero BpeMeHH.
Would B Ka4eCTBe MO)),3J1bHOro rSlaroSla I1MeeT 3Ha'-leHl1e BepollTHOCTI1
11S111 He06xo)J.HMOCTI1 COBepllleHHll npe)J.nOSlaraeMoro )J.eHcTBHll 11 nepeBO-
)),I1TCSJ Ha PYCCKI1H 113b1K OOJlJICeH I1S1H COBceM He nepeBO)J.HTCSJ OT)J.enbHblM
CSlOBOM, npl1)J.aBasI OTTeHOK HeI136e)l{HOCTH, 06113aTeJlbHOCTI1 )),eHCTBI111,
0603Ha'-leHHOrO HHrPl1HI1THBOM nOCSle)J.YlOlUero rnaroJla.
MO)J.3J1bHble rJlarOJlbl He H3MeHlllOTCll BO BpeMeHH, O)),HaKO B aHrJlYlH-
CKOM 1I3blKe cyw.eCTByeT HeCKOSlbKO CI10C060B nepe)),a'-lYl KaTerOpl111 MO-
)J.3J1bHOCTI1 B npowe)J.weM 11 6Y)),YlUeM BpeMeHH,
.D:S111 nepe)),a'-ll1 npollle)J.wero BpeMeHYI B03MO)I{H0 I1CnOJlb30BaHHe nep-
rPeKTHoro I1HrPl1HI1TI1Ba nocne MO)J.3J1bHOI"O rSlarOJla 11 3aMeHa o)),Horo MO-
))'3J1bHOrO rnaroSla )),pyrl1M Hnl1 MO)),3J1bHOH KOHCTPYK1(HeH B rPopMe npo-
we)J.wero BpeMeHI1, ,n:.nll nepe)J.a'-lH 6Y)J.YlUero BpeMeHH TaK)I{e B03MO)l{Ha
3aMeHa MO)),3J1bHbIX rnaronOB MO)J.3J1bHOH KOHCTpYK1(l1eH B rPopMax COOT-
BeTcTBYIOw.ero BpeMeHH (B OTSlI1'-1l1e OT MO)),aJlbHbIX IJlarOSlOB MO)),aJlbHble
KOHCTpYK1(1111 H3MeHlIIOTCll BO BpeMeHI1), KpOMe Toro, npl1 ynoTpe6neHI111
48
MO.AaJlbHbIX rIlarOIlOB H MO.AaJlbHbIX KOHCTPYKL(HH B <p0pMaX HaCTO}!lll.erO
BpeMeHH 06bltjHO }!CHO H3 KOHTeKCTa, tjTO pe% H.AeT 0 6Y.AYL.l.leM.
,/J.I1}! Bblp(l)l(eHH}! HeBbInOIlHeHHOrO .AeHCTBH}!, KOTOpOe .AOIl)f(HO 6blIlO
HIIH MOrnO npOH30HTH B npOWIIOM B CHIIY He06xo.AHMOCTH, 06113allllOCnl,
MOpaJIbHOrO .AOIlra ynOTPe6I1}!eTCll nep<peKTHall <pOpMa B COtjeTaHH H C MO-
.AaJlbHblMH rnarOIlaMH should, ought to, might, could H npOWe.AWeH <pOPMOH
MO.AaJlbHOH KOHCTPYKUHH to be to.
You should have participated in the conference. - BaM CIIe.AOBaJlO 6bl
npHflllTb YtjaCTHe B KOH<pepeHUHH.
You could have come earlier. - Bbl MorIlH 6bl npHHTH nopaHbwe.
You might have informed us about it. - Bbl MornH 6bl CKa3aTb HaM
063TOM.
He was to have submitted a new proposal. - OH HaMepeBaJlC}! BHeCTH
HOBoe npe.AIIO)f(eHHe, HO eMY 3TO He Y.AaJlOCb.
B npOWe.AweM BpeMeHH MO.AaJlbHble rIlarOIlbl could", might MOryT HC-
nOIlb30BaTbC}! BMeCTO rIlarOIlOB can H may COOTBeTCTBeHHO. MOLl.aJJbHblH
rnarOIl must 3aMeHlleTC}! MO.AaJlbHOH KOHCTpYKUHeH to have to (had to .AIIll
npowe.Awero BpeMeHH, will have to - .AIIll 6y.AYL.l.lcro). B3aMeH He.AOCTaTOtj-
HblX <POp M rnarOIlOB can H could ynOTpe6I111eTC}! MO.AaJlbHall KOHCTPYKUH}!
10 be able to (was / were able to .AIIll npowe.Awero BpeMeHH, will be able to
- .AIl}! 6Y.AYlllero). B3aMeH He.AOCTaT04HbIX <pOpM rIlarOIlOB may H might HC-
nOIlb3yeTC}! MO.AaJJbHall KOHCTPYKUH}! to be allowed 10 (was / were allowed
to .AIl}! npowe.Awero BpeMeHH, will be allowed to -.AIf}! 6YLl.Ylll.ero).
They were allowed to take the floor. - VlM n03BOIlHJlH BblcTynHTb.
We shall be able to participate in the conference. - MbI CMO)f(eM npH-
HHb Y'-JaCTHe B KOH<pepeHUHH.
06paTHTe BHHMaHHe, ynoTpe6I1eHHe nep<peKTHoH <pOpMbl nocIIe rIlaro-
I10B musl 11 may 03Ha'IaeT 603MoJ/Cllocmb 11I111 GepOflmJ/ocmb COBepWeHH}!
Ll.eHCTBHll, OTHOC}!lllerOC5I K npowIlOMy. ,/J.I111 onHcaHHll C06bITI1}!, KOTOPOC
.AOIl)f(HO 6blIlO npOH30HTH B npowIlOM, H .AeHCTBHTeIlbHO npOH30WIIO, HC-
nOIlb3yeTC}! npOwe.Awall <popMa MO.AaJlbHOH KOHCTPYKUHI1 to have to.
He had to come. - OH .AOIl)f(eH 6bIII npHHTH.
They may have been pennitted to be present at the talks. - BmMo)f(-
HO, HM n03BOIlHIIH npHCYTCTBOBaTb Ha neperOBopax.
49
UNIT 3.
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
YnpaJKHeHHe 1. c Ha TeKCT.
NATO formally welcomed Russia as a participant - but not as a full-
fledged member. The agreement signed at an extraordinary meeting of the
leaders of NA TO's member nations, marked another major step in its effort
to lock in Moscow's shift toward the West. The accord will for the first time
give Moscow a role from the outset in NA TO discussio'ns about a fixed va-
riety of topics, including non-proliferation, crisis management, missile de-
fence and counterterrorism. But in an indication that the North Atlantic
Treaty Organisation's members are still not fully convinced that Russia has
completely renounced aggression and cast its lot with Europe, Moscow will
not be a member of the alliance or be bound by its collective defence pact, in
which all members pledge to come to each other's defence if necessary. Nor
will Russia have a veto over NATO decisions or a vote in the expansion of
its membership, including NA TO's plans to invite in new nations - almost
all of them once part of the Soviet bloc. The new council does not replace
the North Atlantic Council, the body where NA TO usually makes its deci-
sions.
The significance of this meeting is difficult to overestimate. The idea of
Russia sining at NA TO councils would have been, simply, unthinkable. Two
former foes are now joined as partners, overcoming decades of division and
uncertainty. Co-operation with the world's second largest nuclear power is
more likely to be achieved by welcoming Russia west. Some NA TO officials
have voiced concern that the new council is not substantive enough for Russia.
Meeting with reporters this afternoon, US Secretary of State said that while
Russia and the United States were reducing their nuclear arsenals drastically,
50
and co-operating in NATO, each country was maintaining a hedge. "We'll
always have a hedge against uncertainty in the future, in our military forces in
the nuclear weapons that the United States wil I continue to retain," he said.
"It's a hedge against the future, because there are other nations that possess
nuclear weapons or might come to possess nuclear weapons."
YnpaJKHeHHe 2. K
nOMeU.\eHHbIM B KonOHKe.
I. full-fledged member a. HepacnpocTpaHemle 5l.nepHoro oPY)l(!15l
2. extraordinary meeting b. l1.nePHaJI .nep)l(aBa
3. member nations c. c6n l1)1(eHl1e c 3ana.noM
4. major steps d. npOTI1BOpaKeTHaJI 060poHa
5. shift toward the West e. rocY.L(apCTBa, COCT05lll.(l1e B OpraHl13aUl1l1
6. hedge against the future f. cTporo OyepyeHHblti Kpyr BonpocoB
7. non-pro I iferation g. .nOroBOp 0 KOnneKTI1BHoti 6e30naCHOCTl1
8. nuclear arsenals h. ynpaBJleHl1e KpI13I1CaMI1
9. missile defence i. 5l.nepHoe opY)l(l1e
10. collective defence pact
J.
nOJlHOnpaBHblti yyaCTHI1K
I I. decades of division k. HeYBepeHHocTb no nOBO.ny 6y.nYLl.(ero
and uncertainty I. OCHOBHble warl1
12. nuclear power m. BHeO'lepe.nHaJI BCTpeya
13. crisis management n. ,neCSlTl1neTI1S1 pa3HOrnaCl1ti 11 HeYBepeH-
14. uncertainty in the fu- HOCTI1
ture o. npe.noCTopmKHOCTI1 Ha CJlyyati 6y.nYLl.(eti
15. fixed variety of topics onaCHOCTI1
YnpaJKHeHHe 3. Ha
r1
to come to one's defence ................................................................................. .
10 have a veto over smth .................................................................................. .
10 have a vote ................................................................................................... .
10 join as partners ............................................................................................. .
to maintain a hedge .......................................................................................... .
10 possess nuclear weapons ............................................................................. .
10 renounce aggression .................................................................................... .
10 voice concern ............................................................................................... .
51
YnpaJKHeHHe 4. Ha Sl3blK TeKCT ynpalKHe-
1, 06pall\aSl Ha CnDS ynpalKHe-
2 3.
YnpaJKHeHHe 5. cnosa

fJlaBa COe.lViHeHHblx WTaTOB - 06ecne'UlBaTb 6e30nacHocTb - 3axBaT
HJlaCHf - cOBelllaHl1e npe.ncTaBI1TeneH .nByX CTpaH - MI1HI1C1'p HHOC1'paHHbIX
.neJl - BHOCI1Tb BKJla.n - nepe.nOBble 4aCTI1 - KaHI..\nep - BCTpe'fa Ha BblcweM
ypOBHe - 060CTpeHHe OTHOWeHJ.IH Me)!(.ny rocy.napCTBaMH - BHeWHJUI no-
JHlTHKa - npl1HUl1nbI HeH1'paJTJ13Ma - Me)!(.ll.YHapo.nHbIH <POPYM - npH.nep)!(H-
BaTbClI .nOCTl1rHYTbIX .norOBopeHHOCTeH - Ka6yIHeT MHHJ1CTPOB - SI1.nHbIH
nOnHTI1T../eCKI1H .nellTeJlb - orpaHI1T../eHl1e rOHKH Boopy)!(eHI1H - npe.nCTaBI1Te-
1111 rocy.napCTBa - HenpHKpbITal! I1HTepBeHUl1l1 - CI1CTeMa Me)!(.ll.YHapo.nHbIX
OTHoweHHH - OTKpbIBaTb OroHb - COBepWHTb aKT arpeCCl-iH - 06MeH nl1T../-
HblMI1 nocnaHHlIMH - Bblcrynl1Tb npOTHB npOBo.nHMoro Kypca - 3a6nOKHpo-
BaTb peWeHJ1e - npl1HI1MaTb MepbI - no.nnHcaTb .norOBOp -SbICWHH 3aKOHO-
.naTeJlbHbIH opraH POCCHI1 - cmlCOK 06CY)!(.ll.aeMbIX BonpOCOB - 03SYT../HTb
3al!BneHHe.
YnpaJKHeHHe 6. TeKCT nocne era He-
o,QHoKpaTHoro
Cepbe3Hble Heonpe.neJleHHOCTI1, cYll\eCTSYlOllll1e B xo.ne 3BOJlIOUJ111 HO-
BOH Mo.ne1lJ1 Me)!(.nYHapo.nHbIX oTHOWeHI1H, npenllTCTBYIOT YTBep)!(.neHHIO
T../CTKOH J1epapXJ1H np06neM, KOTopble npe.nCTOHT pewaTb OCHOBHblM .neH-
CTBYIOll\HM 1IJ1uaM. nOCKonbKY B Bonpoce 0 xapaKTepe Hosoro Ml1pOBOrO
nopll.nKa .no CJ1X nop HMelOTClI MHOrOT../HCJleHHble HellCHOCTH, CJlO)!(HO on-
pc.neJlHTb Ty nOBeCTKY .nHlI, BOKpyr KOTOPOH H pa3BepHeTClI 60Pb6a oc-
1I0HllblX UeHTPOB CHJlbI B 0603PHMOM 6y.nYll\eM. Ba)!(Hble nOCJle.nCTBl1l1
BblTCKalOT H 113 BnOJlHe O'feBH.nHoro <paKTopa - 6e3YC1I0BHOro JlH.nepCTBa
Cl 1/;\ lIa .naHHoH CTa.D.HI1 Pa3BJ1THlI Me)!(.nYHapo.nHbIX OTHoweHHH. Coe.nH-
IICIIII hlC lUTaTbl He CKpbIBalOT CBoero CTpeMJleHHlI .n06YlBaTbClI npespa-
IllC'III!}1 XXI B. B AMepHKaHCKJ1H BeK, Kor.na seCb MHp 6y.neT 06YCTpoeH
110 oOP;I'lY H IIon06HIO CWA, Kor.na aMepl1KaHCKHe ueHHOCTH npJ106peTYT
yll H IICrC;UI J,IIJ,I H xapaKTep. nO.n06Hble YCTpeMJleHHlI BCTynalOT B lIBHoe H
Bcel,Ma )J(CC'J'KOC npoTHBOpeT../He C Ha6l1palOlllJ1M Bce 60JlbWl1H pa3Max
52
npOl\eCCOM nmOpanl13al\IHl MI1POBOro co06weCTBa. AMepl1KaHcKoe PYKO-
BO)l.CTBO roTOBO BCeMI1 cnoc06aMI1 YTBep)I{)l.aTb CBOI1 nllaHbl YCTaHOBlle-
HI1S1 HOBOro MHPOBOro 1l0pSI)l.Ka. B CBSl311 C 3TI1M B03HI1KaeT Bonpoc: XBa-
THT llH Y CWA pecypcoB )l.llSl Toro, t-IT06bl, XOTSI 6bl B OTHOCI1TellbHol1
Mepe, Ha)l.Ollro 3aKpemITbCSI Ha 1l03HUI1S1X Ml1pOBOrO l'ereMoHa? A eClll1 He
XBaTI1T, TO KaKI1M 06pa30M 3TO CK3)KeTCSI Ha COCTOSlHI1I1 CI1CTeMbl Me)l{)l.Y-
HapO)l.HblX OTHOWeHI1I1?
YnpaMHeHHe 7. COOTHeCl-ne Ha3BaHL-1s:1 cneAYIOll\I-IX Me>KAYHapOAHbIX opra-
C I-IX CPYHKI.\I-Is:lMI-I. nepeBeAI-ITe yCTHO Ha s:l3b1K Ha38aHI-Is:I L-1 CPYHK-
1.\1-11-1 cneAylOLL\I-IX
I. Greenpeace
2. World Council
of Churches
3. International
Criminal Police
Organisation
(Interpol)
4. International Ice
Patrol
5. International As-
sociation of Uni-
versities
6. International
Committee of
the Red Cross
a. Organisation aimed at locating icebergs in the
North Atlantic, following and predicting their
drift, and issuing warnings to ships in the vicin-
ity.
b. Nongovernmental educational organisation
founded to promote co-operation at the interna-
tional level among the universities of all coun-
tries as well as among other bodies concerned
with higher education and research.
c. Association which is concerned with problems in
the organisation, storage, retrieval, dissemina-
tion, and evaluation of information by both me-
chanical and electronic means.
d. Ecumenical organisation that works for the unity
and renewal of the Christian denominations and
offers them a forum in which they may work to-
gether in the spirit of tolerance and mutual un-
derstand ing.
e. Large nongovernmental organisation interested
primarily in environmental issues.
f. Autonomous intergovernmental organisation
dedicated to increasing the contribution of atomic
energy to the world's peace and well-being and
ensuring that agency assistance is not used for
military purposes.
53
7. I nternational Or-
ganisation for In-
formal ion and
Doc lIllll: 11 tation
8. 11l1l:rnational
Alomic Energy
Agl:ncy
g. Organisation aimed at promoting the widest pos-
sible mutual assistance between all the criminal
police authorities within the limits of the laws
existing in the affiliated countries.
h. Organisation that acts to help all victims of war
and internal violence, attempting to ensure the
implementation of humanitarian rules and re-
stricting armed violence.
YnpaJKHeHlle B. IloA6epv1Te YCTHO 3KBIiIBaneHTbl K cneAYKHl.\IiIM

Me)!{npaBI1TeJlbCTBeHHa5I OpraHI13al.(l15! - np06JleMbI 3aW:I1TbI oKpy)!{alO-
w:et! Cpe.L\bl - )KepTBbl BOt!Hbl - orpaHWleHl1e Boopy)!{eHHOrO HaCI1Jl1HI -
3KYMeHI1CTH1.JeCKa5I OpraHl13aUI15! - pemOHaJlbHa51 6e30nacHocTb - Ha.L\Ha-
Ul10HaJlbHble opraHbI - HenpaBI1TeJlbCTBeHHa5! OpraHI13al.(l15! - opraHbI I1C-
nOJlHI1TeJlbHOH, 3aKOHO.L\aTeJlbHOH 11 cY.L\e6HOH BJlaCTI1 - B3aI1MOnOMOW:b -
BonpocbI 3aW:I1TbI OKpY)J(alOw:eH Cpe.L\bl - perneHl1e cnopHblx np06JleM MI1P-
HblMH Cpe.L\CTBaMI1 - Me.L\I1UI1HCKOe 06CJlY)!{I1BaHl1e BblCOKoro ypOBHSI - Me-
)!{.L\YHap0.L\HOe COTpY.L\HI11.JeCTBO - XpaHeHl1e, nOHCK, pacnpocTpaHeHl1e 11
Ol.(eHKa HHcpopMal.(HH.
YnpaJKHeHlle 9. 03HaKoMbTecb co cneAYlDl.I..\liIMIiI Me>KAY-
HapOAHblMIiI lloA6epIiITe PYCCKlile 3KBIiIBaneHTbl K nonHblM Ha3Ba-
AaHHblX IiI IiIX a66peBlilaTypaM.
United Nations (UN)
UN is an international organisation established by charter on October 24,
1945, with the purposes of maintaining international peace and security, de-
veloping friendly relations among nations on the principle of equal rights
and self-determination, and encouraging international co-operation in solv-
ing intnnational economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems. The
llnitl:d Nations' headquarters are now located at the UN Building in New
York City.
Till: General Assembly includes representatives of all members of the
UN. A n;llion Illay send up to five representatives but still has only one vote.
Decisions arc rcached either by majority or by two-thirds vote, depending
Llflon till: slIhjl:ct matter. The General Assembly works through the commit-
54
tee system and receives reports from the various councils. It is convened
yearly or by special session when necessary.
The Security Council consists of 5 permanent members - United
States, Russia, United Kingdom, France, and China - and 10 nonperma-
nent members. The council functions continuously and is mainly con-
cerned with the maintenance of international security. The presidency is
rotated among members each month. Nonpermanent members are chosen
from groups and regions in the most equitable fashion possible. Nine votes
(including those of all five permanent members) are sufficient to carry a
Security Council decision, but any permanent member may exercise a veto
over any substantive proposal. Any state, even if il is not a member of the
United Nations, may bring a dispute to which it is a party to the notice of
the Security Council.
The Secretariat is the administrative department of the UN, headed by
the secretary-general, who functions in a position of political importance
and is appointed for a five-year term by both the General Assembly and the
Security Council. The Secretariat influences the work of the United Nations
to a degree much greater than indicated in the UN Charter.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
(UNESCO)
UNESCO is a specialised agency of the United Nations created to con-
tribute to world peace by promoting international collaboration in educa-
tion, science, and culture. The activities of UNESCO are mainly facilita-
tive; the organisation attempts to assist, support, and complement national
efforts of member states in the elimination of illiteracy and the extension
of free education and seeks to encourage free exchange of ideas and
knowledge among peoples and nations of the world by providing clearing-
house and exchange services. The permanent headquarters of UNESCO
are in Paris.
World Health Organisation (WHO)
WHO is a specialised agency of the United Nations established to pro-
mote international co-operation for improved health conditions. The objec-
tive of this organisation is the attainment by all people of the highest possi-
ble level of health which is defined as a state of complete physical, mental,
and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
The administrative headquarters of WHO are in Geneva.
55
International Maritime Organisation (IMO)
IMO is a United Nations specialised agency created to provide machin-
ery for co-operation in establishing technical regulations and practices in
international shipping, to encourage the adoption of the highest possible
standards for maritime safety and for navigation, and to discourage dis-
criminatory and restrictive practices in international trade and unfair prac-
tices by shipping concerns. The headquarters of IMO are in London.
lntcrnationaI Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO)
ICAO is an intergovernmental specialised agency associated with the
United Nations and dedicated to developing safe and efficient international
air transport for peaceful purposes and ensuring a reasonable opportunity for
every state to operate international airlines. Permanent headquarters of
ICAO were established in Montreal.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
NA TO is a security organisation comprised of member states from
Western and Central Europe and North America. From the beginning,
NA TO's primary purpose was to unify and strengthen the western Allies'
military response in case the Soviet Union invaded Western Europe in an ef-
fort to extend communism there. After the end of the Cold War the NATO
adhered more strongly to its original purpose of maintaining international
stability in Europe. NATO headquarters are in Brussels.
Organisation of American States (OAS)
OAS was formed to promote economic, military, and cultural co-
operation among the independent states of the Western Hemisphere. Its
main goals are to prevent any outside state's intervention in the Western
Hemisphere and to maintain peace between the various states within the
hemisphere. OAS is based in Washington, D.e.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
ASEAN was established to accelerate economic growth, social progress,
and cultural development and to promote peace and security in the Southeast
Asia region. The end of the Cold War allowed the ASEAN nations to exer-
cise greater political latitude in the region. As they began to implement new
policies, member nations saw their influence and economies grow. A per-
manent secretariat resides in Jakarta, Indonesia.
56
South Pacific Forum
South Pacific Forum was created to provide a forum for heads of gov-
ernment to discuss common issues and problems facing independent and
self-governing states of the South Pacific. The Forum is headquartered in
Suva, Fiji.
YnpaJKHeHlle 10. Ha PYCCKOM
Sl3blKe Me>K,D,YHapoAHbIX B 9.
YnpaJKHeHlle 11. B Ka4eCTBe MelKAY-
HapoAHblX 9. nOAroToBb Te BblcTynne-
Ha Sl3b1Ke, HanpaBneHHoe Ha 60Jlee TeCHblX KOHTaK-
TOB C Bawero KOnJlery B Ka4eCTBe Bawero
(pa6oTa B napax).
YnpaJKHeHlle 12. Ha Sl3blK
nepeBoAa.
I. no.n'-lepKHyn Heo6xo.nI1MOCTb BCTynneHI1Sl ero CrpaHbl B Me-
)!(.Q)'Hapo.nHyfO CI1CTeMY 6e30naCHOCTI1, nocKonbKY B HacToSlw.ee BpeMSl
HI1 o.nHa crpaHa He CMO)!(eT 06eCne'-lI1Tb 6e30naCHoCTb B O.nI1HO'-lKy.
2. no.nxo.n K Ml1pHOMY yperynl1pOBaHl1fO Me)!(.QYHapo.nHoro Kpl13l1Ca .non-
)!(eH npo.neMoHCrpl1pOBaTb npOTI1BOCTOSlW.I1M cTopoHaM 6ecnepcneK-
TI1BHOCTb TOTanbHoH no6e.nbf Ha.n COnepHI1KOM 11 era nI1KBI1.naUI1I1
KaK rocy.napcTBa.
3. rnaBa rocy.napcTBa no.n'-lepKHyn, '-ITO .nnSl nf06oro pa.3YMHoro nOnl1TI1Ka
S1CHO - OTBeT Ha HOBble yrpo3bl, C KOTOPblMI1 '-IenOBe'-leCTBO 6y.neT
I1MeTb .neno B XXI B., BoeHHblH COf03 C OrpaHI1'-1eHHbIM '-IHCneHHbIM CO-
CTaBOM .naTb He MO)!(eT.
4. ,nHnnOMaTI1'-1eCKaSI .neSlTenbHOCTb rocy.napCTB Hepa.3pblBHO CBSl3aHa C
cyw.ecTBOBaHl1eM Me)!(.QYHapo.nHo-npaBoBblx OTHOWeHI1H 11 cnoc06cT-
ByeT Bblpa60TKe HOpM Me)!(.QYHapo.nHoro npaBa.
5. Ml1p, B KOTOPOM MbI )!(I1BeM, C ero nOCTOSlHHO B03paCTafOIl.leH B3aI1MO-
3aBI1CI1MOCTbfO, Bce CHnbHee no.nBepraeTcSI BnHSlHHfO npoueccoB, npo-
TeKafOIl.lI1X B ccpepe Me)!(.QYHapo.nHoH )!(H3HI1.
6. MI1HI1Crpbl I1HocrpaHHblx .nen .nByX rocy.napCTB BcrpeTl1nl1Cb KaK paB-
Hble napTHepbl, '-ITo6bl 06Cy.nHTb Bonpocbl, npe.nCTaBnSlfOll.ll1e B3aHM-
57
HIITCreC, yKpenl1Tb CnOC06HOCTb pa60TaTb COBMeCTHO 11 npOTI1BO-
CTOSlTb 0611leMY PI1CKY 11 yrp03e CBoeH 6e30nacHocTI1.
7. TaKllc rocYJ\apcTBa, KaK ClllA, KHTaH 11 POCCl1l1, CYIHafOll.\l1eCl1 KJlfO-
'ICIII,IM reonOm1HIyeCKI1M TpeyrOJlbHI1KOM, J\OJl)KHbl 06P33oBblBaTb
)IY1"y Cra6I1JlbHOCTI1 J\Jll1 npOTl1BOCT0l1Hl1l1 OCH 3Jla.
8. )ll1ll.norvtaTl1l1 BKJlfOl.[aeT B ce6l1 OCPHl.(l1aJlbHYIO J\el1TeJlbHOCTb maB rocy-
.uapCTB, npaBl1TeJlbCTB 11 CneUHaJlbHblX OpraHOB BHeWHI1X CHOWeHI1H no
oCYLl.(eCTBfleHl1fO neperoBopoB, J\l1nJlOMaTHyeCKOH nepenl1CKI1, OpraHI1-
3aUI111 BCTpey rJlaB rocYJ\apcTB, Me)!(J\YHapoJ\HbIX CPOPYMOB, npeJ\CTa-
BI1TeJlbCTBa rocYJ\apcTBa B Me)!(J\YHapoJ\HbIX CTpyKTypax.
9. npe311J\eHT npeJ\nOYI1TaeT CJleJ\OBaTb npl1HUlmy nOJlI1Tl1yeCKOrO paB-
npoJ\eMoHCTpHpoBaB B3)!(HOCTb 3an3J(Horo HanpaBJleHl1l1, OH
B3l1Jl Kypc Ha C6JlI1)!(eHl1e C BOCTOKOM.
10. B I1CTOPI1I1 He p33 B03HI1KaJ111 CI1TyaUI1I1, KorJ\a B3al1M0I1CKJlfOyafOll.\l1e
l1)leOJlOrI1YeCKl1e J\orMbl HaYI1HaJl 11 OK33blBaTb B03J\ei1-
CTBl1e Ha CPYHKUHOHl1pOBaHl1e CI1CTeMbl Me)f(J\YHapOJ\HbIX oTHOWeHI1i1.
11. COCTOl1BWal1Cl1 BCTpeya MHHI1CTPOB I1HocTpaHHblx J\eJl 33l1aTCKI1X rocy-
J\apcTB CTaJla B3)!(HbIM warOM Ha nyTI1 nOJ\roToBKH BCTpeYI1 Ha BblcweM
ypoBHe.
12. B3aHMoJ\ei1cTBl1e p33IlHYHbIX perHOHaJ1bHbIX CI1CTeM 6e30nacHocTI1 OT-
KpblBaeT nyTb K MHPHOMY COTpYJ\HI1l.[eCTBY BeJ\Yll.\I1X rocYJ\apcTB Ml1pa.
YnpaJKHeHHe 13. YCTHO Ha PYCCKl--1i1 Sl3blK cneAYIOll.\l--1e npeA-
nO>KeHl--1Sl, 06pall.\aSl BHl--1MaHl--1e Ha CPOPM npl--14aCTl--1Sl.
1. Moscow participated in NA TO discussions of various topics, including
non-proliferation, crisis management, missile defence and counterter-
rorism.
2. Having opened the door to opportunity, competition, and mobility,
modernity also introduced job insecurity, unemployment, uncertainty
and personal responsibility to the societies where all these phenomena
had been extinct for generations .
.1. From answers to such questions it may be possible to adduce the direc-
tions bcing..,taken by Russia's ruling elite.
4. ;\ suddenly risen democracy movement came to a tragic end after gov-
cl"Illllcnl forces mounted a deadly assault on demonstrators.
5. Thc Prcsident omitted many other smaller matters, many of them hav-
ing heen already mentioned in his previous messages.
58
6. No more questions being left on the agenda, the head of the delegation
deemed it appropriate to leave the conference.
7. When the hostages were freed in one morning, at the cost of only two
American soldiers wounded, the whole country felt a thrill of pride.
8. The NATO summit in London convened to declare an end to the Cold
War and to offer a new relationship to the Soviet Union was opened by
the British Prime Minister.
9. Underdeveloped countries created their own version of the global econ-
omy consisting of a widespread traffic in narcotics, diamonds, weapons
and human beings - all run by global criminal or terrorist organisations.
10. The agreement signed at an extraordinary meeting of NATO leaders,
marked another major step in its policy towards Russia.
11. The relationship within the intelligence services between a Higher Po-
lice committed to managing the country by means of social engineer-
ing, on one hand, and those labelled the "securitate", who rely on brute
force and power, on the other hand, must be better understood.
12. Being realists, we must remember that relations between Russia and
the North Atlantic alliance have been historically far from straightfor-
ward.
13. Today for United States the Second World War is a fading memory, re-
placed in the popular mind by the Gulf War, a war lasting less than two
months.
14. The President's luck, running low during the international crisis, re-
turned in Force two years later.
15. The American officials remained focused on events in Europe and on
the value of this country as leader of the region.
YnpaJllHeHHe 14. Ilpeo6pa3Y(;\Te n!4CbMeHHO cneAYIOLL\[I1e npeAflO>KeH[I151,
ynOTpe6n5l51 np[l14aCHl51. IlepeSeA[I1Te YCTHO Ha 513b1K [I1CXOAHble [11 TpaHC-
CPOpM[I1pOSaHHble npeAJ10>KeH[I151.
I. Two former foes who are overcoming decades of division and uncer-
tainty, are now joined as partners.
2. When all the urgent problems were settled, the extraordinary meeting
was over.
3. US Secretary of State said that while two countries were reducing their
nuclear arsenals drastically, they were maintaining a hedge against fu-
ture dangers.
59
4. The official who is speaking now is not a student in politics.
5. The President visited the secret military base, there he said that he relied
heavily on the army.
6. The dictatorship crashed as soon as the regime's coercive determination
fai led it.
7. The new arrangement between two countries replaces a previous accord,
which was negotiated ten years ago.
8. In this brief article the author argues that rapprochement on the basis of
old ideological principles that are now applied globally has many nega-
tive consequences.
9. As the member nations wanted to sign collective defence pact, they
scrupulously discussed its provisions.
10. Politicians should always be persistent while they are taking decisions
concerning the nuclear arsenals.
11. After the meeting was convened, everybody stopped to feel uncertainty
in the future.
12. International Ice Patrol was established in 1914 after the "Titanic" col-
lided with an iceberg.
YnpaJKHeHMe 15. nepeSeAl-1Te nl-1CbMeHHO Ha fl3blK cneAYIOLL\l-1e
npeAnOlKeHl-1Sl, l-1CnOnb3Yfl Heo6xOAl-1Mble CPOPMbl npwtaCTl-1fl.
1. B nOCJle.uHl1e ro.ubl Ha6mo.umoTcSl npl13HaKH nepeHanpsDKeHHocHI, Bbl-
paJl1BWHeCSl B nOCTeneHHOH YTpaTe CiliA HenpHcTynHoH n03111.1HH no
MHorHM KJl104eBblM BonpocaM.
2. AMepHKaHcKl1e aHaJTI1TI1KI1, no.uBepmyB KpHTHKe l1)lelO MHoronOJlSlp-
Horo Ml1pa, ellle paJ no.u4epKHYJlI1 3Ha'-lI1MOCTb BoeHHoH MOlllH KaK
BmKHeHWero tPaKTopa Me)l(.uYHapo.uHblX oHIOWeHI1H.
3. 1l0cJle TOro KaK npeMbep-MI1HI1Crp npOBeJl cOBelllaHHe, OH BblcTynl1Jl c
pe4blO nepe.u I1HOCTpaHHblMH )l(ypHaJTI1CTaMH.
4. Y.ueJlI1B OCHOBHoe BHI1MaHl1e 6acceHHY Tl1xoro OKeaHa, )lOKJla.n.4HK ne-
peweJl K CJle.uYlOllleMY Bonpocy.
5. AMepHKaHcKI1H npe3H.ueHT npl16blJl B 0pIOCCeJlb; era cOnpOBO)!(.uaJTl1
MHor04HCJleHHble COBeTHI1KI1 11 aHaJTI1TI1KI1.
6. CoXpaHeHl1e CiliA JlH)lHpYlOllleH n03Hl.lHH BO MHorOM 3aBHCHT OT cno-
C06110CTI1 PYKOBO)lCTBa cTpaHbl npHcnoc06HTbCSl K MeHSllOlllHMCSI yCJlO-
UI1SlM 11 1I0BOH paccTaHoBKe CHJl B MHpe.
60
7. BCTpe4a Ha BhlcweM ypOBHe npO)J.OJl)KaJlaCh 4eThlpe 4aca: npeMhep-
MHHHCTP 33,L(aBaJl MHOr04HCJleHHhle BOnpOCbJ, Ha KOTopble KaHLlJlep )J.a-
BaJl nO)J.p06HeHWHe OTBeTbl.
8. YiHTerpaLlHoHHble npOLleCChI, p33BepHYBwHecSI BO BTOPOH nOJlOBHHe
XX B., npe)J.CTaBJlSlIOT C060H HOBoe, cneLlHcpl-l4eCKOe H MHorOMepHoe
SlBJleHHe.
9. CYLUeCTBYIOT onpe)J.eJleHHble YCJlOBHSI, cnoc06CTBYlOull-le C6mf)f(eHI1IO
Ha Me)f()J.YHapO)J.HoH apeHe.
10. ITpHHSlHfe peweHHH OLleHHBaeTCSI KaK cpaKTOp, HeraTI-IBHO BJlI1S1IOLUI-IH
Ha npOLlecc CPOPMYJlHpOBaHI-ISI rOCY)J.apCTBeHHoH BHewHeH nOJlI-ITI-IKI1.
11. 06paTI-IB BHHMaHHe Ha oc06eHHOCTI1 npHHSlTHSI peweHHH B nepHO)J.
KpH3Hca, npe)J.CTaBHTeJlb aCPPHKaHCKHX rOCY)J.apCTB nepeBeJl 06cY)f()J.e-
HHe B HOBYIO nnOCKOCTb.
12. ITOCKOJlbKY nOBeCTKa )J.HSI 6bIJIa HC4epnaHa, )J.eJleraTbI npl-IHSlnH pewe-
HHe nepeHTH K TOp)f(eCTBeHHoH 4aCTH KOHcpepeHLlHH.
YnpaJllHeHlle 16. cnOBa L-1
aggression
I) arpeCCHll, aTaKa, Han3,L(eHHe, HacTynJleHl-le: to commit aggression
against smb - OCYLUeCTBHTb arpeCCl-l1O npOTHB Koro-JlI-I60, to repel/repulse
aggression - OTp3)f(aTb Hana)J.eHHe, armed aggression - BooPY)f(eHHOe Hana-
)J.eHHe, outright aggression - OTKpblToe Hana)J.eHl-le, stark aggression - pe-
WHTeJlbHOe HacrynneHHe. Syn: assault, attack, offensive. Ant: defence, re-
pulsion, retreat, surrender, withdrawal; 2) arpecCHBHOCTb: to manifest
aggression - )J.eMoHcTPHpoBaTb HenpHSl3Hb, to control/stifle aggression -
1l0)J.aBJlSlTb arpeCCI-lIO, conpoTHBneHHe, hidden / deep-rooted aggression
CKphlTaSI arpeccHBHoCTb, an act of aggression - BbJ3blBalOLUI-I H nOCTynoK
defence
I) 3aLUHTa, 060poHa: to conduct / put up / organise a defence - 060po-
HSlTb, 3aLUHLUaTb, to overwhelm smb's defences - npopblBaTb 060POHY, de-
rence power - 060pOHHaSI MOLUb, line of defence - JlHHHSI 060POHbl, inade-
quate / weak defence - CJla6M 3aLUHTa, stubborn defence - ynopHM
laLUHTa, man-to-man defence - HH)J.HBH)J.YaJlbHM 3aLUHTa, self-defence -
caM03aLUHTa, caMo060poHa. Syn: protection, justification, vindication;
2) pi. YKpenJleHHSI, 060pOHHTeJlbHble coopY)f(eHHSI: military defences - BO-
CIIHble YKpenJleHHSI
61
diplomacy
J\HnJlOMaTlHI: to rely on / resort to diplomacy - npH6eraTb K J\HnJTOMa-
THH, dollar diplomacy - J\OJTJTapOBa51 JJ,HnJTOMaTH5I, nuclear diplomacy -
51J\ep"351 J\HIlJTOMaTH5I, megaphone diplomacy - J\HnJlOMaTH5I c HCnOJTb30Ba-
HHeM cpeJJ,cTB MaccoBoll I1HcpopMallHH BMeCTO neperoBopoB, quiet diplo-
macy - CKpbITa5I J\l1nJTOMaTH5I, shuttle diplomacy - '-IeJlHOIIHa5I J\l1nJTOMaTI151
expansion
YBeJ1I1'-1eHHe, pacwHpeHHe; pacnpoCTpaHeHl1e, 3KCnaHCH5I; POCT, Pa3BI1-
THe: territorial/continental expansion - TeppITOp"3J1bH351 / KOHTI1HeHT3Jlb-
Ha5I 3KCnaHCI151, economic expansion - 3KOHOMWleCKI1H pOCT; eastward /
westward expansion - paCWHpeHHe Ha BOCTOK /3anaJ\. Syn: stretching, ex-
panse, di latation
security
1) 6e30nacHocTb: to ensure / provide security - 06ecne
l
lHBaTb 6e30nac-
HOCTb, to strengthen / tighten security - YKpenJT5ITb 6e30nacHocTb, to com-
promise / undermine security - yrpO)!(aTb 6e30nacHocTH, feeling / sense of
security - '-IYBCTBO 6e30nacHocTI1, security threat -yrp03a 6e30nacHocTI1,
security measures - Mepbl 6e30nacHocTH. Syn: safety; 2) CT36I1JTbHOCTb,
npO'-lHOCTb. Syn: stability, fixity; 3) 3aLl(I1T3, oxpaHa. Syn: guard, protection,
defence; 4) opraHbl 6e30nacHocTI1, npaBOOXpaHI1TeJlbHble opraHbl: security
service / police - cJTy)!(6a 6e30nacHocTI1, security man - COTPYJ\HHK CJly)!(6bl
6e30nacHocTI1, security officer - ocpHllep KOHTppa3BeJ\KI1; 5) pI. ueHHble
6YMam
weapon
0pY)!(l1e: to brandish weapon - pa3Maxl1BaTb opY)!(l1eM (yrpO)!(aTb KO My-
J1H60), to fire a weapon - CTpeJT5ITb 113 OPY)!(I151, to handle a weapon - 06pa-
Ll(aTbC5I C opY)!(l1eM, to lay down one's weapons - CJlO)!(I1Tb opY)!(l1e, lethal
weapon - cMepToHocHoe / cMepTenbHoe opY)!(l1e, concealed weapon - ceK-
peTHoe opY)!(l1e, atomic / nuclear / thermonuclear weapon aToM-
Hoe / 51J\epHoe / TepM05lJ\epHoe opY)!(l1e, heavy / I ight weapon - opY)l{l1e T5I-
)l{eJloro /J1erKoro KaJll16pa, offensive weapon - HacTynaTenbHoe opY)l{l1e,
weapon of mass destruction - opY)!(He MaCCOBoro yH I1'-1TO)!(e H 1151 , conven-
tional weapons - 06bI'-IHble (He5lJ\epHble) BHJ\bI OPY)!(HH, semiautomatic
weapons - nonyaBToMaTH'-IeCKOe opY)!(l1e, semiautomatic weapons - nony-
aBTOMaTI14eCKOe opY)!(He. Syn: arms, implement of war, firearm
62
YnpalHeHHe 17. llepeBeAL.1Te Ha cnyx B 6blCTPOM TeMne cneAYIDIl.\L.1e cno-
BOC04eTaH
Stark aggression - continental expansion - heavy weapon - yrpOJa
oe30naCHOCTl1 - cMepToHocHoe opY)l{l1e - BoeHHble YKpenJleHI151 - weapon
of mass destruction - ,D,OJlJlapoBaJ! ,D,l1nJlOMaTI151 - to put up a defence - CJlO-
0pY)l{we - oTpa)l{aTb Hana,D,eHwe - to overwhelm smb's defences -
)KOHOMH4ecKHH pOCT - caMo060poHa - 51,D,epHaJ! ,D,l1nJlOMaTI151 - to control
aggression - yKpenJl5lTb 6e30nacHocTb - inadequate defence - JlI1HI151 060-
POHbl - TepM05l,D,epHOe opY)l{He - oqmuep KOHTppmBe,D,Kl'1 - conventional
weapons - shuttle diplomacy - I1H,D,HBH,D,YaJJbHaJ! 3all(I1Ta - to ensure secu-
rity - to brandish weapon - yrpo)l{aTb 6e30nacHocTH - ynopHaJ! 3all(I1Ta - to
handle a weapon - eastward expansion - ,D,l1nJlOMaTI1S1 C HCnOJlb30BaHl1eM
cpe,D,cTB MaccoBoH HHCPOPMaUHH BMeCTO neperoBopoB - ceKpeTHoe opY)l{l1e
- to undermine security - man-to-man defence - ,D,eMOHCTpl1pOBaTb Henpl1-
il3Hb - security measures - inadequate defence - outright aggression - CTpe-
J151Tb H3 OPY)l{HSI - HaCTynaTeJlbHoe opY)l{He - ueHHbre 6YMarw - pacur Hpe-
[[He Ha BOCTOK - to resort to diplomacy - npaBooxpaHHTeJlbHble OpraHbl.
YnpalHeHHe 10. IlOA6epL.1Te L.13 KOnOHKL.1 CL.1HOHL.1Mbl K cnOBaM, pac-
nOnO>KeHHbIM B KonOHKe.
defence
security
withdrawal
aggression
expansion
weapon
dilatation
arms
offensive
protection
retreat
stability
YnpalHeHHe 19. OTBeTbTe Ha BonpOCbl no COAep>KaHL.11D TeKCTOB AaHHoro
ypoKa.
I. Can you prove that NATO welcomed Russia as a participant?
Why was the idea of Russia sitting at NATO councils unthinkable in the
past?
What is implied under the expression "a hedge against the future?"
I. What kind of new world order is emerging now?
What major international organisation can you name? What are their re-
sponsibilities?
63
YnpaJKHeHMe 20. Ha Sl3blK Bb1CKa3b1Ba-
VlX
T do not know weather war is an interlude in peace or peace an interlude
to war.
(George Clemenceau)
The whole history of the world is summed up in the fact that when gov-
ernments are strong, they are not always just, and when they are wish to
be just, they are no longer strong.
(Winston Churchill)
The way to win an atomic war is to make sure it never starts.
(Omar Bradley)
The only alternative to co-existence is co-destruction.
(Pandit Nehru)
4t!)u I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World
War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.
(Albert Einstein)

>- llepeBoJl C JlHCTa npe.uCTaBJl5leT nepeBo.u 6e3
npenBapHTeJlbHOrO 4TeHH5I. OCHoBHble TpyJlHOCTH nepeBo.ua C flHCTa 3a-
KlH04aI{)TC5I B orpaHH4eHHoM no BpeMeHH CPYHKL.(HOHHpOBaHHH MeXaHf.-l3-
MOB BOCnpH5ITH5I, nepeK111{)4eHH5I H ocpopMJleHH5I nepeBo.ua, a TalOKe B o.u-
HOBpeMeHHoM ocy"\eCTBJleHHe OCHOBHblX nepeBo.uqeCKHX onepaUHH -
BOCnpH5ITHH HCXO.uHOro TeKCTa H ocpopMJleHHH nepeBo.ua.
llepeBo.u C flHCTa MO)f(HO npe.ucTaBHTb B BH.ue Tpex Pa3.ueJlbHbIX .ueHcT-

I. 3pHTeJlbHOe BOCnpH5ITHe H nOHHMaHHe Hcxo.uHoro TeKCTa (4TeHHe
TeKCTa npo ce651).
2. llmlcK peWeHH5I Ha nepeBo.u.
3. OcpopMfleHHe nepeBo.ua B YCTHOH cpopMe.
64
Hal160JTee YHI1BCPCaJlbHblM cnoc060M nepeBO,Ll.a C JTI1CTa llBJTlleTCll 111)0-
'ITe1-l11e, BOCnpl111Tl1e 11 nepeBO,Ll. TCKCTa no npe,Ll.JTQ)KeHI1IO - 3pIHeJlbHO UOC-
npl1HllTb O}..\HY-}..\Be CTPO'lKI1 I1CXO,Ll.HOrO TeKCTa (cpe,Ll.Hllll ,Ll.mlHa npe,Ll.JlQ)KC-
fll111). nepe4l1TblBall HCCKOflbKO paJ Hal160JTee CflO)l{Hble MeCTa, nOCJTe 'Iero
nepeXO,Ll.I1Tb KO BTOPOMY 11 TpeTbeMY 113 nepe'll1CJTeHllhlX }..\ef1cTBI1H.
8 nerCBO,Ll.4eCKOH npaKTI1Ke nepeBO,Ll. C f1I1CTa BCTpe4ancll B KallCCTBe
caMOCTOllTeJTbllOrO ,Ll.eHCTBI111, O}..\HaKO MQ)KeT KOM611Hl1pOBaTbcll C ,Ll.pyrl1MI1
BI1,Ll.aM 11 nepeBO,Ll.a. TaK, CYLUCCTRYCT nepeRO,Ll.-pecpepl1 pOBaH l1e, KOr,Ll.a TpC-
6yeTC$! He nepeRO,Ll.I1Th C f1I1CTa TeKCT }..\OCflOBHO, a B O,Ll.HOM-}..\BYX npe,Ll.f10-
,Kelll111X ncpe}..\3Tb OCHORHYIO I1,Ll.CIO a63aua 11f111 CTpaHI1Ubl. Y1Hol'Jl.a nepeBO,Ll.
C JIl1CT3 BblcTynaeT B Ka'leCTI3C COCTaBflOH 4aCHI Cl1l-1XpOHHoro nCpCBO,Ll.a -
Cl1l1XPOHl-lblH nepellOJl. C OIIOPOH Ha TeKCT.
).. OTfll1'II1TeJTbIlOH OC06CHHOCTblO MHOrl1X TeKCTOI3 06LUeCTBeflHO-nOJTIHI1-
'leCKOH 11J111 1-1 ay If 1-1011 TCMaTI1 KI1 SI BJllleTCll I1X BblCOKall 11 HrpopMaUl101-1 HaSl
HarpY)I{el-lHOcTb. O,Ll.I-II1M 113 cnoc060R 3KOHOMl1l1 Sl3blKOBblX Cpe,Ll.CTB $!BflSI-
eTC$! a66peBl1aUI151. Y1CflOflh'IOBal-ll1e a66peBl1aTYP n03BOflllCT nOMeCH1Tb B
OI'paHI1'leHHblll 06beM TCKCTa 311alfl1TeJlbllYI0 I1I-1(pOpMaUI110. A66peBl1aUl1ll
npeJlCTaI3JI$!CT c06011 CI30C06pa3HblH YCJIOl3llblH KO}..\ Ilepe}..\a411 11 nOflY4el-ll1ll
I1HcpopMaUI1I1.
lUl1pOKOe I1CnOflh30Bal-ll1e a66peI3l1aTYP cnoc06cTuyeT ,Ll.HHaMI13MY 11
UblpaJHTeII bl-lOCTI1 KaK n I1CbMeH HOI1, TaK 11 YCTIlOH pe411. Y1cnoJl b30BaH l1e
a66peul1aTYP npC}..\CTaRJTlleT onpe,Ll.eJTeHHhle CIIO)l{HOCTI1 WIll nepeBO}..\4I1Ka.
80-nepI3bIX, nepeBO,Ll.411KY He06xo,Ll.I1MO 3HaTb KaK paCWl1rppOBblBaeTCll
}..\aHHall a66peBl1aTypa, TO eCTb KaKall pCanl1ll 3a HCH cKpblRacTcll. 80-
BTOPbIX, nepeI30,Ll.'II1K ,Ll.OJl)l{eH XOpOll1O ce6e npe,Ll.CTaBJTllTb, CYLUccTRyeT JTH
B Sl3b1Ke, Ha KOTOPbl Cl OCYLUeCTRflSlCTCSI nepeRO,Ll., rOTORoe COOTBCTCTBl1e KaK
caMol1 a66peBl1aType, TaK 11 cTollLUeti '3a HeM peaJll1l1.
8 HCKOTOPblX CJIY4aSlx a66pCBl1aTypbl '3aHOBO C0"3nalOTCll B 113blKe nepe-
Bona, B ,Ll.Pyrl1X - TpaHCKpl16l1pYIDTCll C 113blKa OpHI'I1Hana. CpaBHI1Te:
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) - HATO (CeBepOaTJTaH-
Tl14eCKl111 anb$!llc)
OAS (Organisation of All1ericln States) - OAr (OpraHI13alll1$! <IMC-
pl1 KaHCKI1X rocY,Ll.apCTI3)
CJlenYCT HMeTb R RI1,Ll.Y, 41'0 ,Ll.aJleKO He BCer,Ll.a a66peBl1aTYPY CJll'}IYl'l
nepeSO,Ll.I1Tb a66peBl1aTYPoCl. 4acTo 60JTee npe,Ll.nO'ITI1TeJTbHblM 51111J}Il'TUI
Onl1CaTeJTbHblH HJII1 paCWl1rppoBhIBaIOLUI1H nepeBon, KOTOPblH B II1'KOTO-
pblX CJTY4a5lX OKaJblBaeTCll e,Ll.I1HCTBeHHO B03MO)l{HbIM.
65
MP (Member of Parliament) - 4JleH napJlaMeHTa
VIP (Very Important Person) - 04eHh Rm!(Ha51 nepCOHa
ECJlH npH nHCbMeHHOM nepeBO.Lle nepe130.Ll'lI1K RCer.Ll3 I1MeeT B03MO)l(-
HOCTb npOKOHCYJlbTHpOBaTbCSl co CJlOBapeM ~ I J l Cflpa130'IHb1M noc06l1eM, TO
npH YCTHOM nepeBO.Lle 06111enpHHSlTble a66pe13H3TYPbl IlepeBO.Ll4HK .LlOJl)l<eH
3HaTb. B ynp3)l(HeHHHX .LlaHHorO ypOKa .LlaHbl npl1Mepbl H3.1160Jlee WHPOKO
HCnOJlb3yeMblx a66peBHaTYp. CJle.LlYlOlllHe a66peBl1aTYPbl He06xo.LlI1MO
BblY4l1Tb Hal13ycTb:
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) - UPY (UeHTpanhHoe paJl3e.LlbIBa-
TeITbHOe yn paBITeHHe)
FB I (Federal Bureau of Investigation) - C!>EP (C!>e.LlepaJlbHOe 61Opo
paCCIIe.LlOBaHHH)
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) - HACA
(HaUI10HaJIbHOe a3POKOCMH4ecKoe areHTcTBo), CWA
SDI (Strategic Defence Initiative) - COVl (CTpaTerl1'leCKaH 060po-
HI1TeIlbHaH HHHUl1aTI1Ba)
SALT (Strategic Anns Limitation Talks) - OCB (orpuHH4eltl1e cTpa-
TerH4eCKHX BoopY)l(eHYlH), cOBeTcKO-aMepI1KaHCKHe neperoBopbl
RAf (Royal A ir Force) - KOpOJlel3CKl1e BoeHHO-B03.LlYUJH ble CI1Jlbl,
BoeHHO-B03.LlywHble CHJlbl Be.rH1 K06pl1TaHVIVI
US AF (United States Air Force) - BoeHHo-B03.LlywHble CI1Jlbl CWA
USS (United States Ship) - BoeHHblH Kopa6Jlb CiliA
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) - BBn (l3aITOBOH BHyTpellHI1H npo-
.LlYKT)
GNP (Gross National Product) - BHn (BaJIOBO(;i ltaUl10HaJIbHbJi;J
np.LlYKT)
G7 (Great Seven) - 60JlbWaS! ceMepKa
EEC (European Economic Community) - E3C (EBpone(;icKOe 3KO-
HOMH4eCKoe c006111eCTBo)
EU (European Union) - EC (EBponeHcKoe co06111ecTI30)
IMF (International Monetary Fund) - MBC!> (Me)l(.LlYHapo.LlHbIH Ba-
JlIOTHbIH CPOH.Ll)
66
rPAMMAT ... "IECK ..... KOMMEHTAP .....
npU4acmue
npH
t
-l3CHle (Participle) - 31'0 HeJHJlIH<U1 (1lOpMa I'JlarOna,
cBoi::JcTllal\.H1 rnarona, llpHJlaraTeJlbHOrO 11 IlapL'llnr. 1'.13rOJlbHble CBOHCTBa
npl-1L{aCHf51 BbJpIDKeHbl B nepeXOll.HOCTII CQOHJeceHHO-
CHI BO speMeHH, 3::tnore, C[[OC061l0CHI II<lpCIIl1C B K;)'(CCTBe 06CT051-
TeJlbCT Ba. npHLJaClH51, 06pa10A<lIlIII>IC OT ncpeXO.LlHblX l"11arOJlOB, )J,Ba
"iaJlora: lI.eHCTBHTenbHblH 11 ... - H IHI Tb (jlOpM.
(J>Pi\lI.1 Participle I Participle 11 Perfect Participle
AClive breaking having broken
Passive being broken broken having been broken
nO.Ll06HO npH.naraTeJlbHoMY, npH'1aCnle \1Q)KeT 6611'6 onpe.ueneHHeM K
CYLUeCTBHTeJ1bHOMY (-UHI HMeHHOM LJaCrbH) cKa3yeMoro. B Ka4eCTBe Hape-
[11151 npH4aCnle MOJKCT BblllOll H5I Tb CPYHKqH}() 06CT05lTCllbCTBa o6pma JJ,CH-
CTBH5I.
npM'laCTHe nepeSOJJ,UTC5I Ha PYCCKMH H3blK HeOJJ, H03Ha4HO.
8 aUrJl i1(:1CKOM }l3blKe O'rcyrC'rByeT IIpJ.1lIaCTHe Ilpowe)J.wero JJ,e(:1-
CTBMTeJlbHOrO 3a.lIora, o6pmoRaHHoe OT IrepcxoJJ,Hbrx rJlar-OJlOB. llo:noMY
PyccKoe npl<ILJaCH re npowe.lllllero BpeMeHH, o6pmoBaHHoe OT nepexoJJ,HblX
I'Jl arOll OB, nepeSO.LI.HTC5I Ha aHrflu1icKHH 513b1K npl<l,U,aTO'-lHbIM onpeneJlI<I-
TCJl bHbl M n pe.llJIO>KeHHeM.
4CJrOBCK, Irp04HTaBWi1H JTOT JJ,OKllaJJ,. He HOBH40K B nOJlHTHKe. - The
man who delivered the report is not a student in politics.
llepeBon aHrJl HikKOro npH
'
laCTH5I Ha PYCCKHH 513b1K o6YCJl013J1eH ero
i\.leCTOM nepe).l, onpe).l,eJl5leMblM HMeHeM CYIJJ,eCTBtHeJlbHbIM. ECJHl npH'-IaC-
['He HaX011, HTC5I nepcn Otlpc,aeJl5leMblM HMClleM cyw,eCTBI-1TeJlbHbIM, TO nepe-
BOJ{HTC5I lIa PYCCKHH 513b1K npHLJaCHreM .neHCTBwrellbHor o 3anora HaCT05l-
BpeMCHH H.n t-i npWlacrHeM CTpa).!,aTeJlbHOrO 3anora npowenwero
BpCMeHH:
corrcsponding units COOTHCTCTHYIOIJJ,HC e,aMHHUbl
specialised office - CnClll-1aJ1H'Hrpo8aHHoe
IlPH
'
i3CTHe, CTOHlJJ,Ce 1l0CJIC onpeJJ,e1l5leMOrO HM HMCHH CYlJJ,CCTBHTeJlb-
Il om, BBO,aHT 1aBHCHMblH npJ.1li3CT Hbl1i 060pOT H nepeBO,[lJ.1TCH Ha PYCCKHH
67
Sl3blK npll'1aCntCM Jlei:icfBWreJ1bHOrO HJ1H CTpa)..laTeJlbHOrO 3aJ10ra HaCTOSl-
w,ero l1.nl1 11[10llll.:lJ,UlerO BpeMeHI1. TaKoH J<lBIICHMbIH npWIaCTHblH OOOpOT
nepe13(\'l,IITO 113 PYCCKHH Sl3blK npl1)..13TO'lHh1M OrIpc)J,CmlTeJlbHhlM npcJ\J10-
)KemlcM.
rhc problems discLlssed ... -- rlPOOJ1CMbl, o6cY)I\)laCr>lble (= KOTopble
OocY)KLlafOTCSI )
Economy consisting of ... - 3KoHoMHKa, COCTOSlW3S1 lI"L ..
B <PYHKL\HH 06CTOSlTeJlbCT133 npwlacTI-lc HJ111 npwlaCTIII,lii OOOpOT nepc-
IlOJ..lSlTCSI Ha PYCCKYlK SI3blK nOJlIll.,lM 06CTOSlTeJlbCTBeHHblM "PI.:!1J10)KCHI1CM,
).leenpl1yaCHleM I1J1H ).leenpH4aCTHblM 060POT01'.1, I1J1H CYWCCT13I1TeJll.,lIbIM C
npCLlJlOrOM npu.
Information when reccived in lime becomes a real weapon. - VlII-
KOr)..la OHa IlOJIYYCHa (6YLlYQI1 nOJ1Y'feHHoK) 130BPCMSI,
CTaHOBI1TCSI HaCTOSlWI1 M opY)Kl1eM.
cDopMa heing HI1KOr).la He ynoTpe6J1S1eTCSI 13 Ka'lCCTBC 06CT05lTeJlbCrBd
I3peMCHH. TaK <ppaJa EyiJy'/u (I HhlO-llopge nCpCBOJlllTCSI l1I/u:11 1 was in
New-York.
npl1yaCIHblK 060pOT B (iJOpMC npl1yaCHISI npOUJe)l.wero BpeMeHI1 13 co-
YCTaHHI1 C COlO30M if 11J111 unless He BbIflOJ1HSleT B npeLlJ1())KCHltl1
06CTOHCJ1bCTBa YCJ10BI1S1, a COOTBeTcTByeT YCJlO13HOMY npC)!JlO)KCHllfO 11
nepeBO)l.I1TCSI Ha PYCCKHH Sl3blK YCJ10BHbIM
The documents if arranged property, show the importancc of the
event - JloKYMeHTbl, eCJl11 Olnl paCnOJ10)!(eHl.,l no nOpSl)..lKY, C(311)..1e-
TeJ1bCTI3YfOl 0 Sa)!(HOCnt MepOnpI1SITI1SI.
UNIT 4.
Globalisation
.YnpaJKHeHHe 1. TeKCT scnyx 3a npenogasaTeneM C oTCTasaHV1-
eM s TpV1-yeTblpe cnosa.
Globalisation is the growth and enactment of world culture. Since at least
the middle of the nineteenth century, a rationalised world institutional and
cultural order has crystallised that consists of universally applicable models
that shape states, organisations, and individual identities. Conceptions of
progress, sovereignty, rights, and the like, have acquired great authority.
A fter World War II international life gai ned a cu I tural structure. States at
very different economic levels adopted cOlllmon rrecepts and established
common institutions. Far from being the rrime movers on the international
<.cene, states derived much of their structure and authority from being em-
bedded in a larger system, a world polity consisting of common legitimating
models. But states are not the only globally enacted model. More and more
(lrganisations, from scientific associations to feminist groups, from standard-
bodies to environmental movements, helped to elaborate and imple-
l'lent this common world culture.
By the end of the twentieth cerllury, world culture became the constitutive
,:Iemenl in world society. But it cannot claim global consensus; regions differ,
i(lr example, in their interpretation of core notions such as individual rights.
'\ior is world culture free from contradiction; it contains values such as free-
,lllrTl and equality that are necessarily in tension. Enacting global models will
Ilot lead to a completely homogeneous world, if only oecause institutionalisa-
'11111 under different conditions will producc significant local variation. World
, Illlure actually produces new conflicts, for when many oelieve they live in
I llle world under universally val id principles, they become critical of state ac-
illlllS that deviate from global norms. Since the state of the world is always
69
bound to fall short of high global standards, world culture actually encourages
the di scovery of new social problems. l3ut the world-wide recognition of
problems. ranging from global wanning to corruption, is a sign of world
culture's cllrrent strength. In a diverse, contlictual, and decentralised world, it
provides common models for thinking and act ing.
YnpaJKHeHHe 2. B TeKCTe K

BceMHpHaSJ KynhTypa ..................... ... ................ ... ........................................... .
KOHu,enu.HSJ nporpecca ..................... ... ......................... .................................... .
YHHBepCaJIbHbJe npl1ll lI.H Ohl ........................... . ................... ..... ... ............. : ... .. .
QCHOBHa5I ,Il.BH)l(YL1l.a5I. CHJIa ......................... ........... ............ .....................
MHPOBCUI apeHa ....................................................... ..... .................................... .
MO)],CJ]b 3aKOHHOcTH .................................................................. .. .... ... .............. .
BCCMHpHoe rocy)], apCTBO ................... .............. .......... ............... ......... .. .... ...... .. .
MeCTHblC ..................... .......... ..... .. .................. ... . .....
OJlHOPOJlHbli1 MHp ........................................................................................... . .
Bceo6ll.l,ee corJlaCl1e ................................. .. ..... .. ................... .. ..... ....... ......... .... ..
YnpaJKHeHHe 3. nepeBeAme Ha no TeKCT yn-
1.
YnpaJKHeHHe 4. C Ha npeA-
oc060e Ha nOAyepKHYTble
I. Ever since the tenn globali sation was first lIsed to make sense of large-
scale changes, scholars have debated its meaning and use.
2. The tenn globalisat ion was used increasingly to express concern about
the consequences of global change for the well-being of variolls groups,
the sovereignty and identity of countries, the disparities among peoples,
and the health of the environment.
3. Intellectual debate blended with political conflict; in the years to come,
debates and conflicts surrounding globalisation will increasingly affect
the processes captured by the term.
4. According to one popular view) globalisation is the inexorable integra-
tion or nation-states and technologies to a degree never wit-
ncssed beforc in a way that is enabl ing individuals, corporations and na-
70
tion-states to reach round the world farther, faster, deeper and cheaper
than ever before.
5. Discussions of globalisation often convey a sense that something new is
happening to the world: it is becoming a "single place", global practices,
values, and technologies now shape people's lives to the point that we
are entering a "global age", and global integration snelis the end of the
natioll-state.
6. Sceptics counter that there is nothing new under the sun since globalisa-
tion is age-old capital ism writ large across the globe, or that govern-
ments and regions retain distinct strengths in a supnosedly integrated
world, or that the world is actually fragmenting into civilisational blocs.
7. Globalisation used to be widely celebrated as a Ilew birth of freedom:
better connections in a more open world would improve people's lives
by making new products and ideas universally available, breaking down
barriers to trade and democratic institutions; resolve tensions between
old adversaries; and empower more and more reople.
S. Politicians opposed to America's global influence and activists opposed
to the inequities of oppressive global capitalism portray globalisation as
dangerous.
9. Many authors attribute the dynamics of globalisation to the pursuit of
material interests by dominant stales and multinational companies that
exploit new technologies lO shape a world in which they can flourish ac-
cording to rules they set.
10. An alternative view suggests that globalisation is rooted in an expanding
consciousness of living together on one planet, a consciousness that
takes the concrete form of models for global interaction and institutional
development that constrain the interests of even powerful players and
relate any panicular place to a larger global whole.
I I. According to one line of argument, globalisation constrains states: free
trade limits the ability of states to set policy and protect domestic com-
panies, capital mobility makes generous welfare states less competitive,
global problems exceed the grasp of any individual state, and global
norms and institutions become more powerful.
12. Others suggest that in a more integrated world nation states may even be-
come more important: they have a special role in creating conditions for
growth and compensati ng for the effects of economic competition, they
are key players in organisations and treaties that address global problems,
and they are themselves global models charged with great authority by
global norms.
71
YnpaJKHeHHe 5. nepeSeAl-lTe Ha cnyx s 6blCTPOM TeMne cneAYfOli\l-le cnoso-
C04eTaHl-l51.
rIYTh HCTOplHI - think tanks - line of causation - essential and contin-
gcnt -- IIOTOK - unabashed victory - imminent universalisation -
a6coJlloTl-la5! fl06e.na - viable state -- conceptual framework -- welfare state -
to retllrn full circle - BCeMl1plla51 HCTOPH5! - B KOHl(e KOHIlOB - onpe.neJl5ITh
nOflHTHKY - bypass of history - birth of freedom - turbulent events - 06-
XO.nHOH nyTb HCTOPHH - TOp)KeCTBO C13060.nbl - rocYJwpCTl3il-JlI1JlCPbl -
flpOHTH nOIlHblii l(I1KII - in the long run - )KH3HeCnoc06Hoe locYJl.apCT130 -
60POTbC5! C - M03rOBOH uewrp - triumph of freedom - pO)KIleIlHC cB060-
.nbl - rocYf(apCTBO Bce06U\ero 6I1arOCOCT05!IIH5! - 6YPHble C06b1Tl15! - to
contend with - to sct policy - npH4HHHblH P5!.n - world history -
Ha5! rIl06aJIH3aUH5! - dominant states - way of history - He06xo.LlHMOe H
cnY4aHHoe - flow of events - KOHuenTYaJlbHa5! OCHOBa.
YnpaJKHeHHe 6. B cTpoLIKe cneAYfOli\ero OTpblsKa 6blfll-l YAaneHbl
ABe 6YKBbl. TeKCT Bcnyx,
Hble cnOBa, nepeSeAl-lTe era YCTHO Ha 513bIK.
World culture theory is a label for a particular interprctati
of globalisation that focuses on the way in which participan
in the process become conscious of and give meaning to livi
in the world as a single place. In this account, globalisati
refers both to the compression of the world and the intensificati
of consciousness of the world as a whole. It involves the crystallisati
of four main components of the global-human circumstance: societi ,
the system of societies, individuals, and humankind; this tak
the form of processes of, respectively, societalisati
internationalisation, individuation, and gencralisation of cOllsciousne ,
about humankind. Rather than referring to a multitude or historic
processes, the concept above all captures the form in terms of whi
the world has moved towards unicity. This form is practically contest
Closely linked to the process of globalisation is therefore the probl .
ot' globality or the cultural terms on which coexistence in a sing
place becomes possible. World culture denotes the multiple wa
or defining the global situation, conceived as responses to this shar
prcdicamcnt.
72
YnpaMHeHue 7. npo ce6s:! TeKCT A, oAHospeMeHHo
sas:! TeKCT B, KOTOPblCl 3a4V1TblsaeT scnyx npenoAasaTenb,
A. M HorHC aBTopbl nOSlaral{)T, 4'1'0 npouccc l'iI 0 6aJl H3aUH H CSlC)J.yn
npC)J.CTaBSl5lTb OTHfO)J.b He TOJlbKO K3K pacnpOCTpaHCHYlC oc060ro THlla K3-
rHlTaJHI3Ma H MHpoBoro npocTpaHcTBa, flo HX MHCHHIO,
I'Sl06aJll13aUH5I npOHcxo)J.HT Hap5I)J.y C rJIOKaJIH3aUHel1, TO CCTb a)J.anTa-
uHel1 KYSlbTypHblX 3SleMeHTOB K pa3SlH4HblM SlOKaJlbllblM YCSlOBH5IM Ha OC-
HOBe "'CCTHbIX nOJTOMY npOHCXO)J.HT He CTaH).(apTlI3aUH5I, a
YTBep)I{)J.eHHe rCTeporeHHOCTl1 )l{H3He)J.e5lTeSlbHOCTII KaK HopMaTHBHoro
CTaH)J.apTa, B npouecce rpOpMHpOSaHYl5I HOBOI1 MHPOBOI1 KySlbTYPbl C04C-
1'310TC5I npHHUHnbl KYJlbTypHOH rOMoreHHOCTH H reTcporCHHOCTlI. ')TO
)J.eSlaeT B03MO)l{HblM He TOSlbKO coxpaHeHHe, HO H B03pmK)J.eIlHC Tpa)J.H-
Uyfl1, rlOJTOMY KY5IbTYPOSlOI'H HacTol1
'
IHBO YTBCp)K)J.aIOT npYlIfUHflbl
ceJleKTHBlwro BOCIlPH5ITH5I H ceJICKTHBHoro OCBoeHYl5I KYJlbTypHblX
lJleMCIITOB B B3aI1MO)J.cI1CTBH5I H COXP3HCHH5I "PHHUHIIOB KYSlb-
rYPHOH caM06bITHOCH1.
B. 06peTeHI1C nOJlHTH'leCKOfl He3aBHCHMOCTlI, pa3BHTlIC
33 KYJlbTypHoe CaMOOrlpC)J.CJleHHe H otjJopMSleHlle HOBOI1 CHC-
reMbl MC)I{rOCY)J.3pCTBCHHbIX OTIIOllJCHHii COIlPOBO)l{)J.3SlHCh OTXO).(OM OT
lI)J.eYl H IlpeIlOCXO)lCTBa 'l3Ila).(IIOI1 KYJlb'lYPbl. 80c'[0'l-
11 blC KyJ1 b TYPbl CTaJl1! He TOJI bKO 11 PC}tMCTOM UCTOPH 'ICCKoro HJl H cjlHJlO-
(ocpCKoro HCCSlC.nOB3f11151, HO H COIVlOJI0l'H4CCKOro aH,UHlJa, lIallpaBSlCH-
1101'0 Ha Bbl5lCHeHHe HX pOJIH B COl3peMeHHOH )KI13HU, B
11 p33BHTHH OCB060)J.HBWUXC5I CTpaH (<TpeTbero MlIpa, 3TO nOTpe6oBaJlO
npe)KHHX npHHUll1l0B H 1l0)J.XO)J.OB, KOTOPbl"'H pacnOJlaran3
L'LlI(HOJlOrHSI KySlbTYPbl. B HeH OCJla6eBaCT BJIHSlHHe "PC)HHX CTPYKTYP-
1I0-CPYHKIJ.HOllaJlbHbIX MeTO)J.OB, npHCflOC06JlCHllblX K HOPMaJlbIlOI1, TO
:C 16 3al1a)J.HoH KyJI bTYPHOI1 cpe}.tC, Bce 60Jl bwee 'Hla LfeH He npH05peTalOT
l((l'vlflapaTUB1ICTIIK3, COIlOCTaBJl5lfOll(a51 p33Hble BapHaHTbl H ypOBHH KYJlb-
I phi, U np06JleMaTHKa KYJlbTYP, Ka)K.ll.351 11'1 /(OTOPbIX
\oxp3H5IeT CBOl{) caM06blTHOCTb,
YnpaMHeHue 8. 3aKpoClTe Y4e6HL-1K, no naMs:lTVI nepeAaClTe Ha aHrnl-lClcKOM
13blKe OCHosHoe COAep}l{aHl-le TeKCTOB ynpa}l{HeHL-1s:! 7,
73
YnpaJKHeHMe 9. 03HaKoMbTecb C npl-1JlaraTenbHbIMl-1 (a); onpeAenl-1Te C Ka-
Kl-1Ml-1 cYLL\eCTBl-1TenbHbIMl-1 (b) OHl-1 cornacYKlTc>I. CocTaBbre B03MO>KHO 60nbwee
KOnl-14eCTBO cnOBOCO'-leraHl-1I1, l-1CnOnb3Y>I nepe4l-1CneHHble npl-1naraTenbHble l-1 cY-
ll.\ecTBl-1TenbHble.
a) civil, conceptual, cultural, different, economic, empirical, ethnic, Euro-
pean, fundamental, general, great, historical, ideological, important, in-
ternational, liberal, local, national, nationalistic, new, past, political,
primary, scientific, social, triumphant, viable.
b) approach, awareness, civi I isations, communities, consciollsness, criteria,
debate, decade, democracy, differences, differentiation, economy, era,
evidence, factors, integration, facts, framework, freedom, history, iden-
tity, interpretations, investigation, issues, liberalism, narration, net-
work, organisations, period, perspective, populations, process, ques-
tions, rights, states, symbolism, system, thinking, types, view, violence,
work.
YnpaJKHeHMe 10. nepeBeAl-1Te nl-1CbMeHHO nOA Al-1KTOBKY
TeKCT.
A standard complaint about globalisation is that it leads to cultural ho-
mogeneity: interaction and integration diminish di rrerence; global norms,
ideas or practices overtake local mores; many cultural nows, such as the
provision of news, retlect exclusively Western interests and control; and the
cultural imperialism of the United States leads to the global spread of
American symbols and popular culture. The counter-argument stresses new
heterogeneity that results from globalisation: interaction is likely to lead to
new mixtures or cultures and integration is likely to provoke a defence of
tradition; global norms or practices are necessarily interpreted differently
according to local tradition, and one such norm stresses the value of cultural
difference itself; cultural flows now originate in many places; and America
has no hegemonic grasp on a world that must passively accept whatever it
has to sell.
YnpaJllHeHMe 11. np04l-1Tal1Te cneAYKlll.\ee BblCKa3blBaHwe. CornacHbl nl-1
Bbl C Hl-1M? Hanl-1Wl-1Te Ha >l3blKe 3cce 06beMOM Tpl-1-4eTblpe MaWl-1HO-
nl-1CHble CTpaHWl.\bl C 060CHOBaHl-1eM r04Kl-1 3peHl-1>1. noclle npOBepKl-1 3cce
74
IlpellO.LlaBaTeneM 1l0.LlroTOBb Te Ha era OCHOBe YCTHoe BblCTYllneHV1e Ha
CKOM 1l3blKe gmtTenbHOCTblO He 60nee nllHt M\ltHYT. nOnpOC\ltTe BaW\ltX Konner ne-
peAaTb KpaTKOe COAep>KaH\lte Bawero BblCTynneH\lt1l Ha PYCCKOM \It
1l3blKax.
Many scholars and politicians have hoped that the ongoing globalisation
process will bring more welfare, democracy, human rights and technological
advantages to all people. But now it seems that the negative sides of this
process is difficult to be denied. The so-called market forces and technologi-
cal developments function without ethical considerations. One 0 r the most
important teachings of this process has been the confession that market can-
not be the main actor in this process otherwise, the polarisation between the
rich and the poor continues with accelerating speed.
YnpaJKHeHUe 12. Pa3Aen\ltTeCb Ha ABe rpynnbl. OAHa \lt3 H\ltX 6YAeT npe.Ll-
CTaBnllTb CTOPOHHI<1KOB rn06an\lt3au,\It\lt 1<13 CUJA, .Llpyrall - aHT\It-
rn06an\ltCToB. 06cYA\ltTe Ilp06neMbl \It nepcIleKH1Bbl rn06aJlI<13au,\ltV1 Ha
CKOM 1l3b1Ke. nOCJle OKOH4aH\lt1l AI<1CKYCC\It\lt n\ltCbMeHHO 0606ll(\ltTe ee XOA 1<1 pe-
3YJlbTaTbl Ha aHrn\ltCicKOM 1l3blKe (B xOAe A\ltCKyCC\It\lt H\lt4erO He cp\ltKcV1pyCiTe nV1Cb-
MeHHO).
YnpaJKHeHUe 13. IlepeBe.L\\ltTe YCTHO Ha pycCK\ltCi 1l3blK CJleAYIOll\\lte IlpeA-
nO>KeH\ltIl, o6pall\all BHV1MaH\lte Ha ynoTpe6JleH\lte speMeHHblX CPOPM \ltHCP\ltHI<1H1sa.
I. In such conflict, traditions play a special role, since they can be mobi-
lised to provide an ultimate justification for one's view of the globe.
2. While world polity models define sovereign states as key actors, ena-
bl ing authorities to construct collective goals and devise the means or
programs to produce them, state officials are not the only ones engaged
in such authoritative creation of value.
1. The government could have long denied democratic freedoms, but it
was unable to prevent the people from moving toward democracy.
-I. What it means to live in this place, and how it must be ordered, become
universal questions .
..; To bring both the challenge and the calling into a stable synthesis, to
create a new order distinguished by both peace and justice, will require
of the statesmen of the twenty first century a level of sophistication and
determination that would have amazed those of the twentieth.
75
6. Cyclical crises occur when reduced profit rates and exhaustion of mar-
kets lead to r(;c(;ssion and stagnation, to be followed by a new period of
accumulation.
7. While the Europeans started with only sl11;lIl advantages. they exploited
these to reshape the world in their capitalist imag(;.
8. States can appeal to a universal doctrine or nationalism to legitimate
their particularising claims to sovereignty and cultural distinction.
9. The terrorists claim to be aiming at the end of the war a-; their ultimate
objective.
10. Peace loving people of the world should have prevented such large-
scale calamities as World War 1 and World War 11.
11. World-cultural standards create strong expectations regarding global
integration and propriety and therefore can easily provoke world-
societal reactions seeking to put things right when ind ividuals, compa-
nies, or states violate those standards.
12. This is the most far-reaching programmatic document to have eome from
the Russian presidency, and is therefore a source of considerable weight.
13. The newspaper argues that rather than creati ng rapid, un iversal human
development, globalisation has widened the gap between rich and poor;
to close it, new global institutions will be needed.
14. The operation could not have been planned unless the military obtained
full knowledge of the capabilities of the enemy.
15. The inventor insisted to have been working on this invention for two
years belore making it known to the publ ic.
YnpaJKHeHUe 14. Ilpeo6pa3yihe nVlCbMeHHO cJletJ,YIOl1\l-1e
ynoTpe6mHl VlHCPVlHVlH1B. nepeBetJ,VlTe YCTHO Ha PYCCKVlW VlCxotJ,Hble Vl TpaHC-
CPOpMl-1pOBaHHble npetJ,JlO}!(eHVls:t.
I. The Europeans were able to established economic ties with other regions
because they relied on superior military strength and means of transpor-
tation.
2. A writer reviews economic, political, and cultural aspects of globalisa-
tion and argues that a new form of capitalism is emerging.
3. The crisis of feudalism created such a strong motivation that new mar-
kets and resources were sought.
4. In the first part of the fifteenth century, Europe began developing a civi-
lisation equal to the richest and most sophisticated cultures of the East.
76
5. A reporter found the group positively middle class, not wealthy or well-
connected but simply comfortable, determined and lucky enough, that is
why they had saved a fcw hundred dollars
6. Different ways of resolving the tensions lead 10 different variants of
world-cultural models.
7. Europeans reached parts of the globe because they had strong mo-
tivations, such as advances in production and incentives for long-
distance trade.
is. These students are so young that they have not specialised in the chosen
field yet.
9. Dating of the Age of Discovery is possible. since it opened the \\'orld to
t.uropean shipping.
10. There is no way of giving more or less precise definition of European
Historical Consciousness.
11. In the following years debates over globalisation will increasingly affect
international relations.
! 2. In a "germinal" European phase, starting in the fitleenth century, ideas
about national communities, the individual, and humanity began
growing.
YnpamHeHHe 15. nepeSeJl,\o1Te n\o1CbM8HHO Ha R3blK cneAYIOl.l.\\o1e
npeJl,nmKeH\o1R, \o1CnOnb3YR H806xojJ,\o1Mb18 CPOPMbl \o1HCPIi1HlHIi1Sa.
I. Cor11acHO Bl,lpa60TalllloMY peweHHfO cYBepeHHble rocY,D,apcTBa onpe-
,D,eMlfOTC51 KaK cy6beKTl,l, nO'3BOJlSlfOllJ,l1e B113CTI1 CPOPMYJHlpOBaTb KOJl-
JleKTHBHble LleJlI!.
",
B KPl1311CH blX olTyaLll1Hx Ha flOl3e,D,eIH!e Jll1).1.epa 11 ero fl O,D,XO).l. 1,1 K KJlfO-
'1eBblM peWeHH5IM 8JlI151CT KOMnJleKC cpaKTopoB, KOTopble MO)!(HO 01111-
caTl, KaK cTaTYCH l,le xapaKTCplfCTI1 KI1.
focY).l.apCf[l(l I1rpalOT KJ1K)'leBYIO pOJlb B coxpaHeHIHI CYLuecTI3YlOwef:i
cflcTeMbl l1epapXI1I'1, TaK KClK OBH cfloc06CTBYfOT nepepacnpe).l.eJleHHI()
Hal\110HaJTbHOm 60T'a1'CT8a.
-t. C Ha4aJTOM :moxl1 8emlKIIX reorpa(11l1lJccKI1X OTKpblnlii lana,UHaSl KYJlb-
Typa CTa.Jla paCllpoCTpaHSlTbOI Ita orpOMHl,le npOCTpallcrBa, pallee pa3-
BJ.1 Ba8W l1eCH 13 paM Kax caMoC'IUHTen 1,11 blX I UI BII!I [nallll ii,
". .llJ151 Toro, 'H06bl m6C)KaTb 6YJlYlUI1X KPII3J.1COB Hconxo}U1Mo Bblpa60-
TaTb HecTaH,D,apnlble peWeHI151, KOTopble COOTBe'rCTBOBaJTl1 6b) CTpaTe-
I'll J.1 y 11 paSJleH [HI KpI13J.1CaM 11,
77
6. [1oHS!Tl-le HHTerpaUI1S! .AO CI1X nop He nonY4Hno 0.AH03Ha4Horo onpe-
.AeneHHSI.
7. B 06111HX 'lepTax rn06anH3aUH51 MO)l{eT 6b1TL. oxapaKTepl130BaHa KaK
KOH<pJIHI<TO-KOMnpoMHccHbIH npouecc ")KOIIOMWICCKOro M KynbTypHoro
061>C/lH Helll1S! rocY.AapCTB.
8. CnpaBe.AnHBOCTH pa.AH, Cne.AycT OTMeTI1Tb, "ITO rn06anbHoro
M HponopS!.AKill) npeTepnena H ble M3MeHCII11 H lIa npOT51)l{eH HH
Cfloero pa3BHTH51.
9. ,[(Be Me)l{npaBl-lTenbCTBeH Hble KOHcpepeHUI1H, n pYl3BaH H ble ,1,aTb OTBeT
Ha HaCYlllHble BonpOCbl, nO.ArOTOBHnYl BCTpe4Y Ha BblcweM ypoBHe.
10. CYllleCTBYfOlllYlH Ml1pOnopS!.AOK cnoc06CTBye1' coxpaHeHHfO 3aBYlCYlMO-
ro nOnO)l{eHHS! cTpaH (<TpeTbero Ml1pa.
11. [10.ABO.AS! YlTOr pa3Bl1THI{) npouecca rn06anH3aUHI1, He06xoJ\HMO OTMe-
1'H1'b, 4TO 3a nOCJle.AHHe nS!1'b.AeCS!T Jle1' OH IlpHo6peJI CHJIY nyxOflHOH
Tpa.AHUHH.
12. He HMeeT CMblCJla paccY)I{j\a1'b KaK C06b1TI1S! MOrJlI1 pa3BHBaTbCS! HHa'le.
YnpalHeHltle 16. V13Y
L
H.1Te cneAYKlll.\L-1e cnOBa L-1 cnOBOCOLJ8TaHL-1s:!.
common
1) npHHanne)l{all1.HH BceM, O.AHH Ha Bcex; 06ll1.HH, flce06111I1H: to make
common cause - .AeHCTflOBaTb Common Market - 06111I1H Pbl-
HOK, common air - aTMoccpepHblH B03.AYX: Syn: communal, collective;
2) npl1Ha.AJle)l{allll1H COUHyMy, npHHS!TbIH COUHYMOM; o6w.ecTBeHHbIH, ny6-
JlWIHbIH; 06w.enpHHS!TbIH, pacnpocrpaHell H bl i1: common land - 06w.eCT-
BeHHaS! 3eMJlS!, common membership - KOJlneKTHBHoe lfJlCHCTBO, common
right - 06w.ecTBellHoe / rpmK.AaHCKOe npaBo, common advantage - 06111aS!
BblrO.Aa, common good - 06w.ecTBeHHoe 6naro, common knowledge - 06-
w.ee 3HaHHe, HeYTO 06w.c)'I3BeCTfloe. Syn: general, public
consensus
e.AHHO.AywHe, CorJlaCHe; KOHceHcyc, Bblpa60TaHHoe 0611111MM YCHJlHS!MH
MlleHHe: to reach a consensus - .AOCHI4b cornaCHS!, npHHTH K KOHceHcycy,
consensus principle - npHHUHn KOHceHcyca. Syn: unanimity, agreement
development
I) ra'lHIHHe, pacwHpeHHe, pa3BepTbIBaHHe, pOCT; 3BOJlI{)LII111: economic
devclopment - 3KOHOMH4eCKoe pa3BI1THe, historical development - HCTOPH-
78
'1eCKOe p33BI1Tl1e, intellectual development - I1HTeJlJleKTyastbHoe / YMcTBeH-
Hoe p33BI1Tl1e, physical development - cpI13H'-leCKOe p33BI1Tl1e, development
theory - 3BOJlIDUI10HHru! TeOpl15!, development strategy - CTpaTerHH p33BI1TH5!,
development model - Mo,[(eJlb P33BI1THH, development zone - 30Ha npoMblw-
JleHHoro p33BI1TI1H, arrested development -- 3aMenJleHHOe p33BI1Tl1e. Syn: pro-
gress, growth, expansion, evolution; 2) 06CTOHTeJlbCTBO; c06brme
freedom
I) He3aBI1CI1MOCTb, caMOCT05!TeJlbHOCTb, cB060na (from); to gai n / secure
/ win freedom - 06peTaTb cB060,[(y, to curtail freedom - OrpaHI14HBaTb CBO-
6 o,[(y , n pI1TeCHHTb. Syn: liberty, independence; 2) npI1BI1Jlerl15!; nOJII1TI14e-
CKoe npa80: political freedom - nOJll1TI14eCKaH cB060'[(a, freedom of assem-
bly - c8060'[(a C06paHI1H, freedom of the press - cB060na npeccbl, freedom
of speech - c8060'[(a CJlOBa, freedom of religion / worship - cB060na 8epo-
Hcn08e'[(aHH5!, freedom from fear - c8060'[(a OT CTpaxa, freedom from want
- c8060'[(a OT Hy)!(nbl. Syn: right, franchise, privilege
global
8CeMl1pHb1H, MI1POBOH; 06L1.J.I1H, Bce06L1.J.HH; Bce06beMJlIDLl.J.HH, rJl06aJlb-
IIbIH: global disarmament - Bce06L1.J.ee p33opy)!(eHl1e, global war - Ml1pOBa5!
BOHHa (syn: world war), global atmosphere - nJlaHeTapHa5! aTMoccpepa,
global climate - KJlHMaT 3eMHoro wapa, global communication - rJl06aJlb-
Ha5! CBH3b, global network - rJI06an bHaH KOM n blDTepHillI ceTb, global theory
- rJl06aJlbHru! TeOpl15!, global village. Syn: world, \vorld-wide, universal,
comprehensive, all-inclusive, total, general
progress
I. n. I) nporpecc, p33BI1THe; ,[(BI1)!(eHl1e Bnepe,[(, npO,[(BI1)!(eHl1e: to fa-
cilitate progress - cnOC06CTBOBaTb P33BHHIID, to hinder / impede / obstruct
progress - npen5!TCTBOBaTb p33BI1TI1ID, to make progress - neJlaTb war Blle-
fJe,[( B P33BI1THI1, to be in progress - BbIflOJlH5!TbC5!, p33BI1BaTbCH, BeCTHCb,
cconomic progress - JKOHOMI14eCKOe p33BI1Tl1e, human progress - nporpecc
'leJlOBe'leCKoro 06L1.J.ecTBa, rapid / slow progress - 6blcTpoe / Me,[(J1eIlIlOe
p338I1THe, scientific progress - HaY4HblH nporpecc, smooth progress - 110-
C reneHHoe / nJlaBHOe P33BI1THC, sfJotty progress - CKJ<IK006p33Hoe P33BH-
lue, technological progress - TeXHl1'leCKHfl nporpecc, progress of events -
\0,[( C06blTHH; 2) nOCTI1)!(eHH5!, ycnexl1: to make progress - neJlaTb ycneXI1,
considerable / good / great progress - 3Ha4HTeJlbHblH nporpecc
79
2. v. pa."3 IHl BaTbC51. cOBepweHcTBOBaTbC51; .Il.BHraThC51 Bnepe.ll., .Il.BHraTbCH
.Il.arrbllle: to progress to .,. nCpeXO.ll.HTb (K cJlenYIOUJeMY nyH KTY, apryMeHTy).
Syn: to advance, to proceed
YnpalHeHHe 17. Ha cnyx B 6blcrpOM reMne cno-

Common Market - npenllTCTBOBan, pa'JBllTHIO - C0l11111011 membership-
nporpecc - frecdom of assembly - npHLH1JICfll51 - global
disarmament - HellTO 06UleH'JBeCTHOe - spotty progress - IlJlilllCrapHa51 aT-
Moccpepa - common right - XO).l, C06blTHH - freedom from fear - rCXHH4e-
CKHH nporpecc - commoll good - cB060na CJlOBa - developmellt zOlle - MH-
pOBa51 BOHHa - freedom of religion - MeWICHIIOC p33BHHle - technological
progress - to make common cause - cpH'Jf.llleCKOC pa3BHHle - CBOOO)\a npec-
Cbi - .Il.OCTH4b - to curtail freedom - 3KOHOMH'leCKOe p,nBHTHe -
- smooth progress - CBOOO).l,a CJlOBa - '3aMe).l,JICH Hoe P[1'3-
BUHIC - progress of events - nporpecc 4eJIOBe
'
ICCKoro oGlllecTHa -- global
village - YMCTBeHHOC P33BHTHC - JlCJl3Tb ycncxH - political freedom -
cKa4Ko06pa3Hoe pa3BHHlc - development strategy - 06Ulllil BblrO.ll.a - rJlo-
6arrbHa51 KOMllblOTep"all ceTb - to sccure freedom - MO}ICJlb pa:lEH1TH51 -
global communication - 30HJ. npOMblUJIleHHOI'O pa'llH1HHI - to be in
progress - nOJlHHI4eCKoe npaBO -- rapid progress - npHHUl1n KOHcellcyca -
common air - 3BOJlIOLlIIOIIHa51 TeOpU51 - cB06011a 01' HY}f(.Il.bl.
YnpalHeHHe 18. npaso(:1 K cnosaM, pac-
nOnO>KeHHbIM s nesow KonOHKe,
world
progress
freedom
consensus
community
development
society
growth
untverse
advance
franchise
unanimity
YnpalHeHHe 19. OTseTbTe Ha sonpoCbl no reKcTOB gaHHoro
ypOKa.
I, What is implied under the term "globalisation"?
2, Is globalisation the product of the twentieth century? Why do you think
so?
80
\. What permits not only to preserve but to revive ethnic traditions?
L What are arguments pro and against globalisation')
-; What is required of the statesmen of the twenty first century?
YnpaJKHeHUe 20. Ha Bb1CKa3b1Ba-
BblY4li1Te
The Western world has rediscovered in the twentieth century the ancient
truth that the business 01' porular education is neither formal teaching.
nor political en I ightenmcnt but direct social reconstruction.
(Estate I)ercy)
-;>u If your only opportunity is to be cqual. then it is not equality.
(Margarel T!wtcher)
We live in an age when unnecessary things are our only necessities.
(Oscar Wilde)
The blessings of Liberty which our Constitution secures may be enjoyed
alike by minorities and majorities.
(.fumes K. Polk)
This is not the end. It is not even the beginning or the end. But it is, per-
haps, the end of the beginni ng.
(Wins ton Churchill)
nEKCM"IECKI.JtIr1 KOMMEHTAPMIr1
, nepe80D. _. :)TO ycrHblH nepeHO}l HHCPOp-
'IJUlHI, 130CllPIIH}fTOH Ila cnyx, B yenoml5lx nOCJIC.Ll-OB3TenbHoro OCYW.eCT-
"ICHH5I nepeBOD.'1eCKllx 13 'laUIlOIMOCTII OT oObeMa IlCpeBO,'Hl-
\I\)ro TeKCTa 1l0CneJl08areJlbllblll IlCpellOD. IIOJlfKI'lD.CJI}fCTOI Ha a633UIIO-
'i'r330BbrCi IlcpeooD. 11 noCnC)J.ORLlTCJlhllbIFI IIcpel3oD. C IICIIOJlblOfl3lfflCM 3a-
l,lIceH.
Oc06eHHocTbfO a63aUHO-(ppa30Boro lIepCBO)..la 5I8J1}fCTUI cpa8HHTenbHo
II(OO.'1bWOH 06beM K3)I{D.orO oTpe3K3 npe.Ll-b5lSn5le,vlOrO ,'lJI5I nepeBOD.a TeKCTa
MaKcl1MYM OD.I1H-D.Sa a63aua. llpl1 yoenH1leHHII 06beMa BhICKmh18aHI151
81
nepeBO)l4l1K OKa3bIBaeTC5I He B COCT05lHl1l1 3anOMHl1Tb BeCb He06xo)lI1MbIH
06beM I1H<popMaL(1111 11 BbIHY)!()leH I1CnOllb30BaTb 3anHCI1.
npl1 a63aL(HO-<ppa30BOM nepeBO)le nepeBO)l4l1K )lOJl)KeH BbI411eHHTb H3
nepeBO)lI1MOI'O OTpe3Ka pe411 opaTopa KJIIO'leBYIO I1H<popMal.{l1lO, 3a<pHKCI1-
pOBaTb ee B KpaTKocp04HOH naM5ITI1 11 nOClle 3aBCpLUeHI151 )laHHOrO BbICKa-
'3bIBaHI151 HaH6011ee a)leKBaTHO nepe)laTb ee Cpe)lCTBaMI1 )lpyroro 513bIKa.
nOClle :noro opaTOp nepeXO)lI1T K Clle)lYIOU(eMY BbICKa'3bl BaHl110 (O)lHOMY-
)lBYM npe)lllO)!(eHI151M 11J111 a63al.{aM), a nepeBO)l4l{K nOJ1HOCTblO KOHl.{eHTpl1-
PyeTC5I Ha HOBOM OTpe3Ke pe411.
Bo BpeM5I I1HTepBblO, 6eCe)lbl, npeCC-KOH<pepeHl.{I1H a63al.{Ho-<ppaJOBbIH
nepeBO)l ocyU(eCTB1l5leTC5I B )lBYCTopOHHeH <POp Me. B 3TOM CJ1YClae nepeBO-
)l411K CTaJJKI1BaeTCSl C nOCT05lHHblMl1 I13MeHeHHSlMI1 HanpaBlleHI151 nepeKJIIO-
4eHI1S1 - CHa4aJJa OH ocyU(eCTB1l5leT nepeBO)l C PYCCKoro Ha aHrJJl1i:fcKI1H, 3a-
TeM C aHrJlI1HCKOrO Ha PYCCKI1H, nOClle 3Toro CHOBa C PYCCKoro Ha
aHrJlI1HCKI1H, 11 T.)l.
? Bo 1136e)!(aHl1e I1CKa)KeHI1H npl1 nepeBO)le I1CxO)lHOrO TeKCTa oc060e
BHI1MaHl1e Clle)lyeT Y)leJlSlTb COI03aM. B aHrJll1i:fcKOM Sl3blKe Bbl)lellSlIOTCSI
npocTble, CJlO)!(Hble 11 COCTaBHble COlO3bl.
npOCTble COlO3bl Hep(3110)!(I1Mbl Ha COCTaBHble 4aCHt: and - u, a; but -
HO; or - WILl; if - eCflU; that - '-Imo.
CJlQ)KHble COlO3bl COCT05lT 113 )lBYX COlO30B I111H COlO3a C Hape4eHHeM
ever: however - oOHaKo; whereas - mozoa KQK.
CocTaBHble COlO3bl npe)lCTaBJlSlIOT C060H C04eTaHl1e cJiY)Ke6Hblx CllOB
co 3HaMeHaTellbHblMl1: in case - 8 cfly'-lae; as though - KaK eCflU 6bl, KaK
6yomo 6bl; as well as - maK :lIce KQK; as long as - 00 mex nop nOKa; in or-
der that - o/15l mozo '-Imo6bl.
K COCTaBHbIM COlO3aM OTHOCSlTC5I )lBOHHble COI03bl, COCTOSlU(l1e 113 )lBYX
4aCTeH: both ... and - KaK ... maK (u); either ... or - UflU ... WIU; neither ...
nor - HU ... HU; not only ... but also - lie mOflbKO ... HO u; as ... as - maK Jlce
... KaK; not so ... as - He maK ... KaK.
COI03bl, np0l130We)lWl1e 113 np114aCTI1H, I1MelOT <POPMY np114aCTI1H: pro-
vided, providing - npu YCfl08UU, eCJlU; seeing - nocKoflbKY; supposing -
eCflU, 8 cfly'we.
82
no cBoei1 IPYHKLUH1 B npe)l.JlO)l{eHIHl COf(Ylbl )l.eJI5ITC5I Ha COLIHHHTeJlbHblC
11 nO)l.4HHHTeJlbHble,
Cpe)l.H C04HHHTeJlbHblX COf030B Bbl)l.eJl5lfOTC5I CJle)l.YfOLUHe COf03bl:
COe)l.HHHTeJlbHble: and B 1Ha'leHHH u; as well as -- mOK ,)ICe Km, 11;
nor - mOKJICe He, U I/e; neither ... nor - NU .. , 1111; not only ... but
(also) - lie mOllhKO .. , I/O u; both ... and - Kah' .. , mOK 11;
npoTHBHTeJlbHble: and B 1Ha4eHHH 0; but - liD; still, nevertheless,
yet - Gce J/Ce, mCj\1 IIC ,\fel/ee; however - OOIlOh'O;
paJ)l.eJlHTeJlbHble: or - lI.'lU. lIIIU'le; either ... or - U'/U ' .. lUll,
nO)l.'IHHHTeJlbHble COfO'3bl no 1Ha4eHHfO )l.eJl5lTC5I Ha CJle)l.YfOLUHe rpYllllbl:
H3b5lCHHTeJlbHble: that - 'ima, llmo6bl; whether, if -JUt;
BpeMeHHble: as - G mo 8pejHR h'Oh', K(h'OO, no Mcpe m020 KaK; as soon
as - KaK mO.'lbKO; as long as - nOh'O; until, before - nOKa, 00 mex
nop nOKO IIC; after - nOCJle m020 Ka/(; since - C mex nap, KaK; di-
rectly - lWK mOJlbKO, when - h'O;'OO; while -, d mo upcAm KOI-:, J,'(),'OU;
npH'IHHHble: as - maK h'aK; because -/lOI/UUf}' '11110; since -lI1ah' KW,':
for - 110C1WJlhhY:
ueJleBble: ha t, in order t ha t, so tha t - 'fm()Uhl. d,//l lilO, '() '1I1/0r)!>I: Ics t
- 'Imo6bl HC;
YCJlOBHble: if - CC.'/U; unless - eC!1I ilL'; provided (that) '" /lIJlt p,:,'lO-
8UU, 'lmo; supposing (that) - eelU, ()onycIIIlLl1;
YCTynHTeJlbHble: though, although -xmml;
06paJa )l.ei1cTBH5I H cpaBHeHH5I: as - KaK; as if, as though - h'm,' CC/U
6bl, h'aK 6yomo; as ... as - !naK Jlce .. , KI11<:;. not so ... as - lie IIWh' .. ,
KaK; than - 'ICM;
CJle)l.CTBH5I: so ... that - c mCM ll!no6hl, ()JIR mo<.'o 'l!no6bl, mah' '/lno,

t1H(pUHUmUB
VlHIPHHHTHB (Infinitive) - HeJlH'IHa51 (\lopMa rJlarOJl3, 06Jla;\ClfOllla51 npH-
lliaKaM H cYllteCTBHTeJl bHoro, npHslaraTeJI bHoro, Hape4H5I H rJlarOJla, KaK
l.IIarOJl HHcpHHIHHB HMeeT KaTeropHH 3aJlOra. OTHOCHTeJlbHOrO BpeMeHH,
83
MQ)l(e'i 11Melh llOnOJllleHHll 11 OllpeneMlTbC>! Hape4l1eM. YlHq)I1HI1TI1B B
60nhUIIIHCIIlc CJIY'lilCll YIlOTpeOJllleTCll C 'IaCTI1ILdi to. 1l0cJle MO.LtaJlbHblX
rnarO.!I()1l 1\ }lOIIOnHeHI1H nocne rnaronOB 'IYBCTBeHHoro BOCnpl1-
}lTI!}! \II! Sl'e. 10 hear, 10 walch, to fee), lIocne 1':lar-OJIOB to make, to let, a
raiOKC II ooopoTax had bl.!lter, 'vvollld rather 4aCTI1u.a to He ynoTpe6n51eTCll.
1-'-'
<DOP,\lbl Active Passive
infinitive _. to plan to be planed
i Continllous infinitive lo be planning
-
I

I /'erll:cl infinitive to have planned to have been planned
! I'l.!rlccl Continllolls Infinilive to have been planning
---
L _____
JJ,JlSI Bblpa)l(CH Illl He8bl IIOJI HCH Horo )leHCTBI111 ynoTpe6nlleTcSl llepq)eKT-
HaSl cjJOpMa 11 Hcpl1 H I1HlB(] nocne rnaronOB B cpopMe n pOl1leflluero BpCMell11 tu
hope, tu I.!rpect. 10 illtend, to mean, 10 want.
He inlendcJ to have translated the article in time. - OH HaMCpCB<lJICSl
llepCBeCTI1 CTaTb!O B013PCMll.
B rjlYHKUll11 rrO}lne)l(all.(erO, npe.Ltl1K3TllBfloro 4neHa, I1MeH-
HOH '1aCrll COCral:lHOrO CKa]yeMoro 11 06CTOllTenhCTBa ucm! He Bh13blBaeT
OCOOblX Tpy.LtHOCTeH npl1 nepeBOJie Ha pyCCKI1H 513b1K If nepeBO.Ltl1TCll I1HCPI1-
Hl1TI11:10M I1.DI1 cYlueCTBI1TeJlbHbIM.
To read is useful. - !.j 11 TaTb nonC3HO.
VlHcjllllHHl1fl B CPYHKU.1111 BToporo KO,VlnOHeHTa cKa3yeMoro TaK)I(e He
1I pe.LtCT31ln$I cr -laTpY1l.HeHI1H Ilpl1 rlepeBO]lC 11 nepe1l.aeTCll I1HCPI1HI1HIBOM.
The srcaker did not know what lo say. - 8blcTynalOUll1H lie 3HaJl. l)TO
CK313Tb.
B rj)yHKUI1I1 J\OfIOIIHelll15i nepeBO.!lI1TCSl 11J111
fI PIf)l<110'1l1]'1 M n pe;UIO)l(eH
They claim to be supporting the cause 01' reace. - OHI1 YTBep)l(}lafOT,
'ITO f I O}l.!le P)l(II BafOT .!leno Ml1pa.
I heard him sreak. - 51 CJlblUJa . .'la KaK OH I:IhlcTyrlaJl.
vlfl<PHHHTI1R B q)YHKUI1I1 OllpefleflClll1Sl llepeRO}lIITOI Ha PYCCKI1I1 113h1K
Oflre.!lCJIWrejlbHblM npl1.!l3TO'lHhlM !lpe,!(JIO)l(eHHeM C MO;1.aJlhHbIM rJlarOflb-
H 1>1.\1 CKaJyeM hiM, Bblpa)K3fOWI1 M BO'3MO)\(lIOCTh I1flH J10fl)l(eHCTBOB311I1e, 11J111
)Kl: I R 6y.LtyweM BpeMeHI1.
84
The report to be delivered at the confercnce is of primary importance.
- )..(0 Kn a,U, KOTOP61H ,UOJl)KeH 661T6 IIpeflCTallneH Ha I<OHQlepeHll!ll1,
1.(pe3B61'1aHHO Ba)!{eH.
nocne cnOB the jirst, the second, the last 11 1l0[151}(KOllbIX LIl1Cnl1Ten6H61X
I1Hrjll1HI1TllU B QlYHKUll11 Ollpe,UenCHI151 ncpcBo,UI1TCH Ila Ilyccnll:j rna-
ronOM B JlIl1.(HOH cpopMe B TOM )!{e BpeMelll1, Il K:1KO\1 (TOIIT rnarO.fI-
CKa.3yeMoe aHfJHlHCKOro fI pe,UnO)!{eH 1151.
The first person to terminate the debates was the cilainllall himself. -
nepu6lM, npcKpanlBwllM ,Uc6aT61, 661n caM I Ipe;1ce,UaTeJI b.
B OT,Uen6H6IX cnYLla5lx IlHcplllll1TI1B B CPYHKUIlII onpe,UeneHI1)\ Ile-
peBOfl1lT6C5I 11 pll
l
laCnleM, 11 pllnaraTen bH bl M Iln 11 cyu (eCTBIlTen bll blM C 11 pe.u-
norOM.
This is the only conclusion to be drawn from this rerort. - 31'0 e)J.I1H-
CTl3eHlIblH BbIBO)J., B6ITCKilIOU(IlH 113 ,UallHoro ,UOKna,Ua.
npe,UnO)!{eHlle C I1HCPllHllTIlBOM B CPYIIKUIIIl onpe;leneHIl51 nepeBO,UlITC5I
npocT61M npe,UnOlKelllleM, MO.LlaJlbHOCT6 nepe,UaeTC5I neI<CWleCKIl.
The reports to be published wcre already on Ihe desk. - )..(oKJla,UL,I,
1l0)J.Jle)!{aU(Y'c Tly6nI1KaUIlH, 6hlJlll Y)KC Ha crone.
ViI-l(jJIlIH1THB B CPYHKUHH 06CT05ITenbCTS3 cne,UCTBll51 H COIlYTCTBYIOluero
OOCT05ITenbCl'Ba, KOTOPOMY npe,UlUeCTBYIDT CJIOBa such, such ... as, enough,
so, too, only, LlaCTO 1I MeeT MO,UaJI 61l0e 3l1a'lelHle 11 nereUO,Ulll'C5I Ha PYCCKIl H
S13b1K IIJlH HHCPHHHTHBOM, HnH caMOCT05l1'enbllblM Ilre,UnO)!{eHl1eM, BBO,UI1-
MblM COf033MII 11, IW.
She succeeded to be promoted to find Ollt that she did not need it. -
OHa )J.061Hlac6 npo,UI3I1lKelll1S1 no cnYll<OC 11 o6I1apY)!{Hna, LITO CH :)1'0
661no He HY)!{HO.
B IIpe,UnOlKeHI1I1 I1H<PI1HI1TI1U MOlKeT BblcTyrlaTb B rOJll1 BBO,UHoro :)Jle-
MeHTa:
to be frank - CCMl rOBOpl1T6 OTKpOBeHHO
to tell the truth - IlO npaBJ.(e I"OBO[1S1.
Ilep<peKTHa51 cpOrMa 11 HCPI1 Illn!1 HiI 'IaCTO ynoTre6JlSleTC5I flocne MO,UaJI b-
H61X rnaronOB:
,Un}! 0603HaLlCHI1}! npOWe;11JJel'O npCMeHIl npl1 IIclIonb:Joualll1!1 Mo,Uanb-
HblX rnaronOB:
What was done should hilvc been donc. - To, '11'0 6blno C)(CnaHO,
cne,UOBaJlO CJ.(en3T6.
85
,UIISI Bblp(I)f{eHMSI lIeKaTerOpM
l
1HOCTM BbICKa3bIBaHHSI, KOTOpOe MO)l{eT ne-
pe,UaBaTbCSI Ha PYCCKHi:! Sl3blK TaK )1(e M HerJlarOJlbHbIMH <p0pMaMw
There is no convincing explanation why he could not have arrived at
these conclusion before you. - HeT y6e,UMTeJlbHb1X cBH,UeTeJlbCTB no-
yeMY OH He Mor c,UeJIaTb 3TM BbIBO,Ubl paHbwe, '1eM Tbl.
,UJlSl Bblp(I)f{eHHSI npe,UnOIlO)l{eHHSI 0 TOM, YTO ,Uei:!cTBHe y)!(e COBepWH-
JlOCb (nOCJle MO,UaJIbHbIX rJlaroJlOB may, might, could):
Some evidence could have survived through these years. - B03MO)l{-
HO, OT,UeJlbHble ymiKH COXpaHHJlHCb ,U(I)f{e nOCJle CTOJlbKMX JleT.
,UJlSl Bblp(I)f{eHHSI JlOrHyeCKOrO BblBo,Ua (nocIIe MO,UaJIbHOrO rJlarOJla
must):
He must have been here - he left a note for you. - .ll:OJl)l{HO 6blTb, OH
6blJl 3,UeCb - OH OCTaBHJl Te6e 3anI1CKY.
,UJlSl Bblp(I)f{eHI1S1 ,Uei;jcTB 11 SI , KOTopoe ,UOJl)l{HO 6blJlO I1JlI1 MOrJlO cOBep-
WI1TbCSI, HO B ueHCTBI1TeIlbHOCTI1 He COBepWHJlOCb (nOCJle Mo,UanbHblX rJla-
rOJlOB should, would, could, might, ought to 11 Mo,UanbHoH KOHCTPYKl..IMM to
beta):
You should have warned me beforehand. - BaM CJle,Uosano npe,Uy-
npe,UHTb MeHSI 3apaHee.
,UJlSl YKa3aHMSI Ha HeB03MO)l{HOCTb Toro, '-ITO ,UeHCTBl1e I1JlH C06bITMe
I1MeJlO MeCTO (nOCJle rJlaroIloB can, could B OTpl1uaTeJlbHOH <popMe):
He couldn't have written this book himself. - He MO)l{eT 6blTh, lIT06bl
OH caM Hanl1Can :ny KHl1ry.
UNIT 5.
International Law
YnpaMHeHHe 1. npocnywawTe TeKCT, m1CbMeHHO cpvtKCvtPY>1 KnIDY8BYID vtH-
cpopMal.\liIlD.
International law is the body of legal rules that apply between sovereign
states and such other entities as have been granted international personality.
The rules of international law are of a normative character: they prescribe
:-;tandards of conduct. They are designed for authoritative interpretation by
an independent judicial authority and can be enforced by the application 01'
external sanctions. International law means public international law as dis-
tinct from private international law or the cOllflict or laws. International law
should be distinguished from quasi-internatioll;ti 1;IW. which is the la\, gov-
erning relations similar to those covered by international law but olltside the
11ale of international law because at least one or the pi1l1ies lacks interna-
tional personality.
International law is the product of a threefold process initiated in the
Western world: the disintegration of the medieval European community into
;1 European society, the expansion of this European society, and concentra-
t ion of power in the hands of a rapidly declining number of lead ing states. In
the absence of an agreed state of trllce or peace, war was the basic ~ t t e of
International relation". Unless exceptions were made by means of individual
,afe conduct or treaty. rulers saw themselves entitled to [real t(Helgners at
tileir absolute discretion. 1're<lt)" law was the predominant kdture ot" Illedie-
\al international law. The obscrvance of treatie" and other engagelllents
lested on self-interest, especially in rcliltion to ohligatiolls or a reciprocal
,'haracter, and the value attached by an ohligated party to ilis moral credit
,Ind his respect for the principle of good faith. With the expansion of Euro-
Ilcan society the universalist spirit that imbued the naturalist doctrine of in-
87
terna(ional law 10 international law the elasticity needed to adapt itself
to a constantl.v \videning international environment. Major European powers
acquired a ic';)ding stand in world developments. The coexistence of sover-
eign in a legal system postulates cquality, hut this equality in interna-
tional law is of a purely formal character. Real intluence still rests with only
a hall,llul ornations.
YnpalHeHMe 2. Onl-lpaS1Cb Ha CBOl-l 3anl-lCl-l, YCTHO nepeAaCiTe COAep>KaHl-le
TeKCTa ynpa>t<HeHl-lS1 1 Ha PYCCKOM S13blKe KaK MO>KHO 6nl-l>Ke K 0pl-lrl-lHany.
YnpalHeHMe 3. nepeBeAl-lTe Ha S13b1K cneAYKlLl\l-1e cnOBOC04eTaHl-lS1
1JI BbIY4l-lTe l-lX Hal-l3YCTb.
rules of international law.... . ....................................................... .
independent judicial authority ................................................................. .
basic state or international relations ............ .
ohservance 0 r treaties .............................................. .
coexistence of sovereign states ................................ .
i nternatiollal environment. ............................ .
ahsolu(e discretion ...................... ......... . ............... .
legal system......... ......... ........... . ................... .
expansion of European society .......................................... .
leading stand in world developments .................................... .
YnpalHeHMe 4. nepeBeAlJITe Ha cnyx no npeAnO>KeHl-lKl Ha aHrnl-lCicKl-lCi S13b1K
cneAYKlll\l-lCi TeKCT.
IlpoLlecc 06p3.30BaHH}I npaBoB61x HOp M uo06r-ue H HOpM MC)[(Jl.YHapOJl.-
1101'0 npal3a B yaCTHOCTH HMeeT Jl.Be CTOPOH61 - 06beKTHBHYfO H cy6beK-
TliBHYfO. 06beKTHBHa5! CTopOHa 06YCJlOBJTeHa COU.HaJJ6H6IM TOJlYKOM K
06pa30uaHHlo HOpM. Cy6beKHIBHa5! - onpeJl.eJleHa He06xoJl.HMOCT6fO HMI
lleneC006p3.3HOCT6fO npHII5!Hllf HOpM61 H HenOCpeJl.CTBeHIIO
npaBOBeJl.'lecKoro npOL(ecca. npOu.ecC61, npOHCXOJl.5!IlU1e B 06111ecTBe, B61-
36IRafOT C03J1.aHHe npaBOB6lX HOpM B L(eJlOM KaK CHCTeM61. VlMeHHO OHH -
06beKTHBHa5! OCHOBa npouecca HOPM006p3.30BaHI15!. npl1 06cY)l{Jl.eHI1I1
OCHOB61 Me)l{Jl.YHapOJl.HOrO npaBa B03HHKaeT Bonpoc, 'HO
5!BJl5!eTC5! 6a'HICOM Me)l{Jl.YHapOJl.HOrO npaBa. 63.3HC Me)l{Jl.YHapOJl.HOrO npa-
Ba - flponyKT B3aHMOJl.ei:icTBH5! Ha apeHe pa3J1I1'IH6IX
88
I'OCynapCTB co CBOI1MI1 Pa3J1WlllbIMI1 IOcy-'lapcrsellllblMI1 CJICTCMaMH
y n paBJleH 11 SI , 06llleCTBeHHo-3KO 11 OM l1'-1eCK CT[10CM, nOJlI1TWleCKI1 M ff
Tpanl1l\I1S1MI1. 3TO B3al1MOneHCTBl1e oCYlueCTI3JHICIUI 1<<1" 1l1aI1MO}lCHCTBl1e
10CynapCTB, SlBJlSlfOU(I1XCSI lIenOCpe.D,CTBellHblMff 111(1[111:1\111 Ml:>K,QYHapO,fJ.-
1I0ro npaBa. OnHaKo HOPMbl Me)KnYHaponlloro npallCl IIOMII\lO "OMI rocy-
)(apCTB OTpa)KaIOT 06llll1e 11 I1HnHBl1nyarlbHble HIITepcC\,1. IlC.11I 11 y6ciK!le-
IIHSI TOrO COl\I1YMa, B paMKax KOToporo IlpOI1CXOnHT HX vi
BonSl, H I1HTepeCbl, 11 l\enl1 rocynapcrsa 06beKTlIBl1PYJ-OTC}J Il "P()IICCL' ,\;IC-
)KnYllapO.D,HOI'O HOPMOTBOp1..feCTBa, HO Ka)K)we H3 HylX fIO-I',l'\lltlM: lil)-
nJlOlllaeTCSI B C03naBaeMblx HMH 1I0pMax Me)KnYllapO)lHOrO IIYO,IIII'IIIt)1 (>
npaBa.
YnpaJKHeHHe 5. Ilo.QroToBbTe C00611.\eHVle Ha CBo60.QHY){) TeMY Ha
CKOM S13bIKe, VlCnOJlb3YSl cnOBOCO'-leTaHVlS1 Vl3 ynpa>KHeHVlSl 3, BaUJe co-
0611.\eHVle l.\enVlKOM B HopManbHoM TeMne, nonpocVlTe BawVlX Konner Aellalb 3anVlCVI
VI nOMeTKVI npVl npocnywVlBaHVIVI Bawero C00611.\eHVlS1, 3aKOH'-IV1B C00611.\eHVle, nonpo
CVlTe OAHorO V13 BawV1X Konner npe,qcTaBV1Tb nepeBo,q Bawero C00611.\eHVlS1,
onVlpaS1Cb Ha CBOV1 3anV1CV1, Ol.\eHV1Te TO'-lHOCTb npe,qCTaBneHHoro nepeBo,qa VI era
COOTBeTCTBV1e opV1rV1HanbHOMY C00611.\eHVI){),
YnpaJKHeHHe 6. CaMocToS1TenbHo cne,qyfOll.\Vle nOHS1TV1S1,
International customary law
International customary law is essentially the international law of unoffi-
cial international society. The two constitutive elements of international
customary law are a general practice of states on a universal, general, or re-
gional basis and the acceptance by the states concerned of this rractice as
law. The origin of international customary law is frequently found in earlier
treaty clauses, which subsequently were taken for granted. Occasionally in-
dividual rules of international law have developed out of roughly parallel
practices of the lead ing powers.
Treaties
Treaties and other consensual engagements are legally binding. under-
takings by which, without any requirements of form under international
customary law, the subjects of international law may declare. modi I'y, or de-
velop existing international law as they see tit or agree on e.g ..
of a territorial character.
89
General principles of law recognised by civilised nations
General rrinciples of law recognised by civilised nations must be a gen-
eral rrincirlc of law, and it must be recognised and shared by a fair number
of civilised nations. The general princirles of law come into play only as a
suhsidiary law-creating agency, that is, in the absence of competing rules of
inlel'llational customary law or treaty law. Their existence in the background
forestalls any argument that supposed gaps in international law prevent in-
ternational judicial organs from deciding on the substance of any dispute
suhmitted to their jurisdiction.
Rules, principles, and standards
The rules of international law are the legal norms that can be verified
as the products 01" generally recognised law-creating processes. For pur-
poses of systematic exposition and legal education, principles can be ab-
stracted from legal rules. Such principles of international law provide the
common denominator for a number of related legal rules. They must not
be abused by reversing the procedure for the purpose of deriving from
them additional legal rules that cannot be verified independently by refer-
ence to the primary or secondary law-creating processes of international
law. Intcrnational customary law can be summarised in a number of fun-
damental principles. By way of treaty, subjects of international law are
free to create additional principles; e.g., those of freedom of commerce or
navigation, or a principle such as that of peaceful coexistence. Unless par-
ties desire to give unconditional effect to any sllch optional principle, they
have at their disposal counterparts to compulsory rules in the form of op-
tional standards, such as those postulated by most favoured nation and
preferential treatment.
International Court of Justice (World Court)
International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations. The court consists of 15 judges, no two of whom may be nationals
01" thc same state, elected by the General Assembly and the Security Coun-
cil. Thc seat of the court is at the Hague, but it may hold sessions elsewhere
\VllCnever it considers it desirable. Because the function of the court is to
upon disputes between sovereign states, only such states
Illay Iw rarties in cases before the court. It is open to all states that are party
10 tilL' \\;!llIte 01" the court and to such other slates as comply with conditions
"lid dOlI 11 hv Ihe Security Council. No state can be sued before the World
90
Court unless it consents to such an action. The International Court of Justice
decides disputes in accordance with international law as found in interna-
lional conventions, international custom, the general principles of law rec-
ognised by civilised nations, judicial decisions, and the writings of the most
highly qualified experts on international law.
YnpaJllHeHHe 7. 3aKpoCiTe nepeAaCiTe Ha PYCCKOM
>l3blKe KJlf04eByfO KacafOll\YfOC>l Ka>K,Qoro B
6. Ha YCTHO Ha >l3blKe
Bce, 4TO 0 Me>K,QYHapOAHoro npaBa 6.
YnpaJllHeHHe 8. npocnywaCiTe TeKCT,
Kflf04eBYfO IlpocnywaCiTe TeKCT BO BTOpoCi pa3.
YCTHO Ha >l3blKe TeKCTa, 06pall\afl oc060e
Ha cnOB.
B nOHe)leJlbHI1K 16 CeHT5I6p51 2019 r. B BapwaBe COCTOI1TC5I TOp)l{eCT-
BeHHoe OTKpblTl1e Me)l{)lYHapO)lHOI1 KO H<pepeH UI1I1, nOCB5IllleHHO 11 npo-
6JleMe Me)l{)lYHapO)lHOrO COTpY)lHl.fLleCTBa 11 C03)lMII151 rapMOHI1YHblX 11
paBHonpaBllblx oTHOWeHl111 Me)l{)lY npelJ.CTaBI1TeJl5lMI1 Bcex CTpaH 11 Bcex
HapO)lOB. B KOH<pepeHUI1I1 npl1MYT Y
'
laCTl1e lIpenCTaBI1TeJlI1 198 CTpaH
Ml1pa C n5lTI1 KOHTI1HeHTOR. 06111ee '1I1CJlO Y'IaCTHI1KOB npeBblCI1T 7 TbIC5IY
'leJlOBeK. Pa60Ta KOH<pepeHUI1I1 6yneT npO)lOJl)l{aTbC5I )lBe Heneml. PerJla-
MeHT OTJTI1'laeTC5I oc06011 )l{eCTKOCTbIO: Ha Ka)l{)lOe B OnHOM
In 6 [IJleHapHblx 3aCenaHl111 OTBOnI1TC5I He 60Jlee Tpl1nuaTI1 MI1HYT, a )lOK-
Jlan B O)lHOH 113 45 CeKUl111 He nOJl)l{e11 npeBbllllaTb 20 MI1HYT. ,ll,onOJlHI1-
leJlbHO OT 10 no 15 MI1HYT OTBOnI1TC5I Ha 06CY)I{neHI151 )lOKJlanOB 11 nl1C-
"YCCl1fO.
O<pI1Lll1aJlbHblM pa60YI1M 513blKOM KOH<pepeHUI1I1 06b5lBJleH aHr.;nll1(KI1K,
(),'lHaKo ellle 3 513bIKa: <ppaHuY3CKI1I1, I1CnaHCKl111 11 PYCCKI1I1 - 1I0Jly'lc\T oco-
(')1,111 cTaTYc. ,ll,Jl51 nBeHanuaTI1 CeKUl111 Onl1H 113 3TI1X Tpex 513blKOB 6YlJ.eT 51B-
IHTbC5I pa60YI1M, )J,Jl51 Y'laCTHI1KOB, He BJlanelOllll1X aHrJlI1HCKI1M 513bIKOM B
,WCTaTOYHOI1 Mepe, npenYCMoTpeH CI1HXPOHHbl11 nepeBon, )J,BanuaTb BblCO-
1,0KBaJll1<pI1Ul1pOBaHHbJX 6ynYT 1I0CH)}1 H HO pa60TaTb C
(il[1aHUY3CKI1M, I1CnaHCKI1M 11 PYCCKI1M 513bIKaMI1. flepeBon Ha OCTaJlbHble
\I\blKI1 6yneT OCYllleCTBJl5lTbC5I nepeUOn'lI1KaMI1 1-13 cooTBeTcTBYfOllll1X
,'1 paH. CeHyaC ellle HeJlb351 npe)lCKa3aTb I1X TO'lHOe YI1CJlO, OnHaKo o)l{l1na-
,'1(51 npl16blTI1e He MeHee CTa n5lTl1neC5ITI1 cneUl1aJll1CTOB.
91
B cB060/tHOe OT HaYlJHhlX 3aCCllalll111 BpeMSI y
'
IaCTHI1KaM KOHCpepCHUHH
6YJleT npeJlJ10)l(ella 60raTaSl KynbTypHaSl npOrpaMMa: Y}l{e 3aOpOHHpOBaHO
60ne JlByX TbIC5!
'
1 6HneTOB B TeaTpbl, Ha UbICTaBKH, a TaK}I{e 3anJlaHI1pOBaHO
60nee 40 3KcKYPCI111 no 15 nOnhCKI1M ropOJlaM. B nOMOl..l.J.b JleneraTaM 6y-
flYI UblfleneHbl CTyneHTbl 113 Tpex KpynHel1wHX YHHBepCI1TCTOB nonbWH -
BapwaBCKoro, KpaKOBCKoro H TopYHcKoro. Donee TbICSI'IH CTyneHToB Y}l{e
Bblpa3HnH }l{enaHHe pa60TaTh C y'lacTHHKaMH KOHcpepeHUflH, OJlHaKO, KaK
npeJlflOnaraeTcSI, Bcero 6YJleT 3aJlel1CTBOBaHO TOJlbKO 650 cry;xcHTOB - 300
11'3 BapwaBCKoro yHHBepcHTe-ra, 250 111 KpaKOBCKoro 11 100 cTyneHToB H3
TOPYHH. MflPOBaSI 061..l.J.eCTBeHHOCTb c HCTcpnCHHeM O}l{HJlaeT :ny 3aBeTHYfO
JlaTY - 16 ceHT5!6pSl 2019 r. )({JlaTb OCTanOCb He TaK Y}l{ 11 nOJlro - Bcero
onl1HHa)luaTb c nonoBHHol1 MecSlueB.
YnpaJKHeHlIe 9. nepeSeAL-1Te Ha cnyx S 6blCTPOM TeMne cneAYlDlllL-1e cnOBO-
C04eTaHL-1H.
COBeT 6e30naCHOCTI1 - C06Jl10fleHl1e norOBopOB - COCTOSlHl1e nepeMH-
pHSI HIIH Mllpa - sovereign states - independent judicial authority - con-
flict of laws - Jle3HHTerpaUI1S1 cpeflHCBCKOBOI1 06UHlflbl - BeflYLUl1e CTpa-
H bl - MC}I{nYHapOJlH ble OTHoweH 11 SI - cbi igations of a reci procal character
- common-law countries - Icgal differences -- cocYLUecTBOBaHl1e CYBepeH-
HblX rocYflapCTB - 3aKOHonaTenbHaSl CHCTeMa - rocYJlapCTBa-cpaBopHTbl -
world developments - to acquire a leading stand - treaty clauses - to take
for granted - MHpHoe cocYLUecTBoBaHl1e - pa3peWaTb Me}l{rocYJlapCTBeH-
Hble cnophl - international conventions - judicial decisions - on regional
basis - constitutional norms - llecpopMaJlbHOe Me}l{JlYHaponHoe 06utecTBO
- OCHOBHble npl1HUHnhl - the existence in the background - fundamental
principles - Me)KJlYHaponHoe npaBo - expansion of European society -
public law.
YnpaJKHeHlIe 10. nepeSeAL-1Te l'IL-1CbMeHHO Ha H3blK
OTPblSOK nocne era oAHoKpaTHoro npocnywlIIBaHlIIH. npl-1 npocnyWL-1SaHL-1L-1 TeKCTa He
AenaWTe HI-1KaKL-IX L-Inlll nOMeTOK.
The legal systems rooted in the English common law have diverged from
their parent system so greatly over time that in many arcas the legal ap-
proaches of common-law countries differ as much among themselves as
they do with the civi I-law countries. I ndeed. England and the United States
92
have so many legal differences that they are sometiilles described as "two
countries separated by a common law." The striking differences are
iound in the area of public law: England has no written constitution and no
judicial review, whereas every court in the United States possesses the
power to pass judgement on the conformity of legislation ;md (In other offi-
cial actions to constitutional norms. Throughollt the twentieth century, many
areas of US law have been "constitutionalised" by the incrl'<1sillg excrcise of
ludicial power. Other factors that account for Illuch of the distinclivenes,> of
public law in the United Statcs are its complex federai system and ih presi-
dential, as distinct frOIll parlial11entary, form of government.
YnpaJKHeHHe 11. nepeBeAVlTe Ha cnyx 110 npeAJlO>KeHVlIO Ha
>l3b1K cneAYIOll.\14Ci TeKCT.
HOBble npOOJlCMbl 11 HOBble Ha.ll.C)K)l,bl OblJll1 xapaKTCpHbl JlJl51 KOHua
XX BeKa. Yrp03a 51.l1.CPHOH 11 3KOJlorWleCKOH KaT3CTpocp, )KOHOMli
'
ICCK<1>l
OTCTaJlOCTb CTpaH TpeTberO MHpa, aKTbl Me)l(.lI.YllapO,'J,HOJ"O TCppOpWlM3,
YHeJlWleHl1e '1I1C!la JlOKaJlbHblX BOHH - 11 'no JlIIWb .lI.anCKO He nOJlllbl1f C1111-
COK BbI30BOB M I1POBOMY COOOUICCTBY. HO i IPOI1C\(O.Q11;111
IIO)lnI1CaHl1e MHOrOYI1CJlCHHblX JlorOBOpOB B o6JlaCTI1 pa30pY)leeHII5I, LLlJlII
1I0l1CKI1 peWeHI1 H P33JlI1YH blX perl10HaJl bfl blX KOHcpml KTOB, OCYUlCCTBJl5l-
nOCb pa:JBI1Tl1e COTpY)lHWleCTl3a 13 OOJlaCTI1 HayKI1 11 KYJlbTypbl, npOIICXO)l11.'1
rOCT pOJlI1 11 3HayeHI151 aHTI1BOeHHbl\(, )lCMOKpaTWleCKJ.1X 06lueCTBeHHhl\
I\BI1)KeHHH. CTaHOHJleHHe B3aHM03aBHCJ.1MOrO uenOCTlIoro Tre6yeT 1\1
'leJlOBeLleCTBa HOBoro peWeHH5I BOIlPOCOH, '1TO, IICCOMHCIIHO, nOBbllJlaCT
'IHaLlelHle Me)J(.::tYHapO.ll.lloro npaBa 11 rOJlb IJHeWHefl nOJI11HIKH OT.,\enbHhIX
I ()CY.ll.apCTB Ha Me)l()lYHarOJ-1HOH apeHe. B UC.!lOCTHOM Mllpe BHCIJJI/JHI 1I0;HI-
III"a rOCY)lapCTB H Me)l()lYHapO,'lHOe npaflO Bcer.'lJ HJ311 MO}leiicTBYKYI 11
II.llH5IIDT ,LlPYI' Ha JJ.pyra. Me)l()lYHapO.ll.1I0e npaBO H ()pl-a-
SlBJlSlIOTC5I PCI'YJl5lTOpaMI1 KaK Mt)l()\YllapO)lllof"1 )1\11"31111, Till( I'
IllIeWHeH nOJll1T111d1 rOCY)lapCTB. 5ll(POIVI I3CeH CJ.1CTeMbl MC;i(,lVH3pO .. 1H(lt ('
IlpaBa SlBJl5leTC5I 06w,ee Me)l()lYHilpO.'\f10C npaBO. MHOJ"11C 06I1lC'iCIC'!IC'iC-
C Klle ueHHOCTI1 Y)I(e HaUIJlI1 clJoe BorLIOUlCH Ile Il 0. 11 NI 11 I.,,,
"pI1HUHllaX Me)l()lYHapO.ll.Horo Ilpana, KOTOPhlC R npaFlC IIi1PO"
lOB Ha caMOOnpe)leJlelHle, 06r'1I11.aTI,u.J f( (IIIlC \iJlII yr[10Je ee
IlpIIMeHelll151, BMeWHBaTbC5I BO HII)'TpeIlHIIC L\eJ13 l()cy;\apCTfl. npOYHbl?i
draOOnOp5l)lOK B MHpe B03MO)KeH B C!IY'lac npW3HaflHJI npl1M3 ra lVIe)f(.lI.YII<l-
1'()J].Horo npaBa B 1l0JlHH1Ke.
93
YnpaJKHeHUe 12. Me>KAY Poccli1elA lA EspOneIACKli1M c006ll\eCTSOM npo-
li130Wen KOHcpm1KT no sonpocy pa3rpaHli14eHli1H ccpep li1HTepeCos li1 OTseTCTseHHO-
CHI B Espone. CnywaHvte Aena so BCeMli1pHOM CYAe COCTOli1TCH 4epe3
HeAemo. 3TO nocnegHHH nonblTKa npe;:\CTaSli1TenelA npOTlASOCTOHll\li1X CTOPOH
ynaAVlTb sonpoc, He AOSOAH era AO cYAa Pa3Aenli1TeCb Ha HeCKonbKO rpynn
no Tpvt 4enoseKa. B Ka>KAOIA rpynne 0Ali1H 6YAeT npeACTasnHTb POC-
CVlfO, BTOPOIA - EspOnelACKOe co06ll\eCTSO, a sblcTynli1T s Ka4eCTse nepe-
SOA4lAKa
YnpaJKHeHUe 13. nepeSeAli1Te YCTHO Ha H3blK cneAYfOll\li1e npeA-
nO>KeHli1H, 06pall\aH BHli1MaHvte Ha ynOTpe6neHVle cTpaAaTenbHoro 3anora.
I. The roots or many Anglo-American legal concepts are being traced to
Roman legal principles both by jurists and historians.
2. Norman French terms alongside Anglo-Saxon ones were intl-oduced in
legal procedure after the Norman conquest of England in 1066.
3. English legal proceedings were carried on in the French language until
the late fourteenth century.
4. Numerous French terms al-e still commonly used, sllch as petit and
grand juries.
5. It is charged that conservative jurists no longer hold the high ground in
the jurisprudential debate and that we have, in fact, become indistin-
guishable from those whom we were once accustomed to criticise.
6. In the case of a new global war the existing world order will have been
altered gone by the end of this war.
7. The only liberal in a die-hard conservative government was gone in
eight months, charging that the administration had reneged on its prom-
ises.
x. The outcome of the Supreme Court's decision was not expected to fall
on one side or the other of the federalism divide, but these expectations
would not be justified.
(). rhe celebrity signers found good reason to bel ieve that Vice President
had been elected President by a clear constitutional majority of the
popular vote.
I () (ultllral issues were being suppressed in the election campaign be-
l;IlI'C the two sides were so cemented and evenly matched that the
voters in the middle became a near exclusive focus of cam-
rilctmic ;llld positioning.
94
I I. The European "code" system is used in Louisiana and will be used for
an indefinite period, because the Napoleonic code took hold before the
territory became part of the United States.
12. While tough questions on the country's foreign policy were being
asked the candidate seemed at a loss, but given an opportunity to speak
on domestic issues he convinces almost everybody that he was the
states' best choice.
13. With the decreased knowledge of classical languages and the trend away
from elitism, fewer and fewer non-English terms have been employed
over the years.
14. The senator promised that in the case of his re-election poverty in the
stated would have been eliminated by the end of his term.
15. Most delegated that participated in the state-wide political convention
had been elected by local political meetings.
YnpamHeHHe 14. npe06pa3YI1Te nli1CbMeHHO cneAYIOU\li1e
3anor. nepeBeAli1Te YCTHO Ha PycCKli1C1 li1CXOAHble
li1 TpaHccpopMli1pOBaHHble
I. The creators of the International Court of Justice provided that although
its seat would be in the I-Iague, it woulJ hold sessions whenever it reck-
ons it advantageous.
2. A legal system will not execute its rules without the work of a great
number of people.
3. Lawyers have always informed their clients of how to use law.
L Scholars define the legal culture as the climate of social thought and
force that determines the usage of law.
The legal system deals with the control of behaviour.
11. The existent rules, norms, and behaviour patterns of people within the
legal system form its essence.
7. It is not proper to regard law as a dictatorial ruler.
X. People refer to law when they mean the network of rules and regulations
of the governmental social culture.
'J Some specialists consider that the contemporary jurisprudence of con-
servatism now lacks principled foundations; they also deem that we
have become attachcd to ends, not means, and that we have become
politiciscd to the point of undertaking activist ventures to achieve ideo-
logically congenial results.
95
10. At the most superficial level, it will not surprise LIS that federalism is a
lluZlnccd and textured theory.
I I. The public was furious that the Court had upheld the collective right
i1l:!.<lin;;t constitutional challengc in the context of the family and the
church.
12. Tile Supreme Court protected the rights or labour organisations in two
significant cases.
YnpaHlHeHue 15. IlepeBe,[llt1Te mlCbMeHHO Ha aHrml(1cKwC1 f'l3b1K
npe,[lnO>KeHMf'l, lt1CnOnb3YS1 Heo6xo,[llt1Mble CPOPMbl CTpa,[laTenbHoro 3anora.
I. COBpeMeHHoe MC)I(.LlYHapo.DJlOe IIpa130 MO)l(HO onpe.ilemnb KaK CHCTe-
My HOPM, peryJJHpyl{)ll(HX OHIOWeHH$I Me)K.LlY rocY.ilap-
CTBaMH 11 J.J.PyrHMH cy6beKTaMH Me)l(.ilYl-laponHoro rrpa13a, KOTOpbJe
C03.LlaIOTC5I rrYTCM BOJJH Y4aCTHHK013 )THX OTHOWeHI1H H
o6eCne'lfl13alOTCSI B CJly'lae Heofixo,Ll,lIMOCHI npHHY)K.ileflHeM, ocyll(e-
CTI3Jl$1eMblM rocY.ilapCTBaMH Me)l<1lYl-lap0.ill-lbIMH
2. feHepaJlbHa51 AccaM6nc5I OOH Ha CBOCM 60-M rrJlcHapl-IOM 3aCe.ilaHHH,
KOTopoe COCT05lnOCb 17 1-I05l6p51 1989 r., npHH5IJla pe30nlOUlllo, rrpo-
1303rnaCH13wyIO 1990-e rO.ilbl ):(eC5ITHJleHleM Me)l(.ilYHapoflHoro npal3a
OOH.
3. BHewlI5I5I IlOJll1THKa rocynapCTBa peaJlH3yeTC5I B paMKax Me)l(.ilYHapO.il-
HOH r.Lle olla B3al1MOJleHcrsyeT C BHCWH61 nOJ1I1TJIKOn .ilPY-
rHX rocYJlapnB H I1X C010308, HCllblTblBaeT B03neHcTBHe MC)I(J.J,yHapO,L(-
HblX OpraHHJalHlw.
4. B HeLUHellon HHl'lCCKoe nOBeJleH He rOCY.ilapCTl3a 011 peJlen51 eTC5I I-Ieno-
Cpe.ilCT13CI-1HO lie TOJ1bKO 13HYTpeHIII1MII cpaKTopaMH, HO 11 COCT05lHHeM
Me)l{)lYHapOllHOH CIICTeMbl, KOTopoe, C OJlHOH CTOPOHbl, Hafla['aeT o['pa-
HH4eHH5I Ha BHeWHIOIO 1I0JIHTI1KY, a C JlpyroH - llpe.LlOC'I'aBJI$leT 803-
MO)l(HOCTH .Lln51 011 pe.ileJICII H hlX BllelllllCllOJl HTWleCKHX
5. COOJ1IO.ilel-llle 11 HapyweHlle 1I0pM Me)I('lYHapOJlI-IOrO npal3a 13blpa)l(aIOT-
CSI 80 BHeWHenonllTH4eCKIIX .LleHCT811S1X I1 peWeHI1S1X OT.ilenbHblX rocy-
JlapCTI:l.
(1. ) lOKTPfl Ha non IITlI'leCKom pean H3Ma, 8blJlBHHYTaSl 13e.ilY'lll1 MH aMe-
P"K<lllCKflMII Jlv,nnOMaTaMH 8 1940-e rO.ilbl, npOTllBOnOCTaBnSleT Me)K-
Jly"ap1lJllOe npa80 11 1l0nHHIKY B Me)!(flYHap0.ilHbIX OTHoweHHSlX.
7. I'OJII, II(UIITIIKfI 13 npouecce npaSOT80pQeCTSa IICKnlO411TenbHO Senl1Ka,
"PII'ICM 1I0JIIIH('ICCKlle HepeJlKO npeSpall(alOTCSl B npHHUHnbl
96
npaBa, a KOHKpCTHble nOflHH14eCKHe Tpe60Ba1lH5I - B cnellHaTTbHble
npanOBble HOpM bl; 60flee Toro, npaBO 3aKpenfl5leT OTHOUleHH5I, CKJIa)J.bJ-
BaKlll.(HeC5I B pe3YJl b TaTe npH H5ITH5! nOflHTH 4eCKHX peweHHH.
8. BTopa51 MHPOBa5! BOHHa, KOTOPa5! YHecfla MHflflHOHbJ )l{Vl3HeH, 3aCTaBHfla
nOflHTHKOB JJ.YMaTb 0 COBMeCTHOM cYU\eCTBOBaHHH B eJJ.HHOM MHpe JJ.fl5!
Toro, 4T06bl H36aBHT]' 4eJIOBe
t
leCTBO OT 6YJJ.YLUHX BOHH.
9. YCTaB OOH, npHH5ITblH nOCfle BTOPOH MHPOBOH BOHHbl, OTp3)l{aeT no-
flHTl1'leCKHe HJJ.eH rOCYJlapCTB Y4peJJ.HTefleH, KOTOpbJe HaWflH CBoe Bbl-
pa)l{eHHe B npHHllHnax YBa)l{eHH5! paBHOnpaBH5I H caMoonpeJJ.efleHH5!
HapoJJ.oB.
10. nOCJleBOeHHa5! HCTOPH5I nOKa3ana, 4TO CJleJJ.OBaHHe JJ.OKTpHHe nOJlH-
TH4eCKoro peaJlH3Ma BO BHeWHeH flOJlHTHKe nOJJ.TaJlKHBaJlO rocYJJ.ap-
CTBa, cTpeMHBWHeC5I 13 nepByl{) 04epeJJ.b K 3aLUHTe CBOHX HallHOHaJlb-
HolX HHTepecoB, K BoeHHO-nOJlHTH4eCKHM aBaHTlopaM, KOTopble CTaJlH
npH4HHoH perHOHaJlbHblX BOHH, a HHorJJ.a npel3pal.llaJlHCb B KPl13l1Cbl
MHpOBoro MacwTa6a.
1 I. YHI1BepCaJlH3alll151 Me)l{JJ.YHapoJJ.Ho-n paRoBoro perYJlH pOBaHH5I P33JlI14-
HblX ccpep Me)l{rocYJJ.apcTBeHHblx oTHoweHHH, MaKCHMaTlbHa51 JJ.eTaJll1-
3allH5I B3aHMHblX npaB H 06513aHHocTei1 cy6beKToB Me)I{)J.YHapoJJ.Horo
npaBa H C03JJ.aHl1e Me)l{JJ.YHap0JJ.HbIX MexaHH3MOB no ocyw.eCTB.neHI1I{)
KOHTpOJl51 H Mep JJ.OBepl151 B IIX C0130KynllocTll Morml 6bl npHBeCTH K
CBoeBpeMeHHOMY BbI5IBJleIlHIO cjlLlKTOB JI1{)6hlX OTCTYflJleHHH OT Me)l<.LlY-
Hap0JJ.HbIX 06513aTeJl ]'CTI3.
12. TOJlbKO C06fll{)JJ.351 Tpe60BaHH5I Me)l{J1YHapoJ.(Horo npaBa MO)l{HO rapaH-
Tl1pOBaTb C06fll{)JJ.eHHe TaKI1X B3)I{HeHWHX )J.J151 rocYJJ.apCTB npHHlll1nOB
KaK He3aBI1CHMOCTb, TepplHOpHaJlbHa51 ueflOCTHOCTb, HenpHKocHoBeH-
HOCTb rpaHI111 H 6e30nacHocTb, nocKoflbKY eJJ.HHCTBeHHO peaJll1CTl14e-
CKOH BHelllHeH nOflHTI1KOI1 SlBfl5leTC5I nOflI1THKa, Omlpal{)l.lleeC5I Ha Me)l{-
JJ.YHap0JJ.Hoe npaBO.
YnpaMHeHue 16. lt13Y4V1Te cneAYfOLL\V1e CIlOBa V1
court
I) CYJJ., CYJJ.b5l, CYJJ.bl1; cYJJ.e6Hoe 33Ce;\aHl1e: superior court - rflaBHblH
,IL lIepBoH IHICTaHllHH, territorial cOllr! - Teppl1TOpl13JlhHblH cYJJ., traffic
,,'"r! - JJ.OPO)l{HbIH CYJJ., Court of Appeal - aneflfl5ll\110HHblft CYJJ., Supreme
I (ltlrt - BepxoBHblH CYJJ., out of court - He 1I0JJ.Jle)l{al.llI1H o6CY)I{JJ.eHHI{), 6ec-
97
Syn: tribunal, magistrate, judge, bench, bar; 2) 3.QaHHe cY.Qa. Syn:
courthouse, city hall, federal building
law
3aKOH: to adopt / enact / pass a law - npHHHMaTb "3aKOH, to adminis-
ter / apply / enforce a law - npHMeH5ITb 3aKOH, to annul/repeal/revoke a
law - aHHYJUlpOBaTb, onpOTeCTOBaTb 3aKOH, to be at law with smb - 6bITb B
T51)K6e C KeM-JlH60, to break / flout / violate a law - HapYWHTb 3aKOH, to
draft a law - rOTOBHTb 3aKoHOnpOeKT, to obey / observe a law - c06J1H).QaTb
3aKOH, to promulgate a law - ony6JIl1KOBaTb 3aKOH, to go beyond the law -
cOBepwHTb nOCTynoK, to keep within the law - npH.Qep-
)l{HBaTbC51 3aKOHa, to lay down the law - <P0PMYJlHpOBaTb 3aKOH, fair / just
law - cnpaBe.QJlHBbrii 3aKOH, unfair law - HecnpaBe.QJlHBblii 3aKOH, stringent
law - CTpomii 3aKOH, in law - no 3aKoHY, common law - 0611.lee npaBo,
aHfJlOCaKCOHCKoe npaBo, civil law - fpa)l{)laHCKOe npaBO, law of God - MO-
3aKOH, eCTeCTBeHHoe npaBO, natural law - eCTeCTBeHHoe npaBo,
shield law - 3aKOH 06 oxpaHe KOH<pH.QeHl.\HanbHOCTH, law and equity - 3a-
KOH 11 npaBo cnpaBe.QJlI1BOCTI1, law and order - npaIlOnOp5l.QoK. Syn: enact-
ment, statute, ordinance, edict, decree, ruling
rule
l. n. npaBI1JlO, HopMa: to adopt a rule - npl1H5ITb 3a npaBHJlO, to ap-
ply / enforce a rule - BseCTH npaBI1JlO, to establish / lay / down / make rules
- YCTaHaBJlHBaTb npaBHJla, to obey / observe a rule - nO.QYHH}lTbC5I npaBI1JlY,
to rescind / revoke a rule OTMeH5ITb npaBHJlO, firm / hard-and-
fast / inflexible / strict rule - TBep.Qoe npaBI1J10, general rule - 06lilce npa-
BHJlO, ground rule - OCHOBHble npaBHJla Hrpbr, (to be) against / in violation
of the rules - HapywaTb npaBI1J1a, rule of law - BJlaCTb 3aKOHa. Syn: law,
dictum, regulation
2. v. npaBoBoii, cYJ.le6HbIH: legal system - 3aKOHO.Qa-
TeJlbCTBO. Syn: lawful, juridical, juristic
postulate
I. n. I) aKCI10Ma, nOCTYJlaT. Syn: axiom; 2) npe)lBapl1TeJlbHOe YCJloBHe;
JlOnYLl.\eHHe; Bep05ITHOe npe.QnOJlO)l{eHl-le
2. I'. I) 1I0CTYJlHpoBaTb; npHHHMaTb 6e3 )lOK33aTeJlbCTBa, TeOpeTHyeCKI1
!\()IIYCTllTh. Syn: to suppose; 2) Tpe60BaTb; 06YCJlOBJlHBaTb, CTaBI1Tb yCJlo-
IllleM. Syll: to demand, to claim
98
treaty
I) ,nOrOBOp, cOrJlaWeHHe, KOHReHL\HSI: to abrogate / denounce a treaty -
l)acTopraTb ,norOBOp, to break / violate a treaty - HapYWHTb ,norOBOp, to
conclude / sign a treaty - 3aKJl104aTb ,norOROp, to confinn / ratify a treaty -
YTRep)l(,naTb, paTHcpHUHpOR<1Tb .norOBOP, to negotiate / work out a treaty -
o6cY)l(,naTb, p3.3pa6aTblBaTb COfJlaWeHHe, treaty provisions -yCJlOBHSI ,noro-
Bopa, bilateral treaty - ,nBYCTOPOHHHi1 ,nOroBOP, peace treaty - MHpHbli1 ,no-
I'OBOP, treaty of alliance - .LlOrOBOP 0 C0103e, treaty of limits - ,nOroBOP 0
rpaHHuax, treaty of cession - ,noroBop nepe,na4H TeppHTopHH, treaty of
commerce and navigation - .LlOroBOP 0 TOprOI3Jle H MOpenJlaBaHHH, com-
mercial / trade treaty - ToproBoe COrJlaWeHHe, treaty of friendship - ,noro-
flOp 0 ,npY)l(6e, treaty of friendship, treaty of mutual assistance - ,nOroROP 0
B3aHMHOH nOMOLUH, co-operation and mutual assistance - .noroBop 0 ,nPY)l(-
oe, cOTpy.nHH4ecTBe 11 BJal1MHOH 1l0MOll(H, treaty of neutrality - ,noroBop 0
Hei1TpaJIHTeTe, non-proliferation treaty - .noroBop 0 HepacnpocTpaHeHHI1
51,nepHoro OPY)l(H5I, test-ban treaty - ,norol3op 0 3anpell(eHI1H HCllblTaHHH
Sl.LlepHOrO OPY)l(I1S1, treaty commitments / obligations - ,noroBopHble 06S13a-
TeJlbCTBa, treaty law - Me)K.nYHapO.LlHOe .nOroBopHoe npaBo. Syn: contract,
agreement, compact, pact, settlement, concord, convention, covenant; 2) ne-
peroBopbl: to be in treaty with smb for smth - Recnl c KeM-JlH60 nepef"ORO-
pbl 0 4eM-JlH60. Syn: negotiation, talks
YnpaMHeHHe 17. llepeSeAL1Te Ha CIlyX B 6blCTPOM TeMne CIlO-
SOCO'-leTaHIt1>1,
Supreme Court - no,n4I1HSlTbCSl npaBI1Jly - common law - BJIaCTb 3aKOHa
- treaty provisions - paCTOpraTb ,norol3op - to ratify a treaty - npe,nRapl1-
reJlbHOe YCJlOBHe - to draft a law - .!J.orOBOp 0 3anpeU-leHHI1 I1CllbITaHI1S1
II.!J.epHoro OPY)!(IIS1 - to lay down the law - TRep.!J.oe npaBHJlO - treaty of
alliance - HapYWI1Tb 1l0rOBOp - bilateral treaty - CTaBHTb YCJlOBl1eM - to be
;It law with smb - "l<1KJlIO'IaTb .LlOrOBOp - out of court - .!J.OrOBopHble 06S13a-
I en bCTBa - aneJlJ1SlUHOllllbl i1 CYJ\ natural law - .!J.OroBOP 0 HelhpaJIHTeTe -
and order -- HapYUJlllb 'lal\OIl ' ill law - Me)KnYHaponlloe J).orOBopHoe
IIpaBo - to go beyond the law - I'(HOllllTb '13KOllollJ1oeKT -- .!J.oroRop 0 rpa-
II>IuaX - hard-and-fast strict rule -- ycrJII<1llmlllill'b flpaBI1Jla - to work out a
Ireaty - 3aKOHO.!J.aTeJlbCTBO - treaty or friendship - JaKOH H npaBo cnpaBe.n-
IIIBOCTH - TBep,noe npaBI1JlO - trade treaty - .!J.oroBop nepe.!J.a411 Teppl1TOpl1H
npl1HI1MaTb 3aKOH - to be in treaty with smb for smth - .!J.oroBop 0 Hepac-
99
npoCTpaHClIl111 5lJIC[1lloro opY)fm5l - paCTopraTb }lOrOBOp - to go beyond the
law - OTMCll}lTb IlpaBI1110 - rule of law - <P0PMYJ1HpOBaTb 3aKOH - general
rule - JIO),OIlOP 0 loprOBJIe 11 MopCll11aBalHII1 - shield law - MopanbHblH 3a-
KOH - (0 [1romulgate a law - )lorOBOp 0 .upY)l{6e, COT[1YJ.IHI1'lecTBe 11 B3aI1M-
HOH 110MOIl.l,I1.
YnpaHlHeHue 18. CJlOB3 B Cl-lHOHl-lMW1eCKl-le pS1,Qbl.
Advocate, agreement, attorney, bar, barrister, bench, city hall, compact,
concord, contract, convention, counsel, counsellor, court, courthouse, cove-
nant, decree, dictum, edict, enactment, federal building, judge, jurisprudent,
jurist, law, law agent, lawyer, legal expert, legalist, legist, magistrate, man
of law, negotiation, ordinance, pact, regulation, rule, ruling, settlement, so-
I icitor, statute, talks, treaty, tribunal.
YnpaHlHeHue 19. OTBeTbTe H3 BonpoCbl no cO,Qep}l{3HI-lIO TeKCTOB ,Q3HHoro
ypOK3.
1. What is implied under international law?
2. What processes initiated international law in the Western world?
3. What are (he most important notions of international law?
4. In what way do the legal systems of Great Britain and the United States
differ?
5. What international law doctrines were there in the twentieth century?
YnpaHlHeHue 20. nepeBe,Ql-lTe H3 S13b1K cJleAYlOl.I..\l-le BbICK33bIB3-
Hl-lS1. BblyYl-lTe 14X H3143YCTb.
'.f>o The execution of laws is more important than the making of them.
(Thomas jefferson)
'.f>o Laws are made In order that people In authority may not remember
them.
(Oscar Wilde)
'.f>o I.ihcrlv is thc right to do everything that the laws allow.
(Montesquieu)
100
<{)a We all have enough strength to bear other people's troubles.
(La Rochefoucauld)
<{)a If poverty is the mother of crimes, want of sense is the father.
(La Bruyere)
nEKCM4ECKMM KOMMEHTAPMM
)- Pe3YJlbTaTbl OCMblclleHHoro 3anOMl1HaHIHI cY1ueCTBeHHo npenocxO)J.llT
pe3YllbTaTbl MexaHw.reCKoro 3anOMHHaHI111. CMbICJIOBOi1 aH3J1H3 BocnpOH3-
BO)J.I1MOrO TeKCTa llBlllleTCll OCHOBOi1 3anOMHHaHHll, nOCKOllbKY OH n03BOllll-
eT Bbl)J.CJlIITb BmKHei1wylO HHcjlOpMal.(HIO, 3aKJllO'-IeHHYIO B TeKCTe. llpH ne-
peBO)J.e KpynHbJX OTpe3KOB TeKCTa nepeBO)J.'-IHK He B COCTOllHHH y.nep)l(aTb
60llbWoi1 06beM I1HcjlopMaUHH B naMllTH H )J.eT3J1bHO nepe)J.aTb ee Ha )J.py-
rOM 113bIKe. B 3TOM clly'-lae nepeBO)J.'-IHK HcnOJlb3yeT 3anH01.
Oc06eHHOCTb 3TOrO MeTO)J.a 3aKJIIO'-IaeTCll B TOM, BO BpeMll pe'-lH
opaTopa nepeBO)J.'-IHK nHCbMeHHO cjlHKcHpyeT ee K.llIO'-leBble MOMeHTbI, 3aTeM
Ha OCHOBe cumlx 3anHCCH OCYlUeCTBJllleT YCTHoe oljJopMlleHHe nepCBO)J.a.
3anHCH B nOClle)J.OBaTellbHOM nepeBO.Lle OnHI'-IaIOTCll KaK OT CTeHorpacjlflH,
TaK H OT KOHcneKTa. llepeBo.Ll4HKY He HY)KHO pCLJb opaTopa
.D.OCllOBHO (cjlHKcHpyeTcll MblCllb, a lie KmK.LlOe CllOBO), nepeBO)J.4HK
HC MO)l(eT n03BOJIHTb ce6e onYCHITb flTOpOCTcneHIlYIO HHcjlorMau.HIO
(KOTopall, HanpHMep, He ljJHKcHpyeTc5I B KOHcnCKTC
Ero l.(eJlb 3aKJlJ{)'-IaeTC5I B Bbl)J.elleHHH onopHblx MOMeHTOB naMllTH )J.llSl
II0clle)J.YIOll(ero BOCCTaHOBlleHH5I n KpaTKoBpeMellHoM nepHo)J.e. llepeBo-
,U'lHK )J.Oll)l(eH HaH60Jlee eMKO CCPOPMYllllpoBaTb CMbfCllOBoe nOCJlallHe opa-
ropa TaKHM 06PaJOM, 4T06bl HMeTb B03MO)l(HOCTb Ha MeCTe BOCCTaHOBHTb H
IlepeBeCTH pe'-lb. 4epe3 HeCKOllbKO '-IaCOB, a TeM 60Jlee )J.Hei1 npaKTH4ecKH
IIeB03MO)l(II0 BOCCTaHOBHTb HCXO)J.HYIO I1HcjlOPMaUHIO, onl1pa5lCb Ha nepeBO-
)\,leCKHe 3anHCI1, nOCKOJlbKY ueHHOCTb 3anHcei1 Tep5leTCll BHe KOHTeKCTa H
\).:3 3allOMHHaHJ,l5I KJllO'-IeBblX MOMeHTOB BblcTynlleHJ,lll opaTopa. llpH
ncjlopMlleHHH nepeBO)J.a 3anHCb nOMoraeT BOCCTaHOBHTb B naMllTH BocnpH-
II5ITOe paHee, H npouecc 3anHCH - 3anJ,lCblBaHHe - cTHMymlpyeT fll-lTeJllleK-
I y3J1bHylO aKTHBHOCTb 11 TeM caMbIM npe)J.nOllaraeT 3anOMH HaHl1e. CllO)l(-
1I0CTb HCrIOllb30BaHHll 3anl1CeH B nOCJle)J.OBaTeJlbHOM ncpeBO)J.e CB1l3aHa C
Ilc06xo)J.HMOCTbIO Bbl)J.ep)l(HBaTb TeMn pe4H opaTopa (KOTOpbIH MO)l(eT 6bITb
(l'leHb BbfCOKHM), He Tepllll npl1 3TOM B T04HOCTI1 H l.(ellOCTHOCTH nepeBO)J.a.
101
f1PI1 I1CnOJlb30BaHl1l1 3am1CeH B nOCJleJl,OBaTeJlbHOM nepeBOJl,e peKOMeH-
c06J11oJl,aTb CJleJl,YIOw.l1e npaBI1Jla.
Becb nOCTynalOw.I1H JleKCl14eCKl1H MaTepl1aJJ nOJl,BepraeTCSf CMblCJlOBOMY
aHaJJI13Y BblJl,eJleHI15i KJllOyeBOH I1JlI1 YHI1KaJJbHOH I1HcpOpMaUI1I1. ,UJlSf
3anl1Cl1 CJlOBa, Hecyw.l1e Hal160JlbWYID CMblCJlOBYIO HarpY3KY,
I1JlI1 )!(e nepeBOJl,4l1K nOJl,bICKI1BaeT yJl,06HYID ce65J JleKCl1yeCKYIO I1JlI1
I1J1,eOrpacpl14eCKYlO 3aMeHY. KOHKpeTHbIH MaTepl1aJJ XOpOWO 3anOMI1HaeTClI.
3anl1Cb Jl,a)!(e OJl,HOro CJlOBa nOJl,CKa)!(CT npl1 BOCrrp0I13Be.ueHI1H TO, 4TO C
HI1M OJl,HaKO HOBble cpaMI1Jll111 11 reorpacpl1'1eCKI1C HaI1MeHOBaHl1l1,
a TaK)!(e lJI1CJlOBal! HHcpopMal.(HlI, KaK npaBI1JlO, 3a6bIBaIDTCH, n03TOMY OHM
I1MelOT npel1Myw.eCTBeHHoe npaBO Ha 3anl1Cb.
OT06paHHble CJlOBa CJleJl,yeT CPI1KCHpOBaTb npl1 nOMow.11 COKpaweliHOH
6YKBeHHOH 3anl1CI1. Hal160Jlee ueJleC006pa3HbIM cOKpaw.eHl1e
rJlaCHblX B CepeJl,I1He CJlOBa, OJl,HOH 113 Jl,BOHHblX COfJlaCHblX, OKOH4aHl1H
60JlbWl1HCTBa npl1JlaraTeJlbHblX npl1 onpeJl,cnsleMoM CJlOBe. f10JlC3HblM lIB-
JllleTClI C03]laHl1e c06CTBeHHOH CI1CTeMbl COKpaweHMSl, npl1 I1CnOJlb30BaHI1l1
KOTOPOH y nepeBOJl,YI1Ka He B03Hl1Karra 6bl np06fleMa Jl,Boi1cTBeHHoro TOJl-
3amfceH.
3anl1Cb onopHblX nYHKTOB rraMSlTH npeJl,nO'lTI1TeJlbHee BeCTI1 Ha POJl,HOM
nOCKOJlbKY Ha HeM CMbICJlOBOi1 aHaJJl13, 4TO n03BO-
JllleT Hal160Jlee 6hfCTPO 11 3cpcpeKTl1BHO BOCCTaHaBJlI1BaTb HCXOJl,HblH TeKCT
Jl,Jlll nepeBOJl,a. llpl1 C03J1,aHl1l1 c06CTBeHHOH CI1CTeMbl COKpaw.eHl1fl I1HorJl,a
nOJle3HO I1CnOJlb30BaTb OTJI,eJlbHble JlaTI1HCKl1e 6YKBeHHble CI1MBOJlbl, KOTO-
pble accoUI111pYIOTClI OJl,HOBpeMeHHO C aHfJll1HCKI1MI1 11 C PYCCKI1MH CJlOBa-
MI1 11 nOHlITl1l1MI1.
BblJ1,eJleHHYIO HHcpopMaUHIO CJleJl,yeT pacnOJlaraTb Ha 6YMare BepTI1-
KarrbHO, 4eTKO pa3rpaHI1YI1BaSl rpaHI1Ubl npeJl,JlQ)KeHI1H I1JlI1 MbICJlei1, a
TaK)!(e CPI1KCI1PYll cyw.eCTBYIDw.l1e CI1HTaKCl1lJeCKl1e OTHOWeHI15J Me)!{JI,y
KBaHTaMI1 I1HcpopMaUI1I1. Hal160Jlee 3cpcpeKTl1BHblM lIBMIeTCSl BblJl,eJleHl1e
Ha nepBoe MeCTO rpynnbI nOJl,Jle)!(aw.ero, a Ha BTopoe - rpynnbl cKa3ye-
Moro. COlJeTaHl1e np5JMOrO CJlOB C BepntKaJlbHblM pacnOJlO)!(eHI1-
CM onopHblX nYHKTOB .uaCT B03MO)KHOCTh OTpa3I1Tb
JIOrll'leCKYIO CB1I3b MblCJlI1 11 CYW.eCTBYIOWl1e B HeH CI1HTaK-
C1I'ICCKl1e
V\CIIOJlb30BaHl1e B BepnlKarrbHblX 3alll1ClIX CK060K, HaKJlOH-
Iloii. IIC[1HIKaJJbHOH, rOpl130HTaJJbHOM 11 napaJJJleJlbHblX l[epT, CTpeJlOK 11
}(pylll\ "\llaKOIl Il03BOJllleT Bblpa311Tb npl1MepHO BCID raMMY CI1HTaKCWle-
CKII\ clnncii 1\ IlpCAJlO)!(eHI1I1 11 Me)(.I(y BepTI1KaJlbHOe
102
pacnOJlO)KeHHe OnOpHblX nYHKTOB naMSlTI1 06ecne'-lI1BaeT 3KOHOMI1'-lHOCTb,
HarJlSl.11.HOCTb H peJlbecpHOCTb 3anl1cei:i.
B CI1CTeMe 3anl1CeH llJl1POKO HCnOJlb3YfOTCSl CI1MBOJlbl. CHMBOJl OTBe'-laeT
CBOeMY Ha3Ha'-leHl1fO, eCJHl XapaKTepl13yeTCSl 3KOHOMW1HOCTbfO, HarJlll.11.HO-
CTbfO 11 YHHBepCMbHOCTbfO. ,[(Jlll nepe.11.a'-ll1 rpaMMaTI1'-leCKOCi I1HCPOPMa1lHI1 B
1anl1CSlX npe.11.YCMaTpl1BafOTCll YCJlOBHble 3HaKI1. ,[(JlS! CI1MBOJlOB HCnOnb3YfOT-
eSl 3HaKI1, 6YKBbl I1nl1 COKpaLlleHI111, KOTopble nO.11.pa3.11.enSlfOTCSl no cnoc06y
0603Ha4eHI111 nOHllTI1H Ha 6YKBeHHble, aCCOlll1aTI1BHble 11 np0113BO.11.Hble.
HapaBHe C C03.11.aHI1eM c06CTBeHHOCi CI1CTeMbl COKpaweHI1Sl, Ha4HHafO-
LllI1M nepeBO.11.'-lI1KaM MO)KHO nOCOBeTOBaTb 3aKpenHTb pll.11. Hal160nee 4aCTO
Hcnonb3yeMblx (neKCH4eCKHX, ceMaHTH4eCKI1X, rpaMMaTH4eCKI1X) 3Ha'-le-
III1H 3a Cnelll1MbHblMH CI1MBOnaMH. nO.11.06HYfO CI1CTeMY Cne.11.yeT TwaTe.llb-
HO np0.11.YMaTb ~ .11.OBeCTH ee I1CnOnb30Bamle .11.0 aBTOMaTI13Ma, 4T06bl 1136e-
)KaTb B nepeBO.11.LleCKOH npaKTI1Ke .11.BOHCTBeHHoro TonKOBaHI1Sl I1nH )Ke
HenOHI1MaHHSl 3Ha4eHHll co6CTBeHHoro 3HaKa.
npH ocpopMneHl111 nepeBO.11.a CJle.11.YeT He npOCTO BOCnp0l13BO.11.l1Tb 3anl1-
caHHYIO I1HCPOPMalll1fO, HO 11 pa3BepHyTb ee, KOMneHCHpOBaB nOTepllHHylO
npH 1anHCl1 1136blT04HYfO I1HcpopMalll1lO, I1CXO.11.Sl 113 CnO)KHBWel1cll pe'-leBOH
CHTyallHI1, OCTaBWeHCSl B naMllTH I1HcpopMalll-1H 11 He06xo.11.HMOCTl1 rapaHTI1-
pOBaTb llepe.11.a4Y C006weHI111 B KOHKpeTHhlX ycnOBI1}[X nepeBO}J.4eCKoH .11.eSl-
Ten bHOCTI1.
B Ka4eCTBe npHMepa MQ)I(HO 11PHBCCTI1 CJleflYIOll.ll1e COKpaweHHSl 11 yc-
JlOBHble 3HaKH:
Kon-BO - KO.nI14eCTBO
Ka4-BO - Ka4eCTBO
peB-lll111 - peBon 1O111111
3B-1l1111 - 3BOJlfOlll111
Kan-3M - KamlTMH3M
.11.M - .11.eMOKpanlll
c/x - cenbCKoe X0311HCTBO, cenbCKOX03Sli1cTBeHHblH, OTHOCllLllHilcll K
cellbCKOMY X0311HCTBY
Ru - POCCI111, PyCCKI1H, POCCI1HCKHH, OTHOCSlLllI1HCSl K POCCI1I1
US - CiliA, aMepI1KaHCKI1H, OTHOCllLllHHCll K CIJJA
GB - BellHK06pI1TaHI111, A HrIll111, 6pI1TaHCKHH, aH rJll1 HCKI1H, OTHO-
Clll.lJ.I1HCll K BenI1K06pI1TaHHH, AHrIll-111
103
UN - OOH, OTHOC5IlllI1HCSI K OOH, Me)l{.L\YHap0.L\HbIM
EU -- Eopona, EBpOneHCKI1M COI03, eRpOneHCKI1H, OTHOCSlllll1MCSI K
Eopone
M. - MOCKBa
JI. - JleHI1Hrpa.L\, CaHKT-lleTepoypr
W. - BaWI1HITOH
NY - HblO-tiOPK
L. - JlOH.L\OH
2 (WlU *2) - YHI1BepcaJlbHoe oo03Ha4eHl1e MHo)KeCTBeHHoro 4l1CJla
(Ha.L\I1J111 nOCIle onpe.L\eJl5leMoro CJIOBa I1JlI1 3HaKa)
=> - CJle.L\CTBl1e, Jl0fl14eCKI1H BbIBO.L\
= - TO)l{.L\eCTBO, paBHO, COOTBeTCTBl1e
i- - HepaBHO, HeCOOTBeTCTBl1e
> - nOJlbUJe, JlY4we, npeI1MYlllCCTBO, npeBOCXO.L\CTBO, nooe.L\a
< - MeHbLue. xY)l{e, OTCTaBaHl1e, nopa}!{eHl1e
& -
'li' - CMepTb, YMep, CKOH4aJlCSI
- CerO.L\HSI, HaCTOSllllee BpeM5I, TeKYllll1M MOMeHT
- 3aBTpa, 6YllYlllec BpeM5I, nepCneKTI1Ba
<& - B'lepa, npOluc.IJ.wee BpeMSI, npOWJloe, I1CTOPI1S1
+ - CaMOJleT, aHHal.(HlI, BoeHHO-B03Jl.YIilHble CIIJlbl, JleT4l1K
m - KHl1ra, L(TeIlHC, mrrepaTypa
1.1 - COIlHlle, ro.L\
t - JlyHa, MeClIU
- aBTopCKoe npaBO
- pe4b, BblCTynJleHl1e, rOBOpI1Tb, opaTOp, CKa3aJ1, BblcTynl1J1, LJbll-
TO T04Ka 3peHI151
, TPY.L(HOCTVI npH nepeBone CB5I3al--lbI C HCnOJlb30BaHl1eM
11PC1111I1IOllllblX CflOB - 0.L\H03Ha4Hb1X oouleynoTpe611TeJlbHblX CflOB, He BbI-
"3blllaIOIlIIIX, KaK npaBl1flO, KOHKpeTHblX aCCOl.l}taUI1H. K l{HCJly npeL(113110H-
HblX CJlOIl OTIIOOtTOI I1MeHa coocTBeHHble, reorpa<pI1'1eCKl1e Ha3BaHI1S1,
104
HaJBaHIUI )..lHei1 He,Aem1 11 MeCSlueB, 4l1CJll1TeJlbHble (B TOM 4l1Cfle 11CnOJlb-
'3yeMble ,AJlSI 0603Ha
C
leHl1S1 rO,Aa, BeKa, BpeMeHI1, ,Aelle)!(HblX CYMM),
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qll1Ul1pOBaHHblM cpopMaT, 4TO OCflO)!(HSleT HX 3anOMl1HaHHe, COOTBeTCTBeH-
HO, npH 1l0CJle,AOBaTeflbHOM nepeBO,Ae TeKCTa neperpY)KCIlHOro npeUH3HOH-
HblMI1 CflOBaMI1 11f111 npl1 HaJll141111 B TeKCTe Tpex- 11 60flee 3Ha
'
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4l1CJll1TeflbHblX peKOMeH,AyeTcSI CPI1KCl1pOBaTb ITO,A06Hble ej\I1HHUbl B nep-
ByK) 04epe,Ab, ,Aa)!(e npl1 nepeBO.ll.e. 4aCTO Y.ll.aeTCSI nOJl-
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TOJlbKO Ha 'IHCflOBble 3a1111CI1. 3anl1Cb Ha3BaHI1i1 .ll.Hei1 He.ll.eJII1 11 MccSlqeB B
LlHqlpOBOM cpopMaTe S1BflSleTCSI Hal160Jlee 3KOHOMH0i1.
VlMeHa c06CTBeHHble H reorpacpH4eCKl1e Ha3BaHHSI TaK)Ke peKOMeH.ll.yeT-
CSI BCer.ll.a CPI1KCHpOBaTb rIl1CbMeHHO. L(JlSI 3HaKOMblX I1MeH 11 Ha3BaHHi1
npe.ll.nO'ITI1TeJlbHoi1 SlBJlSleTCSI COKpamellHaSI 3anHCb, B TO BpeMSI KaK He3Ha-
KOMble HMeHa 11 HaJBaHI1S1 CJle.ll.YeT 06S13aTeJlbHO q)HKCHpOBaTb nonHOCTbIO.
).. CJlOBa, 0603Ha'lalOml1e O.ll.HO 11 TO )!(e nOHSlTl1e Hfll1 CXO.ll.Hble nOHSlTI1S1,
51BJlSlIOTCSI CHHOHI1MaMI1. VlCnOJlb3013311l1e CI1HOHIIMOB .ll.eJlaeT Sl3blK KpaC04-
HblM H 60raTblM, O.ll.HaKO C03.ll.aeT .ll.OnOnHIHeJlbHble Ilp06neMbl flnSl nepeBO-
JJ,'1 11 Ka. O'leHb 4aCTO CHHOHI1MH'IeCKl1e pSl.ll.bl B pmJlH'IHbIX Sl3blKax He COB-
Ila.ll.aIOT. TaK, nOHSlTl1e, ).lflSl 0603Ha
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4CCKI1i1 p5l.ll.. HanpHMep, <lIIl'Jllli1Ch:oe cnOllO iJltaJlu/iuJltJ/lla PYCCKI1i1 5J3b1K
llepeBO.ll.I1TCll KaK 11 MC)!(llYHapOJIHbll1. CI1HOHHMHlfe
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lOT lIeCKOJlbKO 3HaQeHI1H, 3aQaCTYlO CHIIOHI1Mbl O)..lHOrO CJIOBa Me)!(.ll.Y C060H
lie 51BJlSlIOTCSI CHHOHI1MaMH. Hallpl1Mep, talks H compact S1BJlSlIOTCSI CHIIOHH-
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\laMH, nocKOJlbKY talks 0603HaQaeT npOlWCC nepe20GOpOB, B TO BpeM\! KaK
compact - cOZJ/aweHue, Gblpa6omaHflOe 8 pe'JYJlblnalJ1e nepe20GO(lOG; CJlOBO
treaty MO)!(CT ynoTpe6J151TbC5I B 060l1X 3HaQeHI1S1X.
AHrnl1i1cKHi1 Sl3blK 06na.ll.aeT pa3BIlTOH TepMI1HOJlOrl1
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'
ICHI151 IOpl1,Al1-
'ICCKI1X npocpeCCl111 cymeCTBYIOT TepMI1Hhl, MHOrl1e 113 KOTOPblX 51BJl5IIOTC5I
CI1HOHI1MaMH: lawyer, law agent, jurist, jurisprudent, solicitor, advocate,
105
attorney, legist, legalist, barrister, counsel, counsellor, legal expert, man
of law.
HaHooJlcc o6LUHi:1 TepMliH - lawyer, KOTOPbli:1 nepeBo.Ll}ITCll KaK IOpucm,
aO(3Q1.;mn, 'wKOJlOaeO, npaBoBeo. UJl1pOKOe CCMaHTWleCKoe none OXBaTbl-
BalOT TCPMHHbl:jurist,jurisprudent, legisl, legalist, legal expert, man of law
- KOTopble B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOHKpeTHoi:1 TJK)Ke nepeBO)l.llTCll
Jopucm, aoaoKam, 3aKoHoaeo, npaaoaeo. Law agent ynoTpe6nlleTcll )],Jlll
o603Ha4eHlill nlO6oro IOpHcTa, 3a HCKflI04eHHeM a)],BOKaTa, a TaK)Ke nepe-
BO)],HTCll KaK noaepeHllblu, cmp5ln'l.uu. CnO)KHall TepMHHOJIOrH4eCK3.ll CI1C-
TeMa OTp3)KaeT rpa)],alJ,HIO BHyTpH npocpeccHH a)],BOKaTa: advocate - Hal16o-
nee o6LUHi:! TepMHH B 3TOM Pll)],y; solicitor - a)],BOKaT, )],aIOLUI1i:! COBeTbl
KnHeHTY, no)],roTaBnI1BaIOLUI1i:! )],ena, HO I1MeIOLUI1i:! npaBO BblcTynaTb TOJlb-
KO B cy)],ax HH3weii I1HCTaIlUI1H, noaepeHHblu; barrister - a)lBOKaT, HMelO-
lUHi:1npaBo BblcTynaTb B BblClUHX cy)],ax, I1MeHHO )],nll Hero no;:r,rOTaBnl1BaeT
)],ena solicitor. Counsel 11 counsellor TalOKe ynoTpe6nlllOTc5I B 3Ha
1
leHl1l1 ao-
80Kam, HO 0603Ha4alOT a)],BOKaTa, )],alOLUero KOHcynbTaUI1H, JOPUcr;OIlCYJlb-
ma. Hal160nee 6JlH3KHM CHHOHI1MOM JTI1X )],ByX TepMHHOB llBnlleTCll bar-
rister. HecKonbKo 3Ha
l
leHHI,f I1MeeT TepMHH atlorney, B TOM lJHCne H
aoaoKam, O)],HaKO B nepBylO Ollepe)],b OH ynoTpe6JIlleTCll )],nll 0603Ha4eHHll
npoKypopa.
04eBH).!,Hall He)],OCTaTOlIHOCTb IOpl1)]'WlecKoi:! TepMI1HOnOrHl1 B PYCCKOM
113blKe BblHY)l.l1na IOPI1CTOB KanbKl1pOBaTb MHonle H33BaHlill IOpl1)],l1'leCKI1X
npocpecoli:!. TaK, B PYCCKOM 113blKe nOllBl1nl1Cb TepMHHhl cOJlucumep, 6ap-
pucmep, ammop"eu, KOTopble, B CBOIO 04epe)],b, HY)K)l.aIOTCll B TOJlKOBaHl111
)],Jlll HeCneUl1anI1CTOB.
B )],ei:1cTBI1TeJlbHOCTI1 TepMHHOJlOrH4eCKOe none IOpl1)],H4eCKI1X npocpec-
CI1i:! B aHrJmi:1cKoM 113blKe llBJllleTCll rop33)]'O 60Jlee CJlO)KHhIM.
CaMOCTOllTenbHO nO)l.6epl1Te pYCCKHe COOTBeTCTBHll K cne).!,YIOLUI1M
IOpl1)],114eCKI1M TepMI1HaM:
administrative lawyer
business lawyer, corporation lawyer
civil lawyer
criminal lawyer
crown lawyer
dclcnce lawyer
gllvnl1ll1cl1l lawyer, legislative lawyer
106
tax lawyer
attorney at law, defence attorney
attorney for the government, prosecuting attorney, public attorney
district attorney, circuit attorney
Attorney Genera[
chamber barrister
consulting barrister
inner barrister
junior barrister, ollter barrister
y 06pannc BI-H1MaHHC Ha WHPOKO HCnOJlb3YCMblC 8 aH r llHHCKOM H3blKC
Jl 3TI1 HCKHC COKpaU{CIlJ.1H:
e.g. (exemp[i gratia) - for example - HanpHMep
etc., &tc (et cetera) - and so on - H TaK AMee
KOMMEHTAPMiiI
CmpaoamenbHbfU 3an02
CTpa.naTc.nbHblH 3J.flor (Passive Voice) Yl loTpe6JHICTC5I B PYCCKOM 5l3blKC
11134HTCJlbllO PC)KC, YCM B 3HrJlHr:icKoM. B aHrJHiHCKOM H361KC CTpa,l..l,3TCflb-
Hbl(.1 3aIIOr 06p33YCTCSJ c nOMow,blO BcnOMOraTCJlbHOrO rnaron3 10 be B co-
OTBCTCTBYIOW,CH <pOPMC ,[lCi1cTBHTcllbHoro 3aJ10ra H npwI3cHHI npowc)lwe-
ro SPCMCHl1 cnpSlTaCMOrO r JlarOJl3.
I
cDopl\1b1 Present
I
Past Future
Future
in the Past
I/ndefinile am (is I are) was (were) wili be asked would be
I asked
asked asked
I Continuous
I am (is / are) was (were) 1-
I
I bemg asked ! be111
0
asked
I Per fecI I havc (has) I had C- h-av-e-bc-e-,e-n' I-W-O-UC-[dc-;qve
_
_ _ ___ lb_e_e_n_a_Sk _e_d __ __ as_k_e_d _ __ 1 _aSked I b_ccn asked
f Pel/ecI .
I Continuous
107
8 PYCCKOM 5l'3bIKC 0 CTpa,LI,aTeJlbHOM 33JlOre ynoTpe6Jl5llOTC5I TOJlbKO ne-
pexo.nHblC 1.l1<II"OJlbl (rJlarOJlbl, KOTopble Moryr npl1 ce6e np5lMOe .no-
nOJIrICIIHC - )(OnOJIHeHl1e, ynoTpe6Jl5leMOe 6e1 npeJtJlora), a HenepeXO,LI,Hble
rJl a I'OJ I hi YlloTpe6J151IOTC5I TOJlbKO B .nei;jcT81ITcnhHOM 33J10['e, 8 aHrmtiicKoM
S13bIKC (ilOPMbl cTpa.naTeJlbHOrO 33JlOra MOl'yr IIMCTb llepexo.nHble rJlarOJlbl
('3a IICKJIIO'ICHHeM J'narOJlOB, 8blpa)KafOlllHx nOCTOSlHllOC COCTOSlHHe HJlH OT-
1I0UICIIIIC - 10 have, 10 lack, 10 resemble 11 T,,LI,,) H Hcncpcxo.nHble I'JlarOJlbl,
Tpc6YfOWHe npe.nJlO)KHOrO .nonOJIHCHH5I (to look aI, to look Ihrough, to
lallgh at, to send for, to speak to. to call upon, to deal with. I() enter into, to
re/er 10. la report on, 10 die late to 11 T.,LI,,), npH 3TOM npe.nJl01 OCTaeTCSI npH
rJlaroJl bHOfl <jlopMe.
L(a)Ke B Tex CJIY<la5lX, Kor.na aHrJHlflCKoMY rJlarOJlY 8 CTpa.naTeJlbHOM
33JlOre COOTBeTcT8yeT PYCCKl1fl nepeXO,LI,HblM rJlarOJl, npH nepeOO,LI,e CTpa-
,LI,aTeJlbHblfl 33JlOr 4aCTO 3aMeH5IeTC5I .neMCT8HTeJlbHbIM ,LI,Jl5I Toro, 4T06bl
nepe,LI,aTb CMblCJlOBOe HJlH JlOrH4eCKoe y.napeHHe aHrJlHMCKOro f1pe.nJlO)Ke-
HH5I.
These ideas were uttered by the Chairman. - 3TH H,LI,eH ObICKa33Jl
11 pe.nce,LI,aTen b.
nepe80.n aHrJlHHCKHX npe.nJlo)KeHHll C rnaroJloM-CKa3YCMbIM B CTpa,LI,a-
TeJlbHOM 33JlOre Ha PYCCKl1fl 513b1K npe,LI,CTaBJl5IeT HeKOTopble CJlO)KHOCTH.
Oc06eHHOCTl1 ynoTpe6JleHH5I CTpallaTeJlbHoro 33JlOra 8 aHrJ1HflCKOM 513bIKC
no cpa8HeHHIO C PYCCKI1M S11bIKOM COCTOSlT 8 cJle.nYloweM.
B aHI'JlHflCKOM 51'3bIKC rnarOIlbl to allow, to permit, to ask, to mvard, to
deny, to give, to forgive, to grant, 10 invite, 10 offer, to order, to command, to
pay, to promise, to refuse, to show, to tell, 10 leach H HeKOTopble JlpyrHe
ynoTpe6J15110TC5I B CTpa,LI,aTeJlbflOM 33JlOre 8 cpyHKllHH cKa3yeMoro C Tlpl1Mbl-
Kal{)WYlM K HeMY Ilp5lMblM ,LI,OnOJlIIClIl1eM II 0601Ha4alOT ,Llei1cT8He, HanpaB-
JleHHOe Ha nO,LI,J1e)Kawec H Ha IIpHMOC J(OnOJlHCIIHe
He was given a medal. - OH 1l0JlY
'
IHn Me,LI,aJlh.
IlrC)lJlO)KeHH5I c rJlaroJIOM-cK31yeMbIM YK3:laHHOro THna nepeoo.nllTC5I
11<1 S13b1K 06Pa30M.
I. l-IconpcjteJ1eHHO-HH4HbIM npe,LI,J10)KeHHeM, eCIIH OTCYTCTByeT jtonOJ1-
IICIIIIC C npe.nJ10rOM by, Bblpa)KafOwee cy6beKT jteflCT81111. [lpH llepeBO,LI,e
1I0!lJIC)K<lIlICC aHrJ1 Hi:lcKOro npejtJ10)KeHYl5I COOT8eTcT8yeT KOCBeHHOMY ,LI,O-
1I0JIIICIIIIIO Il llaTCJlbHOM na,ne)Ke 8 PYCCKOM npe.nIlO)KeHHYI.
They wcrc told to come. - VIM 8eJ1enH npI1HTH.
108
Congress was told that there is going to be no reduction in the size of
the USA Army. - KOHrpeccy C006ll(IUlIl, cno 4V1CHeHHOCTb apMIH!
CWA He 6Y,QeT YMeHbwella.
2. Jll14HblM npe,Q.nO)l{eHl1eM C rflarofloM-cKa:JyeMbIM B
3anore, ecm1 VlMeeTClI ,QonOflHNIVle C npe)J.flOrOM by. f1PI1 nepeBo,Qe ,QonOfl-
HeW{e C npe,QfloroM by COOTBeTCTByeT nO,Qfle)l{all(eMY pyccKoro npe)J.flo)l{e-
HVllI, a nO,Qfle)l{alllee aHrflVlllcKoro npe,QflO)l{eHl1l1 cooTl3eTCTBYeT B PYCCKOM
npe,QflO)l{eHVlI1 KocBeHHoMY ,QonOJlHeHl1fO B ,QaTeflbHOM na,Qe)l;e.
They were told by the secretary to come in time. - CeKpe-rapb BefleJl
I1M BOBpeMSf.
ECfll1 B npe,QflO)l{eHI1I1 B c-rpa,QaTeflbHoM 3anore ynoTpe6J1e-
H bl Henepexo,QHble marOJlbl, Tpe6yfOllll1e npe,QJlO)l{Horo ,QonOfl HeIlVlSf, TO
TaKOMY npe,QflO)l{eHl1fO B PYCCKOM lI3blKe COOTBeTCTByeT Heonpe,QeJICHHO-
Jll14HOC npe,QJlO)l{eHl1e I1S111 flH4Hoe IIpe,QJIO)l{eHl1e C r.llarOflOM-CKa:JYCMbIM B
,Q6iCTBI1TeJlbIlOM 3anore. EClIH B npe,QJIO)l{eHI1I1 B CTpa,QaTCJlb-
HOM 3anore ynoTpe6JleHbl nepeXO,QHble rJlaroflbl, KOTOPblM B PYCCKOM 1I3bl-
Ke COOTBeTCTBYfOT HenepeXO,QHble rJlarOflbl, YlloTpe6JH1fOllll1eClI C npe,QJlO-
raMI1 (/0 follow, 10 influence, 10 answer, 10 join, to affect), TO TaKOMY
aHI'Jll1ilcKoMY npe,QJlO)l{eHVlfO B PYCCKOM lI3blKe TaK)I{e COOTBeTcTByeT Heon-
pe,QeJleHHO-JlI14HOe npe,QJlO)l{eHl1e Hfll1 flVl4Hoe npeJ\flQ)l(eHHe C rflaroJlOM-
CKa:JyeMbIM B "3<'Ulore. 1-lpl1 nepCflOI\C Ha PYCCKl1H 1I3blK
nO,Qfle)l{all(eMY aH I'JI H H CKoro 11 PCJ\.I1 (KC 11 COOTlICl'CTllye'l 11 pe)lJIO)l{H oe
,QonOJlHeHVle B BI1H I1TeJl bHOM HJHI n pelUIQ)lmOM IIa)le)l{e.
This article was referred to twice.- Ha :ny CTaTbfO COCJlanHCb ,QB3)I{l.lbl.
The public figures were followed by a great crowd. - 3a 06ll(CCTIleH-
HblMH ,QellTeJlllMVI CJle,QOBana 60JlbWaJI TOJlna.
npe,QJlQ)KeHHlI C BBO,QlIlllI1M il B Ka4eCTBe cpopManbHoro nO)l1le)l{alllero C
rflarOJIOM-cKa3yeMblM B CTpanaTeJlbHOM 3aJlOre nepeBO,QlITClI Ha
lI3blK Heonpe,QeJleHHO-JlHLfHbIMI1 Ilpe,QJIO)l{eHl1l1MI1: il is said, il is Ihought, il
is believed, il is reporled l1 T.,Q.
It is widely believed that there is no other way for the country but to
initiate democratic reforms. - WI1POKO pacnpoCTpaHeHo MHeHl1e, 4TO
e,QI1HcTBeHHbli1 BbIXO,Q ,QJlll 3T0i1 cTpaHbl - Ha4aTb J\eMoKpaTl14eCKHe
n pe06pa:JoBaH 1111.
B aHrfll1i1cKoM lI3blKe B cTpa,QaTeJlbHOM 3aJlOre MoryT ynoTpe6flllTbclI
cppa:JeoflOrl1
'
leCKl1e C04eTa1lHlI: 10 make use of, 10 pay alienI ion 10, 10 lake
109
notice of - KOTOPblC IICPCBO)l5lTC5I Ha pycCnJl1 5I3b1K )leHCTBI1TCJlbHbIM 3a-
JlOrOM.
Closc allcntion is being paid to the pending negociations. - npO)lOJ1-
neperoBopbl npl1BJleKal{)T
) lOllOJI ""0 'laCTO npl1 nepeBO)le Ha PYCCKH i;j 5I3bl K BMeCTO CTpa)laTeJlb-
Hom 'l,lJIO)"3 Heo6xo)lI1MO ynoTpe6J151Tb
HeOnpe)leJ1eHHO 1aMClf5lTb O)lHH rJlarOJ1
a HHOr)la BMeCTO JlH4HOH cjlOPMbl rJlarOJ1a Y1l01'pe6Jl5lTb B pyc-
CKOM TeKCTe HeIII14HYl{) cjlOPMY rrrarOIIa HIII1 nepe)laBaTb naCCHBHYIO
(POPMY JleKCI14eCKI1.
Peacemongers have been called for by their leaders to support the
peacemarch. - JlH)lepbl 60Pb6b\ 3a Ml1p CBO-
HX '-IJ1eHOB npHH5ITb Y4aCTl1e B Mapwe MHpa.
Hal160J1ee o6Llla51 peKOMeH)lal.\I151, KaCaIOLlla5lC5I nepeBO)la <pOpM aHrJlHH-
CKoro CTpa)laTeJl bHoro 3aflOra Ha PYCCKH H 5I3bIK, 3aKIII{)4aeTC5I B He06xo)ll1-
MOCTH co6J1I{).D.aTb rpaMMaTH4eCKHe H CTHJ1HCTH4eCKHe npaBHJla pYCCKoro
5I3bIKa, H36era51 rpaMMaTH4CCKoro H CTHJlHCTH'-IeCKOrO KaflbKHpOBaHH5I.
UNIT 6.
Human Rights
YnpaJKHeHHe 1. nepeSeAli1Te C nli1CTa Ha PYCCKli1i1 H3blK cneAYIOll\li1i1 TeKCT.
The concept of human rights has existed under several names in Euro-
pean thought for many centuries, at least since the time of King John of
England. After the king violated a number of ancient laws and customs by
which England had been governed, his subjects forced him to sign the
Magna Carta, which enumerated a number of what later came to be thought
of as human rights. Among them were the right of the church to be free from
governmental interference, the rights of all free citizens to own and inherit
property and be free from excessive taxes. Magna Carta established princi-
ples of due process and equality before the law and it also contained provi-
sions forbidding bribery and official misconduct. The political and religious
traditions in other parts of the world also proclaimed what have come to be
called human rights, calling on rulers to rule justly and compassionately, and
delineating limits on their power over the lives, property, and activities of
their citizens. In the United States, a bloody war over slavery came close to
destroying a country founded only eighty years earlier on the premise that,
"all men are created equal."
The women's rights movement succeeded in gaining for many women
the right to vote. National liberation movements in many countries suc-
ceeded in driving out colonial powers. The modern human rights movement
didn't invent any new principles. It was different from what preceded it pri-
marily in its explicit rejection of polilical ideology and partisanship, and its
demand that governments everywhere, regardless of ideology, adhere to
certain basic principles of human rights in their treatment of their citizens.
This appealed to a large group of people. many oC whom were politically
111
inactive, not interested in joining a political movement, not ideologically
motivated. They were simply outraged that any government dared abuse,
imprison, torture, and often kill human beings whose only crime was in be-
lieving dirll:rently from their government and saying so in public. They took
to writillg Idters to governments and publicising the rlights of these people
in hores or persuading or embarrassing abusive governments into better be-
haviour.
YnpaHlHeHHe 2. Y'-Ie6HL4K. BblAenL4Te no onopHble cnOBa L4
L43 TeKCTa 1 L4 3anL4WL4Te L4X no-pycCKL4. Ha OCHOBe
BblnL4CaHHblX CnDB BOCCTaHOBL4Te cOAep>KaHL4e TeKCTa Ha aHrnL4I1CKOM
YnpaHlHeHlle 3. IlpOllL4Tai1Te Bcnyx npeaM6yny KO Bce06ll..\ei1 AeKnapal.\L4L4
npaB lIenOBeKa Ha aHrnL4i1cKOM L4 PYCCKOM 06paTL4Te Ha oco6eH-
HOCTL4 nepeBoAa BblAeneHHblx Bblpa>KeHL4I1.
Universal Declaration
of Human Rights
Preamble
Whereas recognition of the inherent
dignity and of the equal and inal-
ienable rights of all members of the
human family is the foundation 01
freedom,