Early Anglo-Saxon Cremation in 2013

Knowledge, Understanding and the EASCREM 13 Database Project

Matt Austin, 0817300

Cardiff University MA Dissertation, September 2013

This project has shown me just how little I know, and how much archaeology there is out there, that I may never even get around to reading, let alone understanding. New sites are excavated daily, and reports published in places Id never even think to look. Sometimes the thought of the sheer amount of material out there makes me frantic, and I feel like I am drowning in a sea of unachievable knowledge. But then I just relax, and remember to enjoy each and every moment I can share with the past.

Contents
Summary Declaration Acknowledgments A Note on the Counties of England Foreword 4 5 6 7 10

1. Introduction 1.1. Studying Cremation Cemeteries 1.1.1. What is Cremation? 1.1.2. The Archaeological Context 1.1.3. Antiquarian Study 1.1.4. Issues of Study 1.1.5. The Relationship Between Inhumation and Cremation 1.1.6. Chronology (and Chronological Sequence within Cemeteries) 1.2. From Pyre to Burial 1.2.1. How did they Cremate? 1.2.2. The Vessel 1.2.3. The Artefacts 1.2.4. The Grave 1.2.5 The Spatial Significance of Cremation 1.2.6. Multiple Cremation Burial 1.2.7. The Distribution of Cremation Burials 1.2.8. Summary

12 12 12 13 13 15 16 17 20 20 22 26 30 31 33 34 34

2. The EASCREM 13 Project 2.1. Creating the Database 2.1.1. Rationale 2.1.2. Approach 2.2. Using the Database 2.2.1. Analysis 2.2.2. Project Evaluation
2

37 37 37 40 43 43 54

3. Past, Present and Future Studies of Cremation 3.1. Studies of Cremation 3.1.1. The Nature of Burial Data 3.1.2. Myres and the Chronology of Pottery 3.1.3. Richards and the Significance of Form and Decoration 3.1.4. The Biography of a Cremation Urn 3.1.5. Memory and Transformation 3.1.6. Spiritual Approaches to Cremation 3.1.7. Social Analysis of Cremation in Lincolnshire 3.1.8. Cremation Cemeteries as Central Places 3.1.9. Reflections 3.2. Towards the Future 3.2.1. An Interpretation 3.2.2. Archaeology or Archaeologies? 3.2.3. Conclusions

56 56 56 57 59 60 61 62 66 68 70 71 71 72 75

List of Figures List of Tables List of Maps References Appendix I Site Gazetteer

78 79 79 80 103

Cover image: A 6th century cremation urn of Buckleurne type from The British Museums Townley Collection. Its exact find spot is unknown, but it probably originated from Lincolnshire. Image courtesy of The British Museum Free Image Service.

Summary
This dissertation reports on the findings of the Early Anglo-Saxon Cremation in 2013 database project (EASCREM 13); a national survey of the evidence for cremation burial in early Anglo-Saxon England ca. AD 400-650. The project is part of a structured and extensive review of our knowledge and understanding of the earliest Anglo-Saxon mortuary custom. As a whole, this study is intended to inform debate on the direction and future of cremation studies, and to function as a useful scholarly resource in developing our understanding further. It is hoped that this research will form the basis for future publications by the author and that the database will be hosted online, either at personal expense or through a body such as the Archaeological Data Service. The main text of the dissertation is structured into three parts, but a 266 site gazetteer is also included as an appendix and the database itself, and supporting documentation, is provided in CD-ROM format. In the first part, the evidence is fully introduced and described in its wider historical and archaeological context. Following on from this, the rationale, approach, results and evaluation of the project are detailed, including the provision of national statistics and up-to-date distribution maps. The third and final part is historiographical in nature, and charts the development of our understanding and treatment of the evidence, as well as offering a general interpretation, recommendations for future study and some concluding remarks.

Declaration
CANDIDATES ID NUMBER CANDIDATES SURNAME CANDIDATES FULL FORENAMES

This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree.
Signed . (candidate) Date

STATEMENT 1 This dissertation is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MA Archaeology.
Signed . (candidate) Date

STATEMENT 2 This dissertation is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A Bibliography is appended.
Signed . (candidate) Date

STATEMENT 3 TO BE COMPLETED WHERE THE SECOND COPY OF THE DISSERTATION IS SUBMITTED IN AN APPROVED ELECTRONIC FORMAT I confirm that the electronic copy is identical to the bound copy of the dissertation
Signed . (candidate) Date

STATEMENT 4 I hereby give consent for my dissertation, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations.
Signed . (candidate) Date

STATEMENT 5 - BAR ON ACCESS APPROVED I hereby give consent for my dissertation, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loans after expiry of a bar on access approved by the Graduate Development Committee.
Signed . (candidate) Date 5

Acknowledgements
Any substantial undertaking of research owes much to the people whose academic and nonacademic support allowed for its completion. Warm thanks are therefore given to Dr Steve Mills and Dr Andy Seaman for tuition in the use of ArcGIS. The historic county boundaries and raw map data were kindly provided by Digimaps and The Historic County Borders Project (Historic Counties Trust). Attendance at the Digital Resources: Data and Databases graduate workshop as part of the International Society of Anglo-Saxonists Biennial Conference in Dublin (27-28/07/13) greatly aided the construction of the database, and particular thanks go to Professor Mary Clayton, Dr Peter Stokes, Professor Toni Healey, Professor Michael Drout and Dr Anthony Harvey. Brief but informative conversations with Professor Howard Williams and Dr Alan Lane were also welcome contributions to the research process. My deepest gratitude, however, goes to Professor John Hines for his patience, encouragement and support, not only during my MA but for the last five years. In many respects, I would not be writing this dissertation, or indeed preparing for doctoral research, if it wasnt for the encouragement of teachers and tutors past and present, so thanks are also given more generally to individuals too numerous to list. It is also hoped that this research will highlight just how indebted we are to learned individuals past and present, who have laboured, in the field and at the desk, to create a permanent record of excavations and archaeological findings. A quick perusal through the list of references shows just how much has been written, and how often it has been penned by only a handful of prolific scholars. Local archaeological societies that have undertaken the time and cost of publishing their journals online also deserve particular commendation, and this research would not have been possible in the given timeframe had these resources not been so readily available. Because of the time, effort and generosity invested by a few individuals, everyone in Britain has a historic environment they can enjoy and be proud of.

A Note on the Counties of England

The counties of England, and indeed the UK, have long been a subject of confusion. In country pubs across the nation it is not uncommon to overhear heated debates about which county people actually live in nowadays, or what they are supposed to write when asked for their postal district. This is largely due to centralised and large-scale reorganisations from the 1970s onwards and the modern county is often difficult to decipher amongst the confusing and interlocking matrix of metropolitan counties, unitary authorities and shire counties. In the mid-Saxon period, the Kingdom of Wessex divided the lands under its rule into shires, which later became known as counties. From this, a dynamic but fairly robust system of county division became entrenched in English history and remained largely unchanged until 19th and 20th century changes. Significant reorganisation occurred in 1974 where large counties like Yorkshire were divided into several smaller counties, such as the East Riding of Yorkshire. Revisions have since taken place periodically, with the latest round of changes in 2009 dividing both Cheshire and Bedfordshire into smaller, non-metropolitan counties. The decision has been taken to use the historic counties of England for this dissertation (Fig. 1). Such a choice was not taken lightly, but it was felt beneficial for a number of reasons. Firstly, due to the afore mentioned confusion felt by many, and the fact that there will almost certainly be further reorganisations, it made sense to use a well-defined, pre-existing and widely understood system. Furthermore, the use of historic counties allows the document to concur with Audrey Meaneys 1964 gazetteer, which is easily still one of the most useful reference texts we have for early Anglo-Saxon archaeology. Finally, it was felt that the distribution of 5th and 6th century cremation cemeteries would have greater accord with ancient divisions of land use, which were largely derived from the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms themselves, than modern, often arbitrary boundaries. Alongside historic counties, modern unitary authorities have also been recorded for all sites to provide some sense of modern spatial position. Any inconsistencies or mistakes are, of course, the authors own responsibility.

Fig.1: The historic counties of the UK (after The Historic Counties Trust 2010, 1)

ABN AGL ANG ANM ARG ARH AYS BNF BED BER BRW BRN BUC BTE CRN CTN CMB CRD CRM CHE CLM CNW CRT CUM DBH DRB DVN DRS DWN DMF DUN DRH ELT ESE FRM FFE FLT GLM GLC HMP HRF HTF HNT INS KNT KNC

Aberdeenshire Anglesey Angus Antrim Argyllshire Armagh Ayrshire Banffshire Bedfordshire Berkshire Berwickshire Brecknockshire Buckinghamshire Buteshire Caernarfonshire Caithness Cambridgeshire Cardiganshire Carmarthenshire Cheshire Clackmannanshire Cornwall Cromartyshire Cumberland Denbighshire Derbyshire Devon Dorset Down Dumfriesshire Dunbartonshire Durham East Lothian Essex Fermanagh Fife Flintshire Glamorgan Gloucestershire Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Huntingdonshire Inverness-shire Kent Kincardineshire

KNR KCB LNK LCS LCR LNC LDR MRN MSX MLT MNM MTG MOY NRN NRF NHP NHB NOT ORN OXD PBS PMB PRT RDN RNF RSS RXB RTL SKK SHT SHP SMS STF STL SFF SUR SUS SRL TYN WRW WLT WML WGT WTS WRC YRK

Kinross-shire Kirkcudbrightshire Lanarkshire Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire Londonderry Merionethshire Middlesex Midlothian Monmouthshire Montgomeryshire Morayshire Nairnshire Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland Nottinghamshire Orkney Oxfordshire Peeblesshire Pembrokeshire Perthshire Radnorshire Renfrewshire Ross-shire Roxburghshire Rutland Selkirkshire Shetland Shropshire Somerset Staffordshire Stirlingshire Suffolk Surrey Sussex Sutherland Tyrone Warwickshire West Lothian Westmorland Wigtownshire Wiltshire Worcestershire Yorkshire

Foreword
Cremation cemeteries are something of an enigma in early Anglo-Saxon studies. Whilst we have identified and excavated them for centuries we are only just starting to study them. Antiquarian scholars were able to describe the urns, often with commendable clarity of mind and literary eloquence, but their contents were frequently discarded (Wilson 1992, 179). Indeed, it was not until the 1980s and 1990s that scholars started to realise that cremated remains could reveal ageing, sexing and pathological data (e.g. McKinley 1994a). More recent studies are really starting to get to grips with the cremation data both in terms of description and explanation. Close analysis and a scientific approach have allowed Gareth Perry (2011; 2012) to argue convincingly that many urns, at least in his survey area, were reused domestic wares and not produced specifically for the funeral. Similarly, Kevin Leahy (2007) and Thomas Green (2008) have been developing interesting social interpretations of the mortuary rite and its context in Lincolnshire. Howard Williams has also written widely on the central social and spatial role of cremation cemeteries (2002a), the agency of the deceased in cremation practice (2004) and even the mnemonic character of funerals themselves (2006a; 2006b). As the earliest funerary rite practised by Anglo-Saxon settlers, and possibly even the natives they encountered, cremation cemeteries are phenomenally important to our understanding of the early Anglo-Saxon period. Most notably, they are a major source of 5th century evidence; a century shrouded in archaeological and historical mystery. They also have important ramifications for understanding identity be it ethnic, socio-political or even spiritual. It is only fitting then that such a crucial body of evidence should finally be getting the scholarly attention it deserves. Truly, it is an exciting time to be involved in such studies. This dissertation originally started out as a spiritual analysis of cremation cemeteries titled Cremation Cemeteries and Religious Belief in Early England. It was quickly realised, however, that such an endeavour would be hindered by the difficulty in efficiently finding information. Most recently excavated cremation cemeteries are published with commendable detail. Unfortunately, this is not the case for the greater number of earlier excavations. Furthermore, there are very few general, or even specific, synthesises of the cremation evidence. In order to understand the national and general context a database was maintained throughout preliminary researches. This endeavour eventually snowballed into a project in its own right, which has since been titled Early Anglo-Saxon Cremation in 2013 (EASCREM 13). A national database was attempted in order to consider the evidence for cremation in a

10

general manner, and to make broad conclusions as a means to characterise the state of knowledge. From this, the dissertation became more about what we know and how we can proceed than any original contribution to our understanding of the spirituality of the early Anglo-Saxons. Despite this, as a resource and general synthesis it is hoped that this dissertation might help inform the debate on this important body of evidence. The EASCREM 13 project database has been included in electronic form with this dissertation, and should be used for more complex searches and interrogations of the data (see attached CD-ROM). A printout of the database has also been included by way of written gazetteer, organised alphabetically (Appendix I). Where a site is referenced in the text of the dissertation a gazetteer number is usually given e.g. EASCREM 213 for Spong Hill, Norfolk. This number corresponds with the ID number of the site, and its numerical position in the gazetteer, linking the text with the written gazetteer so that the reader can turn to the relevant entry for an overview of the site and a list of relevant references.

Matt Austin, September 2013

11

1. Introduction

1.1. Studying Cremation Cemeteries

1.1.1. What is Cremation? Cremation comes from the Latin word cremare (to burn) and can be simply understood as the deliberate act of burning a deceased persons body as part of a mortuary rite. In modern Britain cremation is an attractive idea due to the expense and difficulty often encountered in finding a grave spot for inhumation, and also provides a tangible end-product which can be stored in an urn for memorial purposes or scattered at a place of meaning to the deceased. Such concerns would not have been felt by the inhabitants of early Anglo-Saxon England, however, where the population was substantially lower and the landscape open and largely unsettled. This is not to say that cremation was the only mortuary rite available to the early Anglo-Saxons, however, as at many cemeteries people seemingly practised both cremation and inhumation concurrently. Scientifically speaking, cremation is the dehydration and oxidation of the organic components of the body. It is by no means a swift process, however, and even modern crematoriums using temperatures of 500-1000C may take an hour or so for a single individual (McKinley 1994a, 72-6). The time, temperature, fuel, availability of oxygen and evenness of heat across the body dictate the success of a cremation. In perfect conditions, the products of a cremation should be ash and calcined bone, which ranges in colour from black (charred) to white (fully oxidised). It has been estimated that the products of a successful cremation are typically 5.7% of the deceaseds body weight (McKinley 1994b, 339). Calcined bone is very resistant to environmental degradation and can be incredibly useful for determining a range of information about an individual such as age, sex and pathology. In modern cremations the calcined bone is frequently crushed and mixed with the ashes, which is why modern funerary urns can be quite small (Lucy 2000, 104). In the early Anglo-Saxon period, however, both the ashes and calcined bones were deposited in reasonably large urns, typically 15-30cm in height (Richards 1987, 194).

12

1.1.2. The Archaeological Context The mortuary practices of the inhabitants of southern and eastern England in the immediate Post-Roman period are markedly different to what came before, in the Late Roman period, and what occurred concurrently in the west and north of Britain. That the Anglo-Saxons hailed from northern Germany and southern Scandinavia and brought new ideas, technologies and beliefs to England in the first half of the 5th century (or very late 4th century as feoderati e.g. Hawkes 1961; Welch 1993) is a long-established fact which is supported by archaeological, historical, linguistic and toponymic evidence (Kemble 1849; Myres 1969; Hines 1990a; Cleary 1993; Scull 1995; Hills 2003; Brugmann 2011) Whilst there was already a long tradition of cremation in Britain by the time of the Adventus Saxonum, particularly in the Bronze Age and Early Roman periods, it had not been practised to any real extent for hundreds of years. It is interesting, then, that the Anglo-Saxons brought the rite of furnished cremation to the shores of England in the 5th century, and proceeded to practise it widespread across the southern and eastern extents of the landmass. Such migration is part of a wider phenomenon in north-west Europe, and beyond, called the Migration Period or occasionally the Post-Roman transition. Between the end of the province of Britannia, which is generally seen to occur in approximately 410 AD, and the establishment of historically-attested AngloSaxon kingdoms, such as Wessex, Kent and Northumbria in the 7th century, we can identify a distinct archaeological shift (Cleary 1993, 58; 2011, 13-14). Accordingly, the 5th and 6th centuries the so-called Dark Ages are an incredibly potent, dynamic and formative period for archaeological enquiry, not least in terms of mortuary practice.

1.1.3. Antiquarian Study As a key component in this striking shift in funerary practice, cremation burials have been observed and studied by learned individuals for centuries, possibly even as early as the 16th century if John Lelands c.1540 account of Yerthen Pottes yn order cum cineribus mortuorum found at Kenninghall by John Dicons is to be interpreted as Anglo-Saxon urns (Smith 1964, 120; Meaney 1964, 177; EASCREM 132). The scholarly collection, recording and study of early Anglo-Saxon cremations began in earnest in the 17th century, although whether the cremated deceased were Roman, British or Anglo-Saxon was not determined until the late 18th century (e.g. Camden 1607; Browne 1658; Salmon 1736; Douglas 1793; Lucy 2000, 10-11). This idea was well refined in Kembles seminal paper Burial and
13

Cremation (1855), in which he identified similarities between urns found in eastern England and in northern Germany. Indeed, the 19th century was a crucial time in the establishment of Anglo-Saxon archaeology more generally, with the founding of county archaeological societies and the writings of such prolific scholars as John Yonge Akerman, Charles Roach Smith and John Kemble (Akerman 1855; Smith 1850-68; Kemble 1849; 1855; Hines et al 2013, 14). This is not to say that cremation has been the traditional focus of scholarly interest, however. In fact, substantially more attention has been lavished on furnished inhumations, and cremations are seldom afforded comparable levels of detailed study. As alluded to in the foreword, frustrations with such an imbalanced treatment of the mortuary evidence are a key reason for the undertaking of this study. Despite the early recognition of Anglo-Saxon cremations, the main problem that has seriously harmed their study has been the attitude in which the evidence has been approached. Many early scholars had little interest in the contents of the urns and often threw them away (Hills 1980, 197). Cremated bone was seen as worthless and there seemed little point dwelling on burnt artefacts when unburnt versions existed in the inhumation burials. This is not to say that such behaviour was not to be expected for the time, though, as even unburnt bone was frequently ignored and the standards of recording and publication across the field of archaeology were incredibly variable. Simply put, it was a different time with different priorities, as was well summarised by David Raoul Wilson: So often in the past it has simply been the urns that have been considered worthy of examination and discussion and their contents, apart from obvious artefacts, have been ignored or thrown away, and it is only recently that we have become aware of the range of information that the cremated bones can provide (Wilson 1992, 179) The attitude articulated here has unfortunately been the common approach towards cremation for most of Anglo-Saxon archaeologys existence. Indeed, Howard Williams (2002b, 62) has gone as far as to describe the historiography of Anglo-Saxon cremation studies as a systematic incomplete treatment of the data. Despite this, modern approaches and new osteological and other techniques now allow us to extract a plethora of important information from cremated bone, including age, sex, pathology, diet, provenance, date, MNI (minimum number of individuals) and there is now even the possibility of extracting genetic material (McKinley 1994a; 1994b; 2000; Lanting et al 2001; Williams et al 2004; Ye et al 2004; Olsen et al 2008; Schurr et al 2008; Gonalves 2012. 36; Harrison 2013; also see 1.2.6.). In addition
14

to this, the typological classification of burnt artefacts is more refined than ever and recent work has shown how much information can be obtained from the study of accompanying animal remains (Bond 1996; Hines et al 2013). The significant scope for analysing cremated remains is only just being realised, and the detailed study of the populations who practised it is an exciting and productive area to be working in. Indeed, the potential for cremation studies is truly vast.

1.1.4. Issues of Study Richards (1987, 112) has detailed four key problems associated with the study of cremated human remains: Cremated remains were seldom kept in early excavations Environmental preservation levels vary, as does the extent of cremation the remains have undergone The useful osteological study of cremated remains is a young discipline, and lacks the refinement of studies of unburnt bone There is a lack of agreed criteria and age range categories in the reporting of demographic data. It has been over twenty five years since Richards penned that list, but all four are still relevant concerns when considering cremation burials. The analysis of cremated remains is developing at a rapid pace, however, and some of the research in recent years is significantly changing our understanding of cremation (e.g. Squires et al 2011; Gonalves 2012). That there is a lack of agreement on age ranges and other demographic data is an issue not exclusive to cremation studies, though, and it is common to read two different cemetery reports with two different systems (e.g. compare Patrick et al 2007, 213-15 with Gibson 2007, 250). There are also difficulties faced in terms of preservation, with some sites being able to produce ageing data with a high level of precision, whilst in others, particularly older accounts, it is sometimes only possible to differentiate between adults and children. Perhaps the biggest problem has been the fact that cremation urns are generally placed in very shallow pits, therefore making them very susceptible to damage by wildlife and human activities such as ploughing. Many of the large cemeteries found in the 18th, 19th and early

15

20th centuries were partially destroyed by industrial means such as gravel extraction and quarrying. Identifying a cremation from scattered remains and pot sherds is also a difficult task. A good example of the harsh reality of cremation cemetery survival is the case of Markshall and Caistor-by-Norwich, both in Norfolk and situated about 500m apart from each other (EASCREM 53 and 153). Although Caistor-by-Norwich had been excavated with little publication prior to F.R. Manns excavations of 1932-1937, he was able to salvage a good number of burials and get a feel for the extent of the cemetery, meaning that Myres and Green (1973) were therefore able to publish a useful and scholarly account. The cemetery at Markshall, however, was so badly destroyed and the accounts so confused that Myres and Green (1973) were unable to publish it to any comparable standard. It goes without saying that the full excavation of a cemetery is desirable and allows us to analyse the data in its entirety. Few cemeteries have been completely excavated, though, and much of the data we have to work with is a sample, which may or may not be representative of the wider cemetery, locality, region, etc. Elsham Wold, Yorkshire (EASCREM 88), Mucking, Essex (EASCREM 160) and Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213) have all been totally excavated, and provide incredibly useful datasets, but many other sites, particularly older excavations, are incomplete.

1.1.5. The Relationship between Inhumation and Cremation Cremation burials are found singularly, such as at Folkestone, Kent (EASCREM 102), in small groups, as found at Sutton Bonnington, Nottinghamshire (EASCREM 228), as a contingent of burials in a mixed rite cemetery, at Apple Down, Hampshire (EASCREM 10) for example, or in vast numbers at pure cremation cemeteries, like Lackford, Suffolk (EASCREM 140). Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213) has the largest number of cremations ever found at one site, with a minimum number of 2484. Conversely, small numbers of cremations can be found in cemeteries with hundreds of inhumations, such as the c.35 cremations and c.200-300 inhumations found at Highdown Hill, Sussex (EASCREM 122). Where inhumation and cremation are practised concurrently, the relative frequencies of each rite in a cemetery are an interesting avenue of enquiry. Sometimes a small group of cremations are found in a large inhumation cemetery but other cemeteries might have inhumations as the minority, or in roughly equal numbers. Accordingly, the term mixed rite cemetery, which is found frequently in the literature, is perhaps a little misleading; it is a
16

term that encompasses a vast range of cemetery types and has no strict definition. In her classic gazetteer of early Anglo-Saxon burial sites, Audrey Meaney (1964, 29) simply used the term to describe a site where both rites were observable. However, such an approach therefore considers an inhumation cemetery with a handful of cremations to be the same as a cemetery where both rites were practised equally. Kevin Leahy has instead suggested: It might perhaps be better to divide the cemeteries into large (regional), and small (local), rather than cremation and inhumation. (Leahy 2007, 10-11) Whilst the size of a cemetery is important it seems such a system of classification suffers from being overly simplified. Cremation was practised by a small minority at Eriswell, Suffolk (EASCREM 91), with only 17 cremations to 426 inhumations. To say that this cemetery is the same general classification (e.g. large) as Mucking II, Essex (EASCREM 160), which had 468 cremations and 282 inhumations, fails to acknowledge the very different compositions of the two cemeteries. Accordingly, a classification system was developed for the EASCREM 13 project based on the ratios of cremations and inhumations in a cemetery (2.1.2.). Such a system allows for a distinction between sites where cremation was the only, minority, majority or equal rite, and the minimum and maximum numbers of burials have also been recorded to give an indication of size.

1.1.6. Chronology (and Chronological Sequence within Cemeteries) That furnished cremation was the dominant funerary rite in Iron Age northern Germany and southern Scandinavia has long been recognised (Ravn 2003, 22-35). Such burial practice is markedly different to the unfurnished inhumation, primarily oriented W-E, that was commonplace in Late Roman southern and eastern Britain (OBrien 1999, 1-26; 85). It is not; therefore, a massive leap of interpretation to see the emergence of furnished inhumation in 5th century eastern England as at least being partially influenced by the meeting of these two cultures. Cremation consequently occupies an interesting position within the wider transition from Late Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England. The funerary rite is by no means standardised, however. For example, it was continuously practised throughout the 5th and 6th centuries at Cleatham, Lincolnshire (EASCREM 68) but was quickly abandoned and replaced by inhumation at Croydon, Surrey (EASCREM 76). It was not always restricted to the 5th and

17

6th centuries, though, and high status cremations are known from the 7th century at Sutton Hoo, Suffolk (EASCREM 229) and Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire (Leeds 1933; Dickinson and Speake 1992; EASCREM 12). On the chronological sequence of cremation, E.T. Leeds suggested that: Cremation was quickly replaced by inhumation due to practical difficulties and cultural interactions with native groups. (Leeds 1933, 234) And it is true that, chronologically speaking, cremation is less common towards the end of the 6th century, and quite rare indeed in the 7th century, but Leeds view does not account for the variation observable on a site by site basis (Williams 2011, 242; Hines et al 2013, 524). There presumably must have been a plethora of practical, socio-political and perhaps even spiritual factors influencing the choice to cremate, which led to an early decline of the rite at some sites whilst aiding its continuation for over a hundred years at others. It has been suggested that the ending of cremation burial is linked to the Christian conversion, with such scholars as Martin Carver (1998, 136) interpreting the elite cremations at Sutton Hoo, Suffolk (EASCREM 229) as an overtly defiant reaction to Christendom. However, whilst we can be confident in arguing that, by and large, cremation was an Anglo-Saxon phenomenon which was brought with the Adventus Saxonum we are less certain of the date and means in which is ceased to be practised. Indeed, Rik Hoggett has commented that: Despite the enormous quantity of curated and published material, the precise dating of cremation remains problematic and its chronological cut-off point is rarely discussed in the literature. (Hoggett 2007, 31) There are very few incidences of cremation that can be confidently dated to the 7th century, and a complete absence of cremations can often be seen as an indication of later date (Leahy 2007, 10). The most noteworthy exception to this is the single cremation burial discovered at Kidderminster Foreign, Worcestershire (EASCREM 137) with a calibrated radiocarbon date range of AD 663-773 at 1 sigma (Jackson et al 1994, 13-15). This case exemplifies just how underdeveloped the chronology of early Anglo-Saxon cremation truly is. Very few cremations have ever been radiocarbon dated, burnt artefacts are harder to identify and date typologically than their unburnt cousins and even Myres (1969; 1977) himself gave few absolute dates for the urns. In fact, his dates were generally only accurate to the century. Such

18

a situation is in binary opposition to studies of inhumation burials, where chronologies are very developed perhaps best evidenced by the recent publication of a major report which drastically refines the chronology of 6th and 7th century inhumation burials and their artefacts (Hines et al 2013). It would be difficult to even know where to begin if such a report was commissioned for cremation burials! Taking this strand of thought further, although few cremation burials can be confidently dated to the 7th century, it is also the case that the majority can neither be confidently dated to either the 5th or 6th centuries. The lack of a refined chronological basis for cremation allows for speculation for it continuing into the 7th century, particularly in cases where cremations are found in hanging-bowls, which are often viewed as a 7th century final phase phenomenon (Geake 1999, 1; 5; 17-18). The dating of cremated remains is now at an acceptable standard if Accelerator Mass Spectrometry is used (Langting et al 2001), and there are also interesting results from the use of Infrared Spectrometry paired with carbon stable isotope analysis (Olsen et al 2008). However, it is possible that the cremation process can influence the carbon content of bones, therefore disrupting accurate radiocarbon dating (Snoeck 2013). Outdoor experiments with animal cremations found that the cremated remains exchanged large amounts of carbon; in one example this meant that modern cremated remains were 4000 years old in radiocarbon terms. Whilst this research is preliminary and limited in scale, it is an important consideration to bear in mind when considering the very few radiocarbon dated cremations we have. Dating cremations through pottery chronologies is also possible, and Myres (1969; 1977) used continental chronologies to create the first systematic chronology for the ceramic material. The final volume of the Spong Hill report series presents a chronology for the cemetery which is informed by the form and decoration of urns and which dates the majority of the cremations to the 5th century, with some significantly earlier than AD 450 (Hills and Lucy, forthcoming; Hines et al 2013, 518). In many respects, the timing of this paper is unfortunate, for the full publication of said volume will likely change our understanding quite dramatically, and provide a widely-applicable chronological framework for considering cremation in eastern England.

19

1.2. From Pyre to Burial

1.2.1. How did they Cremate? There is quite some debate as to the nature of early Anglo-Saxon cremation processes. Of significance to this is the growing body of evidence for possible remains of pyres, and examples have been found at Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire (EASCREM 12), Chavenage, Gloucestershire (EASCREM 62), Little Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire (EASCREM 146) and Snape, Suffolk (EASCREM 204). One of the first serious attempts to explain the AngloSaxon approach to cremation was by Wells (1960). His study of the cremations at Illington, Norfolk (EASCREM 130) concluded that individuals had been laid out and the pyre created on top of them, leading to incomplete cremation and causing disturbance when the pyre collapsed. McKinley (1994a; Fig.2) has presented an alternative case in which pyres were made from overlapping timbers to create a roughly square structure. The gaps between the timbers would be filled with brushwood and easily combustible materials, whilst the need for ventilation (something that Wells model doesnt properly account for) would be fulfilled by a small pit underneath. The individual would then be laid out on top of the pyre, creating a centre of heat around the body and possibly explaining why extremities like hands and feet are often found incompletely cremated. It is estimated that a cremation could take up to ten hours to finish and could reach temperatures of 1200C (McKinley 1994a, 84; Williams 2004, 271-2). Julie Bond (1996, 80; Fig.3) has thrown an interesting point into the debate, however. She notes the sheer quantity of animal bone present in many cremations, occasionally including whole animals, making the required size of certain pyres much larger than perhaps Wells or McKinley envisioned (1.2.3. and 1.2.6.). The conditions of a pyre have traditionally been determined from macroscopic study of cremated remains. The most common examination is based on colour, which reflects the temperature range and oxidising conditions of the cremation process. Where oxygen is in abundance, known as oxidising conditions, cremated bone is buff or white in colour, but if there is a lack of oxygen the process is incomplete and remains appear charred, blue or grey (McKinley 2000, 405). Shipman et al (1984, 312-313) have suggested a classification of five types of burnt bone, based on colour, which is summarised in Fig.4. In addition to macroscopic methods, microscopic analyses have been employed in recent studies to derive more refined results. Thin-section analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared

20

Fig.2: S. Mallards artistic impression of an early Anglo-Saxon funeral pyre, drawing on the idea of the interlocking timbers and hazel brushwood put forward by McKinley (1994a). The sheer number of burnt beads, brooches and buckles we find in cinerary urns confirms that many people would have been buried clothed. Similarly, evidence of refired sherds indicates the inclusion of accessory vessels on the pyre. In contrast to this depiction, however, is the rarity of spearheads and shield bosses found with cremations (after Glasswell 2002, 49)

Spectroscopy (FTIR) have recently been applied to cremated remains at Elsham Wold, Lincolnshire (EASCREM 88) to more closely consider the pyre conditions and the influence of cremation on the microstructure of bone (Squires et al 2011). The results of twenty-four samples determined that the temperature of the pyres at Elsham ranged from 600C-900C and that differential cremation occurred between upper and lower limbs at both a micro and macroscopic level. We can therefore build up a picture of a supine individual, possibly with
21

Fig.3: The quantity of animal bone found in certain cremation cemeteries, like Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213) and Sancton, Yorkshire (EASCREM 194) where whole or almost-whole animal carcasses are found, must indicate that these pyres could, on occasion, be huge (after Bond 1996, 80)

Reducing conditions Yellowish-White Lower temperature Brownish-Grey Black/Blue

Oxidising conditions Blueish-Grey White

Higher temperature

Fig.4: A summary of Shipman et als 1984 study of the five types of burnt bone

their extremities positioned away from the torso, perhaps placed at the sides, being cremated on a substantial timber pyre, accompanied with some of their worldly goods and animals.

1.2.2. The Vessel After the cremation, the burnt remains appear to have been carefully transferred from the pyre, with any burnt objects, to a ceramic urn. Cremations are also found deposited unurned
22

as evidenced by the single example at Wallingford, Berkshire (EASCREM 244) or the two instances at Alwalton, Huntingdonshire (Gibson 2007, 238; EASCREM 7). Such burial can be understood as representing an in-situ pyre, or more likely as the transmission of the remains of the pyre to the grave via an unknown medium, perhaps a bucket or similar vessel. Burnt remains have also be found placed in bronze bowls, like those from Sutton Hoo, Suffolk (EASCREM 229), Coombe, Kent (EASCREM 72) and Illington, Norfolk (EASCREM 130), but they can also be found in glass vessels and hanging-bowls. For example, the largest hanging-bowl found at Loveden Hill, Lincolnshire (EASCREM 151) contained a cremation and was associated with a belt mount, firesteel and possibly with an accessory vessel. The deposition of cremations in hanging-bowls is interesting because the artefact class is so unique and poorly understood that E.T. Leeds famously stated: They are the one thing found in Anglo-Saxon graves that neither date themselves nor the objects associated with them. (Leeds 1935, 112) The vast majority of cremations are found in cinerary urns, which can vary in terms of fabric, form and decoration, and there is no consensus on whether they were reused domestic wares or purpose made vessels (Laing and Laing 1979, 77; Richards 1987, 206-7; Leahy 2007, 54; Hirst and Clarke 2009, 610; Williams 2011, 245; Perry 2011, 9; also see 3.1.4.). Early AngloSaxon pottery was generally handmade, utilising readily available clays and using a variety of tempers such as grog, mineral and vegetable (Richards 1987, 21). The vessels were fired at relatively low temperatures, occasionally being burnished, and are mostly red, grey or black in colour. Of particular interest for scholars studying the chronology and social-spiritual significance of cremation is the decoration applied to these vessels. Such decoration ranges from crudely-incised lines to elaborate systems of bosses and stamped motifs (Fig.5). At the apex of this decorative scheme are the rare examples of figural depictions and scenes (3.1.6.). Whilst many cinerary urns are undecorated, and difficult to date accurately, it is estimated that about 80% of Anglo-Saxon urns have at least some form of decoration, with the most popular forms being incised lines and dots (Williams 2005, 20; 2011, 243). Although they are rare, urns lids have occasionally been found at a handful of sites, including Baston, Lincolnshire (EASCREM 18), Drayton, Norfolk (EASCREM 82) and Newark,

Nottinghamshire (EASCREM 166). The most prominent example, although unfortunately found unstratified, is known as the Spong Man or Spong Hill Chairperson (Hills et al

23

Fig.5: A reenactor decorates an early Anglo-Saxon style pot with an antler tool. Photograph by A. Kemp, courtesy of Jewry Wall Museum Leicester (after Glasswell 2002, pl.21)

1987, 162; pl.IX; Nugent and Williams 2012, 199-201; Fig.6). The urn lid is 14cm high, of brownish-grey fabric and is a completely unique and fascinating object. The figure, which is presumably but not necessarily male, is seated on a small chair, with his hands cupping the side of his face as if hearing or looking at something (Nugent and Williams 2012, 201-3). His expression is neutral, and he appears to be wearing a rounded flat hat. This is not the only remarkable decorated urn lid, though, and another interesting example with bird decoration was found at Newark, Nottinghamshire (EASCREM 166) in 1836, although it is now lost (Milner 1853; Fig.6). Flint and stone were also used to cover cremation urns, with good

24

examples being found at Castle Acre, Norfolk (EASCREM 56). Taking the evidence as a whole, Richards (1987, 99) suggested that most urns probably had some form of covering, with perishable textiles and leathers accounting for the majority of urns that had no surviving or observable cover upon excavation. Window urns are another interesting phenomenon worthy of exploration. They are vessels with a small segment of glass inserted, perhaps functioning as a means to release the spirit (Meaney 1964, 16) or allow for the deceased to see into the world of the living (Nugent and Williams 2012). Window urns have been found from at least twelve sites, including Castle Acre, Norfolk (EASCREM 56), Girton, Cambridgeshire (EASCREM 106), Westbere, Kent (Jessup 1946, 21; EASCREM 254), Loveden Hill, Lincolnshire (EASCREM 151) and Elsham Wold, Lincolnshire (EASCREM 88).

Fig.6: The Spong Man urn lid (left), found in 1979 at Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213) (after Hills et al 1987, pl.IX) and the urn lid with bird decoration (right) from Newark, Nottinghamshire (EASCREM 166) (after Milner 1853)

25

1.2.3. The Artefacts Once the cremation was placed in the grave, with or without a container, further objects could be added to it, perhaps to complement the burnt objects (Fig.7). Combs, tweezers and other toilet items, including miniature replica objects not fit for adult use but presumably of a symbolic function, are commonly found unburnt whereas beads (Fig.8) and brooches (Fig.9) are often found burnt. This distinction between burnt and unburnt object types may be due to the fact that certain objects were part of an individuals costume, and therefore accompanied them as they went to the flames fully dressed. The burnt and unburnt objects found with cremations play a role in the mortuary process just as important, although in many ways different, as the objects found with inhumations. The key issue, though, is that earlier excavations might not have recorded them. This is for three reasons: They threw away the contents of the urn without looking for artefacts They could not identify the artefacts in the urn, many of which would be badly burnt or even made from a similar material (e.g. bone, horn and antler) They could have identified such objects but thought little can be gleaned from a burnt or damaged artefact

Fig.7: An impression of the most common artefact types in cremation burials (after Williams 2003, 101)

26

Fig.8: Burnt beads from urns at Cleatham, Lincolnshire (EASCREM 68) (after Leahy 2007, pl.36)

Fig.9: A burnt small-long brooch (left) and from burial 3095 and a burnt wrist-clasp (right) from burial 2765 at Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213) (adapted from Lucy 2000, 109)

27

For one, or all, of these reasons earlier accounts seldom record artefacts the way a modern excavation report would. For example, grave goods were found in 67% of cinerary urns at Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213), c.50% at Illington, Norfolk (EASCREM 13) and 21% at Lackford, Suffolk (EASCREM 140) whereas many earlier accounts make no mention whatsoever of objects accompanying cremated remains. The artefacts which are typically found with cremations can be divided into three groups: Objects commonly found burnt: beads, brooches, rings, buckles, wrist-claps, gaming pieces, animal remains Objects commonly found unburnt: toilet objects, girdle-hangers, keys, spindle-whorls, knives, animal remains Uncommon objects: shield bosses, spearheads, swords, buckles, strap-ends, pins, needles, nails, coins, accessory vessels, buckets, armlets, pebbles, pendants The number of artefacts that accompany cremation burials is, in general, significantly less than inhumation burials, and they are also much more difficult to identify when they are burnt. Despite this, the same sorts of artefacts are found in both inhumations and cremations although there are some notable and interesting differences. Weaponry is rarely found with cremations whilst gaming pieces, animal remains and cosmetic items, particularly toilet objects (often miniature versions) and combs are found significantly more frequently than they are with inhumations (Meaney 1964, 16; Wilson 1992, 132; Williams 2003, 101). On such abundances Audrey Meaney wrote: But why, so often, miniature combs, shears, tweezers and knives were made for the funeral (when it would have been so much easier to use an old, ordinary-sized knife or the like) and deposited in the urns after the bones had cooled we have no basis on which to surmise Nor is there any obvious reason why so often playing-pieces were burnt with the corpse, while weapons are almost entirely lacking. (Meaney 1964, 16) The toilet objects found in cremation cemeteries are usually copper-alloy or iron and are generally suspended on a metal ring. Tweezers, the most common toilet objects, but also shears, razors, picks and earscoops are often found with cremation burials in a range of sizes, with some incredibly small forms presumably having a symbolic rather than practical function. Toilet objects are also found in inhumation burials, but are uncommon and usually associated with females (Williams 2007, 72-3). In contrast, they appear to be found, usually

28

unburnt, more with male cremations, and there is a particularly interesting correlation between age and length of utensil (Williams 2997, 79-82). It certainly seems interesting that there is some connection with the technology of cremation and attitudes towards the care and presentation of the body (Williams 2003; 2007, 83). Perhaps: The use of toilet implements as grave goods was a mnemonic act by the family members or ritual specialists controlling the cremation cemetery. It articulated the return of the mourners to society with their memories of the deceased, and enabled the dead to inhabit a new identity. (Williams 2007, 88) That there is a high frequency of animal bones is particularly striking, however, as it is apparent that animals sometimes accompanied the individual on the pyre during the cremation rite. Jacqueline McKinley (1994a, 96-7) has suggested three categories of animal remains in cremation cemeteries, on the basis of the 43.7% of urns containing animal remains at Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213). and other important sites: Dogs and horses placed on the pyre whole as status markers Sheep, cattle and pigs deposited in the urn/grave as food offerings, perhaps part of a graveside feast Wild animals such as deer accompanying the deceased as amulets or trophies

Julie Bond (1996) has produced the best study of animal remains in recent years, and found that horses and dogs were seen more as personal possessions objects of status Whereas sheep, cattle and pig were food offerings to the deceased, but not objects worthy enough to accompany the deceased on the pyre. There are differences between the frequencies of animals found at cemeteries, however, with horse the most common at Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213) and Sancton, Yorkshire (EASCREM 194) whilst sheep predominated at Newark, Nottinghamshire (EASCREM 166) and Illington, Norfolk (EASCREM 130). A very peculiar phenomenon has been identified at Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213) which shows the close relationship between individual and animal. One urn would contain the majority of the deceased with a little animal bone whilst the other urn would contain the majority of the animal and the rest of the human remains. Surprisingly, osteological analysis allows for the identification of a single human and animal in each case. Such burial is found is less than 50 of the 2484 cremations at Spong Hill and in most cases contained horse remains.
29

Weaponry, although rare in cremation cemeteries, is occasionally found. An unurned cremation with a shield boss and spearhead was found at Thurmaston, Leicestershire (Williams 1983, 16; EASCREM 236) whilst a sword was found alongside one the cremations contained in a hanging-bowl at Loveden Hill, Lincolnshire (Fennell 1964, 120-30; EASCREM 151). A further example can be found from the cremation urn covered by a shield boss at the East Gate of Leicester, Leicestershire (EASCREM 142). Perhaps one obvious, and purely practical, reason for the lack of weaponry in cremation burials is that urns and the graves they are placed in are often quite small, making the placing of a spear or large shield difficult. A further point of note regarding the artefact assemblages which accompany cremation burials is that there is little evidence for the sex divide found so readily in inhumations. Why this is so is quite an understudied and difficult topic, however. Richards (1987, 114; 124) found a significant imbalance of sexed cremations at several sites, including a 5:1 male:female ratio at Mucking II, Essex (EASCREM 160). His list of possible explanations included differential sexing techniques, accidental sampling bias or a genuine desire to cremate men over women. Whether there really is an imbalance, and how we might begin to understand the very different gender roles of objects in inhumations and cremations, are significant research agendas that are in need of attention.

1.2.4. The Grave There is some variation in the cut of graves, in terms of depth and size, but they are generally simple oval, shallow pits. A few notable examples exist, however, such as the two cremations in cist burials found at Castle Acre, Norfolk (EASCREM 56). A cremation grave also appears to have been occasionally ornamented with an above ground feature such as an earthwork, cairn of stones, post-and-timber structure or possibly even a wooden grave marker. Although no firm stratigraphic relationship was established, a possible example of this is the system of earthworks recently found at The Chalet Site, Essex (EASCREM 232) which consisted of ring-ditches, circular enclosures and linear ditches. The excavators found that these features were arranged as part of a planned landscape and interpreted them as markers for the cremation graves which appeared to be spatially arranged around them (Newton 2009, 20). Similarly, several of the cremations at Andover, Hampshire (EASCREM 9) had ring-ditches around them, possibly as markers of position. At Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213)
30

several burials may have been marked by low cairns of flint boulders. There have also been several incidences of post-and-timber structures at various sites such as the four-post structures associated with certain cremations at Apple down, Sussex (EASCREM 10; Fig.10), Highdown Hill, Sussex (EASCREM 122) or Cremation 7 at Alton, Hampshire (EASCREM 5). Some of the best evidence for this phenomenon can be found at Lechlade, Gloucestershire (EASCREM 141) where two cremations had four-post structures and rectangular ditches. The most recently excavated example of such constructions were found at The Chalet Site, Essex (EASCREM 232) where a six-post structure, of peculiar hexagonal form, was found overlying Cremation C1633 (Newton 2009, 33-4). It seems that with the evidence for grave marking and the fact that cremation grave pits seldom intercut each other we can conclude that the early Anglo-Saxons took great care in the placement of their cremations, and respected their position as much as they could. Usually only the richest cremations received barrow burial, but there are many accounts of secondary interment of a cremation into pre-existing barrows, usually Bronze Age. The best example we have for primary interment of cremations in barrows is from Sutton Hoo, Suffolk (EASCREM 229) where 9 cremations were found in barrows with some of the richest objects ever found with cremation burials, but Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire (EASCREM 12) is also an important, richly furnished cremation barrow burial. Although the finds were limited, good evidence of secondary interment can be found at Burn Ground, Gloucestershire (EASCREM 50) where four Anglo-Saxon cremations and ten inhumations were placed within a Neolithic or Bronze Age barrow cemetery.

1.2.5 The Spatial Significance of Cremation Cremations are often found interspersed between inhumation burials or in a seemingly random distribution across a cemetery. Significant spatial relationships such as clusters or rows of urns are occasionally observed, however (Lee 2007, 60). A very good example of this is the mixed rite cemetery at Andover, Hampshire (EASCREM 9) which had 87 cremations and 67 inhumations. Although both rites were contemporary, there was a clear spatial difference with cremations predominant in the west of the cemetery whilst most of the inhumations were to the east. Urns are also occasionally found in rows, such as at Castle Acre, Norfolk (EASCREM 56) and Kings Newton, Derbyshire (EASCREM 138). A particularly interesting example of rows of cremations was found at Wold Newton,
31

Fig.10: Two possible reconstructions of the four-post structure found at Apple Down, Sussex (EASCREM 10) (after Down and Welch 1990, pl.53)

32

Lincolnshire (EASCREM 258) in the early 19th century where a long barrow was found to contain over twenty urns, apparently arranged in a single line (Gunner 1849). Whether such a phenomenon reflected a large, single interment of urns in an ordered row, or multiple, sequential depositions forming a line over time, either organically or by design, we will likely never know. However, it is safe to say from the example at Wold Newton, and others cited here, that significant spatial relationships can be identified from the placement of cremation burials within the landscape, although it is acknowledged that this is a subject ripe for further study.

1.2.6. Multiple Cremation Burial The vast majority of cremations are found singularly in a small pit. However, there are frequent incidences of the association of two or more cremations, usually urned, in the same grave pit. The most striking example of this burial rite is at Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213) where 14 vessels were found in the same pit. Similarly, at Lackford, Suffolk (EASCREM 140), urns were frequently found placed on top of each other, side by side, or potentially even contained in the same bag (Lethbridge 1951, 3). One likely interpretation for this phenomenon is that such burials represent kin or family groups, and it is true that there is evidence for the reopening of grave pits to redeposit further urns at Spong Hill (Hills 1977, 11). However, such an argument is difficult to prove because of the condition of cremated remains, rendering the identification of osteological similarities incredibly difficult. Although the high heat of the cremation process greatly affects the preservation of ancient DNA, largely due to the denaturation of protein strands, there has been some recent success in extracting genetic material from cremated remains and, whilst such cases have been fraught with problems, there is at least some hope that such techniques could be used for archaeological means (Williams et al 2004; Ye et al 2004; Gonalves 2012. 36). The truly outstanding genetic research on the inhumation remains from Eriswell, Suffolk (EASCREM 91) currently taking place at Cranfield University should be able to identify familial relationships based on similar strands of non-coding genetic material (Harrison 2013). It does not seem unreasonable to suggest that in the next ten years or so such an approach could be used to identify relationships in cremation cemeteries. An albeit different but similar practice is the burial of the remains of more than one individual in the same urn, often an adult and infant. There were around 90 cases of this at
33

Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213) including about 60 incidences of child-adult burial. The 7 cases of double burial that occur at Newark, Nottinghamshire (EASCREM 166) are also child-adult (Kinsley 1989, 23). Other examples include the 3 double burials at Risely, Kent (EASCREM 187) or C1686, the double burial of an adult and child, found at recent excavations at The Chalet Site, Essex (EASCREM 232). Presumably such burial indicates the death of both individuals within a limited timescale, unless burials are reopened and subsequent cremated remains placed in existing urns (which must be seen as an unlikely and cumbersome event).

1.2.7. The Distribution of Cremation Burials Cremation has traditionally been seen as an Anglian phenomenon with a distribution primarily in northern and eastern England. This is broadly true, and certainly the largest numbers of both sites and burials are found in East Anglia, but more recent excavations have found considerable material in the southern counties. The topic of distribution will be dealt with more fully in the analysis section (2.2.1), but it is appropriate to provide a distribution map at this introductory stage (Map 1). It should also be noted here that early Anglo-Saxon cremations occur throughout lowland England in a manner much more widespread than many traditional accounts have put forward.

1.2.8. Summary The variability of wealth found in inhumations is more immediately obvious than in cremations, and it is hard not to interpret an inhumed individual with extravagant objects as high status and a person with only a knife as low status. However, whilst the rite of cremation may have helped to foster a community identity, it is not an identity equaliser and more nuanced approaches can identify several areas in which variation occurs (Williams 2011, 248). To argue that both the wealthy warlord and poor peasant are reduced to similar piles of uncharacteristic ashes ignores the variability found in grave construction (depth, shape, furniture) as well as the differences in pre- and post-funeral rites. Furthermore, variability is found in both the contents of the urn (e.g. pyre goods, grave goods, animal bone) and its appearance (form, decoration, windows, lids). Despite what we might argue about the broad and general significance of cremation we must remember that there are degrees of variability
34

Map 1: A distribution map of all recorded geographically unique sites that contain cremation.

35

on local and individual levels. Indeed, an unfurnished, unurned cremation does not have equal status with that of the richly furnished barrow cremations at Sutton Hoo, Suffolk (EASCREM 229). From the above discussions we can begin to build up a picture of the cremation of an individual in full dress, with associated objects of importance and possibly even animal remains, on a structure at least large enough for a body, but probably also large enough to accommodate a range of associated objects. After the cremation process, which could take a long time, the remains were transferred to the ground, either unurned or placed in a ceramic, glass or metal vessel. Such display requires a serious investment of time, and is substantially more costly, in terms of time, effort and resources, than inhumation. Whilst it is relatively easy to dig a grave and place a body in it, maybe an hour or so of work with a small group and adequate tools, a cremation required skill and a serious investment of resources and time; perhaps indicating a settled community (Kirk 1956, 126-7; McKinley 2006).

36

2. The EASCREM 13 Project

2.1. Creating the Database

2.1.1. Rationale Studies of early Anglo-Saxon cremation tend to consider a few sites in detail instead of make generalisations from the national dataset. This can range from Richards (1987) detailed study of 18 sites to Williamss (2002a) regional analysis of 4. The sites employed in academic discourse are generally the more recent and well-published cemeteries. This is to be expected, though, and there is often little we can say from some of the older excavations where stratigraphic understanding, meticulous record-keeping and the publication of a grave catalogue were not priorities. Accordingly, we reach a point where older, unpublished or less well-known sites often do not factor into our analysis. This point alone warrants the creation of a national database, but it is not the only reason it was decided to create one. A frustration felt by many students of archaeology, and perhaps even veteran archaeologists, is the difficulty in finding out information. The simple task of finding useful and relevant information can be one of the most difficult in archaeology. In most other disciplines, particularly the natural sciences and the more 'popular' humanities, when one searches the internet for something they are likely to find at least some relevant information. This is unfortunately seldom the case with specialist lines of archaeological enquiry. Archaeology is published in a sporadic and piecemeal fashion: a site is found, excavated, deposited (ideally in a museum or place of research) and (hopefully) published as a monograph, journal article or grey literature publication. Such a process has a long history, and it is heartening for the student to peruse the books and journals of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries and find reports that are both incredibly detailed and beautifully illustrated (Fig.11). However, archaeological reporting is particularly behind other disciplines in terms of information communication. This is starting to change, however, and most journals are available online although often are not accessible for free, like most scientific journals. Similarly the ADS (Archaeological Data Service) is an useful resource for publishing open-source datasets and information pertaining to archaeological sites. Research Gate links most (but not all) county HERs (Historic Environment Records) and allows for one to query any aspect of British archaeology in an (almost) national manner. Furthermore, Academia-Edu provides similarly free and online
37

Fig.11: Beautifully illustrated cremation urns from Little Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire (EASCREM 146) (after Smith 1852, pl.28)

38

access to research. It is still the unfortunate case, however, that when the undergraduate student searches for something relating to Anglo-Saxon archaeology on the internet, they may not find a website with information worth reading. Similarly, the lack of citation indexes and readily accessible online journals means that one must often rely on specialist insider knowledge of the literature. As an undergraduate first starting out in archaeology, the fact that there was no central repository of sites completely surprised and mystified the author. It was felt that it wasnt too much to expect to go to, lets say, www.archaeology.gov.uk, search for a site and find a concise summary of important information, such as the excavation dates, prominent finds, number of graves, primary site report etc. It seems that such sentiment has been expressed by others: A national, computerised database for this type of site, indeed for all early medieval cemeteries, could be an invaluable research tool (Lucy and Reynolds 2002, 7) If we have the time and money to begin new excavations, then it is argued we have the resources available to compile all of our previous data into a useful format. The theme of bringing past data up to a usable and modern standard will be expanded upon in the conclusion (3.2.3.), but the frustrations felt with the state of UK archaeology are noteworthy due to their influence on the projects inception. It is for two reasons, the want and need for accessible information, that this database was created. To the authors knowledge it is the first time this has been done for the rite of cremation since Audrey Meaneys (1964) gazetteer. The EASCREM 13 project database is included in the attached CD-ROM, where it can be found in two formats; as a Microsoft Access database (.accdb) and as a Microsoft Excel spread sheet (.xlsx). The project metadata can also be found with these documents, which is a fulfilment of the Archaeological Data Services guidelines for the presentation of databases (Archaeological Data Service 2011). A reference list is also included in Microsoft Word (.docx) format. A printout of the database can be found in Appendix I.

39

2.1.2. Approach All incidences of early Anglo-Saxon cremation that were available to the author at the time of writing have been compiled into a database of 266 geographically unique sites. The definition of incidence used is: Any record of, or extant archaeological material attesting to, at least one early Anglo-Saxon cremation burial, or any distinctive vessel in which one would expect to be found, in a geographically unique location. In light of recent researches by such scholars as Gareth Perry (2011), it appears that the previously-held belief that cremation urns were created especially for a deceased individual is not always the case, and there are instances of reused domestic vessels housing cremations (3.1.4.). Accordingly, only the presence of cremated remains qualified a certain incidence of cremation. As a consequence, accounts of the finding of a lone or small group of urns with no explicit mention of cremated remains have been classified as uncertain incidences. This is not to undermine the judgment of previous scholars but it allows the reader and user of the database to have a better grasp of the available evidence and its integrity. Incidences of cremation are classified using the system detailed in Table 1. A Cemetery can be further divided, based on the ratio of cremations to inhumations, as outlined in Table 2.
Description Lone cremation (with no inhumations) 2-3 cremations (with no inhumations) 1-3 burials (cremation and inhumation) 4+ cremations (with or without inhumations) Classification Single Cremation Burial Cremation Burials Mixed Rite Burials Cemetery

Table 1: The classification of sites based on the number of burials present

Description A cemetery where cremation is the only rite practised A cemetery where cremation accounts for 75% of the total burials A cemetery where cremation accounts for <75% but >25% of the total burials OR a cemetery where both rites are present but the ratio is completely unknown A cemetery where cremation accounts for 25% of the total burials Classification Pure Cremation Cemetery Majority Cremation Cemetery Mixed Rite Cemetery

Minority Cremation Cemetery

Table 2: The classification of cemeteries based on the ratio of cremations and inhumations, if the latter are present

40

Where there is uncertainty about a site, such as confused accounts or no record of cremated remains, a site can be classified as uncertain using the parameters outlined in Table 3:
Description An uncertain account of a single cremation burial, such as the finding of an urn without cremated remains An uncertain account of multiple cremations An uncertain account of c.2-3 burials where both cremation and inhumation may be involved An uncertain account of a cemetery where both inhumation and cremation is practised An uncertain account of a cemetery where only cremation is practised Classification ?Single Cremation Burial ?Cremation Burials ?Mixed Rite Burials ?Mixed Rite Cemetery ?Pure Cremation Cemetery

Table 3: The classification of uncertain sites, based on the number of burials and the ratio of cremations and inhumations, if the latter are present In summary, then, a site can be classified as 1 of 12 categories detailed in Table 4:
Classification Single Cremation Burial ?Single Cremation Burial Cremation Burials ?Cremation Burials Mixed Rite Burials ?Mixed Rite Burials Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Lone cremation (with no inhumations) An uncertain account of a single cremation burial 2-3 cremations (with no inhumations) An uncertain account of c.2-3 cremations 2-3 burials (cremation and inhumation) An uncertain account of c.2-3 burials where both cremation and inhumation may be involved A cemetery where cremation accounts for <75% but >25% of the total burials OR a cemetery where both rites are present but the ratio is completely unknown. An uncertain account of a cemetery where both inhumation and cremation is practised A cemetery where cremation is the only rite practised An uncertain account of a cemetery where only cremation is practised A cemetery where cremation accounts for 25% of the total burials A cemetery where cremation accounts for 75% of the total burials

?Mixed Rite Cemetery Pure Cremation Cemetery ?Pure Cremation Cemetery Minority Cremation Cemetery Majority Cremation Cemetery

Table 4: The 12 possible classifications of site This research has relied heavily on previous gazetteers (e.g. Meaneys 1964 national gazetteer and Myres and Greens 1973 East Anglian gazetteer), Medieval Archaeologys annual survey of sites (from 1956 to present), English Heritages PastScape website (English Heritage 2013) and the Archaeological Data Services Grey Literature Library

41

(Archaeological Data Service 2013). It is fully acknowledged that, in all probability, sites have been missed. The data collection was undertaken periodically over a period of 3 months, taking an estimated 300 man hours. Even still, this is not long enough to read every report and scan every county journal in detail for mentions of sites. The author therefore takes full responsibility for any omissions or inaccuracies. Table 5 shows the information recorded for each site in the database:
Field Name ID Site Name Site Name II Historic County Unitary Authority NGR Cemetery Type Minimum Number of Cremations Description The unique identification number of the site The name of the site (e.g. Spong Hill) The secondary name of the site (e.g. North Elmham) The historic country in which the site is situated The modern unitary authority in which the site is situated The National Grid Reference of the site, given to 6 figures where possible but only 4 where there is uncertainty The type of cemetery (see Table 4) The minimum number of cremations present at the site. Where the minimum and maximum number is the same then exact numbers are known. A difference between minimum and maximum indicates uncertainty or unexcavated graves. Where it is certain that there is more than one cremation, but numbers are unknown, then number 2 has been used The maximum number of cremations present at the site. Where the minimum and maximum number is the same then exact numbers are known. A difference between minimum and maximum indicates uncertainty or unexcavated graves. Where it is certain that there is more than one cremation, but numbers are unknown, the term Unknown has been used The minimum number of inhumations present at the site. Where the minimum and maximum number is the same then exact numbers are known. A difference between minimum and maximum indicates uncertainty or unexcavated graves. Where it is certain that there is more than one inhumation, but numbers are unknown, then number 2 has been used The maximum number of inhumations present at the site. Where the minimum and maximum number is the same then exact numbers are known. A difference between minimum and maximum indicates uncertainty or unexcavated graves. Where it is certain that there is more than one inhumation, but numbers are unknown, the term Unknown has been used Any burials of particular interest, such as a cremation with weaponry or an associated timber structure The date range for the site as suggested in its publication(s). Where a specific date is unknown, however, 5th-6th has been used as a general date. All dates should be seen as indicative, not explicit, due to the issues associated with dating cremations, particularly in older accounts (see 1.1.6.) A list of the artefact types found at the site, or at least those that were recorded. Entries for mixed rite sites have, where possible, the artefacts associated with

Maximum Number of Cremations

Minimum Number of Inhumations

Maximum Number of Inhumations

Prominent Burials

Date Range

Artefact Types

42

Prominent Finds Museum Description

Reference(s) Meaney (1964) Reference 'Medieval Britain/Medieval Britain and Ireland' Reference(s) Website I Website II Excavation Date(s) and Director(s)

cremations listed first Any finds of particular interest, such as window urns or urn lids The museum(s) where the material is kept. The use of Unknown indicates that the place of archive could not be ascertained or the material is no longer extant A brief description of the site, including the circumstances of excavation, key findings and local, regional or national importance. Where records are confused, a simplified summary is provided The reference(s) associated with the site. Priority is given to published site reports but often older sites are only known from later surveys and synthesises. Sites that are completely unpublished are labelled as such, but extra effort has been taken to provide a Meaney reference, or a website listing The page number(s) for Meaneys entry of the site, if applicable The edition(s) and page number(s) of any reference to the site in Medieval Archaeologys annual survey of sites Any website containing information about the site, most commonly the webpage for the site on PastScape, where there is one Any website containing information about the site (II) A chronological account of the sites excavation(s) and director(s). Date is given first, although occasionally there is uncertainty so c.x or ?x is used. Where known, director(s) or involved persons are listed according to year(s), but ? is used if it is not known who undertook the excavations e.g. various workmen

Table 5: The information recorded for each site

2.2. Using the Database

2.2.1. Analysis What follows here is a quantitative and statistical analysis of the database, with the primary aim of producing national statistics for early Anglo-Saxon cremation burial. To the authors knowledge this is the first time an analysis of the burial rite has been undertaken on a national scale in almost fifty years (Meaney 1964). The various issues with the data will be commented on, statistics calculated, distribution maps created, their meanings considered and conclusions offered. Of the 266 sites in the project database, 220 sites are certain, i.e. cremated human remains were found in association with urns of Anglo-Saxon date, and 46 are uncertain, i.e. an urn remains in a museum but there is no account of its finding or contents. Statistically, this
43

means that 17.29% of sites in the database are uncertain (Table 6). The degree of uncertainty varies from case to case, however. For example, records of the finding of a decorated urn of clearly Anglo-Saxon date at Flixborough, Lincolnshire (EASCREM 101) do not mention it containing cremated remains so it cannot be considered a certain incidence of cremation, although the fact that small-long brooches have been found in vicinity makes it highly likely. On the other hand, the cremation cemetery attested from a note in 1728 at Addington Park, Surrey (EASCREM 2) has no extant material and it is not even known if the urns were Roman or Anglo-Saxon. To account for the difficulty of the uncertain sites, all of the following statistical analyses will use both sets of data; calculations for all sites and calculations for only the certain sites.
Type of Site Certain Uncertain Number 220 46 Percentage 82.71% 17.29%

Table 6: The number of certain and uncertain sites. Before the serious statistical analysis it first seems apt to list all of the cemetery types and their relative frequencies, by way of introduction to the database (Table 7):
All sites (n=266) No. of % (2.d.p.) sites 26 9.77% 17 6.39% 20 7.52% 10 3.76% 4 1.50% 3 1.13% 57 21.43% 6 2.26% 47 17.67% 10 3.76% 50 18.80% 16 6.02% Certain sites (n=220) No. of sites 26 N/A 20 N/A 4 N/A 57 N/A 47 N/A 50 16 % (2.d.p.) 11.82% N/A 9.09% N/A 1.82% N/A 25.91% N/A 21.36% N/A 22.73% 7.27% Difference 2.05% N/A 1.57% N/A 0.32% N/A 4.48% N/A 3.69% N/A 3.93% 1.25%

Classification Single Cremation Burial ?Single Cremation Burial Cremation Burials ?Cremation Burials Mixed Rite Burials ?Mixed Rite Burials Mixed Rite Cemetery ?Mixed Rite Cemetery Pure Cremation Cemetery ?Pure Cremation Cemetery Minority Cremation Cemetery Majority Cremation Cemetery

Table 7: The relative frequencies of site types, using both sets of data Cremations are found in cemeteries more commonly than they are singularly or part of a small group, but the distribution of small-scale sites is relatively even, with the only noticeable cluster being in the Midlands (Table 8; Map 2). When using the total database
44

(n=266), 69.92% of sites were classed as cemeteries (n=4+), with only 13.91% being found in groups (n=2-3) and 16.17% as singular burials (n=1). If one negates the uncertain sites (n=220), the figures become 77.27% for cemeteries, 10.91% for groups and 11.82% singular. That cemetery sites are drastically more numerous that singular or group burial sites is perhaps unsurprising, but there are many avenues of possible explanation. A purely archaeological explanation for this is that investigative projects and rescue archaeology are much more likely to find cemeteries because they are larger and harder to miss. A single cremation burial in a highly fragmented state could be missed by a careless individual or machine but to knowingly or unknowingly destroy a whole cemetery seems very unlikely. Although many antiquarian accounts note the destruction of hundreds of urns before a local person of importance was notified, the fact that these sites were too large and too ethically important to destroy without any form of recording attests this. Even if we factor in that singular and group burials are less likely to be found by chance and are more likely to be accidently destroyed without adequate recording, it seems the majority of cremation burial took place at cemeteries. Even so, the numbers of singular and group sites are not insignificant, and a detailed study into these stray pockets of burial would be welcomed.
Classification Cemetery Group Singular All sites (n=266) 69.92% 13.91% 16.17% Certain sites (n=220) 77.27% 10.91% 11.82% Difference 7.35% 3.00% 4.35%

Table 8: The relative frequencies of broad site types, based on the number of burials present and using both sets of data If we look at the classifications present within cemetery sites the picture gets even more interesting (Table 9; Map 3). Minority, Mixed and Pure Cemeteries have similar figures at about the 30% mark. That this result is found with Minority Cremation Cemeteries is particularly striking in the all cemeteries category (26.88%) because Minority and Majority are not available classifications for uncertain sites an uncertain cemetery is either ?Pure or ?Mixed as the ratios of inhumations and cremations are, by definition, unknown. On the back of this, it is therefore unsurprising that Pure and Mixed cemeteries are the most frequent in the all cemeteries category. Accordingly, we can begin to identify a very interesting trend of a small contingent of cremations present in many otherwise inhumation cemeteries, even when statistical classifications would not necessarily work in the favour of their identification.
45

Map 2: A distribution map of small-scale cremation burial, including certain and uncertain instances of Single Cremation Burials (n=1), Cremation Burials (n=2-3) and Mixed Rite Burials (n=2-3)

46

Map 3: A distribution map of cemeteries (n=4+), including certain and uncertain instances of Pure Cremation Cemeteries, Mixed Rite Cemeteries, Minority Cremation Cemeteries and Majority Cremation Cemeteries

47

Classification Minority Cremation Cemetery Mixed Rite Cemetery Majority Cremation Cemetery Pure Cremation Cemetery

All cemeteries (n=186) 26.88% 33.87% 8.60% 30.65%

Certain cemeteries (n=170) 29.41% 33.53% 9.41% 27.65%

Difference 2.53% 0.34% 0.81% 3.00%

Table 9: The relative frequencies of cemetery types, using both sets of data Another noteworthy point when one looks at Map 3 is how Pure Cremation Cemeteries, although clustering in East Anglia, particularly Norfolk, are also found throughout lowland Britain, with a single instance on the south coast. Conversely, it is also noteworthy that all of the cemeteries at the southwestern extreme of the distribution, say Hampshire to Worcester, are all Minority Cremation Cemeteries or Mixed Rite Cemeteries. On the back of this, we can perhaps postulate zones of differential uptake of cremation burial with the large, pure cemeteries of East Anglia at the apex and the minority, mixed cemeteries of the West County being the least influenced. Despite these regional differences, however, there is a general picture of a widely used burial rite, practised by significant numbers of people across lowland England. Another analytical consideration is the relative frequency of sites based on county. This is particularly interesting because the distribution of sites might not be what one would expect, given the traditional view that it was a predominantly Anglian rite (Map 4; Table 10). From this analysis we can make a few important statements: Norfolk has the most sites and occupies about 14% of the distribution Suffolk and Northamptonshire follow, occupying about 9% of the distribution each Lincolnshire, Sussex and Yorkshire have slightly less and occupy about 8%, 6% and 5% of the distribution respectively There are a surprising number of sites south of the Thames, with notable distributions along the southern coastal counties If uncertain sites are omitted, Lancashire ceases to have any representation The difference between calculations using all sites and certain sites exceeds 1% in only two cases, Norfolk and Yorkshire, demonstrating that analysis using either dataset is broadly representative

48

Map 4: A distribution map of all sites, with the historic county borders overlaid (see A Note on the Counties of England and Fig.1 for a key to the counties)

49

County Bedfordshire Berkshire Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Derbyshire Durham Essex Gloucestershire Hampshire Huntingdonshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire Middlesex Norfolk Northamptonshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Sussex Warwickshire Wiltshire Worcestershire Yorkshire

All sites (n=266) No. of sites % (2.d.p.) 11 4.14% 8 3.01% 2 0.75% 11 4.14% 5 1.88% 2 0.38% 7 2.63% 5 1.88% 7 2.63% 6 2.26% 3 1.13% 10 3.76% 2 0.75% 6 2.26% 21 7.89% 3 1.13% 39 14.66% 24 9.02% 6 2.26% 6 2.26% 2 0.75% 4 1.50% 25 9.40% 9 3.38% 16 6.02% 8 3.01% 3 1.13% 2 0.75% 14 5.26%

Certain sites (n=220) No. of sites % (2.d.p.) 11 5.00% 8 3.64% 2 0.91% 8 3.64% 5 2.27% 1 0.45% 6 2.73% 3 1.36% 7 3.18% 5 2.27% 2 0.91% 9 4.09% 0 0.00% 6 2.73% 18 8.18% 3 1.36% 30 13.64% 21 9.55% 5 2.27% 4 1.82% 1 0.45% 3 1.36% 19 8.64% 6 2.73% 15 6.82% 8 3.64% 3 1.36% 2 0.91% 9 4.09%

Difference 0.86% 0.63% 0.16% 0.50% 0.45% 0.07% 0.10% 0.52% 0.55% 0.01% 0.22% 0.33% 0.75% 0.47% 0.29% 0.23% 1.02% 0.53% 0.01% 0.44% 0.30% 0.14% 0.76% 0.65% 0.80% 0.63% 0.23% 0.16% 1.17%

Table 10: The relative frequency of sites by historic county, using both sets of data The traditional view of the distribution of early Anglo-Saxon cremation burials is that it is predominantly an Anglian phenomenon of eastern and northern England, and that: The only pure cremation cemeteries that is, those with no inhumations at all, or only a few of late date are in the Anglian areas, and particularly in East Anglia (Meaney 1964, 15)

50

In this statement, Meaney is absolutely correct. The only exception to this rule is West Stoke, Sussex (EASCREM 251), which is a small barrow cemetery of c.5-15 cremations. As this is not a large cemetery in the East Anglian sense, though, we can be fully supportive of Meaneys claims that the large, pure cremation cemeteries are an eastern and northern phenomena, with a very notable concentration in East Anglia. What is clearly not the case, however, is the claim that cremations do not occur in any serious number south of the Thames. For example, 55 sites are noted from the southern counties of Surrey, Kent, Berkshire, Sussex, Hampshire, Isle of Wight, and Wiltshire. Some of these sites have substantial numbers of cremations, too, such as Apple Down, Sussex (EASCREM 10) which has 138. It is true we do not see the likes of Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213) and Cleatham, Lincolnshire (EASCREM 68), and it is also true that most of these cemeteries are mixed rite, but it still needs to be stressed that cremation does occur in the south, and that it occurs at quite a number of sites. That there is a regional difference between the traditional Anglian lands, and those settled in the Saxon-Jutish south, is very interesting, however. Another interesting opportunity for statistical investigation is in terms of the number of cremations found at sites. Table 11 details the ranking of the largest sites, based on the figures for maximum number of cremations:
Site Spong Hill Loveden Hill Cleatham Lackford Caistor-by-Norwich Elsham Wold Snape Sancton Newark Mucking II County Norfolk Lincolnshire Lincolnshire Suffolk Norfolk Yorkshire Suffolk Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Essex Database ID EASCREM 213 EASCREM 151 EASCREM 68 EASCREM 140 EASCREM 53 EASCREM 88 EASCREM 204 EASCREM 194 EASCREM 166 EASCREM 160 No. of Cremations 2484-2600 c.1790-2000 c.1206-1466 c.500-1000 c.379-1000 630 c.575-625 c.500-600 c.400-500 468

Table 11: The 10 sites with the highest numbers of cremations This is a difficult task to undertake, though, and it must be stated that there are many sites where there is no record of the number of burials beyond the fact that urns were found in the plural. Accordingly, these sites have been recorded with minimum and maximum numbers of cremations at 2 and Unknown respectively. Despite this, we can still make some broad statements about the data:

51

There are 74 sites where the known minimum number of cremations is 10 or greater. There are 31 sites where the known minimum number of cremations is 50 or greater. There are 24 sites where the known minimum number of cremations is 100 or greater. There are 12 sites where the known minimum number of cremations is 200 or greater. There are 7 sites where the known minimum number of cremations is 500 or greater. There are 3 sites where the known minimum number of cremations is 1000 or greater, but there is 5 where the maximum number is. There is only 1 site where the known minimum number of cremations is over 2000, but there are 2 where the maximum number of cremations is.

Another analysis, and perhaps one of the most striking, is the determination of the total minimum and maximum number of cremations in early Anglo-Saxon England. These figures are presented in Table 12, both as county and national measurements (Table 12). The main point we can draw from this data is that cremation burials were significantly more numerous than have perhaps been previously realised. Heinrich Hrke has estimated that there are: some 30,000 graves from sites with diagnostically Anglo-Saxon material culture of the fifth to seventh centuries. (Hrke 2007, 58) If we are to take this estimation as a reference point, this would mean that cremation accounts for a minimum of 43.2% and a maximum of 54.9% of all Anglo-Saxon burials of the 5th to 7th centuries. Whilst these are impressive figures in their own right, the fact that the vast majority of cremations are found in the 5th and 6th centuries, with a particular concentration in the 5th century, whilst inhumation continues deep into the 7th century, suggests that cremation may have even been the dominant funerary rite in the earliest Anglo-Saxon period. Such a figure lends itself well to further investigation as to the nature of Anglo-Saxon settlement and the demography of post-Roman Britain. It should be noted that sites and details will have invariably been missed during the research process, so the actual figures are probably higher. Furthermore, the minimum number of cremations for uncertain sites was often recorded as 0 for obvious reasons, and where the maximum number of cremations would be impossible to predict, or completely unknowable, the minimum number was used instead. The implications of these two points on the national estimates mean that both minimum and maximum numbers of cremations are, in fact, probably underestimations themselves. It appears, then, that cremation was practised during the 5th and 6th centuries on a previously unrealised scale.
52

County Bedfordshire Berkshire Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Derbyshire Durham Essex Gloucestershire Hampshire Huntingdonshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire Middlesex Norfolk Northamptonshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Sussex Warwickshire Wiltshire Worcestershire Yorkshire Total

Min. No. of Cremations 184 157 6 395 38 3 819 41 188 36 13 64 0 116 4036 7 3654 190 633 19 25 8 1301 25 200 140 17 5 641 12,961

% (2.d.p.) 1.42% 1.21% 0.05% 3.05% 0.29% 0.02% 6.32% 0.32% 1.45% 0.28% 0.10% 0.49% 0.00% 0.89% 31.14% 0.05% 28.19% 1.47% 4.88% 0.15% 0.19% 0.06% 10.04% 0.19% 1.54% 1.08% 0.13% 0.04% 4.95%

Max. No. of Cremations 284 158 8 796 39 3 920 41 189 37 13 137 3 118 4779 7 4645 316 869 22 26 9 1884 27 214 166 17 5 759 16,491

% (2.d.p.) 1.72% 0.96% 0.05% 4.83% 0.24% 0.02% 5.58% 0.25% 1.15% 0.22% 0.08% 0.83% 0.02% 0.72% 28.98% 0.04% 28.17% 1.92% 5.27% 0.13% 0.16% 0.05% 11.42% 0.16% 1.30% 1.01% 0.10% 0.03% 4.60%

Difference 0.30% 0.25% 0.00% 1.78% 0.05% 0.00% 0.74% 0.07% 0.30% 0.06% 0.02% 0.34% 0.02% 0.17% 2.16% 0.01% 0.02% 0.45% 0.39% 0.02% 0.03% 0.01% 1.38% 0.03% 0.24% 0.07% 0.03% 0.01% 0.35%

Table 12: The minimum and maximum number of cremations by county, with totals, and using both sets of data We can also revisit the distribution of cremation burial in light of these figures (Map 4). For example, Norfolk has the highest number of sites (c.14%) but only the second highest number of burials (c.28%). On the other hand, Lincolnshire reverses the trend as it is only has the 4th highest number of sites (c.8%) but by far the highest concentration of cremation burials
53

(c.31%). Similarly, it was noted previously that, in terms of sites, cremation is actually more abundant in southern England than previously thought, but this remark cannot be claimed with the same confidence in terms of the number of cremations. For example, the southern counties (Surrey, Kent, Berkshire, Sussex, Hampshire, Isle of Wight, and Wiltshire) only account for c.5% of the total minimum and maximum number of cremations respectively; about of the number for Lincolnshire alone. These analyses are just a brief sample of how we can use the data collected as part of the EASCREM 13 project, and it is with regret that limitations of space do not allow for a more detailed study.

2.2.2. Project Evaluation The attendance of the author at the Digital Resources: Data and Databases Graduate Workshop (27/08/13-28/08/13), organised by the International Society of Anglo-Saxonists as part of their Biennial Conference (Dublin, 29/07/13-02/08/13), was hugely beneficial to the project. Expert supervision allowed for a greater understanding of relational databases and their construction. If not for this programme, the EASCREM 13 database would have been vastly inferior and much less useful for academic enquiry. Despite this, there are numerous changes that, with hindsight, could have improved the project. The first is that a database should have been constructed from the outset, and data entered using a well-designed form with dropdown menus and specific parameters. Not only would this have saved time but it would have ensured that data were entered into discrete categories, and the author would not have had to manually go through the datasheet checking spelling mistakes or misuses of capital letters. Data was collected on a Microsoft Excel spread sheet and migrated to a pre-constructed database, but the time spent syncing the two documents could have been better spent. Furthermore, fields such as the Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) are in memo format, when ideally should have been deconstructed into multiple fields with more coherent categories that could be linked to specific references. The core of the dataset was created from a close study of Meaneys (1964) gazetteer, and there would have been no way to speed up this process. However, the subsequent research would have been more efficient had the advanced search function been properly employed on English Heritages PastScape website (English Heritage 2013) and if the existence of the
54

Archaeological Data Services Grey Literature Library (Archaeological Data Service 2013) had been made known to the author earlier. As a consequence, much time was spent chasing written references and scanning local journals which could have been used more productively had the electronic resources been properly interrogated. Because the primary aim of the database was to produce statistics, maps and a written gazetteer, it is essentially a datasheet with some of the functions of a database. This is not necessarily a weakness; however, as this was how the project was planned with the given timeframe, but a greater understanding of relational databases and their effective construction from the outset would have enabled increased functionality. Taking everything into account, though, the EASCREM 13 database project was a huge success and has produced two very useful resources. The first is a printable gazetteer of all sites with instances of early Anglo-Saxon cremation that can be used as reference material much in the same way Meaneys (1964) gazetteer can. The second is a database which supports many different avenues of enquiry such as data reporting and manipulation on a site by site, county by county, cemetery type by cemetery type etc. basis.

55

3. Past, Present and Future Studies of Cremations

3.1. Studies of Cremation

3.1.1. The Nature of Burial Data Before we begin a consideration of past and present studies of cremation, and look towards possibilities for future study, it seems apt to contemplate the nature of the evidence. Prior to this, the reader is encouraged to review some of the issues of study previously noted ( 1.1.4.). Mortuary evidence is fragmentary, incomplete, partial, conceptual and selective (Hrke 1994; Hrke 1997, 21-3; Williams and Sayer 2009, 21; Chapman 2009, 28). Such a polemical statement might seem dramatic, but it is essential to acknowledge the issues of the data under study. In the context of cremation burials, we can understand the evidence as fragmentary in terms of preservation and pre- and post-burial collection, incomplete as a picture of life, death and ritual, unrepresentative of burial in general, a reflection of aspects of human thought and consciousness and selective in terms of variables e.g. grave goods included, grave structure, vessel etc. Burial data can also be considered as material (formed of complex relationships between social groups and practices) and static (reflecting biological populations) (Chapman 2009, 28). As an example, cremation cemeteries excavated in the past were often incomplete due to discovery and partial destruction by campaigns of railway, motorway and housing construction (Lucy and Reynolds 2002, 5). In theory, this should no longer happen with the introduction of PPG15 and PPG16 in 1990, and the more recent Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning and the Historic Environment of 2010. Developer-funded archaeology is subject to its own set of issues, however, such as the tendering process leading to overstretched budgets and often little allocation for detailed post-excavation analysis and publication. There is, however, normally more allocation of resources for sites with human remains, and two very encouraging examples of commercially excavated cremation cemeteries published to a detailed and modern standard, albeit as grey literature, are Beetley Quarry, Norfolk (Unger 2008; EASCREM 22) and The Chalet Site, Essex (Newton 2009; EASCREM 232). The publication of academic excavations is not without its own issues, either, and it is still not uncommon for publication to occur over a decade after excavation, if not longer. For example, although Kenneth Fennells (1964) doctoral thesis is widely cited, Loveden Hill remains almost completely unpublished. Similarly, the final volume of the
56

Spong Hill report series is expected this year, 32 years after the excavations ended (Hills and Lucy, forthcoming). In many respects, the high standards expected in academic publishing are increasing this time lag even further, and may make the publication of older, unpublished excavations very difficult indeed (Lucy and Reynolds 2002, 7). Mortuary data is a key facet of the evidence for past societies, but, unlike other data such as settlement evidence, is fraught with issues of interpretation and requires ethical considerations. When one finds an early Anglo-Saxon timber building, one can be sure that someone either lived in it or used it for a specific function(s). Burial evidence is more complicated, however, and the excavated remains cannot even be considered the end point of burial, for there were rituals before it and most likely after it: It is not even the end product of the rituals, but somewhere in the middle. (Hrke 1997, 22) Two broad approaches to the interpretation of early Anglo-Saxon mortuary remains have been identified on different sides of the North Sea; a continental approach which views burials as direct reflections of social status (i.e. mirrors of life), and the approach of scholars from the UK who see graves and their artefacts as more symbolic of certain aspects of the social order (Hrke 1997, 19; 25; Nielsen 1997b, 103). Noting the pitfalls associated with both approaches, Heinrich Hrke (1997, 25), a scholar well-versed in both perspectives, viewed burials more as halls of mirrors of life, presenting distorted reflections of the past. What is therefore required when studying mortuary remains is an awareness that the evidence is difficult, and understanding can only be found at the point where reflection and distortion meet (Williams and Sayer 2009, 21). We must therefore be careful in the extent to which we extrapolate burials into an understanding of the societies which created them: Society reflects itself in its burials, but it is not possible to reconstruct the society directly and deductively from the burials alone. (Nielsen 1997b, 110)

3.1.2. Myres and the Chronology of Pottery As the antiquarian approach to early Anglo-Saxon cremation burials has already been considered (1.1.3.), we will begin our review of the historiography of early Anglo-Saxon

57

cremation burial by looking at the man who was in many ways the father of Anglo-Saxon pottery studies. When asked to contribute a summary on the earliest period of Anglo-Saxon archaeology for the first volume of The Oxford History of England, John Nowell Linton Myres realised the considerable quantity of Anglo-Saxon pottery and how poorly it was understood (Myres 1936; 1969, 1; 1986, xx-xxi). This became his primary research interest, and his appointment at the Bodleian Library in 1948 allowed him to compile and catalogue the material, with his Anglo-Saxon Pottery and the Settlement of England (1969) serving as a synthesis of early settlement from the ceramic material and his Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Pottery of the Pagan Period (1977) being intended as a research aid for future study. The fundamental basis for Myres chronological scheme for the ceramic material was a reliance on Germanic typologies, and an appreciation of the historical sources, from which the difficulty of extracting accurate dates needs no rehearsal. However, he fully acknowledged the difficulty of the evidence: There is no other group of primitive hand-made pottery in Europe which displays anything approaching the imagination, variety, and spontaneity of the ornamental designs devised by Anglo-Saxon potters during the first two centuries of the settlement in Britain. (Myres 1969, 23) As noted by Richards (1987, 24-5; 27), whilst his contribution to the field was impressive, there are several issues to be raised with his treatment of the material. For example, it has been noted that Myres provided few absolute dates, assumed of a unilinear stylistic progression over time, largely ignored the chronological significance or form and was hesitant to date a pot without an artefact association (Hurst 1976, 294-9; Hills 1979, 324-6; Richards 1987, 24-5; Nielsen 1997a, 72; Hoggett 2007, 31). A further criticism to level at Myres is how he drew the pot he imagined the potter had envisioned, not what was actually created. This meant that Myres completely misrepresented the evidence, and, in fact, seriously damaged the usefulness of his corpus to subsequent scholars (Richards 1987, 27). Despite this, if it wasnt for Myres the ceramic material might never have been organised, recorded and studied to such an extent, and in many respects much of it might have been no longer extant if it wasnt for his careful efforts of preservation after the horrors of World War II. His contribution is well summarised by Paul Blinkhorn: There is no doubt that Myres work was of immense value in identifying the continental parallels for the earliest decorated English pottery of the period, but it is
58

unfortunate that his analytical methodology was deeply flawed. The art-historical approach of his time was simply not appropriate to the character of the material. Consequently, analyses of Anglo-Saxon pottery generally start from the assumption that the undecorated pottery was functional, and thus, as with the industriallyproduced coarsewares of other periods, it should be possible to identify chronological development. (Blinkhorn 1997, 113)

3.1.3. Richards and the Significance of Form and Decoration The publication of Julian D Richards (1987) doctoral thesis on the significance of urn form and decoration was a landmark in the study of cremation. It was the first serious and empirical attempt to understand the social identity of the people inside the urns. In this sense, the work was in contrast to previous studies that had focused on chronology and the ethnicity of a decorative scheme (e.g. Myres 1936; 1969). His large-scale study of 2440 urns from 18 cemeteries across eastern and southern England, which primarily used Principal Component Analysis, found that the sex and age of the deceased were in some way related to the size, shape and decoration of the urn, and the artefacts and animal remains included with it: In summary, it appears that aspects of the form and decoration of Anglo-Saxon cremation vessels, can, with a limited degree of confidence, be used to predict details of the social identity of the occupant(s), just as a more recent gravestone can tell us about the person(s) interred beneath (Richards 1987, 201) In many respects Richards approach was highly empirical, even processual, and relied upon a great many statistical analyses, in many cases using computer programmes he wrote himself, but was informed by the post-processual fascination with decoding and understanding symbolism. The results of his study were the identification of a series of relationships between urn form and decoration and the age, sex and social identity of the individual, such as the correlation of adult males with decorative standing arches, the identification of female remains more commonly in wider vessels with standing arches and the association of smaller vessels with infants (Richards 1987, 136-9; 184-201). That the correlation between age of the deceased and vessel size has recently been corroborated (Squires, forthcoming) perhaps suggests that Richards was not overconfident when he wrote:

59

The relationship between age and height of pot is so direct that it should be possible to estimate the age of the deceased within a known range of error simply from the height of the cremation urn, and with no knowledge of its contents. (Richards 1987, 136) Other conclusions included a very slight but interesting difference in the height between urns from sites in the traditional Anglian and Saxon zones, and the significant imbalance found between the sexes at certain cemeteries that was previously mentioned (Richards 1987, 96; 114; 124; 1.2.3.). One of the key issues with Richards study, however, is that ageing and sexing cremated remains was incredibly difficult in the 1980s, and in many respects still is today. Accordingly, many of his findings were preliminary, and no such similar study has ever been undertaken at a comparable scale to build upon them. Where it was available, a summary of ageing and sexing data has been recorded in the EASCREM 13 database, which could be expanded upon in the future as a basis for a study similar to Richards. All things considered, the study holds an important position in the historiography of early Anglo-Saxon cremation studies.

3.1.4. The Biography of a Cremation Urn Studies such as Richards (1987) suggest that, because there is at least some correlation between the form and decoration of a vessel and the age and sex of the deceased it contains, that cinerary urns were made especially for the funeral. Beyond the quantitative, then, it follows that urns might also reflect aspects of identity be it social, spiritual or other. This has been the traditional approach, mainly out of a desire to deliminate ethnic, cultural and individual identities, but also due to the fact that cremation urns are found decorated considerably more frequently than ceramics found at settlement sites (Myres 1969, 4; Laing and Laing 1979, 77-8; Richards 1987, 206-7; Blinkhorn 1997, 117; Leahy 2007, 54-5; Williams 2011, 245). Despite this widely-held opinion, there have been few studies which consider the issue in any depth. For example, all that Lloyd and Jennifer Laing had to say on the matter was: The pots used for cremations were usually made specially for the occasion (Laing and Laing 1979, 77)

60

In recent years, however, an alternative perspective has been put forward that argues for at least some use of domestic wares as cremation urns (Hirst and Clark 2009, 590; Perry 2011). A good example of this is the similarity between the fabrics used and motifs deployed on ceramics found at the settlement and cemeteries at Mucking, Essex (Hirst and Clark 2009, 590; 603; 610; EASCREM 160). Furthermore, the identification of sooting, repairs and usealteration patterns (chemical or physical changes to the surface) attest a pre-burial origin for any given vessel (Perry 2011, 10). Gareth Perrys (2011, 12-17) study of 958 urns from Cleatham, Lincolnshire (EASCREM 68) found a number of use-alteration characteristics such as internal pitting (28%), basal abrasion (25%), sooting (7%) and leaching (4%). Most significantly, out of the 116 urns which had the best preservation, 71% showed some evidence of use prior to burial. Whilst these results are interesting, it must be remembered that this is an analysis of one site, and is not necessarily representative of the rest of early Anglo-Saxon England. Indeed, the future of this debate surely lies in a large scale comparative study of the ceramics from settlements and burial sites across early Anglo-Saxon England. Obviously the data required for this is beyond the limits of the EASCREM 13 database, but it could serve to point potential researchers in the direction of sites with large numbers of urns and their relevant publications. For now, it serves to preliminarily conclude that both approaches have merits, and there is no reason why some urns were not created with the deceased specifically in mind, whilst at the same time others were reused from the domestic sphere. It may even be the case that vessels were created for both life and death.

3.1.5. Memory and Transformation Many studies have looked at the rites employed before the cremation, such as the washing and dressing of the body and the agency of mourners, but Williams (2004, 263-5) has critiqued the lack of attention levelled at the agency of the deceased themselves. By this he means that archaeologists tend to reduce the deceased to a form of material culture which is manipulated by the agency of the living. In fact, cadavers bridge the gap between agents and objects, and occupy something of a unique position in society. They can have a symbolic and mnemonic significance which is articulated in their ability to affect the actions of mourners and evoke memories (Williams 2004, 265-6). The deceased may have given individuals instructions in life about how they wished to be treated in death, and bonds of kinship or social hierarchies may have ensured the enactment of said wishes. Furthermore, the cadaver
61

itself can be viewed as a vehicle for remembrance; a focal point for shared experience and the construction of memories of the deceased (Hallam and Hockey 2001; Williams 2004, 266-7; Williams 2006b, 217). Accordingly, one interpretation of cremation is that it was a technology of remembrance which transformed the body; constructing memories and constituting identities (Williams 2003; Williams 2006b, 217; Williams 2011, 238; 249). A scale above individual memories, social memory can be seen as collective notions of the past that are relevant to the present a kind of memory bank from which a collective or group can draw upon (Coser 1992; Devlin 2007, 38). This phenomenon is particularly pertinent to mortuary studies, as funerary practice can be seen as an arena for the construction, manipulation and transmission of memories, particularly in the choice of which objects should accompany the deceased (Williams 2004, 265-7; 2011, 238; 249; Williams and Sayer 2009, 4; Devlin 2007, 38; 42-3). The placing of cremation urns in existing prehistoric barrows can be seen as a good example of the creation of social memory, perhaps functioning to tie a community to the land or extend a lineage deep into the past. Therefore, collective understanding of the world and a cultures position within it is partially influenced from this complex process of interaction and negotiation with memories. There are around fifteen examples of secondary interment of early Anglo-Saxon cremations in the database, although there are likely more, especially when one considers how frequently Bronze Age, Roman and Anglo-Saxon cremations were confused in earlier accounts (1.2.4.). Confident examples such as the small community interred into Bronze Age barrows at Hollingbourne, Kent (Grove 1952; EASCREM 126) attest a conscious decision being made to bury the dead with existing remains. Despite being difficult to glean any serious, quantitative conclusions, such an approach to the study of cremation, not merely looking at the end product the grave and artefacts but at the whole process with all of its social and symbolic complexities, has many benefits.

3.1.6. Spiritual Approaches to Cremation The Gregorian Mission brought Christianity to the Kingdom of Kent in AD 596 but that was only the beginning of a long process of conversion and Christianisation, which eventually saw all of England be considered as Christian many centuries later. The primary issue encountered by individuals studying past religion is that it is so very difficult to ever know what people truly thought. Indeed in the modern period many of us do not even know what
62

we believe ourselves. In truth, there is a tremendous amount of debate about what religion even is. Were we to take the writings of Karl Marx (e.g. 1843), for example, we might be tempted to claim that an Anglo-Saxon chieftain might have used religion as means to control their warband; maintaining order and martial prowess by the promise of honour and spiritual rewards in the next life. Alternatively, a Durkheimian (e.g. Swain 1915) approach might emphasise the collective solidarity and reinforcement of social norms that pre-Christian religion might have fostered in early Anglo-Saxon communities; creating authority figures, stabilising a system of spiritual hierarchy and functioning for the benefit of society. Such an introduction highlights how difficult it is to study belief and the plethora of possible interpretations and theoretical approaches one could take. How best to approach the rite of cremation in a spiritual context, then? As is often the case in early Anglo-Saxon archaeology, a good starting point is to revisit Audrey Meaney: It is difficult to assess the ritual significance of cremation; on the whole, the idea behind it seems to be to release the spirit; to dismiss it from the body primarily in order that it shall no longer trouble the living. (Meaney 1964, 16) The fact that Meaney saw the dismissal of the soul on the grounds that it might otherwise bother the living is an interesting angle, and was perhaps informed by later Anglo -Saxon literature and poetry where ghosts and revenants played a role in troubling the living. Taking a more pragmatic approach, David Mackenzie Wilson claimed that: From the archaeological material it is impossible to name the religion practised, the Gods worshipped or the ritual which preceded burial (Wilson 1976, 3) Whilst it is true that there are very limited references to the cremation rites of the early medieval cultures of the North Sea, this is not to say that the references we do have cannot be used at all. One of the most obvious literary depictions of the cremation rite is the funeral of Beowulf, where he was burnt with the dragons treasure, martial offerings of shields and mail coats, and his own worldly possessions both as a mark of respect to a great leader, but also presumably to accompany him into the next world, be it the Valhalla of the later Old Norse sources or otherwise. In terms of archaeological evidence, decorated cinerary urns can be seen as an important body of evidence with some of the greatest potential for elucidating pre63

Christian spiritual belief in early Anglo-Saxon England. One of the most widely cited and frequently found motifs is the swastika (Fig.12), which David Raoul Wilson argues: "undoubtedly had special importance for the Anglo-Saxons, either magical or religious, or both. It seems very likely that it was the symbol of the thunder god Thunor" (Wilson 1992, 115) Thunor appears to be the same as the Old Norse rr (Thor); son of inn (Odin) and wielder of the mighty hammer Mjlnir, of which amulets can be found in several graves across the Viking world (Blinkenberg 2012, 58-63). On the basis of rrs apparent association with Thunor, the Anglo-Saxon swastika, which is so frequently on decorated urns, has been interpreted by Hilda Ellis Davidson (1965, 83) as a symbol of Mjlnir, or whatever the Anglo-Saxon equivalent was, which in turn was perhaps derived from Bronze Age sun crosses. It seems that there is relatively compelling evidence for a spiritual function associated with the swastika symbol on early Anglo-Saxon cinerary urns, but we are not currently in a position to take such an interpretation any further than it might have been magical or protective. Another decorative phenomenon in the repertoire of early Anglo-Saxon potters that could potentially be seen as a spiritual in nature is the -rune, which represented the letter T and which, it has been argued, was associated with the god Tiw, who may be the same deity as the Old Norse Tr (Wilson 1992, 116-17; 146-9; Fig.13). -runes occur less frequently on cremation urns than swastikas do, and perhaps can be even more confidently ascribed a spiritual significance: There can be little doubt that the use of this particular rune by itself on pottery is due to the fact that it stands for the god Tiw or Tig, the popularity of whose cult in the early Anglo-Saxon period is shown not only by his name appearing in a number of place-names, but by the allocation of a weekday, Tuesday, to his special protection. It is therefore safe to assume that a devotion to the cult of Tiw is indicated by these T rune pots (Myres and Green 1973, 66)

64

Fig.12: An urn employing swastika decoration from Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213). Image courtesy of The British Museum Free Image Service

Fig.13: A good example of an urn with raised -runes from Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213) (after Wilson 1992, 147)

65

The so-called wyrm motif has been likened to a serpent-like creature, perhaps a dragon or depiction of Jrmungandr, the world serpent, and is also found on a significant number of cremation urns. This serpentine motif may have invoked protection on a cremation urn, as dragons are frequently depicted in heroic legend and mythology as the guardians of hoards, perhaps even the dead (Wilson 1992, 150-1): a fierce and naked dragon, who flies by night in a pillar of fire; people on earth fear him greatly. It is his nature to find a hoard in the earth, where ancient and proud, he guards heathen gold, though it does him no good. (Beowulf: 2273-2277, translated by R.M. Liuzza 2000, 122-3). It is hoped that this, and the other examples in this section, demonstrate just how difficult it is to say anything with certainty when discussing the pre-Christian spiritual beliefs of the early Anglo-Saxons. We are not as privileged as Scandinavian scholars, who can draw upon the rich texts of Snorri and others in the formulation of spiritual interpretations of their archaeology. Even when they do this, there is still considerable difficulty in equating later Christian accounts of the pre-Christian religion with archaeological artefacts that precede them by several centuries. When studying Anglo-Saxon England, however, we have very limited sources, and our understanding of spiritual belief is poor. This is perhaps best evidenced by cremation urn R9/10 from Caistor-by-Norwich, Norfolk (EASCREM 53), which has freestyle decoration of a ship and wolf-like figure and which has been interpreted as a scene from Ragnark, the doom of the gods, with the wolf Fenrir travelling in the boat Naglfar (Myres and Green 1973, 118; Wilson 1992, 153-4; Fig.14). Whilst this is a fascinating interpretation, it highlights the difficulty faced by scholars studying religion we simply do not know, and currently have no means in which to prove any hypothesis on the pre-Christian spiritual belief of early Anglo-Saxon England.

3.1.7. Social Analysis of Cremation in Lincolnshire The link between cremation cemeteries, a seemingly British post-Roman town and the later Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Lindsey might seem tenuous at first, but recent research in the county of Lincolnshire is yielding interesting insights and provides a useful case study in which to consider how one might actually use cremation cemetery data. Lindsey is a historically attested Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the 7th century with probable British origins
66

Fig.14: The wolf and ship decorated urn from Caistor-by-Norwich, Norfolk (EASCREM 53) (after Wilson 1992, 153)

(Green 2008, 1). In the latter half of the 5th century, a series of cremation cemeteries emerge in the Lincoln area which are large and reasonably distanced from each other, perhaps acting as a central foci for burial (Green 2008, 16-17). Reflecting on large cemeteries, Myres wrote: Cremation, wherever it occurs in massive numbers, is a clear sign of Anglo-Saxon settlement in sufficient density, or so well organised, as to be uninfluenced by the native culture of Romano-British society (Myres 1986, 112) However, the fact that the large cremation cemeteries of this region make a ring, with a radius of at least 15-20 miles (25-30km), around Lincoln might suggest a controlling British force preventing the Anglo-Saxons from encroaching too close to the city and is markedly different to the post-Roman situation at other Roman towns in the north (Green 2008, 17-18). What is most interesting is that the smaller inhumation cemeteries that emerge in the mid-late 6th century do not seem to honour this apparently British zone of influence, some being situated as close as a few miles, and have been interpreted as a sign that British influence is waning and Anglo-Saxon power growing (Green 2008, 18). Evidence of a degree of urban continuation has been observed, notably the late 4th century Romano-British church being built in Lincoln, with a suggested sequence of continuation into the 6th century (Steane 19901; Jones 1993; Green 2008, 19-22). Moreover, four of the urns from Cleatham (EASCREM
67

68) appear to have been wheel made, in a Roman fashion, but have distinct form and fabric, thus suggesting a post-Roman British ceramic industry at some level (Leahy 2007, 126-7; 2008, 52-3; 86; Green 2008, 24). Accordingly, using the cremation burial data and other archaeological evidence as indications of early Anglo-Saxon settlement, and noting spatial and geographical positioning, Thomas Green has been able to draw upon historical evidence to construct a compelling interpretation for post-Roman Lincoln: These immigrant groups seem to have been controlled by the Britons and prevented at least into the early-sixth century from significantly encroaching upon the Britons chief settlement of Lincoln, judging from the distribution of the large cremation cemeteries and their implied territories. The Historia Brittonum suggests that military action c. 500 may well have played a role in this containment; indeed, it is not beyond the realms of possibility that such action was led by Ambrosium Aurelianus and that famous Battle of Badon could have been fought in Lindsey, although this must remain speculative. (Green 2008, 33) It is only from detailed, interdisciplinary study utilising all of the available evidence that we are able to arrive at such nuanced conclusions. This case study has been a good example of a scholar with a command of several different types of evidence.

3.1.8. Cremation Cemeteries as Central Places Howard Williams (2002a) has recently put forward an interesting idea that the large northern and eastern cremation cemeteries can be viewed as central places. When one thinks of central places, ones mind is immediately drawn to the monumental settlement complexes with archaeologically attested socio-political, economic and spiritual dimensions, such as Lejre, Denmark (Christensen 1991; 2007; Niles and Osborn 2007), Uppkra, Sweden (Larsson 2001; 2002) or Skiringssalr, Norway (Skrae 2007). Central place theory was developed by the German geographer Walter Christaller (1933) to explain the number, size and location of human settlements in an urban system. In the context of early medieval archaeology, however, central place theory has allowed us to identify rich sites of sociopolitical, economic and spiritual importance which were integrated into local, regional and supra-regional networks. In this context, identifying early Anglo-Saxon cremation cemeteries as central places might seem peculiar, but there is no reason why these sites cannot have had central functions as well; creating communities of both the dead and the living. Indeed, it is
68

not until the later 6th and 7th centuries that we find elite burial grounds, such as Sutton Hoo, Suffolk (EASCREM 229) or Snape, Suffolk (EASCREM 204), and high status elite settlements, like the Bernician royal centre at Yeavering. Similarly, whilst the recent excavations (particularly 2012 and 2013) at Lyminge, Kent have uncovered a complex of large timber halls dating to the 6th and 7th centuries, one of the earliest elite settlements uncovered in Anglo-Saxon England, it is not unreasonable to cast the field of enquiry wider and look at unconventional sites-types in the search for 5th and early 6th century sites with central functions (Williams 2002a, 342-3; 358; Gabor Thomas, pers. comm.). In fact, such investigation yields interesting conclusions and throws the door open to further questioning of the nature of social identity in the earliest years of the early Anglo-Saxon period. This is particularly relevant when one considers that the forthcoming chronological synthesis of Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213) views the cemetery as largely 5th century in date (Hills and Lucy, forthcoming). Williams (2002a, 344-5) sees the large cremation cemeteries of northern and eastern England as different to other sites because of their large size, early date and their pure adoption of cremation. These are cemeteries that would have served multiple communities; bringing people together and reinforcing a shared (?ethnic) identity. Using a detailed analysis of excavation data, field walking survey, aerial photography, metal detector and find data, Williams considers four cemeteries in Lincolnshire at a local level, emphasising their geographical and spatial significance. These sites were not central places in the usual archaeological sense, but they were places where: concepts of the person and community were performed, created and inscribed (Williams 2002a, 359) And where: a distinctive mortuary ideology was developed that forged powerful relationships between place, identity, myths and memories. (Williams 2002a, 341) In many respects Williams (2002a, 358) argument can be reduced to a relatively simple one; that the monumental scale of certain cremation cemeteries meant that they must have been centrally planned, served central social functions and were underpinned by an impressively efficient exploitation of resources and a scale of social cooperation not found in any other site type. To take this line of enquiry a little to the south, the elite cremations and wider burial
69

ground dating to the first quarter of the 7th century at Sutton Hoo, Suffolk (EASCREM 229) demonstrates that even at this late date cremation was still practised by those at the apex of the social hierarchy, possibly even as an overt sign of defiance against rising Christendom (Carver 1998; 136). It should also be noted that life, death and memory are not mutually exclusive in the Scandinavian central places, either. The funerary landscape at Lejre, consisted of a cemetery, barrow and stone ship settings, which were separated from the living settlement by a river, and which can be seen as a direct link between past and present; always in sight but separate, distinct and different (Austin 2011, 39). Accordingly, Williams paper is an important step forward in the study of cremation burials and as more detailed datasets are published, we should be able to consider other cremation cemeteries in the same way. Indeed, the application of central place theory to early Anglo-Saxon material more generally is certainly overdue, which is something the author intends to pursue at a doctoral level.

3.1.9. Reflections In the last 30 years or so, a plethora of encouraging and interesting approaches to the study of cremation burials have emerged. In our embrace of the multiplicity of approaches, we have rightly gone away from Myres and the culture-historical approach, but we must always acknowledge, respect and build upon his work. The list of questions asked of the cremation evidence is considerably longer now, but the important and fundamental questions of ethnicity and chronology should retain their importance. That the cremation evidence is being used more frequently, and studied to a better standard, means that our understanding should increase at an exponential rate in the coming years, and it is encouraging to see questions of cremation occupy the minds of many prolific scholars of the current generation. It should be clear by now that the most nuanced conclusions come from detailed studies of a local or regional context that utilise all of the available evidence, be it archaeological, historical or other. Whilst this study offers national statistics and broad generalisations, there is variation observable at every level of Anglo-Saxon England and there really is no substitute for the thorough analysis of a geographic locality. Despite this, a grasp of the macro level is essential to contextualise the study of locale, and it is hoped that this dissertation can influence the research agendas of both types of study.

70

3.2. Towards the Future

3.2.1. An Interpretation It seems apparent that social and even spiritual considerations played a significant role in the funerary rite of cremation and perhaps we can understand the difference between inhumation and cremation as a dichotomy, with inhumation being an attempt at maintaining the social personhood of the deceased and cremation seeking to destructively accelerate decay, transform the deceased and foster a greater sense of social identity (Williams 2002a; Hines 2011, 978-9). Such a concept can be understood in the context of a people to whom inhumation had no precedent migrating to lands where it predominated. This clash of funerary custom would surely have led to new ways of expressing identity in death, and perhaps we can see furnished inhumation as something of a compromise between old and new. It is certainly true that the rite is significantly different to inhumation, and one really does get a sense of collective identity being expressed. Inhumation burials are more variable and status is a lot easier to detect archaeologically. On the other hand, cremation appears a more normalised rite status is reflected in terms of artefacts, urn decoration and grave architecture, but much more subtly. Such a view is well presented by John Hines: It is entirely valid, then, to hypothesise that cremation positively embodied a more aesthetic sense of general human nature than the particular sense of human identity implicit in inhumation. (Hines 2011, 979) This sense of a broad community identity is reinforced by Richards (1987) study of 2440 urns from 18 different cemeteries around England which found that whilst there was notable difference at an inter-site level, the overall impression is one of a high degree of conformity between sites (Richards 1987, 100). We can therefore build up a picture of the widespread practise of a mortuary rite which served to reinforce a sense of collective, cultural and ethnic identity within the confines of a social ideology, possibly with cosmological and spiritual aspects. Perhaps cremation was expected, or even legally required, in order for the deceased to ascend to the next world. Their worldly possessions, or perhaps symbolic artefacts which represented them, would accompany individuals on this spiritual transformation. The funeral itself served to bring the community together and honour the dead in displays of agency, both in terms of the mourners and the deceased. To apply the well-known Structuration theory of Anthony Giddens (e.g. 1984), cremation burial can be seen as a two-way process between
71

structures (social, cultural and spiritual paradigms) and agents (including both the deceased and the mourners). Eventually, however, as times changed and society became more complex, new ideas emerged which questioned these beliefs and the practice of cremation declined towards the 6th and 7th centuries. The social, cultural and possibly even spiritual basis for cremation was replaced by new ways of thinking, and chieftains and kings could no longer cling so firmly to the old ways if they were to embrace Christendom and the ever changing geopolitical landscape of Anglo-Saxon England (Wilson 1992, 175). In conclusion, and although there are major issues with using a later, Christian historical source, perhaps we can turn to the works of Snorri Sturluson, the famous Icelandic historian, poet and politician, for an impression of what the mythological context for cremation might have been for the early Anglo-Saxons. From the first book, Heimskringla, of his Ynglinga Saga of c.1225 we are told that: Odin established the same law in his land that had been in force in Asaland. Thus he established by law that all dead men should be burned, and their belongings laid with them upon the pile, and the ashes be cast into the sea or buried in the earth. Thus, said he, every one will come to Valhalla with the riches he had with him upon the pile; and he would also enjoy whatever he himself had buried in the earth. For men of consequence a mound should be raised to their memory, and for all other warriors who had been distinguished for manhood a standing stone; which custom remained long after Odin's time. (OMACL 2013)

3.2.2. Archaeology or Archaeologies? Most scholarly and scientific discourses aim to be as objective as possible. Indeed, many refuse to even admit that there is subjectivity in any account. Quantitative and empirical methodologies are by definition objective, but the mental processes that select and analyse them are human and subjective. In the context of British and American archaeology there was a paradigm shift to the objective and empirical in the 1960s and 1970s. This processual approach utilised scientific and rigorous methodologies to explain the past, not merely describe it from a cultural perspective. Archaeologists began to change tact once again in the 1980s, though, and there was in many cases an outright rejection of reducing the human to points of data. Instead, subjectivity was to be embraced as part of the great human story. Many modern approaches to archaeology embrace this, arguing that there is no privileged
72

account, only a multitude of competing but equally correct interpretations (Hodder and Hutson 2003). In this theoretical context, is it perhaps misguided to attempt to construct an archaeology, or archaeologies, of early Anglo-Saxon cremation burial? Should we even aspire to define one? In order to contextualise this discussion, and to develop the theme of centrality previously discussed (3.1.8.), let us look at Scandinavian central places and, in particular, the timber halls which characterise them. An excavated timber hall can be approached from a number of angles; From a social perspective (e.g. how a space facilitated social interaction) From a political perspective (e.g. control of space and access by elites) From an economic perspective (e.g. the control of metalwork and privileged access to objects) From a religious perspective (e.g. the ritual function of the building) From a legal perspective (e.g. how was justice administered) From an architectural perspective (e.g. the construction and development), From a domestic perspective (e.g. private and personal space), From a feminist perspective (e.g. the visibility of female zones and food preparation areas), From a corporeal perspective (e.g. how did people present themselves at the hall)

Each of these approaches is valid, and the synthesis of a plethora approaches lends to a deeper, more nuanced interpretation. The archaeology of Scandinavian timber halls is developed to the extent that there are multiple archaeologies of timber halls, utilising these complex datasets to their full extent. These theories are, in turn, part of a wider study and approach known as central place theory, which has been developed by Scandinavian archaeologists particularly in the last 20-30 years. The situation with the study of early Anglo-Saxon cremation burials is markedly different, however, and it would be difficult to even identify one approach which has a detailed methodology underpinned by a developed theoretical perspective. Whilst it would be ideal if we could develop a series of approaches to cremation and construct the kind of complex interpretations that central place theorists can, the complete lack of any developed approach to the study of cremation demonstrates the need, at least as an interim measure, for a single archaeology of cremation.

73

Howard Williams (2008, 240) has called for an archaeology of cremation which has detailed methodologies and a developed theoretical basis for understanding the variability of cremation. Whilst this might seem a little obvious, it is certainly true that there are very few books that deal specifically with cremation, but several which deal explicitly with unburnt remains, or present an imbalanced synthesis from both. Cremation is a good example of a funerary rite where we can make broad generalisations at a macro level, but observe quite marked variation at a micro level. Accordingly, it has been argued that the main problem that cremation studies face is that there is a lack of explicit theoretical approaches which can adequately account for both the general similarities and specific variations which are found in cremation burials (Williams 2008, 239). Indeed, there was no single Anglo-Saxon society just as there was no single Anglo-Saxon way of death and just as there was no single AngloSaxon cremation rite (Williams 2011, 259). Perhaps we can use a comparison of cremation burial in eastern and southern England to contextualise some of the issues encountered when studying cremations. Both regions practised cremation to varying degrees from the 5th to the 6th or 7th centuries. The cremations were frequently placed in urns, often with associated artefacts, and were most commonly deposited in shallow graves. The reuse of existing prehistoric barrows was also practised by both south and east, with examples at Hollingbourne, Kent (EASCREM 126) and Brightwell-Martlesham, Suffolk (EASCREM 37). Similarly, cremations deposited in bronze bowls have been found from both regions, such as at Coombe, Kent (EASCREM 72) and Sutton Hoo, Suffolk (EASREM 229). The phenomenon of window urns is also found across this regional divide, with instances at Castle Acre, Norfolk (EASCREM 56) and Westbere, Kent (EASCREM 254). Away from these generalisations, though, we can look more closely at local variations in practice. East Anglia and the East Midlands are characterised by high numbers of large cemeteries where cremation in the dominant funerary practice. In the southern region, particularly the south coast and the Thames Valley, the distribution is different, with sites containing cremation being less frequent and smaller in scale. The fact that Norfolk has more cremation sites than Kent, Sussex, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight combined supports these broad regional differences. Likewise, a comparison of the 2484 cremations at Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213) with the 138 at Apple Down, Sussex (EASCREM 10) the largest cremation site from the southern region demonstrates the different character of funerary practice between these areas.

74

This brief case study highlights the difficulties of a rigid theoretical and methodological approach to cremation studies. Broad similarities at the macro level must be paired with localised variation at the micro level. It is clear that cremations and inhumations are markedly different, and the imposition of traditional inhumation-centric approaches can seriously harm an accurate interpretation of the cremation evidence. Methodological and theoretical refinement is needed if a more nuanced interpretation of cremation is to be sought. It is also apparent that constructing an archaeology of cremation will take many years, numerous theoretical debates and is an endeavour too large for a masters dissertation (Williams 2012, 264). What is achievable in this dissertation, however, is the provision of the tools in which to develop such an approach. That being, a quantitative and qualititative summary of the current state of knowledge, and some remarks about possible directions the discipline could head.

3.2.3. Conclusions It is a daunting task to summarise a study of over 250 sites and several centuries worth of scholarship. The first and most obvious conclusion is that there is certainly a huge amount of work needed to bring cremation studies in line with the scholarship of inhumation burials. This is well evidenced by the fact that we have major reports, detailed chronologies and an extensive series of databases for the study of inhumation burials whilst this humble postgraduate undertaking is probably the closest we have to a national database for cremation burials. This is in no way saying that this dissertation is anything more than a mere postgraduate attempt to tackle a difficult body of evidence, but it highlights just how underdeveloped the study of cremation truly is. This essential body of evidence deserves further study if we are to elucidate the earliest chapters of Anglo-Saxon history, and the author can make wholehearted recommendations for a number of potential research projects. It is clear that this attempt at piecing together the evidence has been generalist and superficial, and a thorough review is greatly needed. Such an endeavour would make a fine piece of doctoral or post-doctoral research, or even form the basis of a much larger project bringing together many different specialists. Extended work with the evidence we already have is also highly recommended, such as the publication of older excavations where material is still extant, or thorough analysis of more recent excavations where the datasets are more detailed. Particular recommendation can be made for
75

detailed studies of specific localities or regions, and one only needs to read Thomas Greens (2008) study of Lincoln to gauge the tremendous possibilities of thorough and geographically focused interdisciplinary analysis. Finally, the long-overdue publication of Kenneth Fennells 1964 PhD thesis on Loveden Hill, surely one of the most widely-cited but unpublished works on an early Anglo-Saxon cemetery, would be a welcome addition to studies of cremation. It is encouraging to see cremation studies having a higher profile in recent publications, however, and Gareth Perry, Howard Williams, Kevin Leahy, Tom Green and others should be well respected for their very different but equally interesting approaches to the material. Moreover, the chronological future of cremation looks promising and both the publication of the final report on Spong Hill (Hills and Lucy, forthcoming) and the major chronological report on the inhumation burials of the 6th and 7th centuries (Hines et al 2013) will be vital tools in the establishment of a sequence for the early Anglo-Saxon period in general, and a developed chronology for cremation burials more specifically, which utilises artefact typologies, radiocarbon dated human remains and the form and function of urns. The particular need for a refined chronology of cremations is due to the fact that the evidence appears so concentrated to the 5th and early 6th centuries; the most difficult period of early Anglo-Saxon England there is to study. In many respects the chronological prospects for cremation are exceedingly good for two principle reasons. Firstly, all three components of the classic cremation burial (human remains, artefacts, urns) should be closely datable both on their own and as part of a tripartite dating suite. Particularly relevant to this is the developing field of rehydroxylation dating, which measures the concentration of hydroxyl groups in ceramic material, which accumulate at a constant rate after firing and which can be measured to determine age (Wilson et al 2003; 2012). Whilst it is not commercially available at the time of writing, such a technique has the potential to revolutionise the dating of pottery in the coming years, and by proxy, our understanding of the chronology of cremations. Secondly, envisioned improvements to the techniques for dating bone and the refinement of the radiocarbon calibration curve to AD 395 should also aid this endeavour (Hines et al 2013, 518). Taken together then, the future looks incredibly promising for the construction of a robust chronological framework. The research undertaken for this dissertation will hopefully form the basis of future publications by the author and it is hoped that the database, in an updated and refined form, can be hosted online by the likes of the ADS. But, most importantly, it is hoped that this study has demonstrated just how much information can be obtained from the mortuary rite of
76

cremation and how essential the evidence is in our understanding of the early Anglo-Saxon period. The future of early Anglo-Saxon cremation studies is full of potential, and for the first time we have high quality data, the techniques in which to interrogate it and a developing awareness of the need for more explicit theory. And at a time of economic uncertainty and diminishing academic funding, perhaps now is finally the time to take stock of the evidence we already have and truly grasp its worth in furthering our understanding of the period.

77

List of Figures
Fig.1: The historic counties of the UK (after The Historic Counties Trust 2010, 1) Fig.2: S. Mallards artistic impression of an early Anglo-Saxon funeral pyre, drawing on the idea of the interlocking timbers and hazel brushwood put forward by McKinley (1994a). The sheer number of burnt beads, brooches and buckles we find in cinerary urns confirms that many people would have been buried clothed. Similarly, evidence of refired sherds indicates the inclusion of accessory vessels on the pyre. In contrast to this depiction, however, is the rarity of spearheads and shield bosses found with cremations (after Glasswell 2002, 49). Fig.3: The quantity of animal bone found in certain cremation cemeteries, like Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213) and Sancton, Yorkshire (EASCREM 194) where whole or almostwhole animal carcasses are found, must indicate that these pyres could, on occasion, be huge (after Bond 1996, 80) Fig.4: A summary of Shipman et als 1984 study of the five types of burnt bone Fig.5: A reenactor decorates an early Anglo-Saxon style pot with an antler tool. Photograph by A. Kemp, courtesy of Jewry Wall Museum Leicester (after Glasswell 2002, pl.21) Fig.6: The Spong Man urn lid (left), found in 1979 at Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213) (after Hills et al 1987, pl.IX) and the urn lid with bird decoration (right) from Newark, Nottinghamshire (EASCREM 166) (after Milner 1853) Fig.7: An impression of the most common artefact types in cremation burials (after Williams 2003, 101) Fig.8: Burnt beads from urns at Cleatham, Lincolnshire (EASCREM 68) (after Leahy 2007, pl.36) Fig.9: A burnt small-long brooch (left) and from burial 3095 and a burnt wrist-clasp (right) from burial 2765 at Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213) (after Lucy 2000, 109) Fig.10: Two possible reconstructions of the four-post structure found at Apple Down, Sussex (EASCREM 10) (after Down and Welch 1990, pl.53) Fig.11: Beautifully illustrated cremation urns from Little Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire (EASCREM 146) (after Smith 1852, pl.28) Fig.12: An urn employing swastika decoration from Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213). Image courtesy of The British Museum Free Image Service Fig.13: A good example of an urn with raised -runes from Spong Hill, Norfolk (EASCREM 213) (after Wilson 1992, 147) Fig.14: The wolf and ship decorated urn from Caistor-by-Norwich, Norfolk (EASCREM 53) (after Wilson 1992, 153)
78

List of Maps
Map 1: A distribution map of all recorded geographically unique sites that contain cremation. Map 2: A distribution map of small-scale cremation burial, including certain and uncertain instances of Single Cremation Burials (n=1), Cremation Burials (n=2-3) and Mixed Rite Burials (n=2-3) Map 3: A distribution map of cemeteries (n=4+), including certain and uncertain instances of Pure Cremation Cemeteries, Mixed Rite Cemeteries, Minority Cremation Cemeteries and Majority Cremation Cemeteries Map 4: A distribution map of all sites, with the historic county borders overlaid (see A Note on the Counties of England and fig.1 for a key to the counties)

List of Tables
Table 1: The classification of sites based on the number of burials present Table 2: The classification of cemeteries based on the ratio of cremations and inhumations, if the latter are present Table 3: The classification of uncertain sites, based on the number of burials and the ratio of cremations and inhumations, if the latter are present Table 4: The 12 possible classifications of site Table 5: The information recorded for each site Table 6: The number of certain and uncertain sites. Table 7: The relative frequencies of site types, using both sets of data Table 8: The relative frequencies of broad site types, based on the number of burials present and using both sets of data Table 9: The relative frequencies of cemetery types, using both sets of data Table 10: The relative frequency of sites by historic county, using both sets of data Table 11: The 10 sites with the highest numbers of cremations Table 12: The minimum and maximum number of cremations by county, with totals, and using both sets of data

79

References
Please note that in order to use space in as efficient a way as possible, and because there is a degree of overlap, the decision was taken to list both the dissertation and database references together.

Addy, J. 1874. Notices of an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Beddington, Surrey. Surrey Archaeological Collections, 6. pp.122-7 Archaeological Data Service. 2011. Guides to Good Practice. [Available online at: http://guides.archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/g2gp/CreateData_1-2] Archaeological Data Service. 2013. Grey Literature Library. [Available online at: http://archaeology dataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/greylit/] Akerman, J.Y. 1855. Remains of Pagan Saxondom. London: John Russell Smith. Akerman, J.Y. 1858. Report of Researches in a Cemetery of the Anglo-Saxon Period at Brighthampton, co. Oxford; in a Letter addressed to the Right Hon. the Earl Stanhope, F.R.S., President. Archaeologia, 37. pp.391-8. Akerman, J.Y. 1860. Second Report of Researches in a Cemetery of the Anglo-Saxon period at Brighthampton, Oxon. Addressed to the Earl Stanhope, President. Archaeologia, 38. pp.84-97. Akerman, J.Y. 1861. Report on the Researches in an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Long Wittenham, Berkshire, in 1859. Archaeologia, 38. pp.327-52. Akerman, J.Y. 1863. Report on further Researches in an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Long Wittenham, Berkshire, in the Summer of 1860. Archaeologia, 39. pp.135-42. Akerman, J.Y. 1867. [Note in] Thursday, May 25th, 1865. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 3. pp.136-41. Annable, F.K. and Eagles, B.N. 2010. The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Blacknall Field, Pewsey, Wiltshire. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, Monograph No. 4 Wiltshire: Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. Arnold, C.J. 1982. Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries on the Isle of Wight. London: British Museum Press. Atkinson, R.J.C. and Kirk, J.R. 1949. Archaeological Notes. Oxoniensia, 14. Pp.75-77. Austin, M. 2011. The centre of the universe? An interdisciplinary study of the royal centre at Lejre, Sjlland, Denmark. Unpublished BA Dissertation, Cardiff University. [Available online at http://academia.edu/3331716/The_Centre_of_the_Universe_An_Interdisciplinary_ Study_of_the_Royal_Centre_at_Lejre_Sjaelland_Denmark].
80

Austin, W. 1928. History of Luton and its Hamlets, Vol. I. Isle of Wight: The County Press. Baker, D. 1966. 'Excavations at Elstow Abbey 1965-66'. Bedfordshire Archaeological Journal, 3. pp.22-30. Baker, D. 1969. 'Excavations at Elstow Abbey 1966-68'. Bedfordshire Archaeological Journal, 4. pp.31-35. Baker, D. 1971. 'Excavations at Elstow Abbey 1968-70'. Bedfordshire Archaeological Journal, 6. pp.55-64. Baker, R.S. 1880. On the Discovery of Anglo-Saxon Remains at Desborough, Northamptonshire. Archaeologia, 45. pp.466-71. Baker, R.S. 1883a. [Note in] Thursday, March 9th, 1882. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 9. pp.93-5. Baker, R.S. 1883b. [Note in] Thursday, May 31st, 1883. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 9. pp.322-3. Barnard, E.A.B. 1925. Saxon Finds at Blockley. Transactions of the Worcestershire Archaeological Society, 3. pp.128-32. Bateman, T. 1853. 'On early burial-places discovered in the County of Nottingham'. Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 8. pp.183-92. Bateman, T. 1861. Ten Years Diggings in the Celtic and Saxon Grave Hills in the Counties of Derby, Stafford and York. London: J.R. Smith. Battley, J. 1745. Antiquitates Rutupinae. Oxford: Sheldon. Bishop, G.L. and Bishop, E. 1984. Archaeological Review, 1983. Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, 102. pp.223-32. Blinkenberg, C. 2012. The Thunderweapon in Religion and Folklore: A Study in Comparative Archaeology Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Blinkhorn, P. 1997. Habitus, social identity and Anglo-Saxon pottery. In P. Blinkhorn and C. Cumberpatch (eds.). Not So Much a Pot, More a Way of Life. Oxford: Oxbow. pp.113-24. Bloxam, M.H. 1840. Fragmenta Sepulchralia: A Glimpse of The Sepulchral and Early Monuments of Great Britain Oxford: Oxford University Press. Boddington, A., Cadman, G. and Evans, J. 1996. Raunds Furnell: The Anglo-Saxon Church and Churchyard. London: English Heritage. Bond, J.M. 1996. Burnt Offerings: Animal Bone in Anglo-Saxon Cremations. World Archaeology, 28 (1). pp.76-88.

81

Booth, P.M. and Hodgson, J. 1990. Bidford-on-Avon, excavation of part of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery. West Midlands Archaeology, 33. pp.85. Boyle, A., Dodd, A., Miles, D. and Mudd, A. 1995. Two Oxfordshire Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries: Berinsfield and Didcot. Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph No.8. Oxford: Oxford Archaeological Unit. Boyle, A., Jennings, D., Miles, D. and Palmer, S. 1998. The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Butler's Field, Lechlade, Gloucestershire. Oxford: Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph No. 10. Briggs, J.J. 1869. 'Notice of a discovery of ancient remains at King's Newton, Derbyshire'. Reliquary, 9. pp.1-3. Brown, G.B. 1915. Saxon Art and Industry in the Pagan Period. The Arts in Early England, Vols III and IV. London: J. Murray. Browne, T. 1658. Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial, or a Discourse of the Sepulchral Urns lately found in Norfolk. London: Privately Published. Bruce-Mitford, R.L.S. 1974. Aspects of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology: Sutton Hoo and other discoveries. London: Victor Gollancz. Brugmann B. 2011. Migration and Endogenous Change. In H. Hamerow, D.A. Hinton and S. Crawford (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.30-45. Budgen, W. 1925. Report from Local Secretary: Eastbourne. Sussex Archaeological Collections, 66. pp.239-40. Bull, F.K. 1904. Recent Discoveries of Roman and Anglo-Saxon Remains at Kettering. Associated Architectural Society Reports and Papers, 27. pp.382-7. Burchell, J.P.T. and Brailsford, J.W. 1948. Pottery from Northfleet, Kent. Antiquaries Journal, 28. pp.186-9. Camden, W. 1607. Britannia, Or, A Chorographical Description of the Flourishing Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Islands Adjacent; from the Earliest Antiquity. Gough, R. (ed. and trans.). 1789. London: John Nichols. Carnegie, S. and Filmer-Sankey, W. 1993. 'A Saxon Cremation Pyre from the Snape Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Suffolk'. In W. Filmer-Sankey (ed.). Anglo-Saxon Studies in History and Archaeology 6. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology. pp.106-11. Caruver, J. and Anderson, S. 2005. An Assessment of the potential for analysis and publication for archaeological work carried out at RAF Lakenheath between 1987 and June 2005. Volume I: The Anglo-Saxon cemeteries ERL 104, ERL 046 and ERL 114. SCCAS Report No. 2005/94
82

Carver, M.O.H. 1998. Sutton Hoo, Burial Ground of Kings?. London: British Museum Press. Carver, M.O.H. 2005. Sutton Hoo: a seventh century princely burial ground and its context. Report of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London No. 69. London: British Museum Press. Carver, M.O.H., Hills, C. and Scheschkwitz, J. 2009. Wasperton: A Roman, British and Anglo-Saxon Community in Central England. Suffolk: The Boydell Press. Chapman, R. 2009. Working with the dead. In H. Williams and D. Sayer (eds.). Mortuary practices and social identities in the Middle Ages. Essays in burial archaeology in honour of Heinrich Hrke. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. pp.23-37. Chester, G.J. 1858. [Note in] Proceedings of the Meetings of the Archaeological Institute. Archaeological Journal, 15. pp.165. Chester, G.J. 1859. [Untitled note]. Norfolk Archaeology, 5. pp.361-2. Christaller, W. 1933. Die zentralen Orte in Sddeutschland. Jena: Gustav Fischer. Christensen, T. 1991a. Lejre Beyond Legend The Archaeological Evidence. Journal of Danish Archaeology, 10. pp.163-185. Christensen, T. 2007. A new round of excavations at Lejre (to 2005). In J.D. Niles and M. Osborn (eds.) Beowulf and Lejre. Tempe, Arizona: Arizona Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. pp.109-26. Clark, A. 1993. Excavations at Mucking Volume 1: The Site Atlas. London: English Heritage. Clarke, G. 1957. 'Archaeological Discoveries in Norfolk, 1949-57'. Norfolk Archaeology, 31. pp. 395-416. Clarke, R.R. 1939. Norfolk in the Dark Ages, 400-800 AD. Norfolk Archaeology, 27 (1). pp.163-214. Clarke, R.R. 1940. Norfolk in the Dark Ages, 400-800 AD, part 2. Norfolk Archaeology, 27 (2). pp.215-49. Cleary, S.E. 1993. Approaches to the Differences between Late Romano-British and Early Anglo-Saxon Archaeology. In W. Filmer-Sankey (ed.). Anglo-Saxon Studies in History and Archaeology 6. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology. pp.57-63. Cleary, S.E. 2011. The Ending(s) of Roman Britain. In H. Hamerow, D.A. Hinton and S. Crawford (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.13-29. Clough, T.H.M., Dornier, A. and Rutland, R.A. 1975. Anglo-Saxon and Viking Leicestershire, including Rutland. Leicestershire: Leicestershire Museums Art Galleries and Records Service.
83

Cole, J. 1825. The History and Antiquities of Ecton, in the County of Northampton. Scarborough: John Cole. Collins, A.E.P. 1947. Excavations on Blewburton Hill, 1947. Berkshire Archaeological Journal, 50. pp.4-29. Collins, A.E.P. 1953. Excavations on Blewburton Hill, 1948 and 1949. Berkshire Archaeological Journal, 53. pp.21-64. Collins, A.E.P. and Collins, F.J. 1959. Excavations on Blewburton Hill, 1953. Berkshire Archaeological Journal, 57. pp.52-73. Colyer, T.W.M. 1924. Saxon Burial Urn found in Reading. Berks, Bucks & Oxon Archaeological Journal, 28. pp.19. Cook, A.M. 1981. Occasional Papers in Lincolnshire History and Archaeology 6: The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Fonaby, Lincolnshire. Sleaford: The Society for Lincolnshire History and Archaeology. Cook, A.M. and Dacre, M.W. 1985. Excavations at Portway, Andover 1973-1975: AngloSaxon Cemetery, Bronze Age Barrow and Linear Ditch. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. Corke, B. 2004. Excavations at Ringlemere, 2004. Friends of Canterbury Archaeological Trust newsletter, 66. pp. 11. Coser, L.A. (ed. and trans.). 1992. On Collective Memory [M. Halbwachs, 1925]. London: University of Chicago Press. Cottrill, F.C. 1946. Anglo-Saxon Leicestershire and Rutland; Illustrated Catalogue. Leicester: Leicester Museum. Couchman, J.E. 1925. A Roman Cemetery at Hassocks. Sussex Archaeological Collections, 66. pp.34-61. Cox, J.C. 1891. [Note in] Thursday, April 30th, 1891. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 13. pp.331. Crowther-Beynon, V.B. and Leeds, E.T. 1911. Notes on an Anglo -Saxon Cemetery at Market Overton, Rutland. Archaeologia, 62. pp.481-96. Cumberland, A. 1938. Saxon cemetery, Riseley, Horton Kirby. Transactions of the Dartford District Antiquarian Society, 8. pp.15-29. Curwen, E.C. 1933. Excavations on Thundersbarrow Hill, Sussex. Antiquaries Journal, 13 (2). pp.109-33. Curwen, E.C. 1941. 'Perforated rim-lugs from Friston, Sussex'. Antiquaries Journal, 21. pp.62-4.
84

Davidson, H.E. and Webster, L. 1967. 'The Anglo-Saxon burial (Woodnesborough), Kent'. Medieval Archaeology, 11. pp. 1-41.

at

Coombe

Davies, S.M. 1984. Excavations at Christchurch, Dorset, 1981 to 1983. Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeology Society, 105. pp.21-56. Davies, S.M. 1985. The excavation of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery (and some prehistoric pits) at Charlton Plantation, near Downton. Wiltshire Archaeology and Natural History Magazine, 79. pp.109-154. Devlin, Z.L. 2007. Social Memory, Material Culture and Community Identity in Early Medieval Mortuary Practices. In S. Semple and H. Williams (eds.). Anglo-Saxon Studies in History and Archaeology 14. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology. pp.38-46. Dickinson, T. 2004. An Early Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Quarrington, near Sleaford, Lincolnshire: Report on Excavations, 2000-2001. Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, 39. pp.24-45. Dickinson, T. and Speake, G. 1992. 'The seventh-century cremation burial in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire: a reassessment'. In M. Carver (ed.). The Age of Sutton Hoo. Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp.95-130. Down, A. and Welch, M. 1990. Chichester Excavations VII: Apple Down and The Mardens. Chichester: Chichester District Council. Douglas, J. 1793. Nenia Britannica: Or, a Sepulchral History of Great Britain; From the Earliest Period to Its General Conversion to Christianity. London: John Nichols. Drinkall, G. and Foreman, M. 1998. The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Castledyke South, Barton on Humber. Sheffield Excavation Reports 6. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. Dryden, H. 1885. Excavation of an Ancient Burial Ground at Marston St. Lawrence, co. Northampton. Archaeologia, 48. pp. 327-39. Dudley, H.E. and Walshaw, G.R. 1931. The History and Antiquities of the Scunthorpe and Frodingham District. Scunthorpe: W.H. & C.H. Caldicott. Dunning, G.C. 1932. A Saxon Cemetery at Ewell, Surrey. Antiquaries Journal, 12. pp.44245. Edwards, A.R. 1959. Further excavations on tumuli at Risby, 1959. Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology, 28 (2). pp.154-60. Elgee, F. and Elgee, H.W. 1933. The Archaeology of Yorkshire. London: Methuen. English Heritage. 2013. PastScape. [Available online at: http://www.pastscape.org.uk/] Evison, V.I. 1988. An Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Alton, Hampshire. Hampshire: Hapshire Field Club Monograph 4.
85

Evison,V.I. 1994.An Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Great Chesterford, Essex. Council For British Archaeology Research Report 91. York: Council for British Archaeology. Evison, V.I. and Hill, P. 1996. Two Anglo-Saxon cemeteries at Beckford, Hereford and Worcester. CBA Research Report No.103. York: Council for British Archaeology. Farley, M. 1992. The Cop Round Barrow at Bledlow: Prehistoric or Saxon?. Records of Buckinghamshire, 34. pp.11-13. Farrer, Rev. E. 1923. Anglo-Saxons in Suffolk. Antiquaries Journal, 3 (4). pp.375. Fennell, K.R. 1964. The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Loveden Hill (Hough-on-the-Hill) Lincolnshire and its significance in relation to the Dark Age settlement of the East Midlands. Nottingham: University of Nottingham Unpublished PhD Thesis. Fern, C. in prep. Before Sutton Hoo: The Prehistoric Landscape and Early Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Tranmer House, Bromeswell, Suffolk, East Anglian Archaeology Reports Field, N. 1989a. Archaeology in Lincolnshire and South Humberside, 1988. Lincolnshire History and Archaeology 33, pp. 35-46. Field, N. 1989b. Deeping Road Baston, Results of Archaeological Evaluation. Lindsey ArchaeologicalServices. Unpublished Document. Filmer-Sankey, W. and Pestle, T. 2001. Snape Anglo-Saxon Cemetery: Excavations and Surveys 1824-1992. Fowler, M.J. 1954. The Anglian Settlement of Derbyshire and the Staffordshire Peak District. Derbyshire Archaeological Journal, 74. pp.134-51. Fox, C. 1923. Archaeology of the Cambridge Region: A topographical study of the Bronze, Early Iron, Roman and Anglo-Saxon Ages, with an introductory note on the Neolithic Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Frere, S.S. and St. Joesph, J.K. The Roman fortress at Longthorpe. Britannia, 5. pp.112-21. Geake, H. 1999. When Were Hanging Bowls Deposited in Anglo-Saxon Graves?. Medieval Archaeology, 43. pp.1-18. George, T.J. 1904. Archaeological Survey of Northamptonshire. London: Society of Antiquaries of London. Gibson, C. 2007. Minerva: an early Anglo-Saxon mixed-rite cemetery, Alwalton, Cambs. In S. Semple and H. Williams (eds.). Anglo-Saxon Studies in History and Archaeology 14. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology. pp.238-350. Giddens, A. 1984. The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Cambridge: Polity Press.

86

Gingell, C.J. 1978. The excavation of an early Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Collingbourne Ducis, Wilts. Wiltshire Archaeology and Natural History Magazine, 70/71. Pp.61-98. Glasswell, S. 2002. The Earliest English: Living and Dying in Early Anglo-Saxon England. Gloucestershire: Tempus. Gonalves, D. 2012. The micro-analysis of human burned bones: some remarks. Cadernos do GEEvH, 1 (1). pp.32-40. Gorham, G.C. 1820. The History and Antiquities of Eynesbury and St Neots in Huntingdonshire. London: Harding, Mavor and Lepard. Gower, G.L. 1876. [Note in] Thursday, February 26th, 1874. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 6. pp.154-6. Green, B., Rogerson, A. and White, S.G. 1987. The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Morning Thorpe, Norfolk. East Anglian Archaeology Monograph No. 36. Green, T. 2008. The British Kingdom of Lindsey. Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies, 56. pp.1-43. Griffith, A.F. 1883. Notes on Some Saxon Interments at Ringmer. Sussex Archaeological Colelctions, 33. pp.129-30. Griffith, A.F. 1925. Some Notes on Anglo-Saxon Antiquities from High Down, near Worthing. Sussex Archaeological Collections, 66. pp.219-24. Grinsell, L.V. 1934. An Analysis and List of Surrey Barrows. Surrey Archaeological Collections, 42. pp.26-60. Grove, L.B.A. 1952. The Whiteheath Excavations. Archaeologia Cantiana, 65. pp.160-6. Gunner, W. 1849. [Note in] Proceedings of the Institute. Archaeological Journal, 6. pp.1835. Gurney, D. and Penn, K. 2002. Excavations and Surveys in Norfolk, 2001. Norfolk Archaeology, 44 (1). pp.162-77. Hallam, E. and Hockey, J. 2001. Death, Memory and Material Culture. Oxford: Berg. Hamerow, H. 1993. Excavations at Mucking Volume 2: The Anglo-Saxon Settlement Harden, D.B. 1956. Dark Age Britain: Studies Presented to E.T. Leeds. London: Methuen Hargrove, E. 1789. The History of the Castle, Town and Forest of Knaresborough. York: W. Blanchard and Company. Harrison, D. 2013. aDNA Research. Techniques and Objectives; progress to date. Paper given at The Excavation and Post-excavation Study of an Early Medieval (Anglo-Saxon)

87

Burial Site. RAF Lakenheath, Eriswell parish, Suffolk (Cardiff University Special Seminar, Monday 15th April 2013). Hrke , H. 1997. The Nature of Burial Data. In C.K. Jensen and K.H. Nielsen (eds.). Burial & Society: The Chronological and Social Analysis of Archaeological Burial Data. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. pp.19-27. Hrke, H. 2007. Invisible Birtons, Gallo-Romans and Russians: Perspectives on Culture Change. In N. Higham (ed.). Britons in Anglo-Saxon England. Suffolk: The Boydell Press, pp.57-67. Hartshorne, E.A. 1868. Memorials of Holdenby. Oxford: Oxford Univeristy Press. Hawkes, S.C. 1961. Soldiers and Settlers in Britain, Fourth to Fifth Century. Medieval Archaeology, 5. pp.1-70. Hawkes, S.C. 1968. Anglo-Saxon urns from Foreham. Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society, 25. pp.51-60. Hawkes, S.C. and Grainger, G. 2003. The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Worthy Park, Kingsworthy near Winchester, Hampshire. Oxford University School of Archaeology Monograph No.59. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology. Head, J.F. 1938. The Excavation of the Cop Round Barrow, Bledlow. Records of Buckinghamshire, 13 (5). pp.313-351. Head, J.F. 1946. Buckinghamshire AD 450-700. Records of Buckinghamshire 14. pp.31320. Head, J.F. and Hume, T.A. 1969. Anglo-Saxon burials at Lower Winchendon. Records of Buckinghamshire, 18. pp.306-12. Healy, F. 1988. Spong Hill, Part VI: Occupation during the Seventh to Second Millennia BC. East Anglian Archaeology Monograph No.39. Henslow, J.S. 1847. 'On supposed British cinerary urns found at the village of Kingston, near Derby, in 1844'. Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 2. pp.60-3. Heron, J. 1889. Report on the Stapenhill Excavations. Transactions of the Burton-on-Trent Natural History and Archaeological Society, 1. pp.153-93. Hief, F.R.G. 1915-16. Roman and Saxon Antiquities found near Kettering. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 14. pp.59-66. Hill, A.D. 1907. [Note in] Thursday, 18th April, 1907. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 21. pp.420. Hillier, G. 1855. Excavations on Brightstone and Bowcombe Downs, Isle of Wight, Made in August 1854. Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 11. pp.34-40.
88

Hills, C. 1977. Spong Hill, Part I: Catalogue of Cremations. East Anglian Archaeology Monograph No. 6. Hills, C. 1979. The archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England in the pagan period: a review. Anglo-Saxon England, 8. pp.297-329. Hills, C. 1980. Anglo-Saxon cremation cemeteries, with particular reference to Spong Hill, Norfolk. In P. Rahtz, T. Dickinson and L. Watts (eds.). Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries 1979. BAR British Series 82. Oxford: B.A.R. pp.197-207. Hills, C. 2003. Origins of the English. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Hills, C. and Lucy, S. Forthcoming. Spong Hill Part IX: Chronology and Synthesis. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Hills, C. and Penn, K. 1980. Spong Hill, Part II: Catalogue of Cremations. East Anglian Archaeology Monograph No.11 Hills, C., Penn, K. and Rickett, R. 1984. Spong Hill, Part III: Catalogue of Inhumations. East Anglian Archaeology Monograph No.21. Hills, C., Penn, K. and Rickett, R. 1987. Spong Hill, Part IV: Catalogue of Cremations. East Anglian Archaeology Monograph No.34. Hills, C., Penn, K. and Rickett, R. 1994. Spong Hill, Part V: Catalogue of Cremations. East Anglian Archaeology Monograph No.67. Hines, J. 1990a. Philology, archaeology and the adventus Saxonum vel Anglorum. In A. Bammesberger and A. Wollmann (eds.). Britain 400-600: Language and History. Heidelberg: Carl Winter. pp.17-36. Hines, J. 1990b. 'The Runic Inscriptions of Early Anglo-Saxon England' in A. Bammesberger (ed.). Britain 400-600: Language and History. Winter: Heidelberg. pp.437456. Hines, J. 2011. Literary Sources and Archaeology. In H. Hamerow, D.A. Hinton and S. Crawford (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.968-85. Hines, J., Bayliss, A., Nielsen, K.H., McCorma, G. and Scull, C. 2013. Anglo-Saxon Graves and Grave Goods of the 6th and 7th Centuries AD: A Chronological Framework. London: Society for Medieval Archaeology. Hirst, S and Clark, D. 2009. Excavations at Mucking: Volume 3: The Mucking Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries. London: Museum of London Archaeology. Hodder, I. and Hutson, S. 2003. Reading the Past: Current Approaches to Interpretation in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

89

Hoggett, R. 2007. Charting Conversion: Burial as a Barometer of Belief?. In S. Semple and H. Williams (eds.). Anglo-Saxon Studies in History and Archaeology 14. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology . pp.28-37. Hollingworth, E.J. and OReilly, M.M. 1925. The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Girton College, Cambridge: A Report Based on the MS. Notes of the Excavations Made by the Late F.J.H. Jenkinson, M.A. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hornsby, W. 1913. An Anglian Cemetery at Hob Hill, Saltburn. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, 22. pp.131-6. Housman, H. 1895. 'Exploration of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery in the parish of Castleacre, Norfolk'. Norfolk Archaeology, 12. pp.100-4. Humphreys, J., Ryland, J.W., Barnards, E.A.B., Wellstood, F.C. and Barnett, T.G. 1923. An Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Bidford-on-Avon, Warwickshire. Archaeologia, 73. pp.89-116. Hurst, J.G. 1976. The Pottery. In D.M. Wilson (ed.). The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.283-346. Ingleby, H. 1917. Roman and other remains recently discovered at Sedgeford. Norfolk Archaeology, 19. pp.121-77. Inskip, S. 2008. Great Chesterford: a catalogue of burials. In M. Brickley and M. Smith (eds.). Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference of the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology. BAR International Series 1743. Oxford: Archaeopress. Ives, J. 1774. Garianorum of the Romans. Yarmouth: Privately published. Jackson, R.A., Bevan, L., Hurst, J.D. and de Rouffignac, C. 1994. Salvage Recording on the Trimpley to Blackstone Aquaduct, Kidderminster Foreign. Hereford and Worcester County Archaeological Service Report 200. Jarvis, K.S. 1983. Excavations in Christchurch, 1969-80. Dorset: Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society. Jessup, R.F. 1928. A Romano-British Settlement at Springhead, Kent. Antiquaries Journal, 8. pp.337-43. Jessup, R.F. 1946. 'An Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Westbere, Kent'. Antiquaries Journal, 26. pp.11-21. Johnson, F. 1926. The Chapel of St. Clement at Brundall, Norfolk. Norfolk Archaeology, 22. pp.194-207. Jones, M.J. 1993. The Latter Days of Roman Lincoln. In A. Vince (ed.). Pre-Viking Lindsey. Lincoln: City of Lincoln Archaeology Unit. pp.14-28.

90

Jones, M.U. 1974. Excavations at Mucking, Essex. A Second Interim Report. Antiquaries Journal, 54 (2). pp.183-99 Kemble, J.M. 1849. The Saxons in England. London: Green and Longmans. Kemble, J.M. 1855. Burial and Cremation. Archaeological Journal, 12. pp.309-37. Kennett, D.H. 1969. A late 6th-century cruciform brooch from Toddington, Bedfordshire: an Anglo-Saxon connexion examined. Medieval Archaeology13. pp.206-9. Kinsley, A.G. 1989. The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Millgate, Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire. Nottingham: Nottingham Archaeological Monographs 2. Kinsley, A.G. 1993. Excavations on the Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Broughton Lodge, Willoughby-on-the-Wolds, Nottinghamshire, 1964-8. Nottingham: Nottingham Archaeological Monographs 4. Kirk, J.R. 1956. Anglo-Saxon Cremation and Inhumation in the Upper Thames Valley in Pagan Times. In D.B. Harden (ed.). Dark Age Britain: Studies Presented to E.T. Leeds. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. pp.123-31. Laing, L. and Laing, J. 1979. Anglo-Saxon England. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. Lankester, E. 1872. The Eastern Counties Collectanea, Being Notes and Queries on Subjects Relative to the Counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex and Cambridge, 1872-3. Norwich: Miller & Leavins. Lanting, J.N., Aerts-Bijma, A.T. and van der Plicht, J. 2001. Dating of cremated bones. Radiocarbon, 43. pp.249-54. Larsson, L. 2001. Uppkra a central Iron Age Site in southern Sweden during the first millennium AD. Prehistoria 2000 ,1. pp.28-50. Larsson, L. 2002. Uppkra Research on a Central Place. Recent Excavations and Results. In B. Hrdh and L. Larsson (eds.). Central Places in the Migration and Merovingian Periods. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International. pp.19-30. Layard, N.F. 1907a. Anglo-Saxon cemetery, Hadleigh Road, Ipswich. Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology (1). pp.1-20. Layard, N.F. 1907b. An Anglo-Saxon Cemetery in Ipswich. Archaeologia, 60. pp.325-52. Leahy, K.A. 2007. 'Interrupting the pots': the excavation of Cleatham Anglo-Saxon cemetery, North Lincolnshire. CBA Research Reports No. 155. York: Council for British Archaeology. Leahy, K.A. 2008. The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Lindsey: The Archaeology of an AngloSaxon Kingdom. Stroud: The History Press. Leahy, K.A. and Williams, D.J. 2001. Sheffields Hill, two Anglo-Saxon cemeteries. Current Archaeology, No. 175, 15 (7), pp.310-13.
91

Lee, C. 2007. Feasting the Dead: Food and Drink in Anglo-Saxon Burial Rituals. Suffolk: The Boydell Press. Leeds, E.T. 1924. 'An Anglo-Saxon cremation-burial of the seventh century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire'. Antiquaries Journal, 24. pp.113-26. Leeds, E.T. 1933. The Early Saxon penetration of the Upper Thames area Antiquaries Journal, 13. pp.229-51. Leeds, E.T. 1935. An Enamelled Bowl from Baginton, Warwickshire. Antiquaries Journal, 15 (2). pp.109-12. Leeds, E.T. 1938. An Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Wallingford. Berkshire Archaeological Journal, 42. pp.93-101. Leeds, E.T. 1939. Anglo-Saxon Remains. In L.F. Salzman (ed.), The Victoria History of the County of Oxfordshire, Volume I. London: University of London Institute of Historical Research. pp.346-72. Leeds, E.T. and Atkinson, R.J.C. 1944. An Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Nassington, Northamptonshire. Antiquaries Journal, 24. pp.100-28. Leeds, E.T. and Harden, D.B. 1936. The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Abingdon, Berkshire. Oxford: University of Oxford. Lethbridge, T.C. 1931-2. Anglo-Saxon Burials at Soham, Cambridgeshire. Cambridge Antiquarian Society Communications, 33. pp.152-63. Lethbridge, T.C. 1938. 'Anglo-Saxon remains'. In L.F. Salzman (ed.). The Victoria History of the County of Cambridgeshire and the Isle of Ely, Vol. I. London: Oxford University Press. pp.305-34. Lethbridge, T.C. 1951. A Cemetery at Lackford, Suffolk: report of the excavation of a cemetery of the Pagan Anglo-Saxon period in 1947. Cambridge: Cambridge Antiquarian Society. Lethbridge, T.C. and Carter, H.G. 1928. 'Excavations in the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Little Wilbraham'. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 29. pp.95-104. Lowther, A.W.G. 1931. The Saxon Cemetery at Guildown, Guildford, Surrey. Surrey Archaeology Collections, 39. pp.1-50. Lowther, A.W.G. 1939. Saxon Pottery from Walton-on-Thames, Wotton and Farnham, Surrey. Antiquaries Journal, 19 (3). pp.323-5. Lucy, S. 2000. The Anglo-Saxon Way of Death: Burial Rites in Early England. Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing.

92

Lucy, S. and Reynolds, A. 2002. Burial in early medieval England and Wales: past, present and future. In S. Lucy and A. Reynolds (eds.). Burial in Early Medieval England and Wales. London: Society for Medieval Archaeology. pp.1-23. Luizza, R.M. 2000. Beowulf, a new verse translation. Ontario: Broadview Press Ltd. Lupton, H. 1860. Relics found at Tythrop House. Records of Buckinghamshire, 2 (4). pp.166-7. Lyne, M.A.B. 1994. The Hassocks Roman and Early Saxon Cemetery. Sussex Archaeological Collections, 132. pp.53-86. Marx, K. 1843. Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie. Unpublished manuscript. Marzinzik, S. The earliest Anglo-Saxons? The burial site at Ringlemere Farm, East Kent, and early cross-Channel migration. In S. Brookes, S. Harrington and A. Reynolds (eds.). Studies in Early Anglo-Saxon Art and Archaeology: Papers in Honour of Martin G. Welch. BAR British Series 527. Oxford: B.A.R. pp.55-61. Mayes, P. and Dean, M. (1976). An Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Baston, Lincolnshire. Sleaford: Occasional Papers in Lincolnshire History and Archaeology 3. McKinley, J. 1994a. Spong Hill, North Elmham, Part VIII: The Cremations. East Anglian Archaeology Monograph No.69. McKinley, J. 1994b. Bone fragment size in British cremation burials and its implications for pyre technology and ritual. Journal of Archaeological Science, 21. pp.339-342. McKinley, J.I. 2000. The Analysis of Cremated Bone. In M. Cox and S. Mays (eds.) Human Osteology In Archaeology and Forensic Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 403-421. McKinley, J.I. 2006. Cremation the cheap option?. In R. Gowland and C. Knsel (eds.). Social Archaeology of Funerary Remains. Oxford: Oxbow. pp.81-88. Meaney, A. 1964. A Gazetteer of Early Anglo-Saxon Burial Sites. London: George Allen & Unwin. Milner, G. 1853. On sepulchral urns found at Newark in 1836. Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 8. pp.192-3. Molyneux, W. 1869. Burton-on-Trent: Its History, Its Waters, And Its Breweries. London: Trbner & Co. Morris, J. 1959. A Gazetteer of Anglo-Saxon Surrey. Surrey Archaeological Collections, 56. pp.132-58. Morris, J. 1962. The Anglo-Saxons in Bedfordshire with a Gazetteer of Pagan Anglo-Saxon Discoveries in Bedfordshire. Bedfordshire Archaeological Journal, 1. pp.58-76.
93

Mortimer, J.R. 1905. Forty Years Researches in British and Saxon burial mounds of East Yorkshire, including Romano-British discoveries, & a description of the ancient entrenchments on a section of the Yorkshire Wolds. London: A. Brown and Sons. Myres, J.N.L. 1936. The English Settlements. In R.G. Collingwood and J.N.L. Myres (eds.). The Oxford History of England, Vol. I: Roman Britain and the English Settlements. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp.325-461. Myres, J.N.L. 1937. Three Styles of Decoration on Anglo-Saxon Pottery. Antiquaries Journal, 17. pp.424-37. Myres, J.N.L. 1951. The Anglo-Saxon Pottery of Lincolnshire. Archaeological Journal, 108. pp.65-99. Myres, J.N.L. 1954. Two Saxon urns from Ickwell Bury, Beds., and the Saxon penetration of the Eastern Midlands. Antiquaries Journal, 34. pp.201-8. Myres, J.N.L. 1969. Anglo-Saxon Pottery and the Settlement of England. London: Oxford University Press. Myres, J.N.L. 1977. A Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Pottery of the Pagan Period. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Myres, J.N.L. 1989. The Oxford History of England, Vol. IB: The English Settlements. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Myres, J.N.L. and Green, B. 1973. The Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries of Caistor-by-Norwich and Markshall, Norfolk. London: Society of Antiquaries/Thames & Hudson. Myres, J.N.L. and Southern, W.H. 1973. The Anglo-Saxon Cermation Cemetery at Sancton, East Yorkshire. Hull Museum Publication No. 218. Hull: Hull Museum. Neville, R.C. 1852. Saxon Obsequies Illustrated by Ornaments and Weapons: Discovered by the Hon. R.C. Neville in a Cemetery Near Little Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire During the Autumn of 1951. Cambridgeshire: J. Murray. Newman, J. 1993. The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Boss Hall, Ipswich. Bulletin of the Sutton Hoo Research Committee, 8. pp.33-6. Newton, A.A.S. 2009. The Chalet Site, Hall Road, Heybridge, Essex: Research Archive Report. Archaeological Solutions Ltd. Report No. 3381. Nielsen, K.H. 1997a. The Schism of Anglo-Saxon Chronology. In C.K. Jensen and K.H. Nielsen (eds.). Burial & Society: The Chronological and Social Analysis of Archaeological Burial Data. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. pp.71-99. Nielsen, K.H. 1997b. From Society to Burial and from Burial to Society? some modern analogies. In C.K. Jensen and K.H. Nielsen (eds.). Burial & Society: The Chronological and Social Analysis of Archaeological Burial Data. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. pp.103-10.
94

Nielsen, R. 1992. 'Early Anglo-Saxon burials in Croydon'. London Archaeologist, 7 (1). pp.67. Niles, J.D. and Osborn, M. (eds.) 2007. Beowulf and Lejre. Tempe, Arizona: Arizona Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Nugent, R. and Williams, H. 2012. Sighted Surfaces: Ocular Agency in Early Anglo-Saxon Cremation Burials. In I-M, Back Danielsson and F. Fahlander and Y. Sjstrand. Encountering Imagery: Materialities, Perceptions, Relations. Stockholm Studies in Archaeology 57. Stockholm: Stockholm University. pp. 187-208. OBrien, E. 1999. Post-Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England: Burial Practices Reviewed. BAR British Series 289. Oxford: BAR. Olsen, J., Heinemeier, J., Bennike, P., Krause, C., Hornstrup, K.M. and Thrane, H. 2008. Characterisation and blind testing of radiocarbon dating of cremated bone. Archaeological Science, 35 (3). pp.791-800. OMACL (The Online Medieval and Classical Library). 2013. Heimskringla, or The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway. The Ynglinga Saga, or The Story of the Yngling Family from Odin to Halfdan the Black. Online Medieval and Classical Library Release #15b. [Available online at http://omacl.org/Heimskringla/ynglinga.html] ONeil, H. and Grinsell, L.V. 1960. Gloucestershire Barrows, Lists: Round Barrows, Gloucestershire. Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, 79. pp.100-38. OSullivan, H. 1996. 82-90 Park Lane, Croydon: a Planning case-study. London Archaeologist, 7 (16). pp.424-31. Oswald, A. 1947. Saxon pottery from Sutton Bonington. Antiquaries Journal, 27. pp.85-6. Owles, E.J. and Smedley, N. 1964. Archaeology in Suffolk. Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology, 30 (1). pp.116-118. Owles, E.J. and Smedley, N. 1968. Archaeology in Suffolk. Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology, 31 (2). pp.188-92. Parfitt, K. and Needham, S. 2005. More important discoveries at Ringlemere Farm. Newsletter of the Kent Archaeological Society, 64. pp. 13. Parfitt, K. and Needham, S. 2007. Excavations at Ringlemere Farm, Woodnesborough, 2002-2006. Archaeologia Cantiana, 127. pp.39-55. Patrick, P., French, C. and Oxborne, C. 2007. Rescue Excavation of an Early Anglo -Saxon Cemetery at Gunsthorpe, Peterborough. In S. Semple and H. Williams (eds.). Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 14. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology. pp.204-37.
95

Peake, H.J.E. 1913. The Archaeology of Berkshire. London: Methuen. Peckover, J. 1879. Fen Tumuli. Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 35. pp.11-14. Perry, G. 2011. Beer, Butter and burial: The pre-burial origins of cremation urns from the early Anglo-Saxon cemetery of Cleatham, North Lincolnshire. Medieval Ceramics, 32. pp.921. Perry, G. 2012. A Hole for the Soul? Possible functions of post-firing perforations and lead plugs in early Anglo-Saxon cremation urns. In B. Jervis and A. Kyle (eds.). Make-do and Mend: Archaeologies of Compromise, Repair and Reuse. BAR International Series 2408. Oxford: Archaeopress. pp.43-52. Philip, A.J. 1914. History of Gravesend and its surroundings: From prehistoric times to the opening of the twentieth century. London: Stanley Paul & Co. Phillips, C.W. 1934. The present state of archaeology in Lincolnshire: Part II. Archaeological Journal, 91. pp.97-187. Posnansky, M. 1955. Bronze Age Round Barrow at Swarkestone, Part 1. Derbyshire Archaeological Journal, 75. pp.123-39. Pretty, E. 1849. [Note in] Proceedings of the Association. Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 4. pp.142. Price, E.B. 1853. [Note in] Thursday, December 12th, 1850. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 2 (24). pp.109. Ravn, M. 2003. Death ritual and Germanic Social Structure (c. AD 200-600). BAR International Series 1164. Oxford: Archaeopress. Read, C.H. 1895. On Excavations in a Cemetery of South Saxons on High Down, Sussex. Archaeologia, 54. pp.369-82. Read, C.H. and Smith, R.A. 1904. Anglo-Saxon remains. In W. Page (ed.). The Victoria History of the County of Warwickshire, Vol. I.. London: Archivald, Constance & Co. pp.25068. Reid-Moir, J. 1929. The Excavation of Two Tumuli on Brightwell Heath, Suffolk'. Journal of the Ipswich and District Field Club, 6. pp.1-14. Richards, J.D. 1987. The Significance of Form and Decoration of Anglo-Saxon Cremation Urns. BAR British Series 166. Oxford: B.A.R. Rickett, R. 1995. Spong Hill, Part VII: Iron Age, Roman and Early Saxon Settlement. East Anglian Archaeology Monograph No.73.

96

Rolleston, G. 1869. Researches and Excavations carried out in an ancient Cemetery at Frilford, near Abingdon, Berks, in the years 1867-1868. Archaeologia, 42. pp.417-85. Rolleston, G. 1880. Further Researches in an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Frilford, with remarks on the Northern Limit of Anglo-Saxon Cremation in England. Archaeologia, 45. pp.405-10. Salmon, N. 1736. Antiquities of Surrey, Collected from the most antient Records. With some Account of the present State and Natural History of the County. London: Privately published. Schurr, M.R., Hayes, R.G. and Cook, D.C. 2008. Thermally Induced Changes in the Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Charred Bones. In C.W. Schmidt and S.A. Symes (eds.). The Analysis of Burned Human Remains. London: Elsevier. pp.95-108. Scull, C. 1992. Excavation and Survey at Watchfield, Oxfordshire, 1983-92. Archaeological Journal, 149. pp.124-281. Scull, C. 1995. Approaches to Material Culture and Social Dynamics in the Migration Period of Eastern England. In J. Bintliff and H. Hamerow (eds.). Europe between Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Recent Archaeological and Historical Research in Western and Southern Europe. BAR International Series 617. Oxford: B.A.R. pp.71-83. Sharman, J. and Clay, P. 1991. Leicester Lane, Enderby: An Archaeological Evaluation. Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society, 65. pp.1-12. Sheppard, T. 1909. Ancient Grave Yard at Sancton. Transactions of the East Riding Antiquarian Society, 16. pp.50-70. Sherlock, S.J. and Welch, M.G. 1992. An Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Norton, Cleveland. CBA Research Report No. 82. London: The Council for British Archaeology. Shipman, P., Foster, G. and Schoeninger, M. 1984. Burnt Bones and Teeth: an Experimental Study of Color, Morphology, Crystal Structure and Shrinkage. Journal of Archaeological Science, 11. pp.307-325. Shurlock, M. 1868. Urns, fragments of pottery, and bones from Shepperton, Middlesex (Further excavations in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Shepperton). Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 4. pp.118-20. Skelton, R.A. 1931. Anglo-Saxon Ornaments from Holme Pierrepont. The British Museum Quarterly, 6 (1). pp.16-17. Skre, D. 2007. Kaupang in Skiringssal. Excavation and Surveys at Kaupang and Huseby, 1998-2003, Background and Results, Kaupang Excavation Project Publication Series Vol. I. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. Smith, A. 1750. Isurium. Privately published.

97

Smith, C.R. 1850. [Note in] Proceedings of the Association. Proceedings of the British Archaeological Association, 5. pp.154-5. Smith, C.R. 1850-68. Collectanea Antiqua, Etchings and Notices of Ancient Remains. 6 vols. London: Privately published. Smith, C.R. 1852. [Drawing in] Anglo-Saxon Remains in Kent, Suffolk and Leicestershire. Collectanea Antiqua, 2. pp.233. Smith, C.R. 1857. Collectanea Antiqua, Etchings and Notices of Ancient Remains, Vol.IV. London: Privately published. Smith, H. 1870. 'Notes on prehistoric burial in Sussex'. Sussex Archaeological Collections, 22. pp.57-76. Smith, R.A. 1901. 'Anglo-Saxon remains'. In H.A. Doubleday (ed.). The Victoria History of the County of Norfolk, Vol. I. London: Archibald, Constance & Co. pp.325351. Smith, R.A. 1902. 'Anglo-Saxon remains'. In W. Ryland, D. Adkins and R.M. Serjeantson (eds.). The Victoria History of the County of Northamptonshire, Vol. I. London: Archibald, Constance & Co. pp.223-565. Smith, R.A. 1911. Anglo-Saxon remains. In W. Page (ed.). The Victoria History of the County of Suffolk, Vol. I. London: Constable and Company Limited. pp.325-55. Smith, R.A. 1923. A Guide to the Anglo-Saxon Antiquities in the Department of British and Medieval Antiquities. London: The British Museum. Smith, R.A. 1926. Anglo-Saxon remains. In W. Page and G. Proby (eds.). The Victoria History of the County of Huntingdonshire Vol. I. London: The St. Catherine Press. pp.271-9. Smith, L.T. 1964. (ed.). The Itinerary of John Leland Volume 4. London: Centaur Press. Snoeck, C. 2013. A Burning Question: Structural and Isotopic Studies of Cremated Bone in Archaeological Contexts. Paper given at the 7th Experimental Archaeology Conference (Cardiff University, 11th January 2013). Squires, K.E. Forthcoming. Piecing together identity: a social investigation of early AngloSaxon cremation practices. Archaeological Journal, 170. Squires, K.E., Thompson, T.J.U., Islam, M. and Chamberlain, A. 2011. The Application of Histomorphometry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to the Analysis of Early Anglo-Saxon Burned Bone. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38 (9). pp.2399-2409. Stead, I.M. 1958. 'An Anglian cemetery on the Mount, York. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, 39. pp.427-35. Steane, K. 1990-1. St Paul-in-the-Bail a Dated Sequence? Lincoln Archaeology, 3. pp.2831.
98

Stevens, J. 1894. The Discovery of a Saxon Burial-Place near Reading. Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 50. Pp.150-7. Stirland, A. Forthcoming. Report on the burials from Alveston Manor, Stratford-upon-Avon. Stoodley, N. and Schuster, J. 2009. Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire: an Early Saxon cemetery with bed burial. In U. von Freeden, H. Friesinger and E. Wamers (eds.). Glaube, Kult und Herrschaft. Phnomene des Religisen im 1. Jahrtausend n. Chr. in Mittel- und Nordeuropa. Kolloquien zur Vor- und Frhgeschichte 12. Bonn: Rmisch-Germanische Kommission des Deutschen archologischen instituts Frankfurt a. m. pp.48996 Swain, J.W. (trans.). 1915. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Fife, A Study in Religious Sociology [E. Durkheim, 1912]. London: G. Allen & Unwin. Tester, P.J. 1968. An Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Orpington. Archaeologia Cantiana, 83. pp.125-50. The Historic Counties Trust. 2010. The Historic Counties Standard: A Standard for the Definition of the Names, Areas and Borders of the Historic Counties of the United Kingdom. Consultation Draft. Cardiff: Historic Counties Standard Consultation. [Available online at http://www.county-borders.co.uk/] Thomas, G.W. 1887. On excavations in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sleaford, in Lincolnshire. Archaeologia, 50. pp.383-406. Thompson, F.H. 1956. Anglo-Saxon sites in Lincolnshire: unpublished material and recent discoveries. Antiquaries Journal, 36. pp.181-99. Timby, J. 1993. Sancton I Anglo-Saxon Cemetery Excavations Carried Out Between 1976 and 1980. The Archaeological Journal, 150. pp.243-365. Toms, H.S. 1915. Saxon Cremations near Saddlescombe. Sussex Archaeological Collections, 57. pp.219-21. Trollope, E. 1856. [Note in] Proceedings at Meetings of the Royal Archaeological Institute. Archaeological Journal, 13. pp.410-11. Trollope, E. 1857. [Note in] Proceedings at Meetings of the Royal Archaeological Institute. Archaeological Journal, 14. pp.275-6. Trollope, E. 1863. 'Saxon burial ground at Baston, Lincolnshire'. Archaeological Journal, 20. pp.29-31. Trollope, E. 1870. Ancaster, the Roman Causennse. Archaeological Journal, 27. pp.1-15. Trollope, E. 1872. Sleaford and the Wapentakes of Flaxwell and Aswardun. London: W. Kent.

99

Turner, E. 1867. Roman Remains at Twineham. Sussex Archaeological Collections, 19. pp.195-6. Tweddle, D., Moulden, J. and Logan, E. 1999. Anglian York: A survey of the evidence. York: York Archaeological Trust. Tyler, S. 1996. 'Early Saxon Essex AD 400-700'. In O. Bedwin (ed.). The Archaeology of Essex. Proceedings of the Writtle Conference. Chelmsford: Essex County Council. pp.10816. Tyler, S. and Major, H. 2005. The Early Anglo-Saxon Cemetery and Later Saxon Settlement at Springfield Lyons, Essex. East Anglian Archaeology Monograph No.111. Unger, S. 2008. Beetley Quarry, Beetley, Norfolk: An Archaeological Excavation Interim Report. Archaeological Solutions Ltd. Report No. 3019. Vulliamy, C.E. 1930. The Archaeology of Middlesex and London. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. Walker, F.G. 1912. Roman and Saxon remains from the Grange Road, Cambridge. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 16. pp.122-32. Webster, G. and Myres, J.N.L. 1952. An Anglo-Saxon urnfield at Elkington, Louth, Lincolnshire. Archaeological Journal, 108. pp.25-64. Welch, M.G. 1983. Early Anglo-Saxon Sussex. B.A.R British Series 112 (two vols.). Oxford: B.A.R. Welch, M.G. 1993. The archaeological evidence for federate settlement in Britain within the fifth century. In F. Vallet and M. Kazanski (eds.). Larme Romaine et les barbaes du IIIe au VIIe sicle. Paris. pp.269-78. Wells, C. 1960. A study of cremation. Antiquity, 34. pp.29-37. West, S. 1985. West Stow: The Anglo-Saxon Village. Bury St. Edmunds: Suffolk County Planning Department. West, S. 1988. The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Westgarth Gardens, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. East Anglian Archaeology Monograph No.38. West, S. and Owles, E. 1973. Anglo-Saxon cremation burials from Snape. Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology 33, pp. 47-57. Wheeler, R.E.M. 1935. London and the Saxons. London: Lancaster House. Whimster, D.C. 1931. The Archaeology of Surrey. London: Methuen. Wilkins, E.P., Kell, E. and Locke, J. 1860. Account of the Examination of the Largest Barrow in the Anglo-Saxon Cemetery on Bowcombe Down, Isle of Wight. Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 16. pp.253-61.
100

Williams, D., Lewis, M., Franzen, T., Lissett, V., Adams, C., Whittaker, D., Tysoe, C. and Butler, R. 2004. Sex determination by PCR analysis of DNA extracted from incinerated, deciduous teeth.Science and Justice, 44 (2). pp.89-94. Williams, H. 2002a. Cemeteries as Central Places Place and Identity in Migration Period Eastern England. In B. Hrdh and L. Larsson (eds.). Central Places in the Migration and Merovingian Periods. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. pp.341-62. Williams, H. 2002b. Remains of Pagan Saxondum? The Study of Anglo-Saxon cremation rites'. In S. Lucy and A. Reynolds (eds.). Burial in Early Medieval England and Wales.. London: Society for Medieval Archaeology. pp.47-71. Williams, H. 2003. Material culture as memory: combs and cremation in early medieval Britain. Early Medieval Europe, 12. pp.89-128. Williams, H. 2004. Death Warmed Up: the agency of bodies and bones in early AngloSaxon cremation rites. Journal of Material Culture, 9 (3). pp.263-91. Williams, H. 2005. Animals, Ashes & Ancestors: Beyond Skin and Bones?. In A. Plusowski (ed.). New Perspectives on Human-Animal Relations in the Historical Past. Oxford: Archaeopress. Williams, H. 2006a. Graves as mnemonic compositions. In H. Williams (ed.). Death and Memory in Early Medieval Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.117-44. Williams, H. 2006b. Death and Memory in Early Medieval Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Williams, H. 2007. Transforming Body and Soul: toilet Implements in Early Anglo -Saxon Graves. Anglo-Saxon Studies in History and Archaeology 14. pp.66-91. Williams, H. 2008. Towards an Archaeology of Cremation. In C.W. Schmidt and S.A. Symes (eds.). The Analysis of Burned Human Remains. London: Academic Press. pp.239-64. Williams, H. 2011. Mortuary Practices in Early Anglo-Saxon England. In H. Hamerow, D.A. Hinton and S. Crawford (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.238-65. Williams, H. and Sayer, D. 2009. Halls of mirrors: death and identity in medieval archaeology. In H. Williams and D. Sayer (eds.). Mortuary practices and social identities in the Middle Ages. Essays in burial archaeology in honour of Heinrich Hrke. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. pp.1-22. Williams, P.W. 1983. An Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Thurmaston, Leicestershire. Leicester: Leicestershire Museums, Art Galleries and Records Services. Wilson, D.M. 1976 Introduction. In D.M. Wilson (ed.). The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
101

Wilson, D.R. 1992. Anglo-Saxon Paganism. London: Routledge. Wilson, M.A., Hoff, W.D., Hall, C., McKay, B. and Hiley, A. 2003. Kinetics of Moisture Expansion in Fired Clay Ceramics: A (Time) 1/4 Law. Physical Review Letters, 90 (12). 125503. Wilson, M.A., Hamilton, A., Ince, C., Carter, M.A. and Hall, C. 2012. Rehydroxylation (RHX) dating of archaeological pottery. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 468 (2147). pp.3476-93. Woodward, S. 1831. A Descriptive Outline of the Roman Remains in Norfolk. Archaeologia, 23. pp.358-73. Woodward, S. 1859. [Note in] Thursday, December 8th, 1859. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 1. pp.29. Wright, T. 1849. 'Saxon remains found in Gloucestershire'. Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 5. pp.343-9. Wyatt, J. 1857. Remarkable Saxon Urn, discovered at Kepston, Beds.. Collectanea Antiqua, 4. pp.159-61. Wyatt, J. 1870. [Note in] Thursday, December 1st, 1870. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 5. pp.33-5. Wylie, W.M. 1856. [Note in] Thursday, June 1st, 1854. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, 3. pp.105-6. Ye, J., Ji, A., Parra, E., Zheng, X., Jiang, C., Zhao, X., Hu, L. and Tu, Z. 2004. A simple and efficient method for extracting DNA from old and burned bone. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 49 (4). pp.754-759. Yerburgh, R. 1825. Sketches Illustrative of the Topography and History of New and Old Sleaford. Sleaford: anonymously published by James Creasey.

102

Appendix I Site Gazetteer

A site gazetteer is provided here for the benefit of the reader. It was created from running a report on the EASCREM 13 project database, and includes the following information about each of the 266 sites: ID Site Name Site Name II Historic County Unitary Authority NGR Data Range Meaney Reference Excavations Date(s) and Director(s) Min No. Crem Max No. Crem Min No. Inhum Max No. Inhum Cemetery Type Artefact Types Description Reference(s) Museum(s)

103

ID 1 NGR SU 489 963

Site Name Abingdon I Date Range Meaney Reference e.5th-l.6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Berkshire

Unitary Authority Oxfordshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 82 Min No. of Inhum 119

Max No. Crem 82 Max No. of Inhum 122

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1860: ?; 1934-5: D.B. Harden and E.T. Leeds; 1937: ?; 1942: ?

Urns, cremated remains, iron tweezers, knife, bone combs, ivory purse ring, glass beads, iron buckle, pin, needle, disc brooches

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Reference(s)

Description

A mixed cemetery excavated 1934-1935. Some disc brooches were known from 1860, and Leeds and Harden 1936 single inhumations were subsequently found in 1937 and 1942. The grave catalogue details the artefacts, but no mention of the cremated remains. There is a Bronze Age barrow to east of cemetery. 34 of cremations had grave goods. Approximately 1/2 to 2/3 of the cemetery was excavated. Museum(s) The Ashmolean Museum

ID 2 NGR TQ 368 643

Site Name Addington Park Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.237

Site Name II

Historic County Surrey

Unitary Authority Surrey Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

?Urns, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) e.18th century: ?

Cemetery Type ?Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Land which used to be a common known as Thunderhill or Thunderfield Common (?Thunor Salmon 1736 assocation) was reported to have c.25 barrows, most very small but one was c.12m and another c.6m in diameter. A note from 1728 claims that urns had been found in these small mounds. Whether they were AS or not we will likely never know. Museum(s) Unknown Reference(s)

ID 3 NGR SP 086 570

Site Name Alcester Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.257

Site Name II

Historic County Warwickshire

Unitary Authority Warwickshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 1

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) e.19th century: ?

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description 2 urns were found near an inhumation burial with a sword in c.1812. Workmen frequently discovered cremations and inhumations, some with Roman coins, so the total number of burials is unknown. Coventry Museum has a huge amount of artefacts from this site.

Urns, cremated remains, sword, spearheads, knives, accessory vessels, brooches (square-headed, cruciform, small-long, saucer, disc, penannular, annular), wrist-clasps, beads, strap-ends, buckles, tweezers, bronze hanging bowl, enamelled escutcheons, buckets Reference(s) Read and Smith 1904

Museum(s) Brimingham Museum & Art Gallery

ID 4 NGR SE 40 66

Site Name Aldborough Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.282

Site Name II

Historic County Yorkshire

Unitary Authority North Yorkshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A Urns

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) m.16th century: ?

Cemetery Type ?Cremation Burials Description Ackroyd-Smith's Isurium of 1750 claims that AS urns were found 200 years ago (mid-16th century) but nothing else is known. Ackroyd-Smith 1750 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 5 NGR SU 715 387

Site Name Alton Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.94

Site Name II

Historic County Hampshire

Unitary Authority Hampshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 30 Min No. of Inhum 25

Max No. Crem 30 Max No. of Inhum 29

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1959 ?; 1960-1961 V.I. Evison; 1992 N. Riall

Urns, cremated remains, knives, buckles, pins, coins, spearheads and keys

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Excavation of 2 inhumations in 1959 and the knowledge of 4 previously excavated graves. Evison 1988 V.I. Evison excavated 43 graves (29 cremations and 14 inhumations) in 1960 for the Ministory of Works. In 1992 a further 5 inhumation burials and 1 cremation were found - with 4 other inhumations exposed but not excavated. Museum(s) Curtis Museum, Alton Reference(s)

ID 6 NGR SP 208 547

Site Name Alveston Manor Hotel

Site Name II Stratford-upon-Avon Min No. Crem 38 Min No. of Inhum 77

Historic County Warwickshire Max No. Crem 38 Max No. of Inhum 77

Unitary Authority Warwickshire Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.262-3

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1934: F.C. Wellestood; 1970: W.J. Ford; 2002: C. Jones and C. Coutts

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery

Urns, cremated remains (human and animal), charcoal, brooches (square-headed, saucer, penannular, disc, ?bird), beads, finger ring, buckle, accessory vessels, buckets, bronze bowl, spearheads, ferrules, knives, shield bosses, tooth pick, ear scoop, pendants, purse fittings Reference(s)

Description

A mixed cemetery containing 32 cremations (+fragments of many others) and 64 inhumations Stirland (Forthcoming) (29 men, 28 women and 7 children) was excavated in 1934. The cremations were interspersed with the inhumations and 21 hearths were found around the site. The hearths had animal bones only, so presumably not pyres. A further 3 cremations and 10 inhumations were found in 1970, upon extension of trenches to the west. 3 cremations and 3 inhumations were also found Museum(s) in 2002. The total excavated area is c.41.5m x 46m. New Place

ID 7 NGR TL 136 962

Site Name Alwalton

Site Name II Minerva Business Park Min No. Crem 30 Min No. of Inhum 34

Historic County Huntingdonshire Max No. Crem 30 Max No. of Inhum 34

Unitary Authority Cambridgeshire Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-e.7th N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1999 T. Vaughan and T. McDonald (Hertfordshire Archaeological Trust)

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description

Urns, cremated remains, combs, beads, tweezers, bag fittings, spindle-whorls, nails, melted copper alloy, brooches (small-long, cruciform, annular, penannular, disc, square-headed), Roman pottery, finger rings, pins, wrist-clasps, belt fittings, box fittings, latchlifters, shield bosses, spearheads, tools Reference(s)

A mixed rite cemetery of 64 individuals (30 cremations and 34 inhumations) was found in Gibson 2007 1999 ahead of development. Two of the cremations were unurned. Iron Age features were also found. The cremations date to the 5th and 6th centuries whilst the inhumations date to the l.5the.7th centuries. It was the subject of a BBC programme called Meet The Ancestors. The dimensions of excavations were c.80m x c.80mx (Area A) and c.80m x c.80m (Area B). c.70% of the cremations had grave goods, with 84% of those having combs. Unknown

Museum(s)

ID 8 NGR SK 982 433

Site Name Ancaster Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-e.6th p.151

Site Name II

Historic County Lincolnshire

Unitary Authority Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 40 Min No. of Inhum 1

Max No. Crem 50 Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 19th century: ?E. Trollope; 1929 Hitcock

Urns, cremated remains, combs, Roman coins, cup, brooches (thistle [Roman], small-long)

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Roughly 40 AS urns and an unknown number of inhumations and were found in the mid-late 19th century near a Late Roman cemetery. The inhumations therefore might be Late Roman, and there are few diagnostic early AS artefacts known to be associated with them. A further urn was found in 1929. Further excavations in the m.20th century found over 70 Late Roman inhumations. Very early AS intrusion or evidence of federates? Reference(s) Trollope 1870; Williams 2002

Museum(s) Grantham Museum; The Collection Museum, Lincoln

ID 9 NGR SU 343 462

Site Name Andover

Site Name II Portway Industrial Estate Min No. Crem 87 Min No. of Inhum 67

Historic County Hampshire Max No. Crem 87 Max No. of Inhum 67

Unitary Authority Hampshire Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference l.5th-6th N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1974: A.M. Cook and M.W. Dacre

Urns, cremated remains, buckles, glass beads, re-burnt ceramic sherds, bucket fittings, brooches (saucer, disc, small-long), combs, finger rings, spearheads, shield bosses

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Reference(s)

A mixed rite cemetery excavated in 1974. The two rites occurred in different zones with Cook and Dacre 1985 cremations predominant in the west of the cemetery; inhumations in the east. Despite this, both rites were practiced at the same time. 6 BA barrows were also found to the north. 38 urns with bone, 27 with no bone and 22 unurned crems. Some had ring-ditches around them. Museum(s) Hampshire County Museum

ID 10 NGR SU 793 153

Site Name Apple Down Date Range Meaney Reference l.5th-7th N/A

Site Name II Compton Min No. Crem 138 Min No. of Inhum 121

Historic County Sussex Max No. Crem 138 Max No. of Inhum 121

Unitary Authority West Sussex Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1981-1985 A. Down (Chichester Excavation Unit)

Urns, cremated remains, brooches, spearheads, shield bosses, knives, miniature girdle-hanger, strap-end

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Reference(s)

Description

2 cemeteries were excavated at Apple Down. Apple Down I (1981-1985) was a mixed rite Down and Welch 1990 cemetery of 121 inhumations and 138 cremations (although only 64 were excavated) that dated from the l.5th-7th centuries. Apple Down II (1982-1989) was a later Christian cemetery of only 11 inhumations. Apple Down I is notable for its 33 timber structures, c.1.5m x 1.5m, which were placed over burials of either rite. Museum(s) Unknown

ID 11 NGR TL 080 230

Site Name Argyll Avenue Date Range Meaney Reference 6th-7th p.38

Site Name II Peddar's Way Min No. Crem 8 Min No. of Inhum 45

Historic County Bedfordshire Max No. Crem 8 Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Unitary Authority Bedfordshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1925: W. Austin; Bagshawe

Urns, cremated remains, sword, spearheads, knives, broocehs (saucer, square-headed), toilet sets, gold ring, necklaces

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description An excavation at Argyll Avenue in 1925 (W. Austin, later Bagshawe) found 8 cremations and Austin 1928 at least 45 inhumations (of which 15 were furnished). There have been several other excavations in the surrounding area, finding various inhumations, but this is the only area with cremations. Museum(s) Unknown Reference(s)

ID 12 NGR SP 289 101

Site Name Asthall Barrow Date Range Meaney Reference ?7th p.203

Site Name II

Historic County Oxfordshire

Unitary Authority Oxfordshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1923-1924 G.S. Bowles

Cremated remains (Human and animal), bone gaming pieces, ?pins, ?casket pieces, fused copper-alloy fragments, bowl, ring, suspensory attachment, silver fragments, pot sherds, die, fragments of cast Byzantine bowl, Style II pendant

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description A richly furnished cremation barrow burial was excavated in 1923. A clay floor layer was found beneath a burning layer, which may have contained a funeral pyre. Leeds dated it the 7th century, and it is true it does fit the pattern of Sutton Hoo-type burials of pagan grandeur in the 7th century. It is also quite out of place in inhumation-dominant Oxfordshire. Reference(s) Leeds 1924; Dickinson and Speake 1992

Museum(s) The Ashmolean Museum

ID 13 NGR TL 994 693

Site Name Badwell Ash Date Range Meaney Reference ?6th p.224

Site Name II

Historic County Suffolk

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 30

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum 40

Urns, shield bosses, spearheads, knives, ferrule

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1922-1923: ?; 1935: ?B. Brown; 1946: ?; 1951: ?

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Excavation of 30-40 skeletons and unknown number of cremations between 1922-1923. Later findings of urns in 1935, 1946 and 1951. A square-headed brooch was found in the area in 1975 and an animal-head terminal in 1982. Farrer 1923 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Ipswich Museum Museum

ID 14 NGR SP 348 748

Site Name Baginton Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.257

Site Name II

Historic County Warwickshire

Unitary Authority Warwickshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 40 Min No. of Inhum 20

Max No. Crem 60 Max No. of Inhum 60

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1933-1934 J. Edwards

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description

Urns, cremated remains, accessory vessels, brooches (square-headed, cruciform, small-long, saucer, disc), wrist-clasps, girdle-hangers, beads, strap-ends, buckles, tweezers, copper-alloy hanging bowl, escutcheons, copper-alloy bowls, buckets, shield bosses, spearheads, knives Reference(s)

Between 1933-1934 a mixed rite cemetery was excavated by J. Edwards et al. The work took Leeds 1935 place in evenings and weekends, behind gravel works, so the archaeological record is incomplete. 42 almost complete and c.20 fragmentary shards attest the cremation burials whilst c.25 spearheads, 10 shield bosses and 48 brooches map the extent of the inhumations. An absolute travesty even for 1930s archaeology.

Museum(s)

The Herbert Art Gallery & Museum, Coventry

ID 15 NGR TG 01 36

Site Name Bale Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.169

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A ?Urn

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) l.19th/e.20th centuries: ?

Cemetery Type ?Single Cremation Burial Description An tall biconical vessel with late slip-shod stamped decoration was exhibited in 1913 and said Unpublished to have come from the local parish. Whether it housed a cremation is unknown. Reference(s)

Museum(s) Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery Museum & Art Gallery

ID 16 NGR SP 88 77

Site Name Barton Seagrave Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.186

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, ?cremated remains, shield boss, ?minor objects

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1902: ?

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Several urns and other AS pottery found with an iron shield boss found sometime before 1902. Unpublished Note: Meaney classified this site as mixed rite, presumably because of the presence of weaponry, but there is no record of inhumations. Museum(s) The British Museum Reference(s)

ID 17 NGR SK 205 182

Site Name Barton-under-Needwood Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.220

Site Name II

Historic County Staffordshire

Unitary Authority Staffordshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, cremated remains, knives, undefined weaponry

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) m.19th century: ?

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description A gravel pit was dug c.1850 and 'a great many' urns were found with cremated remains, 2 knives and some weaponry. Some debate as to whether RB or AS, but the AS character seems apparent. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 18 NGR TF 109 137

Site Name Baston Date Range Meaney Reference m.5th-l.6th p.152

Site Name II

Historic County Lincolnshire

Unitary Authority Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 54 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 54 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1863: E. Trollope; 1966: P. Mayes and M. Dean

Urns, cremated remains, shears, combs, tweezers, knives, fibula brooch, lid

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Reference(s)

A cremation cemetery was discovered 1851 and partially excavated by Trollope in 1863, Trollope 1863; Mayes and Dean 1976; Field 1989b; where 10 urns were found. It was excavated again in 1966, where 44 cremations were found. Williams 2002 An evaluation in 1989 concluded that the full extent of the cemetery was excavated in 1966, but this is not to say that the cemetery could have been much larger and ploughed out in earlier periods. Some of the urns had stones placed around them. Almost 1/3 of urns had animal Museum(s) remains. Unknown

ID 19 NGR TQ 328 072

Site Name Bates Nursery Estate Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Sussex

Unitary Authority East Sussex Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urn, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1952 H. & W. Bates

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description An urn with cremated remains, which was interpreted as AS, was found by H. & W. Bates in 1952. It is in close proximity to Hodshrove so there could have been a cremation cemetery between these two single cremation sites. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 20 NGR SO 969 355

Site Name Beckford B Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.280

Site Name II

Historic County Worcestershire

Unitary Authority Worcestershire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 4 Min No. of Inhum 120

Max No. Crem 4 Max No. of Inhum 130

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1958-1959 V.I. Evison and P.M. Hills

Urns, cremated remains, brooches (disc, saucer, applied, penannular, small-long, square-headed), undefined bone objects

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description Reference(s)

Between 1958-1959 V.I. Evison and P.M. Hill excavated a mixed cemetery of 4 cremations Evison and Hill 1996 and 107 inhumations. Between 10 and 20 inhumations had been destroyed prior to excavation. The cremations were unfurnished and in undecorated pots. The inhumations were also poorly furnished. 18 inhumations were unfurnished. Museum(s) Unknown

ID 21 NGR TQ 300 654

Site Name Beddington Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.237-8

Site Name II Hackbridge Min No. Crem 10 Min No. of Inhum 13

Historic County Surrey Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Unitary Authority Surrey Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1871-1874: Addy, Smee, Flower and Brock (intermittent)

Urns, cremated remains, knives, spearheads, shield bosses, brooches (saucer, applied), bead, copper-alloy bracelet, sword and incomplete sword piece, drinking cup, charred wood, copper alloy bowl, ?helmet rim

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Reference(s) Addy 1874

Description Between 1871 and 1875, a mixed rite cemetery was sporadically excavated by Addy, Smee, Flower, Brock and others. These burials were found across a site of c.0.4ha, which probably had small mounds. The accounts are confused, however, and there may well have been further cremations.

Museum(s) Croydon Central Library; Cambridge University; The The Ashmolean Museum Museum

ID 22 NGR TF 994 188

Site Name Beetley Quarry Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Site Name II Beetley Min No. Crem 16 Min No. of Inhum 1

Historic County Norfolk Max No. Crem 16 Max No. of Inhum 2

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 2002, 2005: J, Murray (Archaeological Solutions Ltd)

Urns, cremated remains (human and animal), beads, flints, metal fragments, ring, lead token, spearhead

Cemetery Type Majority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s) Unger 2008

Description Trial trenches in 2002 and excavation in 2005 investigated a multi-phase site with an AS cemetery of 16 cremations, c.1-2 inhumations and a ?SFB. The highly acidic nature of the soil meant that bone preservation was poor, but the grave cuts of 1-2 inhumations were found. Cremation 3018 was the only unurned deposit and appeared to have been contained in an organic bag. Animal bone was identified in 14 of the 16 cremations. The location of cemetery is noteworthy, being only 1km from Spong Hill.

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 23 NGR SU 580 956

Site Name Berinsfield Date Range Meaney Reference e.5th-7th N/A

Site Name II Wally Corner Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 103

Historic County Oxfordshire Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum 104

Unitary Authority Oxfordshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1974-1975 D. Miles (Oxfordshire Archaeological Unit)

Urns, cremated remains, spearheads, buckets, accesory vessels, beads, brooches (small-long, cruciform, disc, saucer), spindle-whorls

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description Reference(s)

A mixed rite cemetery was found between 1974-1975 by Oxford Archaeological Unit. Roman, Boyle et al 1995 and Bronze Age features had previously been excavated. The cremations were found a in Late Roman ditch system. One cremation had a 4 post structure on top of it. Grave G122 contained an inhumation and a cremation. Museum(s) The Ashmolean Museum

ID 24 NGR SP 099 513

Site Name Bidford Date Range Meaney Reference 6th-7th p.258

Site Name II

Historic County Warwickshire

Unitary Authority Warwickshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 30 Min No. of Inhum 180

Max No. Crem 35 Max No. of Inhum 200

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1860: ?; 1921-1923: Brimingham Archaeological Society; 1949: ?; 1971, 1975, 1978-1979: W.J. Ford; 1982: ?; 1990: ?

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery

Urns, cremated remains (human and animal [ox and boar]), miniature tweezers, accessory vessels, charcoal scatterings, copper-alloy pin, copper-alloy 'hair-ring', knives, brooches (saucer, applied, penannular, flat annular, small-long, square-headed), pendants, wristclaps, finger rings, silver pins, beads, ivory ring, tweezers, buckle, shield bosses, spearheads Reference(s) Humphreys et al 1923; Booth and Hodgson 1990

Description Discovery in 1921 and excavations in 1922-1923 found a considerable mixed rite cemetery, which has been sporadically excavated since. In addition to the 30 cremation urns, the excavators predicted some 120 more in fragmentary sherds alone. 5 contained objects (miniature tweezers, combs, copper-alloy fragments). The inhumations included children (21 graves) and unfurnished burials (55). An inhumation had previously been found in 1921 and AS objects before that in 1860. Further cremations and inhumations were found in 1971, 1975, 1978 and 1979 by W.J. Ford. Further excavations also took place in the 1980s and in 1990.

Museum(s) New Place Museum; Worcester City Art Gallery and Museum; Birmingham University

ID 25 NGR TQ 466 006

Site Name Bishopstone Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Sussex

Unitary Authority East Sussex Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 6 Min No. of Inhum 112

Max No. Crem 6 Max No. of Inhum 112

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1967-1975: D. Thompson and M.G. Bell

Urns, cremated remains, spearheads, knives, brooches, beads, quoit brooch style belt buckle, other unpublished finds

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description A substantial inhumation cemetery with 6 cremations and settlement was uncovered between Unpublished 1967-1975 under the direction of D. Thompson and M.G. Bell. A cemetery and settlement was nucleated around a Bronze Age barrow, which had also been used for an RB settlement. The finds are not published. Museum(s) Unknown Reference(s)

ID 26 NGR SP 773 010

Site Name Bledlow Cop

Site Name II Cop Round Barrow Min No. Crem 5 Min No. of Inhum 2

Historic County Buckinghamshire Max No. Crem 6 Max No. of Inhum 2

Unitary Authority Buckinghamshire Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.56-7

Urns, cremated remains, combs, RB pottery

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1937: J.F. Head and O.P. Serocold

Cemetery Type Majority Cremation Cemetery Description A round barrow, which was disturbed in the m.17th century, was excavated by J.F. Head in ?1937. It is interpreted as an early BA inhumation barrow burial with 2 later BA cremations and AS intrustions (2 inhumations and 5-6 cremations). There is now some debate as to whether the barrow is actually only AS (Farley 1992). Reference(s) Head 1938; Farley 1992

Museum(s) The British Museum

ID 27 NGR SU 546 861

Site Name Blewburton Hill Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Site Name II Blewbury Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum 22

Historic County Berkshire Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum 22

Unitary Authority Berkshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1947-1949: A.E.P. Collins; 1967: D.B. Harding

Urn, cremated remains, brooches, buckles, knives, spearhead, beads (glass, amber)

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description Reference(s)

Excavations at Blewburton Hill have uncovered a multi-period hillfort settlement including an Collins 1947; 1953; Collins and Collins 1959 early AS cemetery. Between the 1947-1949 excavations of A.E.P. Collins and the 1967 excavations of D.B. Harding, 22 AS inhumations and 1 cremation have been found. The burials are typically well-furnished and can be comfortably ascribed a 5th-6th century date. Museum(s) Reading Museum

ID 28 NGR SP 182 369

Site Name Blockley Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.280

Site Name II

Historic County Gloucestershire

Unitary Authority Gloucestershire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum 5

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum 5

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1924-1925: E.A.B. Barnard

?Urn fragments, shield boss, spearheads, small-long brooch, copper-alloy fragments of a chatelaine, beads (amber, paste and glass)

Cemetery Type ?Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Excavations of a c.80m2 area in 1924-1925 found 5 inhumations with weaponry, brooches and Barnard 1925 65 beads. Scattered around the site were many fragments of pottery, interpreted as cinerary urns, although it is not known if any cremated remains were actually found. Museum(s) The British Museum Reference(s)

ID 29 NGR SK 179 907

Site Name Bone Low Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.72-3

Site Name II

Historic County Derbyshire

Unitary Authority Derbyshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 4 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, cremated remains, ?brooch

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1780: ?

Cemetery Type Cremation Burials Description In 1780 a barrow was excavated containing 3-4 AS cremations. The urns were small, contained cremated remains and were covered by a piece of flat gritstone. One contained a copper object (?brooch). There are undated inhumations nearby also. Bateman 1861 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 30 NGR TM 139 453

Site Name Boss Hall

Site Name II Ipswich Museum Min No. Crem 5 Min No. of Inhum 22

Historic County Suffolk Max No. Crem 5 Max No. of Inhum 22

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 6th-e.7th N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1989 J. Newman (Suffolk County Council)

Urns, cremated remains, spearheads, shield bosses, knives, brooches, beads, gold disc-shaped pendants, Merovingian coin (solidus of Siegbert III, 634-656), sceat, silver toilet set

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description A mixed rite cemetery was excavated in 1989. One impressively furnished chamber grave was found with 4 cremation urns apparently acting as satellite burials. A wealthy female grave was also found at the site. The cemetery is close to another mixed rite cemetery in Ipswich Museum, found at Hadleigh Road. Newman 1993 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 31 NGR TM 04 75

Site Name Botesdale Date Range Meaney Reference ?6th p.224-5

Site Name II

Historic County Suffolk

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, ?cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) Unknown

Cemetery Type ?Pure Cremation Cemetery Description The existence of an Anglo-Saxon urn field is attested by an early 18th century note. Nothing else is known. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 32 NGR SZ 138 933

Site Name Bournemouth Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.94

Site Name II Iford Bridge Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Hampshire Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Dorset Artefact Types

Urn, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1938: J.B. Calkin

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description An OS note by J.B. Calkin states that an urn with cremated bones was found in 1938 Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 33 NGR SZ 461 872

Site Name Bowcombe Down Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.94-5

Site Name II Carisbrooke Min No. Crem 9 Min No. of Inhum 27

Historic County Isle of Wight Max No. Crem 9 Max No. of Inhum 27

Unitary Authority Isle of Wight Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1854: G. Hillier; 1859: E.P. Wilkins, E. Kell and J. Locke; 1979: D. Tomalin (Isle of Wight Archaeological Committee); 1994: ?

Urns, cremated remains, flint scatters, knife, coin of Constantine; beads, buckle. spearheads, shieldbosses, bronze vessel, clasp

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s)

Description

1854: Hillier excavates a barrow landscape nad finds two skeletons, 4 urned cremations and 1 Hillier 1855; Wilkins et al 1860; Arnold 1982 unurned cremation. Preservation was bad, and enough material to suggest more burials. One urn is narrow necked and ornamented with grooved lines whilst the other is plain and globular. A further 15+ skeletons excavated in 1858. In 1979 5 cremations and 7 inhumations were found near the 19th century excavations. A final inhumation was found in 1994, bringing the Museum(s) total number of burials to 36. Carisbrooke Castle Museum Museum

ID 34 NGR TM 12 46

Site Name Bramford Date Range Meaney Reference 6th/7th p.225

Site Name II

Historic County Suffolk

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urn

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) ?19th century: ?

Cemetery Type ?Single Cremation Burial Description An interesting urn with chevron pattern filled stamps has been in the Ipswich Museum museum from at least the end of the 19th century and is presumed to be from the locality. The find context, location or whether it contained a cremation is unknown. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Ipswich Museum

ID 35 NGR TL 93 83

Site Name Brettenham Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.169-70

Site Name II Shadwell Min No. Crem 200 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Norfolk Max No. Crem 300 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1753 ?; 1763 ?; 1840s ?; 1965 ? 2001: Norfolk Archaeological Unit

Urns, cremated bones, fused glass beads, wrist-clasp, iron key

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Reference(s) Gurney and Penn 2002

Description From 1753 to some time before 1851, over 200 cremation urns were excavated in this area. Fused glass beads were the only associated objects. An unknown number of cremations were also found in 1965 with a wrist-clasp and a key. Geophysical survey of the area in 2001 found pit-like structures, possibly indicating further graves.

Museum(s) Cambridge University; Maidstone Museum

ID 36 NGR SP 382 033

Site Name Brighthampton Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.203-4

Site Name II

Historic County Oxfordshire

Unitary Authority Oxfordshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 11 Min No. of Inhum 70

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1817-1949: J. Akerman, S. Stone, P. Manning (and others)

Urns, cremated remains, bone comb fragment, fused lead, toilet articles, spearheads, knives, shield bosses, swords, buckets, beads, spindle-whorls, brooches, pins

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s) Akerman 1858; Akerman 1860; Atkinson and Kirk 1949

Description Intermittent excavations between 1817 to 1949 have revealed a substantial mixed rite cemetery. 70+ inhumations, some very well furnished, and 11 recorded urns were found, but there are likely more.

Museum(s) The Ashmolean Museum, The British Museum

ID 37 NGR TM 241 444

Site Name Brightwell-Martlesham

Site Name II Brightwell Heath Min No. Crem 4 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Suffolk Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.225

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1921 J.R. Moir

Copper-alloy vessel, cremated remains (human and animal), textile fragments, bone comb, iron rivets, ornamented bone disc, burnt beads, ?gaming piece, scrapers, burnt wood

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description A barrow (c.5m in diameter) was excavated in 1921 which contained a copper-alloy vessel with the cremated remains of at least 4 people and various animals (ox and dog). The nearby barrows are Bronze Age but this barrow seems to be a primary AS interment. Reid-Moir 1929 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Ipswich Museum

ID 38 NGR SP 43 79

Site Name Brinklow Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.258-9

Site Name II

Historic County Warwickshire

Unitary Authority Warwickshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urn, cremated remains, bead

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1838: M.H. Bloxam

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description An urn was found in c.1838 ornamented with pendant triangles, stamps and incised necklines. A large glass bead was in association and the excavator thought it housed cremated remains, although we cannot be certain. Bloxam 1840 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 39 NGR SP 747 720

Site Name Brixworth I Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.187

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 2

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1904: ?

Urns, cremated remains, spearheads, shield bosses, knives, brooches

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description A mixed rite cemetery c.750m north of the church. Unknown number of burials. Lots of high status objects but not differentiated between Brixworth I and II. Other AS burials called Brixworth III by Meaney but possibly from I or II. George 1904 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Northampton Museum

ID 40 NGR SP 744 715

Site Name Brixworth II Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.187

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 2

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Urns, cremated remains, spearheads, knives

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1904: ?

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description A mixed rite cemetery c.400m north-west of the church. Unknown number of burials. Lots of high status objects but not differentiated between Brixworth I and II. Other AS burials called Brixworth III by Meaney but possibly from I or II. George 1904 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Northampton Museum

ID 41 NGR SP 73 70

Site Name Brixworth IV Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.187-8

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, cremated remains, 2 combs

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1848: ?; pre 1896: ?

Cemetery Type Cremation Burials Description A small fire-damaged urn was found with an unknown number of additional urns sometime before 1848. Another urn was found with 2 combs sometime before 1896. These discoveries took place to the south-west of the other Brixworth cemeteries, on the site of the manor of Wolfage. Reference(s) Perry 1849; George 1904

Museum(s) Northampton Museum

ID 42 NGR TM 28 49

Site Name Bromeswell

Site Name II Tranmer House Min No. Crem 18 Min No. of Inhum 19

Historic County Suffolk Max No. Crem 18 Max No. of Inhum 19

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 2000 The National Trust and Suffolk County Council

Urns, cremated remains, bronze hanging bowl, buckles, knives, spearheads, shields, swords, ringbrooches, beads

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Reference(s) Carver 2005; Fern (in prep)

Description A small mixed rite cemetery was discovered in advance of the building of the Sutton Hoo Visitor Centre. 7 out of 18 cremations were urned - some stamp decorated - and one was beside a bronze hanging bowl. The report is currently in preparation.

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 43 NGR TM 294 995

Site Name Brooke Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.170

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1866-1869: ?

Urns, brooches (cruciform, square-headed, long, trefoil), wrist claps, spearheads, glass beads, studs, girdle-hanger

Cemetery Type Cremation Burials Description Between 1866-1869, 2 urns were found with stamping and 2-3 lines of chevrons as well as a significant assemblage of metalwork and beads. The presence of the urns and the burnt condition of some of the brooches indicates cremation was practiced. Meaney interpreted the assemblage as: "evidently inhumation was the dominant rite" but there is no evidence of this. The only hard evidence is 2 urns, so I will classify this as Cremation Burials. Smith 1923 Reference(s)

Museum(s) The British Museum

ID 44 NGR TM 346 931

Site Name Broome Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.170

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum 1

Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum 1

Urns, bronze fragments, arrow head, textile fragments

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1856, 1859: ?G.J. Chester

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Various finds from the mounds in this area, including 3 cinerary urns (found in 1856) and one inhumation (found in 1859). There is some debate as to whether the burials are AS but it seems likely. Reference(s) Chester 1859; Clarke 1941

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 45 NGR SE 770 728

Site Name Broughton Date Range Meaney Reference 5th p.282-3

Site Name II

Historic County Yorkshire

Unitary Authority North Yorkshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 20 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 20 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, ?cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1798: R. King; 1840: Ordinance Survey

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description 20 recorded 'Roman' urns were found from the late 18th to mid-19th centuries. Phillips later Elgee 1933 identified some as AS, and all could arguably be called AS, but we will likely never know. Excavations in the nearby Roman fort of Malton found a small-long brooch so the potential for federates. Museum(s) Yorkshire Museum and Gardens Reference(s)

ID 46 NGR SK 649 251

Site Name Broughton Lodge

Site Name II Willoughby-on-the-Wolds Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum 120

Historic County Nottinghamshire Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum 120 Urn

Unitary Authority Nottinghamshire Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1964-1968: M.J. Dead

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description In an otherwise inhumation cemetery (c.120) a single window urn was found in 1964. It is unknown if there were associated remains. Kinsley 1993 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 47 NGR TG 318 085

Site Name Brundall I Date Range Meaney Reference m.5th-6th p.170

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 7 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, cremated remains, burnt ring-brooch

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1880-1900: ?Beverley

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Between 1880-1990 7 urns were excavated from the grounds of Dr Beverley's house. Although Clarke 1939 only one contained cremated remains and a burnt brooch, it is possible that the others also did and were not recorded. Museum(s) Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery Reference(s)

ID 48 NGR TG 330 080

Site Name Brundall II Date Range Meaney Reference Unknown p.170-1

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 4 Min No. of Inhum 1

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Urns, cremated remains, spearhead, knife, RB pottery

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1820 S.P. Routh; c.1885: F.Johnson; 1932 ?

Cemetery Type ?Mixed Rite Cemetery Description An mixed rite cemetery of was found in 1820 containing an unknown number of inhumations and cremations. The urns were used to ornament S.P. Routh's garden but no longer exist. Further remains were found c.1885 and in 1932 an inhumation was found with a spearhead, knife, RB pottery and piece of Niedermendig lava. There is doubt as to whether the cemetery is AS or Roman, but the presence of spearheads strongly suggests the former. Without better accounts, however, this will have to remain a site of questionable status. Reference(s) Johnson 1926; Clarke 1941

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 49 NGR TG 476 045

Site Name Burgh Castle Date Range Meaney Reference 5th p.225-6

Site Name II

Historic County Suffolk

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1756 J. Ives

Urns, cremated remains (human and animal), oyster shells, ?coins, spearhead, ?brooch

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description A 5th century pure cremation cemetery was found in 1756. Numbers are not known but the excavated area was c.4.5m x c.4.5m. The grave goods included a coin of ?Constantine and a ?Roman spearhead, but the pottery is definitely AS. The finds are illustrated alongside a Roman brooch, which may or may not have been found with the rest. Later (7th century) inhumations were also found in the area. Close proximity to the Roman fort of Garianorum so are we looking at federates? Ives 1774 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 50 NGR SP 104 160

Site Name Burn Ground Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.90

Site Name II Hampnett Min No. Crem 4 Min No. of Inhum 10

Historic County Gloucestershire Max No. Crem 4 Max No. of Inhum 10

Unitary Authority Gloucestershire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1940-1941: W.F. Grimes; 1969 ?

Urns, cremated remains, disc brooch, knives, Roman coin, barbed arrow head

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description Reference(s)

A barrow cemetery consisting of a long barrow and 6 round barrows was excavated in 1940- O'Neil and Grinsell 1960; Bishop and Bishop 1984 1941 by W.F. Grimes. The primary interments were Neolithic/Early Bronze Age but 4 AS cremations and 10 AS inhumations were found as secondary interments. The grave goods were limited, and also included a Roman coin. A barbed arrow head was also found in 1969. Museum(s) Gloucester City Museum & Art Gallery; Cheltenham Museum

ID 51 NGR SP 892 764

Site Name Burton Latimer Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 17 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, cremated remains, shield boss, disc brooches

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1880-1885: ?

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description At least 17 urns were found at the parish boundary between Burton Latimer and Kettering between 1880-1885. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Northampton Museum

ID 52 NGR SE 904 163

Site Name Burton-Stather Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.152

Site Name II

Historic County Lincolnshire

Unitary Authority Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 2

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1928: ?

Urns, cremated remains, ivory armlet, glass beads, axehead

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description In 1928 'many' urns and a few inhumations were found by workmen. Mostly in fragments but two complete plain urns. Burnt bones, glass beads and an ivory 'armlet' were found with the cremations. An iron axe was found with the inhumations. Reference(s) Dudley and Walshaw 1931

Museum(s) North Lincolnshire Museum & Art Gallery

ID 53 NGR

Site Name Caistor-by-Norwich

Site Name II Caistor St Edmund Min No. Crem 379 Min No. of Inhum 60

Historic County Norfolk Max No. Crem 1000 Max No. of Inhum 60

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference p.171-2

TG 235 032 ?l.4th-?e.7th

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 19th century: ?; 1932-1937 F.R. Mann; 1952: W. Arderon

Urns, cremated remains, knives, shears, tweezers, combs ,beads, brooches, glass, scrap bronze, ivory bag rings, gaming pieces, dress rings, buckles, a wrist clasp, a bronze needle, bone casket fittings, spindle whorls and accessory vessels

Cemetery Type Majority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s) Myres and Green 1973; Hines 1990b; Wilson 1992

Description 3 urns found in 1752. Further 19th century discoveries. Between or 1932-7 SurgeonCommander F.R. Mann recorded 376 cremations and 60 inhumations (in 39 graves) but considered there must have been at least 1000 burials. Early Anglian urns followed by later Saxon urns and well furnished 6th-7th century inhumations. One grave contained 33 gaming pieces and 36+ astragali including the runic inscribed one. 26 child cremations. c.50% with grave goods. 17 containing animal bone but gross underestimation.

Museum(s) Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery; Wisbech Museum; The Ashmolean Museum; The British Museum

ID 54 NGR TL 441 588

Site Name Cambridge I

Site Name II St. John's College Cricket Field Min No. Crem 102 Min No. of Inhum 36

Historic County Cambridgeshire Max No. Crem 400 Max No. of Inhum 100

Unitary Authority Cambridgeshire Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference m.5th-e.7th p.62

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1888: von Hugel and Jenkinson; 1900, 1909: ?; 1911: F.G. Walker

Urns, cremated remains, comb fragments, buckles, Roman coins, strat fastener, knives, RB pottery, pins, spearheads, beads (amber and glass), brooches (disc, applied, cruciform)

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Reference(s)

Description

A large mixed rite cemetery was partially destroyed in 1888 before von Hugel and Jenkinson Walker 1912; Fox 1923 were able to salvage c.100 urns and c.30 skeletons. Many hundreads of burials were destroyed previously, so a cemetery of c.200-500 burials is possible. Other finds were found in 1900 and 1909 but were poorly recorded. 6 inhumations and 2 cremations were found in 1911. What little material retrieved from the site is early, giving the cemetery a date range of the m.5thMuseum(s) e.7th centuries. Cambridge University; The Ashmolean Museum

ID 55 NGR TL 449 587

Site Name Cambridge II Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.62-3

Site Name II

Historic County Cambridgeshire

Unitary Authority Cambridgeshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum 0

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1880: ?; 1890: ?; 1895: ?; 1901: ?; 1904: ?

?Urns, brooches (small-long), spearheads, knives, shield bosses, buckle, accessory vessel, beads (glass), comb, spindle-whorl,

Cemetery Type ?Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Various findings of AS objects across 5 different sites in the southern part of the city between Fox 1923 1880-1904 were interpreted by C. Fox as indicating a mixed rite cemetery. No skeletal remains were recorded, however. Museum(s) Cambridge University; Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge Reference(s)

ID 56 NGR TF 797 156

Site Name Castle Acre Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.172-3

Site Name II Priory Field Min No. Crem 100 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Norfolk Max No. Crem 200 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1857: ?; 1891: H. Housman; 1961: Norfolk Research Committee

Urns, cremated remains, ?loomweight, fused beads, gaming pieces, bone combs, brooches, iron shears, needles, glass vessels, knives, flint scatterings

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Reference(s) Housman 1895; Clarke 1939

Description Findings between 1857-1890 and excavations in 1891 and 1961 have yielded somewhere in the region of 100-200 cremations. Spatial arrangement in rows, pairs or clusters. Some flint scatterings were also found. It was thought to be fully excavated in 1891 but 20 more urns were found in 1961. 2 cremations were in cists. Large flints were found over the mouths of some of the urns.

Museum(s) Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery; Newcastle Museum; Lynn Museum, Norfolk; Dorset County Museum, Dorchester

ID 57 NGR TA 031 217

Site Name Castledyke

Site Name II Barton on Humber Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum 196

Historic County Lincolnshire Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum 436

Unitary Authority North Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-7th N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1940: ?; 1975: ?; 1982-1983: ?; 1989-1990: M. Foreman (Humberside County Council)

Urn, cremated remains, workboxes, gold bead, hanging-bowl, set of scales and wates, trivet ring, Style II die

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s) Drinkall and Foreman 1998

Description Discovered in 1939 where 5 inhumations were found. Further work conducted between 1975 and 1990, with large scale excavations in 1989 and 1990. 436 graves are estimated over an area of 1000m2, but only 196 were retrieved. A single cremation was found in a ditch fill.

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 58 NGR TG 225 098

Site Name Catton Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.180

Site Name II Eade Road Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Norfolk Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1898: ?

Urns, cremated remains, tweezers, brooch (squareheaded)

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description A small cremation cemetery found in c.1898. The number of cremations is not known, but it cannot be very large. No further details are known. Clarke 1941 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Norwich Castle Museum; The British Museum

ID 59 NGR SK 939 473

Site Name Caythorpe Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.153

Site Name II

Historic County Lincolnshire

Unitary Authority Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum 3

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum 5

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1899 ?

Urn, spearheads, shield bosses, tweezers, knife, brooch (square-headed brooch, cruciform), accessory vessels, buckles, armlet

Cemetery Type ?Mixed Rite Cemetery Description A mixed rite cemetery excavated in c.1899. The finds include a very large urn which is now in Myres 1937 Grantham Museum. It is unsure how many inhumations accompanied the urn, but there are enough skeletal remains and artefacts for 3-5 individuals. Museum(s) Grantham Museum Reference(s)

ID 60 NGR SU 166 248

Site Name Charlton Plantation Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Site Name II Downton Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum 46

Historic County Wiltshire Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum 46

Unitary Authority Wiltshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1981 Wessex Archaeology

Urn, cremated remains, brooches, shield bosses, swords

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description A cemetery was excavated in 1981 which contained a single cremation burial. Some pits were also found, tentatively dated to the Neolithic period. The accompanying inhumations had weaponry and brooches. Davies 1985 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Salisbury Museum

ID 61 NGR TL 39 86

Site Name Chatteris Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.63

Site Name II

Historic County Cambridgeshire

Unitary Authority Cambridgeshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum 2

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1757: W. Stukely

Urns, cremated remains, shield boss, spearhead, claw beaker, sword

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description A small cemetery was excavated in 1757 where an unknown number of inhumations and a single cremation were found. The cremation was near a warrior burial and interpreted its wife by W. Stukely. Peckover 1879 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Cambridge University

ID 62 NGR ST 870 960

Site Name Chavenage Date Range Meaney Reference Unknown p.90

Site Name II

Historic County Gloucestershire

Unitary Authority Gloucestershire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum 2

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Cremated remains, ash

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1847-1848: T. Wright

Cemetery Type ?Mixed Rite Burials Description A letter dating 13/1/1848 notes the levelling of a mound where, c.1.45m deep, stone slabs were found with cremated human remains, black earth and wood ash. Although inhumation cist burials were found, no urns were present. There may have been the remains of a pyre. An IA barrow with AS reuse? Wright 1849 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 63 NGR TA 042 578

Site Name Cheesecake Hill Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.285

Site Name II Driffield Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum 24

Historic County Yorkshire Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Unitary Authority East Riding of Yorkshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1845: ?; 1849: ? 1871: J.R. Mortimer

Urns, cremated remains, beads, wrist-clasps, shield boss, spearhead, discs of iron, arrowhead, knives, ?modern scissors, cruciform brooches, ?semi-circular brooch, annular brooches, tweezers, bone ?gaming piece, buckles

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description A large flat barrow, c.33m in diameter, was excavated in 1845, 1849 and 1871. A cremation was found by Mortimer in 1871, but 'several' had been found in 1845. The inhumations were likely a mix of Bronze Age and AS. The lack of infants in the secondary AS cemetery has also been noted. Akerman 1855 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Hull and East Riding Museum

ID 64 NGR SZ 398 853

Site Name Chessell Down Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.95-6

Site Name II

Historic County Isle of Wight

Unitary Authority Isle of Wight Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum 130

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum 130

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1816: ?; 1818: Skinner; 1855: ?

Urns, cremated remains, glass vessels, swords, spearheads, knives, buckles, brooches, beads, buckles, rings, strap ends, arrow heads, knives, axehead, buckets, bronze hanging-bowl, weaving batten, accessory vessels, tweezers, pins, Roman pottery

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description Excavations in 1816, 1818 and 1855 revealed c.130 inhumations and 3 cremations. The inhumations were all aligned NE-SW and were well-furnished. Hillier 1855 Reference(s)

Museum(s) The British Museum; Carisbrooke Castle Museum

ID 65 NGR SZ 157 930

Site Name Christchurch Date Range Meaney Reference l.6th-7th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Hampshire

Unitary Authority Dorset Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 4 Min No. of Inhum 30

Max No. Crem 4 Max No. of Inhum 30

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1978 K. Jarvis (Poole Museums Service Archaeological Unit)

Urns, cremated remains, spearhead, shield bosses, knives

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description Reference(s)

A small, late cemetery found in 1978 contained 30 graves and 4 cremations. Bone preservation Jarvis 1983; Davies 1984 was poor. Various alignments were observed but the cemetery was not very ordered, and only the southern extent was found. One of the urns was decorated. There was also Neolithic-Iron Age activity in the vicinity. Museum(s) Unknown

ID 66 NGR SP 526 524

Site Name Churchover Date Range Meaney Reference m.5th-6th p.259

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Warwickshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum 7

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1823-1824 ?Dryden; 1958: ?J.M. Morris

Urn, cremated remains, sword, spearheads, shield bosses, knives, rings, hooks, buckles, ceramic drinking vessels, brooches (small-long, cruciform, circular), wrist-clasps, finger rings, tweezers, beads, ?coin of Vespasian

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description Reference(s)

A warrior burial was found in 1823. A year later, an inhumation cemetery was found with a Bloxam 1840; Morris 1959 single cremation burial. The cremation burial is interesting because it was found in association with a sword. The urn contained cremated remains and was in association with a sword and a spearhead. The inhumations were numerous but of an unknown number. Many were destroyed in the process of the work. 4 further inhumations were found with a sword, copper-alloy ring Museum(s) and annular brooch were found in 1958. The Ashmolean Museum; The Warwickshire Museum; The British Museum

ID 67 NGR TL 022 528

Site Name Clapham Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Site Name II Oakley Road Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Bedfordshire Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Bedfordshire Artefact Types

Urn, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 2001 G. Edmondson, T. Walsh and I. Beswick (Bedfordshire County Archaeological Service)

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Reference(s) Unpublished

Description Excavation ahead of development found multi-period occupation, with 5 early AS SFBs and a single unurned cremation.

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 68 NGR SE 932 008

Site Name Cleatham Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-7th p.156-7

Site Name II

Historic County Lincolnshire

Unitary Authority North Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1204 Min No. of Inhum 62

Max No. Crem 1466 Max No. of Inhum 62

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1956: various workmen and E. Trollope; 1979, 1984-1989: K. Leahy

Cemetery Type Majority Cremation Cemetery

Urns, cremated remains (human and animal [horse, sheep, bird]), brooches (annular, cruciform, disc, penannular, square-headed, small-long), wrist-clasps, girdle-hangers, pins, tweezers, rings, beads , coin pendants (Roman), bracelets, knives, shield bosses, whetstones, firesteels, combs, shears, razors, scrapers, gaming pieces, swords, spearheads, accessory vessles, Reference(s)

Description

E. Trollope notes the finding of 50-60 urns at the site in 1856. E. Peacock also investigated the Trollope 1857; Leahy 2007 lands and found a few urns in the same year. The extent of the cemetery was excavated by K. Leahy during 1984-1989 (with an evaluation in 1979). The site is the third largest AS cemetery in England, containing some c.1528 estimated total burials. Museum(s) North Lincolnshire Museum & Art Gallery

ID 69 NGR SK 148 567

Site Name Cold Eaton Date Range Meaney Reference 5th p.74

Site Name II

Historic County Derbyshire

Unitary Authority Derbyshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1851 S. Carrington

Cremated remains, iron fragments, bone comb fragments, gaming pieces

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description A rich unurned cremation burial was found in 1851 within an earthen mound. The grave goods Bateman 1861 included 28 lathe-turned gaming pieces, bone comb fragments and miscellaneous fragments of iron. It is something of a rarity, as high status AS barrow burials are often 'final phase' 7th century inhumations. Museum(s) Unknown Reference(s)

ID 70 NGR SU 245 542

Site Name Collingbourne Ducis Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-7th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Wiltshire

Unitary Authority Wiltshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 13 Min No. of Inhum 114

Max No. Crem 13 Max No. of Inhum 114

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1974, 2007: Wessex Archaeology

Urns, cremated remains, spearheads, swords, shield bosses, knives, buckles, seax, brooches (applied, disc, equal-armed, penannular, saucer, small-long)

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description Reference(s)

One of the largest AS cemeteries in Willtshire, excavated primarily in 1974 but also 2007. It is Gingell 1978; Stoodley and Schuster 2009 long-lived, and a contemporary settlement is nearby. The cemetery seems to have grown out of a central point, with satellite clusters forming around it. Most of the cremations were to the south of the cemetery. 13 cremations were found in the most recent (2007) excavations, including one which had an enclosure - possibly a 4 post timber structure like at Alton. Museum(s) Unknown

ID 71 NGR SE 402 445

Site Name Collingham Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-7th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Yorkshire

Unitary Authority West Yorkshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum 1

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum 1

Urn, annular brooch

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1977: West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council Archaeology Unit

Cemetery Type ?Mixed Rite Burials Reference(s) Unpublished

Description Excavations at the Roman villa site included destruction layers which sealed fragments of a cremation urn of incised chevron decoration. Another destruction layer sealed a female inhumation with a ?7th century annular brooch. There are various references to the site in Yorshire Archaeology, but it has never been published.

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 72 NGR TR 298 575

Site Name Coombe

Site Name II Woodensborough Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Kent Max No. Crem 2 Max No. of Inhum N/A Cemetery Type Cremation Burials

Unitary Authority Kent Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 6th/7th p.115

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1845: W.W. Boreham

Bronze bowl, cremated bones, swords, spearhead, glass vessel, amber beads

Description

Reference(s)

In 1845 W.W. Boreham found a grave beneath 'an artificial surface of a kind of clay' with Davidson and Webster 1967; Smith 1852 cremated remains in a bronze bowl with weaponry. The swords were seemingly wrapped in cloth. Brown argued one of the swords was 7th century. Metal dector finds nearby in modern years have found brooch fragments, as well as Roman and Merovingian coins. The quantity of cremated material, and the presence of 2 swords, indicates a double-burial. Museum(s) Saffron Walden Museum

ID 73 NGR SE 787 796

Site Name Costa Date Range Meaney Reference Unknown p.285

Site Name II Pickering Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Yorkshire Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority North Yorkshire Artefact Types

Urns, ?cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) Unknown

Cemetery Type ?Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Writing in 1933, J.L. Kirk notes an AS cremation cemetery was found previously at Costa Pickering but had no other knowledge of it. A Bronze Age urn was found about this time, so there could be confused records. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 74 NGR SP 838 778

Site Name Cransley Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.188

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum 1

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum 3

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1879: ?

Urn, cremated remains, spearhead, brooches, bronze tube, sword, bronze bowl, work-box, beads, wire earing

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Burials Description A wide-mouthed brown cremation urn with cremated remains and a black jug were found alongside weaponry, jewellery and poorely preserved inhumed bones in 1879. Bronze Age cremations were also found in the surrounding locale. Baker 1883a Reference(s)

Museum(s) The British Museum

ID 75 NGR TL 173 615

Site Name Cross Hall Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.35

Site Name II

Historic County Bedfordshire

Unitary Authority Bedfordshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urn, cremated remains, bead

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1915: C.F. Tebbutt

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description Single cremation found with beads in 1915. Morris 1962 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 76 NGR TQ 325 650

Site Name Croydon

Site Name II 82-90 Park Lane Min No. Crem 5 Min No. of Inhum 41

Historic County Surrey Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Unitary Authority Surrey Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.239

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1856: ?; 1893: ?; 1999: J. McKinley (Wessex Archaeology)

Urns, cremated remains, needles, pins, tweezers, armlet, swords, spearheads, angon, franciscas, silverplated buckle, bronze bowl, buckets, brooches (saucer, square-headed), copper-alloy pendant ornament, attachment plates, glass beaker fragments, horn

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s) Nielsen 1992; O'Sullivan 1996

Description Numerous findings were exhibited by Lashman in 1856. Many cremations and inhumation were found in 1893 by workmen, although numbers are unknown. The finds are of considerable status and the assemblage includes many potentially Roman objects, including 4 RB urns, but the rest of the urns are clearly AS. Further work by J. McKinley (Wessex Archaeology) in 1999 recorded a further 39 inhumations as well as 3 cremations.

Museum(s) The British Museum; Croydon Central Library

ID 77 NGR TL 833 703

Site Name Culford Date Range Meaney Reference 5th p.226

Site Name II

Historic County Suffolk

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urn

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1911: ?

Cemetery Type ?Single Cremation Burial Description Some time before 1911 an urn was found with round and oval protruberances and a moulding below the lip. It is unknown if it was found with cremated remains. Smith 1911 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Ipswich Museum

ID 78 NGR TF 693 303

Site Name Dersingham Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.173

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urn

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1850: ?

Cemetery Type ?Single Cremation Burial Description An Anglian urn with stamped decoration and incised lines found by chance c.1850 and ascribed a tentative 6th century date by Myres. It is unsure if cremated remains were also found. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery

ID 79 NGR SP 80 84

Site Name Desborough II Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.188

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 2

Max No. Crem 2 Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Urns, cremated remains, beads, iron ring, wrist-clasps

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1757: ?

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Two cinerary urns with cremated remains were found in a gravel pit alongside an unknown number of furnished inhumations sometime before 1757. Other inhumations are known from the parish, as well as an unlocated urn in Market Harborough Museum. Baker 1880 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Harborough Museum

ID 80 NGR SE 426 633

Site Name Devil Cross

Site Name II Upper Dunsforth Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Yorkshire Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Unitary Authority North Yorkshire Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.287

Urns, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1785: ?Hargrove

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description A barrow c.35m in diameter was excavated in c.1785. It contained cremated and unburnt human remains, as well as urns. Some urns were ornamented and others plain. An urn illustrated by Hargrove looks very Anglian. Hargrove 1789 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 81 NGR TF 61 03

Site Name Downham Market Date Range Meaney Reference 5th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) Unknown

Cemetery Type Cremation Burials Description 3 cremations were found at Downham Market, which were mentioned by Green and Myres. No other details are known. Reference(s) Myres and Green 1973

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 82 NGR TG 188 131

Site Name Drayton Date Range Meaney Reference 5th p.173

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 40 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 50 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, cremated remains, knife, urn lid

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1849: ?; 1852: ?

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description In 1849 over 20 urns with cremated remains were found. Some 20 more more we found in 1852. The only associated artefacts were a knife and urn lid. One urn, an early Anglian tpe with shoulder bosses and incised lines, is illustrated. Reference(s) Smith 1850; Smith 1901

Museum(s) Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery

ID 83 NGR TA 029 574

Site Name Driffield III Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.287

Site Name II

Historic County Yorkshire

Unitary Authority East Riding of Yorkshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum 2

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Urns, cremated remains, iron fragments, ?sword

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1876: ?

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Inhumations, scattered pottery and cremated remains were found in 1876. A sword may have also been present, as it is also in the archive. Ratios and numbers of burials are not known. Mortimer 1905 Reference(s)

Museum(s) The British Museum

ID 84 NGR TQ 304 811

Site Name Drury Lane Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.167

Site Name II London Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Middlesex Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urn

Unitary Authority Greater London Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1937: ?

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description A single urn about 12cm high was found at 141-147 Drury Lane in 1937. It was a coarse reddish-brown ware with faint vertical fluting. A human jaw found about 12m away but uncertain if associated. Myres 1937 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 85 NGR SP 726 602

Site Name Duston Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.189

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 100

Max No. Crem 2 Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1902-1904: T.J. George

Urns, cremated remains, spearheads, knives, shield bosses, bucket, bowl, brooches (disc, small-long, saucer, square-headed), beads (glass, amber), nails, bridle bits, glass, wrist-clasps, tweezers, toilet items, necklaces, girdle-hanger

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description 2 cremation burials excavated alongside over 100 inhumations between 1902-1904 by T.J. George. The cemetery is of considerable size and wealth, but cremation seems to have been rare. There are records of a Roman lead coffin burial being found at the site as well. George 1904 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Northampton Museum; The British Museum

ID 86 NGR SU 736 738

Site Name Earley Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.50

Site Name II Reading Min No. Crem 8 Min No. of Inhum 5

Historic County Berkshire Max No. Crem 9 Max No. of Inhum 5

Unitary Authority Berkshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1891: ?

Urns, cremated remains, comb, brooches (disc, applied), spearheads, knives, buckles, rings, spindle, accessory vessels

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description A small mixed rite cemetery was excavated at Reading in 1891 during railway consturction. 5 Stevens 1894 inhumations are known of typical furnishing and 8-9 cremations (including 1 unurned). One of the cremations had a bone comb. Museum(s) Unknown Reference(s)

ID 87 NGR TM 326 888

Site Name Earsham Date Range Meaney Reference m-l.6th p.173

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 9 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 10 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urns

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1855: ?; 1906: ?

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Reference(s)

The leveling of a barrow landscape c.1855 saw the finding of 8-9 AS cremations,including one Woodward 1831; 1859 decorated with horizontal and diagonal incised lines and cross-and-circle stamps. A further urn was found in 1906 with stamped and linear ornament. There is some confusion as to whether there were Roman urns also found. Museum(s) National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh

ID 88 NGR TA 046 125

Site Name Elsham Wold Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Lincolnshire

Unitary Authority East Riding of Yorkshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 630 Min No. of Inhum 4

Max No. Crem 630 Max No. of Inhum 4

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1975-1976: F. Berisford and C. Knowles

Urns, cremated remains (human and animal), cowrie shells, combs, ivory fragments, spindle-whorls, tweezers, shears, knives, glass beads, brooches

Cemetery Type Majority Cremation Cemetery Description A large cremation cemetery with a handful of inhumations was excavated in the 1970s. It is one of the largest cremation sites in Britain, and has been estimated that 95% was excavated. At least 131 animals found in the 630 urns (c.20%). Many of the urns had seemingly reused domestic vessles. An impressive window urn had 5 windows. Note: Richards (1987) writes that the report is in preparation by Beresford and Knowles but no such volume was ever published. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 89 NGR TL 049 473

Site Name Elstow Abbey Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Bedfordshire

Unitary Authority Bedfordshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urn, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1968: D.B. Baker

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description Reference(s)

A cremation burial was found in 1968 at the site of the later abbey. This was part of longer Baker 1966; 1969; 1971 term excavations at the abbey between 1966-1972. A late inhumation cemetery was also found nearby. Museum(s) Unknown

ID 90 NGR SP 549 998

Site Name Enderby Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-7th N/A

Site Name II Leicester Lane Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Leicestershire Max No. Crem 2 Max No. of Inhum N/A Cemetery Type Cremation Burials

Unitary Authority Leicestershire Artefact Types

Urns, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1990: J. Sharman and P. Clay

Description

Reference(s)

An evaluation ahead of development in 1990 found 2 cremation urns and other pottery (dating Sharman and Clay 1991 5th-7th) at a cropmark site. There was also Iron Age material.

Museum(s) New Walk Museum & Art Gallery, Leicester

ID 91 NGR TL 729 830

Site Name Eriswell

Site Name II RAF Lakenheath Min No. Crem 17 Min No. of Inhum 426

Historic County Suffolk Max No. Crem 17 Max No. of Inhum 426

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference l.5th-e.7th p.226, 230

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1997-2002: Suffolk County Council

Urns, cremated remains, swords, spearheads, shield bosses, beads, brooches, shears, buckles, knives, bridle,

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description Reference(s)

Eriswell consists of 3 cemeteries found at RAF Lakenheath found during excavations between Caruth and Anderson 2005 1997-2002. 33 inhumations were excavated in 1959 prior to the more recent excavations. The total number of burials to 426 inhumations and 17 cremations. The geology has allowed for spectacular preservation, and this site should be seen as one of the most important AS cemeteries from a research perspective. It is estimated c.80% of the total area was excavated. Museum(s) The site is perhaps most famous for the warrior horse burial, which provides unprecedented Unknown information for equestian, warfare and social enquiry.

ID 92 NGR TF 041 126

Site Name Essendine Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.215

Site Name II

Historic County Rutland

Unitary Authority Rutland Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urn

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1868: ?

Cemetery Type ?Single Cremation Burial Description Single urn was said to be found during the cutting of the railway in 1868 that is now at Burghley House, Stamford. Clough et al 1975 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 93 NGR TQ 219 622

Site Name Ewell House Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.240

Site Name II

Historic County Surrey

Unitary Authority Surrey Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 12

Max No. Crem 2 Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1718: ?; 1897: ?; 1912: ?; 1930, 1932, 1934: A.W.G. Lowther

Urns, cremated remains, spearheads, shield boss, brooches (saucer, disc), knife

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s) Dunning 1932; Wheeler 1935

Description Between the early 18th century and 1934, a cemetery was sporadically excavated by various workmen. It seems a fairly typical inhumation cemetery was accompanied by an incomple urn with cremated remains and a complete urn without.

Museum(s) Guildford Museum

ID 94 NGR TM 156 748

Site Name Eye Date Range Meaney Reference 5th p.227

Site Name II

Historic County Suffolk

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 140 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 160 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1818: ?

Urns, cremated remains, shears, ivory gaming pieces, tweezers, gold fragment, bronze ring, ivory buttons, comb, knife

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Reference(s)

In 1818 about 150 cremations were found in an area c.100m2. The urns were generally early Owles and Smedley 1964; 1968 and ranged from c.10-20cm in height. Sherds were found in plough soil so 150 should be seen as the lower limit. Museum(s) Moyse's Hall Museum

ID 95 NGR SP 18 59

Site Name Eynesbury Conygeer Date Range Meaney Reference e.6th p.106

Site Name II

Historic County Warwickshire

Unitary Authority Cambridgeshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urns

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1816-1820: ?

Cemetery Type Cremation Burials Description A red urn decorated with punctured dots and lines was found in 1816 which R.A. Smith thought to be c.500 AD Anglian ware. Other urns were also found around this area some time before 1820. There was also ?loom-weights found in this area, which are in St. Ives Museum. Reference(s) Gorham 1820; Smith 1926; Fox 1923

Museum(s) Cambridge University; St. Ives Museum

ID 96 NGR SP 143 015

Site Name Fairford Date Range Meaney Reference p.91

Site Name II

Historic County Gloucestershire

Unitary Authority Gloucestershire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 4 Min No. of Inhum 140

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum 160

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1844-1845: ?; 1850-1851: W.M. Wylie

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description Excavations in 1844-1845 and 1850-1851 found c.150 inhumations and at least 4 cremations. The inhumations were well furnished and there were also horse burials.

Urns, cremated remains (human and animal), spearheads, knives, swords, shield bosses, beads (glass, amber, shale), brooches (saucer, applied, square-headed, disc, ring, small-long), toilet instruments, ring, Roman coins, RB pottery, tweezers, shears Reference(s) Wylie 1856

Museum(s) The British Museum; The Ashmolean Museum

ID 97 NGR TL 89 76

Site Name Fakenham Heath Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Suffolk

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urn, ?cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) Unknown

Cemetery Type ?Single Cremation Burial Description An urn was found at Fakenham Heath although when, where or what it contained is unknown. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Ipswich Museum

ID 98 NGR SU 575 065

Site Name Fareham I Date Range Meaney Reference m-l.6th p.97

Site Name II

Historic County Hampshire

Unitary Authority Hampshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urns

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1880: ?

Cemetery Type Cremation Burials Description Two or three (sources are confused) 6th century urns with stamped decoration were found some time before 1880. They are cross-stamped with incised pendant triangles and girth grooves. One had a pedestal base, which is very rare. Hawkes 1968 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Portsmouth City Museum

ID 99 NGR TG 023 401

Site Name Field Dalling Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 47 Min No. of Inhum 2

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum 2

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1975: A. Rogerson and A. Lawson (Norfolk Archaeological Unit) and T. Gregory (Norfolk Museums Service)

Urns, cremated remains, globular bronze cauldron, comb, brooches (annular), pin, wrist clasps, spearheads

Cemetery Type Majority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s) Unpublished

Description The cemetery was exposed by deep plowing in 1974-1975 and excavated in 1975. 20 urns were in-situ but many others were found, bringing the total to at least 47. One important cremation was found in a globular bronze cauldron with triangular lugs and a bone comb. 2 inhumations were found; one furnished (with the two annular brooches, wrist claps and pin) and one unfurnished. The spearheads were stray finds.

Museum(s) Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery

ID 100 NGR TM 065 684

Site Name Finningham Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.227

Site Name II

Historic County Suffolk

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1849: ?Creed

Urns, ?cremated remains, spearhead, copper-alloy fragments, brooch (square-headed)

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description A 'great many' cinerary urns were found in 1849 during railway construction work. Creed exhibited some of the finds, including an urn, spearhead, square-headed brooch and misc copper-alloy fragments. Chester 1858 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 101 NGR SE 897 157

Site Name Flixborough Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.154

Site Name II

Historic County Lincolnshire

Unitary Authority Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urn

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1949: ?

Cemetery Type ?Single Cremation Burial Description Reference(s)

An urn of simple type, with a band of 7 depressed lines around the neck with deliberate holing Brown 1915; Myres 1951 in 2 places, was found in some time before 1949. Long brooches had been found in the area previously. There is no mention of associated remains, however, so must remain uncertain. It is possible the urn was found in a low mound. Museum(s) North Lincolnshire Museum & Art Gallery; The Collection Museum, Lincoln

ID 102 NGR TR 231 359

Site Name Folkestone I Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.120

Site Name II The Bayle Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Kent Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Kent Artefact Types

Urn, cremated remains, spearhead or sword

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1850: ?

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description A grave with a large spearhead or part of a sword and fragments of an urn with cremated remains was excavated in c.1850. This is an important example of a cremation warrior burial. This burial is also of particular interest due to its geographical location. Brown 1915 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 103 NGR TA 110 031

Site Name Fonaby Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.155

Site Name II Caistor Min No. Crem 12 Min No. of Inhum 49

Historic County Lincolnshire Max No. Crem 28 Max No. of Inhum 49

Unitary Authority Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1956-1957: P.Gathercole

Urns, cremated remains, brooches, bronze clasps, girdle hangers, beads, sword, shield bosses, knives

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description A poorly excavated inhumation-dominant mixed rite cemetery. Some of the urns are early and decorated, such as one with horizontal chevron grooves and cross-in-circle stamps. The brooches attest a 5th-6th occupation. Cremated remains found in 12 vessels, but 28 recorded urns. Cook 1981 Reference(s)

Museum(s) North Lincolnshire Museum & Art Gallery

ID 104 NGR SU 438 962

Site Name Frilford I Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.46

Site Name II

Historic County Berkshire

Unitary Authority Oxfordshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 10 Min No. of Inhum 13

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1864-1865: J.Y. Akerman; 1867-1868: G. Rolleston; 1869-1870: G. Rolleston; 1912: D. Buxton and E.T. Leeds; 1920: D. Buxton; 1939: ?

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery

Urns, cremated remains (human and animal), fused glass, spearheads, shield bosses, brooches (saucer, oval, small-long, cruciform, applied), bucket, buckle, accessory vessels, flints, animal bones, tweezers, knives, buttons, pin, ring, nail, beads (glass, crystal), oyster shells, Roman coins Reference(s) Akerman 1867; Rolleston 1869; 1880; Peake 1913; Brown 1915

Description A large RB cemetery with a subsequent AS mixed rite cemetery has been sporadically excavated since 1865. c.200 burials have been located but only 10 AS cremations and 13 AS inhumations are certain. The 10 cremations were found during G. Rolleston's excavations of 1867-1868. 2 were decorated, 8 were plain and there was some evidence of unurned cremations. One urn had a rabbit or hare's tooth, and another fused glass. A extent and multiperiod nature of this site makes it difficult to compile accurate details, but it appears we are looking at a small cemetery intruding on an existing RB one.

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 105 NGR TV 55 98

Site Name Friston Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Sussex

Unitary Authority East Sussex Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1939: ?A.F. Maitland

Urns, cremated remains, accessory vessel, spindlewhorl, clay loomweight

Cemetery Type Cremation Burials Description Some time before 1939 a cinerary urn with cremated remains was found alongside fragments of other urns, part of a cooking vessel and a few artefacts. The location of the finding is unknown except that it came from the parish of Friston. The urn fragments indicate a group of burials. Curwen 1941 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 106 NGR TL 423 609

Site Name Girton Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.65-6

Site Name II Girton College Min No. Crem 150 Min No. of Inhum 80

Historic County Cambridgeshire Max No. Crem 250 Max No. of Inhum 100

Unitary Authority Cambridgeshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1971: ?; 1875: ?; 1881, 1886: F.J.H. Jenkinson, von Hugel and M.Foster; 1926: ?

Cemetery Type Majority Cremation Cemetery

Urns, cremated remains, pins, shears, tweezers, earscoops, brooches (burnt, penannular, small-long, square-headed, cruciform), beads (amber, glass and fused), shale bangle, girdle-hanger, wrist-claps, combs, knives, accessory vessels, silver pendant, tweezers, buckle, axehead Reference(s) Hollingworth and O'Reilly 1925; Lethbridge 1938

Description From 1871-1886 a large mixed rite cemetery was sporadically excavated. 2-3 cremations were thought to be Roman and there was Roman metalwork and evidence for structures present at the site. Many of the cremation burials were covered with stone, presumably acting as lids. The artefacts and burials indicate that both rites were practiced concurrently, although there was no apparent spatial arrangement. A further cremation was found in 1926. An exact count is impossible but it seems there were at least 150 cremations, but likely many more, and about 80-100 inhumations.

Museum(s) Cambridge University; The Ashmolean Museum; Girton College

ID 107 NGR

Site Name Glynde Date Range Meaney Reference p.249

Site Name II Ringmer Road Min No. Crem 7 Min No. of Inhum 8

Historic County Sussex Max No. Crem 7 Max No. of Inhum 8

Unitary Authority East Sussex Artefact Types

TQ 454 081 m.5th-m.6th

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1879 A.F. Griffith

Urns, cremated remains, spearheads, knives, shield boss, rivets, Roman coin, balls of pyrite, buckle, brooches (saucer), amber object,

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description A small mixed rite cemetery was discovered in 1879 consisting of 8 inhumations and 7 plain urned cremations (positioned between 2 of the inhumations). Griffith 1883 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 108 NGR SK 923 372

Site Name Grantham II Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.155-6

Site Name II Belton Lane Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Lincolnshire Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A Cemetery Type ?Cremation Burials Urns

Unitary Authority Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1952: ?

Description Scatter of urn fragments found some time before 1952, including a hard black ware with 3 horizontal rows of stamps and a globular urn with at least one row of stamps above groups of vertical lines. It is unsure if there were associated remains. Myres 1951

Reference(s)

Museum(s) Grantham Museum

ID 109 NGR SP 96 75

Site Name Great Addington II Date Range Meaney Reference 5th p.186

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urn(s), spearheads, shield bosses

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1883: ?Baker

Cemetery Type Cremation Burials Description An urn with a funnel handle and rope-pattern and zigzag incised line decoration was found in 1883. It contained cremated remains and showed signs of fire damage itself. There is one reference to it being wheel-thrown. The urn is clearly of very early date. Weaponry and other urns are said to have been found nearby. Baker 1883b Reference(s)

Museum(s) The British Museum

ID 110 NGR TL 502 434

Site Name Great Chesterford Date Range Meaney Reference 5th p.85-6

Site Name II

Historic County Essex

Unitary Authority Essex Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 38 Min No. of Inhum 167

Max No. Crem 38 Max No. of Inhum 167

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1819: ?; c.1923: C. Fox; 1952: M. Potts; 19531957: V.I. Evison

Urns, cremated remains, brooch (cruciform), spindlewhorl, copper-alloy fragments, spearheads, swords, shield bosses, bracelets, pendant, wrist clasps, glass vessels, bronze bowls, buckets, knives, girdle-hangers, accessory vessels, firesteels, combs, ivory ring, nails

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s)

Description

Between 1953-1957 V.I. Evison excavated 160 inhumations and 33 cremations. The western Evison 1994; Inskip 2008 and southern limits of the cemetery were reached, but there is presumably much more material to find in the north and east. Urns and artefacts had previously been found in c.1923 and 1952, and Brown mentions a l.7th century cruciform brooch found in 1819. 88 adult and 83 nonadult inhumations (42 males, 63 females, 66 unsexed); 21 adult, 3 non-adult and 7 non-aged Museum(s) cremations (2 males, 12 females, 28 unsexed). A recent osteological analysis has put the total Cambridge University number of inhumations up, to 167.

ID 111 NGR TF 938 375

Site Name Great Walsingham Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.184

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 40 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 50 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) m.17th century: ?T. Browne

Urns, cremated remains, tweezers, combs, pins, copper-alloy fragments, ?opal

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description 40-50 urns with cremated remains and grave goods were excavated in the m.17th century. The Browne 1658 cremations were well furnished, one apparently even with an opal gemstone, and the bones were described as small - either female or childlike (but 17th century knowledge of bone shrinkage during calcination might have been limited?). Exact location now lost but two urns may survive in the The Ashmolean Museum (sources are confused). Reference(s)

Museum(s)

?The Ashmolean Museum

ID 112 NGR SU 992 492

Site Name Guildown Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.241-2

Site Name II Guildford Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum 36

Historic County Surrey Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum 36

Unitary Authority Surrey Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1929 O.H. North and A.W.G. Lowther; 1934: ?

Urns, cremated remains, flints, glass beakers, beads, spearheads, knives, brooches (saucer, applied, disc, square-headed, small-long), finger-rings, pin, silvered bronze rings, bucket, buckles, accessory vessels

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description Reference(s)

223 inhumations and 3 urns were excavated in 1929 first by a gardener and then The Surrey Lowther 1931; Whimster 1931 Archaeological Society. The inhumations were a mix of 6th century (36 confidently dated) and 11th century later reuse burials (c.187). There may have been more cremations. Another ?11th burial was found in 1934. Museum(s) Guildford Museum

ID 113 NGR TM 146 445

Site Name Hadleigh Road Date Range Meaney Reference 6th-7th p.228

Site Name II Ipswich Min No. Crem 12 Min No. of Inhum 150

Historic County Suffolk Max No. Crem 12 Max No. of Inhum 150

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1906-1907: N.F. Layard

Urns, cremated remains, buckles, spearheads, shield bosses, knives, tweezers, iron rings, brooches, necklaces, rings, silver pendants, iron hooks, keys, spindle-whorls, combs, accessory vessels

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description Reference(s)

12 cremations and 150 inhumations were excavated between 1906-1907 by Layard. The Layard 1907a; 1907b cremations were interspersed amongst the inhumations, but with a concentration in the western part of the cemetery. The furnishings were wealthy and the populace clearly had Frankish contacts. Museum(s) Unknown

ID 114 NGR TF 356 640

Site Name Hall Hill Date Range Meaney Reference l.5th-6th p.156

Site Name II West Keal Min No. Crem 50 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Lincolnshire Max No. Crem 200 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1954-1955, c.1958: G.V. Taylor

Urns, cremated remains, girdle-hanger, pair of tweezers, part of bone armlet

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Sherds found in 1930 and excavations in the 1950s have uncovered at least 25 complete Thompson 1956 cremations. Many others known of but not recorded. This is a classic example of a large North Lincolnshire cremation cemetery without publication. The urns are similar to South Elkington, and Williams has estimated it was of a similar size c.200 urns. Museum(s) The Collection Museum, Lincoln Reference(s)

ID 115 NGR TM 019 913

Site Name Hargham Date Range Meaney Reference 5th p.175

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 20 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 30 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1859: T.B. Beevor

Cemetery Type ?Pure Cremation Cemetery Description 20-30 urns with cremated bones were found in 1859 by T.B. Beever. No artefacts were retrieved, however, and none of the urns are extant so there is some debate as to whether the site is AS or BA. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 116 NGR TL 254 727

Site Name Hartford Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.106

Site Name II

Historic County Huntingdonshire

Unitary Authority Cambridgeshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 4

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum 4

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1870: G. Finder

Urn, cremated remains, charred deposits, brooches, pin, flint knife

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description 4 inhumations and a large inverted (over cremated remains) urn (c.30cm) were found in 1870. Another smaller urn was found nearby and there are records of smashed urns being found in the area previously. Roman coins and a mill stone were found in the vicinity. No further details are known. The burials appear AS, but are not particularly diagnostic, so there is some doubt. Reference(s) Wyatt 1870; Smith 1926

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 117 NGR TL 413 531

Site Name Haslingfield Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.66-7

Site Name II

Historic County Cambridgeshire

Unitary Authority Cambridgeshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 2

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1865: ?; 1872: ? 1874-1875: F. Pond

Urns, cremated remains, sword, spearheads, brooches (applied, small-long, square-headed), comb, ring, wrist clasps, beads, bracelets, escutcheons, buckle, spindle-whorl, bronze bowl

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Various inhumations and cremations were found in 1865, 1872 and 1874-1875. Large quantities of AS artefacts are in the Ashmolean, mainly obtained by Rolleston from a 'fossil collector' called Frederick Pond. It has been suggested that the cremations are RB, but their association with inhumations and AS metalwork indicate a firm AS date. Reference(s) Fox 1923; Lethbridge 1938

Museum(s) The British Museum; Cambridge University; The Ashmolean Museum; Brimingham Museum & Art Gallery; Mortimer Museum, Hull

ID 118 NGR TQ 296 155

Site Name Hassocks Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.249-50.

Site Name II

Historic County Sussex

Unitary Authority East Sussex Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 0

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1900: ?; c.1904: ?; c.1925: ?; 1954-1956: ?

Urns, cremated remains, spearheads, knives, shield bosses, axehead

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description A RB cemetery with AS intrusions has been sporadically excavated since c.1900, with the latest excavations taking place between 1954-1956. The accounts are difficult to reconcile, as there are BA, RB and AS urns. It is not known if there were any inhumations, but some of the artefactual material attests it. The hundredal meeting place is nearby, perhaps attesting a long occupation in the locale. M.A.B. Lynne has recently reviewed the evidence. Reference(s) Couchman 1925; Lyne 1994

Museum(s) Brighton Museum & Art Gallery; Lewes Castle

ID 119 NGR SE 610 529

Site Name Heworth Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.291

Site Name II

Historic County Yorkshire

Unitary Authority North Yorkshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 80 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 90 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1878: ?; 1880: ?; 1965: ?

Urns, cremated remains, fused glass beads, tweezers, buttons

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description A series of Anglian AS urns found with cremated remains in 1878 and 1880. 44 urns were reconstructed by Dr Gibson but some 80-90 were originally retrieved. Further excavations in 1965 confirmed the extent of the cemetery. Reference(s) Brown 1915; Elgree and Elgee 1933; Tweddle et al 1999

Museum(s) York Castle Museum; Blackgate Museum, Newcastle

ID 120 NGR TL 855 081

Site Name Heybridge Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.87

Site Name II

Historic County Essex

Unitary Authority Essex Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urn

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1903: ?

Cemetery Type ?Single Cremation Burial Description An urn, found some time before 1903, is now at Colchester Castle Museum but its contents and exact find location are unknown. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Colchester Castle Museum

ID 121 NGR TL 003 283

Site Name Hick's Field Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-7th p.40-1

Site Name II Toddington Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 2

Historic County Bedfordshire Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Unitary Authority Bedfordshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 19th century: ?

Urns, cremated remains, spearheads, shield bosses, knives, swords, buckles, finger-rings, beads, brooches (square-headed, saucer, cruciform, disc)

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Reference(s)

A large mixed rite cemetery was found in 1819 but much of the material was thrown back into Morris 1962; Kennet 1969 the ground. It was variously excavated through out the 19th century. Very little is known and the records for the Toddington area are incredibly confused. Museum(s) Unknown

ID 122 NGR TQ 092 043

Site Name Highdown Hill Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-7th p.250-1

Site Name II Goring Min No. Crem 30 Min No. of Inhum 190

Historic County Sussex Max No. Crem 40 Max No. of Inhum 210

Unitary Authority West Sussex Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1892: ?; 1893-1894: H. Read and Henty; 1894c.1900: Henty; 1943: ?; 1947: A.E. Wilson; 1987-1988: M.F. Gardiner (The National Trust)

Urns, cremated remains, brooches (circular, annular, small-long, penannular, saucer), buckles, buckets, accessory vessels, glass vessels, beads, knives, spearheads, sword, seax, pin, flints, bracelets, toilet implements, comb, ?arrowhead, angon

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s) Read 1895; Griffith 1925; Welch 1983

Description Between 1892 and 1988 High Down has undergone sporadic excavation. There have been c.200 inhumations and c.35 cremations recorded. Cremation was observed as a minority right, generally located to the south of the cemetery. The material culture is rich. Some of the cremations had four-post structures associated.

Museum(s) Worthing Museum and Art Gallery; Cambridge University; The British Museum

ID 123 NGR TL 55 48

Site Name Hildersham Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.67

Site Name II Furrey Hills Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Cambridgeshire Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum N/A Cemetery Type ?Cremation Burials Urns

Unitary Authority Cambridgeshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) Unknown

Description There are 3 urns in Saffron Walden Museum that are said to have been found at Hildersham but no other information is known. Unpublished

Reference(s)

Museum(s) Saffron Walden Museum

ID 124 NGR TQ 329 069

Site Name Hodshrove

Site Name II South Moulsecombe Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Sussex Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority East Sussex Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.251

Urn, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1923: W.T. Brill

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description An urned cremation of a ?child was found by W.T. Brill in 1923. The urn has faint vertical lines and necklines. There is another single cremation find across the road at Bates Nursery Estate, so a cremation cemetery between these two finds is plausible. Perhaps the place name is in reference to the blind god Hod, who killed Baldr? Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Brighton Museum & Art Gallery

ID 125 NGR SP 695 671

Site Name Holdenby Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-e.7th p.190

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum 25

Max No. Crem 4 Max No. of Inhum 35

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1862: ?; 1894: ?; 1899: Rector of Holdenby; 1909: E.T. Leeds

Urns, cremated remains, horse shoe, hair pin, brooches (cruciform, penannular, saucer, squareheaded), shield boss, spearhead, beads (glass, amber, earthenware), knives, wrist-clasps, ivory fragments

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Reference(s)

Description Between 1862 and 1909 an inhumation dominant cemetery was sporadically excavated. c.30 Hartshorne 1868 inhumations were found and various cremated and unburnt bones in association with 3-4 urns.

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 126 NGR TQ 819 548

Site Name Hollingbourne Date Range Meaney Reference l.5th-6th p.124

Site Name II Whiteheath Min No. Crem 8 Min No. of Inhum 2

Historic County Kent Max No. Crem 8 Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Unitary Authority Kent Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1819: ?; 1842: B. Poste; 1843: ?

Urns, cremated remains, glass vessel, shield boss, knife, spearheads

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Primary BA cremations and secondary AS inhumations and cremations were found in 1819, 1842 and 1843. In total 8 AS urns were excavated from barrows in the area and an unknown number of inhumations. One urn was dated to the 6th century and one late 5th. Grove 1952 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Maidstone Museum

ID 127 NGR TQ 599 016

Site Name Holly Grange Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Site Name II Eastbourne Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Sussex Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum N/A Cemetery Type Cremation Burials

Unitary Authority East Sussex Artefact Types

Urns, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1925 ?W. Budgen

Description Some time before 1925 a complete undecorated urn, and fragments of others ,with cremated remains were found. It contained small bones, so could have been an non-adult or small woman. The urn was destroyed in WWII. The plain urn was similar to the material at Hassocks, whilst the comb-mark decorated fragments have parallels with Long Wittenham. AS inhumation cemeteries have been found elsewhere in the parish. Budgen 1925

Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 128 NGR SK 62 39

Site Name Holme Pierrepont Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-7th p.200

Site Name II Lane Conery Min No. Crem 30 Min No. of Inhum 60

Historic County Nottinghamshire Max No. Crem 60 Max No. of Inhum 90

Unitary Authority Nottinghamshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1836-1842: ?

Urns, cremated remains, quern stones, spindle, glass vessel, metal fragments, iron lock with copper-alloy face plate, mount, beads (glass, porcelain, amber), brooches (long, annular, cruciform, Roman), pins, knives, spearheads, accessory vessels

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description A mixed rite cemetery was excavated between 1836-1842, producing c.120 burials although Skelton 1931 ratios are not known. Inhumations are more common that cremations, though. Recent excavations by G.C. Guilbert have uncovered a much larger cemetery positioned in and around a ring-ditch c.18m in diameter. The character of the 19th and 20th-21st century sites was different - most notably the fact that bone preservation was awful in the latter but inhumations present in the former. Unknown Reference(s)

Museum(s)

ID 129 NGR TL 15 45

Site Name Ickwell Bury Date Range Meaney Reference 5th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Bedfordshire

Unitary Authority Bedfordshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 2 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, ?cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) Unknown

Cemetery Type Cremation Burials Description Two urns that were central to Myres's (1954) argument about the nature of Saxon settlement in Myres 1954 the East Midlands were found at Ickwell Bury. Find spot, date and circumstances are difficult to determine. Museum(s) Unknown Reference(s)

ID 130 NGR TL 948 898

Site Name Illington Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-e.7th p.176

Site Name II Wretham Min No. Crem 104 Min No. of Inhum 3

Historic County Norfolk Max No. Crem 104 Max No. of Inhum 3

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1949 Knocker and Hughes (Ministry of Works)

Urns, cremated remains (human and animal [sheep, oxen, pig, horse, dog]), fused glass beads, burnt jewellery, burnt brooches, burnt gaming pieces, unburnt toilet items

Cemetery Type Majority Cremation Cemetery Description A large cremation cemetery with a few inhumations was excavated in 1949. 104 cremations (although 212 urns). c.50% of cremations had gravegoods and 22 had burnt animal bones. Approximately 18 child cremations. Only adult male cremations had horses. 17 male and 18 female identified individuals. 2 instances of possible double cremation with children. 212 vessels in total. 1 cremation in a bronze bowl. 3 unurned cremations. The excavated area was c.36m x 6m. Clarke 1957 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery

ID 131 NGR TL 031 476

Site Name Kempston Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-7th p.36-7

Site Name II

Historic County Bedfordshire

Unitary Authority Bedfordshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 150 Min No. of Inhum 50

Max No. Crem 250 Max No. of Inhum 150

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1856: J. Wyatt; 1863-4: J. Wyatt and Fitch

Urns, cremated remains, swords, spearheads, knives, shield bosses, brooches, beads, glass vessel, earscoop, gold mounted carbuncle

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description A large scale mixed rite cemetery was discovered in c.1856 and excavated 1863-1864. Cremations made up approximately 2/3 of burials. The inhumations are well-furnished with weaponry and over 100 brooches. This is a truly important site but the records and publications are very poor. Reference(s) Wyatt 1857; Smith 1857

Museum(s) The British Museum; The Ashmolean Museum; Bedford Museum

ID 132 NGR TM 038 861

Site Name Kenninghall II Date Range Meaney Reference Unknown p.177

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A ?Urns

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1540: J. Dicons

Cemetery Type ?Pure Cremation Cemetery Description A 16th century note tells us that Sir John Dicons found 'a great many' cinerary urns but there is Smith 1964 no other information and no extant material. Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 133 NGR TM 22 46

Site Name Kesgrave Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.229

Site Name II

Historic County Suffolk

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urn

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) Unknown

Cemetery Type ?Single Cremation Burial Description An urn was found some time before 1852 and is decorated with cross-in-circle and dot-filled- Smith 1852 triangle stamping. It was illustrated by C.R. Smith and is now in Ipswich Museum. It's original findspot, and whether it contained cremated remains, is unknown. Museum(s) Ipswich Museum Reference(s)

ID 134 NGR SP 876 792

Site Name Kettering I

Site Name II Stamford Road Min No. Crem 100 Min No. of Inhum 12

Historic County Northamptonshire Max No. Crem 200 Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.191-2

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1846: W. Whellan; pre 1902: ?; 1903: Northamptonshire Exploration Society; 1904: ?; 1929: ?

Urns, cremated remains, knife, spearhead, tweezers, combs, burnt beads, spindle-whorl, pebbles, round discs of bone, cruciform brooch

Cemetery Type Majority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s) Bull 1904

Description Various inhumations and cremations were excavated between 1846-1929. Substantial excavations took place in 1903, where 80-90 urns and 6 inhumations were excavated, and 1929, where 16 urns and 4 inhumations were excavated. Early urns and the late cruciform brooch suggest long life.

Museum(s) Northampton Museum; Kettering Museum

ID 135 NGR SP 8778778

Site Name Kettering II

Site Name II Windmill Avenue Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Northamptonshire Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urn

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.192

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1961 various workmen

Cemetery Type ?Single Cremation Burial Description A plain AS urn found whole in a drainage trench was found in 1961. No cremated remains were recorded so classified as uncertain. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Kettering Museum

ID 136 NGR TF 950 295

Site Name Kettlestone

Site Name II Pensthorpe, Fakenham Min No. Crem 5 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Norfolk Max No. Crem 15 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th p.177

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1826: ?; 1869: ?; 1880: ?; 1881: ?

Urns, cremated remains, gaming pieces, glass, pins, beads, knife, cruciform brooch

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Very confused accounts but can be summarised as between 5-15 cremation urns found in and around barrows between 1826-1881. Meaney notes that this site is "one of the most confused of AS cemetery sites". Reference(s) Brown 1915; Smith 1923

Museum(s) Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery; The British Museum; Brighton Museum & Art Gallery

ID 137 NGR SO 797 764

Site Name Kidderminster Foreign

Site Name II Hoarstone Farm Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Worcestershire Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Worcestershire Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference m.7th-8th N/A

Urn, cremated remains, whetstone, RB sherd

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1993: Hereford and Worcester County Archaeological Service

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description Reference(s)

An AS urned cremation was found in a small hollow with a whetstone and sherd of RB pottery Jackson et al 1994 in 1993. The site was an otherwise Mesolithic site of some importance. It has been radiocarbon dated to 61300+/-50 BP (663-773 AD), which is surely the latest and westernmost cremation? Does the act of cremation influence RC-14 dates? Museum(s) Unknown

ID 138 NGR SK 390 260

Site Name King's Newton Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.76

Site Name II Melbourne Min No. Crem 30 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Derbyshire Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Derbyshire Artefact Types

Urns, cremated remains, ring, flint, charcoal

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1866: Briggs and Massey

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description A cremation cemetery was excavated in 1866 during railway construction works. The cemetery Briggs 1869 was on the crest of a hill and was organised in rows. Colours ranged from red to grey, height from 5-30cm. The excavated area was c.40m2. Many of the urns had their mouths covered with small stones and one or two were inverted. Briggs recorded c.30 urns but many more we destroyed prior, and it appears Massey also undertook an excavation. Unknown Reference(s)

Museum(s)

ID 139 NGR SK 502 277

Site Name Kingstone-on-Soar Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.200-1

Site Name II

Historic County Nottinghamshire

Unitary Authority Nottinghamshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 200 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 300 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1840-1844: ?

Urns, cremated remains,sandstone, fused glass, copperalloy fragments

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Between 1840-1844 labourers destroyed c.200 urns before reporting the find. About 16 urns were kept, 6 of which still exist today. The total number of cremations is likely much higher than 200. It seems a piece of sandstone was place on the mouth of each urn. Metal fragments and fused glass were the only recorded furnishings. Henslow 1847 Reference(s)

Museum(s) St Albans Museum; Kingston Hall Museum

ID 140 NGR TL 775 714

Site Name Lackford Date Range Meaney Reference e.5th-l.6th p.229-30

Site Name II Cavenham Min No. Crem 500 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Suffolk Max No. Crem 1000 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1947: ?; 1947: T.C. Lethbridge

Urns, cremated remains (human and animal), copperalloy tweezers, ?RB headware, flint, Roman tiles,

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description 50+ cremations were found before 1947, when large scale excavations were undertaken by Lethbridge. Some 500 cremations were then excavated, which was probably less than half of the total cemetery. Spatial arrangement was observed, such as clustering. Animal bones included dogs, sheep and red deer. The cemetery appeared to have been built around RB buildings, possibly containing burial vaults. There are some instances of multiple urns found in the same grave. 21% of urns have grave goods. Metal dectecting by J. King and D. Pooley in 2000 about 2km to the SE has also found early artefacts, such as wrist-clasps, brooches and pot sherds. Lethbridge 1951 Reference(s)

Museum(s) The Ashmolean Museum; The British Museum; Prittlewell Priory; Moyse's Hall; Cambridge University; Ipswich Museum

ID 141 NGR SP 209 002

Site Name Lechlade Date Range Meaney Reference 6th-7th N/A

Site Name II Butler's Field Min No. Crem 32 Min No. of Inhum 217

Historic County Gloucestershire Max No. Crem 32 Max No. of Inhum 217

Unitary Authority Gloucestershire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1985: D. Miles and S. Palmer (Oxford Archaeological Unit)

Urns, cremation remains, brooches (saucer, squareheaded), hair pins, beads (glass, amber), finger-rings, purse, wooden bowl, bone comb, spindle whorl, gold pendants, silver and garnet pins, seaxes

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description Reference(s)

Excavations ahead of development in 1985 found 32 cremations and 217 inhumations (in 202 Boyle et al 1998 graves). The 6th century phase had N-S alligned burials. There was a grouping of female inhumations to the NW and the cremations were clustered to the E, and 2 had timber structures placed over the top of them. A later 7th century cemetery followed on from this cemetery. Museum(s) Unknown

ID 142 NGR SK 586 048

Site Name Leicester Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.146

Site Name II East Gate Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 2

Historic County Leicestershire Max No. Crem 2 Max No. of Inhum 2

Unitary Authority Leicestershire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1866: ?; pre 1907: ?

Urns, cremated remains, shield boss, annular brooch, toilet objects

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Two inhumations and two cremations have been found at East Gate. The inhumations and an urn with cremated remains 'covered' by a shield boss found in 1866. The other urn was found sometime before 1907. Cottrill 1946 Reference(s)

Museum(s) New Walk Museum & Art Gallery, Leicester

ID 143 NGR SP 921 265

Site Name Leighton Buzzard I

Site Name II Dead Man's Slade Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Bedfordshire Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Bedfordshire Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.37

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1880: ?; 1880: ?

Urns, cremated remains, brooches (saucer, smalllong), perforated rock crystal bead

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Cremations were excavated in 1880, and others had previously been found, but exact numbers Unpublished are not known. The objects were found separate from the cremations, which Meaney took to imply inhumations, but there is no other evidence. Museum(s) The British Museum Reference(s)

ID 144 NGR SP 927 264

Site Name Leighton Buzzard II

Site Name II Chamberlain's Barns Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum 22

Historic County Bedfordshire Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Unitary Authority Bedfordshire Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 6th-e.7th p.37-8

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1931-1932: ?

Cremated remains, beads (paste, glass, amber), spearheads, knife, iron wire, accessory vessels, iron hook, pin, wooden shaft, wooden drinking cup, silver rings, brooches

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description A small inhumation dominant cemetery was discovered in 1931 and at least 22 inhumations and 3 cremations were excavated in 1932. The 3 cremations were unurned, and placed in shallow pits. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) The British Museum; Luton Museum

ID 145 NGR TL 564 469

Site Name Linton A Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.67

Site Name II

Historic County Cambridgeshire

Unitary Authority Cambridgeshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 3

Max No. Crem 2 Max No. of Inhum 3

Urns, cremated remains, spearhead, silver rings

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1934, 1935, 1936: ?

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description An inhumation with a spearhead was found in 1934, 2 cremations in urns were found in 1935 and a further 2 inhumations were found in 1936. There could be other burials. Lethbridge 1938 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 146 NGR TL 560 577

Site Name Little Wilbraham Date Range Meaney Reference m.5th-6th p.70-1

Site Name II

Historic County Cambridgeshire

Unitary Authority Cambridgeshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 135 Min No. of Inhum 193

Max No. Crem 135 Max No. of Inhum 193

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1850-1851 R.C. Neville; 1926-1927: Cambridge Antiquarian Society

Urns, cremated remains, beads, brooches (cruciform, equal-armed, small-long), bucket, spearheads, knife, shield bosses, arrowhead, girdle-hangers, tweezers, picks, shears, combs, coin of Maximus, bronze bell,

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Reference(s)

Description

Excavations between 1850-1851 (R.C. Neville) and 1926-1927 (Cambridgeshire Antiquarian Neville 1852; Lethbridge and Carter 1928 Society) uncovered a large mixed rite cemetery. The cremations contained toilet items, combs, fused metalwork and beads and 1 had a coin of Maximus. The possible remains of a funeral pyre were also found. Museum(s) The British Museum; Cambridge University; The Ashmolean Museum

ID 147 NGR SP 295 309

Site Name Long Compton Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.260

Site Name II

Historic County Warwickshire

Unitary Authority Warwickshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum 1

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum 1

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1836: ?; 1854: ?

Urn, cremated remains, ?knife, beads, annular brooch, finger ring

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Burials Description An urn with cremated remains and a ?knife was found with a jaw and the rest of the objects in 1836. At least 15 inhumations were found nearby in 1854, but were seemingly unfurnished and difficult to date. Mixed burials or part of a larger mixed rite cemetery? Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) The British Museum

ID 148 NGR SU 545 936

Site Name Longthorpe

Site Name II Free Acre Farm Min No. Crem 47 Min No. of Inhum 189

Historic County Berkshire Max No. Crem 47 Max No. of Inhum 189

Unitary Authority Berkshire Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.53-4

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1848: ?; 1859-1860: J.Y. Akerman

Urns, cremated remains, bronze pins, miniature toilet sets, knives, sword, spearheads, buckets, bronze bowls, beads, brooches, misc Roman objects

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description In 1848 an inhumation was found accompanied by a sword, knife, spearhead and a cremation urn next to it. Subsequent excavations by J.Y. Akerman between 1859-1860 found 188 inhumations and 46 cremations. The cremations were often found with miniature toilet sets and bronze pins. Reference(s) Akerman 1861; 1863

Museum(s) The British Museum; Reading Museum; National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh

ID 149 NGR TL 156 979

Site Name Long Wittenham Date Range Meaney Reference 6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Cambridgeshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 22 Min No. of Inhum 2

Max No. Crem 22 Max No. of Inhum 2

Urns, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1968: S.S. Frere and Joseph

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description Reference(s)

A cremation dominant cemetery was excavated in 1968 during the course of excavations at the Frere and St. Joseph 1974 Roman fort of Longthorpe.

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 150 NGR SK 535 195

Site Name Loughborough Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.146

Site Name II

Historic County Leicestershire

Unitary Authority Leicestershire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) Unknown

Cemetery Type Cremation Burials Description Sometime before 1946 an urn, with bosses and a row of stamps, with cremated remains and fragments of two other vessels was found. No other details are known. Cottrill 1946 Reference(s)

Museum(s) New Walk Museum & Art Gallery, Leicester

ID 151 NGR SK 908 458

Site Name Loveden Hill Date Range Meaney Reference l.5th-7th p.158-9

Site Name II

Historic County Lincolnshire

Unitary Authority Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1790 Min No. of Inhum 47

Max No. Crem 2000 Max No. of Inhum 47

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1921, 1925, 1926: ?; 1955-1962, 1972: K.R. Fennell

Urns, cremated remains, tweezers, bowl, claw beakers, sword, bucket, hanging-bowls, knives, drinking horn, beads, accessory vessels,

Cemetery Type Majority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s) Fennell 1964

Description Loveden Hill was discovered in 1921 and excavated in 1925-1926, where c.45 cremations were found. Large scale excavations by K.R. Fennell between 1955-1963 found c.500 cremations. Further excavation in 1972 found a staggering 1245 cremations and 32 inhumations. It is the second largest cremation cemetery we have, but it is almost completely unpublished. A site where double human:animal cremations and also child:adult double cremations was practiced.

Museum(s) The British Museum; Lincoln City and Council Museum; Grantham Museum

ID 152 NGR SK 887 165

Site Name Market Overton II Date Range Meaney Reference m.6th-e.7th p.216-17

Site Name II

Historic County Rutland

Unitary Authority Rutland Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 25 Min No. of Inhum 2

Max No. Crem 25 Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1911: ?

Urns, cremated remains, spearheads, shield bosses, bucket mounts, beads, silver wire, ?silver bracelet fragments, brooches, buckle, bracteate, gold bead, gold spiral ring

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description In 1911 a mixed cemetery was found situated c.350m south of the inhumation cemetery discovered in 1908 (Market Overton I). Poor preservation so no inhumation remains (like Market Overton I) and only a few calcinated bones. There were impressive and high status grave goods, however, and this is the largest concentration of cremation burials in Rutland. Reference(s) Crowther-Beynon and Leeds 1911

Museum(s) Rutland County Museum

ID 153 NGR

Site Name Markshall Date Range Meaney Reference p.178

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 102 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 102 Max No. of Inhum N/A

TG 229 039 ?l.4th-?e.7th

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 19th century: ?; 1948-1949 G.P. Larwood (Norfolk Research Committee)

Urns, cremated remains, tweezers, comb fragments , bronze rivet, gaming pieces, glass beads, clay spindle whorl, bronze brooch knob, ivory bag ring, mammoth tooth fragment

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Reference(s) Myres and Green 1973

Description Sporadic finding of urns througout the 19th century, beginning in 1815. The site was later excavated by G.P. Larwood in 1948 and 1949. 102 recorded urns but likely many more. Quite richly furnished for a cremation cemetery.

Museum(s) The Ashmolean Museum, Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery

ID 154 NGR SP 542 439

Site Name Marston St Lawrence Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.178

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum 32

Max No. Crem 4 Max No. of Inhum 33

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1842-1843: H. Dryden

Urns, cremated remains, knife, brooches (saucer, trefoil, ring, square-headed), wrist clasp, ?cup, horse burial

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description A skeleton was found in 1842 and an area of c.45m x 30m was excavated by H. Dryden in Dryden 1885 1843. There were 4 urns, one of which may have been a cup as it was very small and contained no remains. One of the inhumations was near a horse burial. Museum(s) Museum of Oxford; Northampton Museum Reference(s)

ID 155 NGR TL 430 820

Site Name Mepal Fen Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.68

Site Name II Mepal Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Cambridgeshire Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Cambridgeshire Artefact Types

Urn, ?cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1859: ?

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description AS urn found as a secondary interment in a Bronze Age barrow in 1859. Fox 1923 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 156 NGR SP 731 552

Site Name Milton Date Range Meaney Reference 5th p.192

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 2 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, ?cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1947: ?Asplin

Cemetery Type ?Cremation Burials Description 2 urns, one a 5th century Buckelurne-with-foot and the other undecorated, were found in a pit in 1947. There is no mention of cremated remains so uncertain status. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Northampton Museum

ID 157 NGR TL 134 850

Site Name Moggerhanger Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.39-40

Site Name II

Historic County Huntingdonshire

Unitary Authority Bedfordshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urn, ?cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1934: ?

Cemetery Type ?Single Cremation Burial Description A black ornamentated cremation urn was found in the village in 1934. The exact find spot, finder and whether there were associated remains is unknown. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Bedford Museum

ID 158 NGR TF 221 944

Site Name Morningthorpe Date Range Meaney Reference 6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Lincolnshire

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 9 Min No. of Inhum 365

Max No. Crem 9 Max No. of Inhum 365

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1974-1975: A. Rogerson (Norfolk Archaeological Unit) and T. Gregory (Norfolk Museums Service)

Urns, cremated remains, spearheads, shield bosses, brooches (annular, cruciform, square-headed , smalllonng), girdle-hangers, knives, beads, wrist clasps, sword, buckets

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s)

Description A large cemetery was excavated between 1974-1975. The cemetery was substantial, and most Green et al 1987 of the artefactual evidence points to a 6th century date. The southern and western limits of the cemetery were found, but the eastern extent went under a wood and the northern part was destroyed by gravel works. Although only 9 cremations were found, 17 inhumations contained burnt objects. The cremations were found in small pits. The cemetery orientation was W-E (except one) and was laid out orderly with minimal intersecting. Unknown

Museum(s)

ID 159 NGR TL 994 947

Site Name Mount Pleasant

Site Name II Rockland All Saints Min No. Crem 6 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Norfolk Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th p.180

Urns, cremated remains, tweezers, brooch fragment

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1949: ?; 1961: ?

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description 6 urns with cremated remains, tweezers and fragment of a copper-alloy brooch were found in a Unpublished gravel pit at Mount Pleasant in 1949 and 1961. Other fragments were also found, so 6 should be considered the lower limit. Museum(s) Norwich Castle Museum Reference(s)

ID 160 NGR

Site Name Mucking II Date Range Meaney Reference N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Essex

Unitary Authority Essex Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 468 Min No. of Inhum 282

Max No. Crem 468 Max No. of Inhum 282

TQ 674 806 e.5th-m/l.7th

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1965-1978: Jones and Jones

Urns, cremated remains, brooches (button, disc, saucer, annular, quoit, penannular, small-long, squareheaded), spearheads, shield bosses, swords, knives, buckles, textile fragments, rings, earscoops, tweezers, combs, glass vessels

Cemetery Type Majority Cremation Cemetery Description Between 1965-1978 large scale excavations revealed a settlement (200+ structures) and 2 cemeteries (1 mixed rite and 1 inhumation). The two cemeteries are Mucking I (a heavily damaged inhumation cemetery of 63 burials) and Mucking II (a mixed rite cemetery of 463 cremations and 282 inhumations). Mucking II was completely excavated and its association with the nearby settlement allows for a detailed understanding of early life in Essex. The cemeteries are also interesting in the fact that they have Anglian, Saxon, Frankish and Kentish influences - perhaps something of a port/staging post. Reference(s) Jones 1974; Hamerow 1993; Hirst and Clark 2009

Museum(s) The British Museum; Thurrock Museum

ID 161 NGR TG 317 362

Site Name Mundesley Date Range Meaney Reference l.5th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 9 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 9 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, cremated remains, fused glass, bone bead

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1965: ?

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description 9 cremations were found with fused glass and a bone bead in 1965. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 162 NGR SK 117 500

Site Name Musden Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.221

Site Name II Ilam Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Staffordshire Max No. Crem 2 Max No. of Inhum N/A Cemetery Type Cremation Burials

Unitary Authority Staffordshire Artefact Types

Urns, cremated remains, flint

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1848: S. Carrington

Description A barrow of diameter c.22.5m and height c.1.6m was opened by S. Carrington in 1848. Some BA cremations and an inhumation were found, above which were 2 AS narrow-necked globular urns with cremated remains. Bateman 1861

Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 163 NGR TF 76 13

Site Name Narford Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.179

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 4 Min No. of Inhum 1

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1775: ?; 1939: ?; 1950s: ?

Urns, cremated bones, burnt metal, bracelets, spearhead, shield boss

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description A great many urns' with cremated remains were found c.1775 but none survive. An AngloSaxon warrior inhumation with spear and shield boss was found nearby in 1939. Cremations from various periods, including AS, were found in the 1950s. The material is only partially extant, but we are clearly looking at a cremation cemetery with a ?few inhumations. Camden 1789 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Lynn Museum, Norfolk

ID 164 NGR TL 071 956

Site Name Nassington Date Range Meaney Reference m.5th-l.6th p.192-3

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum 65

Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum 65

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1942: E.T. Leeds and R.J.C. Atkinson

Urns, cremated remains, spindle-whorl, key, rings, copper-alloy fragments, shield bosses, spearheads, knives, buckets, brooches, wriist clasps, belt fittings, beads, pendants, pins.

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description A gravel pit was opened up by mechanical means in 1942 which resulted in the destruction of many burials. 3 urns with cremated remains and grave goods were recorded alongside 65 inhumations in 56 graves, 10 of which were very well furnished. The creamations were furnished with a spindle-whorl, iron key, bronze ring, and various copper-alloy fragments. At the time, it was the largest AS cemetery found in Northamptonshire (Marston St. Lawrence was the largest before, with 37 burials). Reference(s) Leeds and Atkinson 1944

Museum(s) Peterborough Museum

ID 165 NGR SK 62 40

Site Name Netherfield Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.201

Site Name II

Historic County Nottinghamshire

Unitary Authority Nottinghamshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 6 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, ?cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) Unknown

Cemetery Type ?Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Lincoln City and Council Museum has 6 simple AS urns said to have come from Netherfield. Unknown but local location. It is also uncertain whether they were in association with cremated remains. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Lincoln City and Council Museum

ID 166 NGR SK 792 534

Site Name Newark Date Range Meaney Reference e.5th-7th p.201

Site Name II Mill Gate Min No. Crem 400 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Nottinghamshire Max No. Crem 500 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Nottinghamshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) m.18th-19th century: ?; 1957-1978: Newark Museum

Urns, cremated remains, tweezers, shears, combs, nails, ivory fragments, spindle-whorls, urn lid

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Reference(s)

Description

Various findings of urns with or without furnishing from the 18th century. There were Milner 1853; Bateman 1853, 189; Kinsley 1989 Museum-led excavations between 1957-1978 where at least 404 cremations were recorded. Some row arrangement was noted, such as lines of touching urns and superimposed urns. At least 70 recorded vessels but hundreds more. Appears to be long occupation. At least 7 double cremations of adult and child. An urn lid was also found, but is now lost. Museum(s) Mortimer Museum, Hull; Newark Museum; PittRivers Museum

ID 167 NGR SP 880 833

Site Name Newton Date Range Meaney Reference p.193

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 7 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) Unknown

Urns, wrist-clasps, ?belt fasteners, bracelet, rings, copper-alloy tube

Cemetery Type ?Pure Cremation Cemetery Description The Kettering Museum has 7 urns and various objects listed as coming from Newton. This has Unpublished been taken as evidence of a cremation cemetery of unknown but nearby location. 2 girdlehangers were also found in 1925 and given to the The British Museum. Note: EH Pastscape lists them as coming from Storefield mines. Museum(s) Kettering Museum; The British Museum Reference(s)

ID 168 NGR TF 646 159

Site Name North Runcton Date Range Meaney Reference 6th-e.7th p.180-1

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 4 Min No. of Inhum 2

Max No. Crem 5 Max No. of Inhum 3

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1907: ?; 1925: ?; 1929: ?

Urns, cremated remains, glass beads, brooches (cruciform)

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description 4-5 cremations were excavated in 1907 which included a window urn, one with incised neck and chevron lines and one with rosette bosses. Another urn had windows and was leadplugged. 2-3 inhumations with glass beads and brooches (6th-7th) were excavated nearby in 1925. Further beads, without mortuary remains, were found in 1929. Clarke 1939 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery; Lynn Museum, Norfolk

ID 169 NGR TQ 622738

Site Name Northfleet Date Range Meaney Reference l.5th-6th p.130-1

Site Name II

Historic County Kent

Unitary Authority Kent Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 15 Min No. of Inhum 20

Max No. Crem 20 Max No. of Inhum 24

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1848: C.R. Smith; 1899, 1900, 1901: ?; 1948: J.P.T. Burchell

Urns, cremated remains, shield bosses, spearheads, bucket, sword, brooches (saucer), comb

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Reference(s) Philip 1914; Burchell and Brailsford 1948

Description Between 1848 and 1948 various urns and inhumation burials were excavated from the area. The inhumations were furnished with weaponry and brooches. At least 16 urns were found, some with cremated remains. Some urns were plain, others decorated in typical Anglian style. The cremations are very important as they represent one of the largest instances of cremation in Kent.

Museum(s) Maidstone Museum; Gravesend Public Library; The British Museum; Pitt-Rivers Museum

ID 170 NGR NZ 449 226

Site Name Norton-on-Tees Date Range Meaney Reference m.6th-e.7th N/A

Site Name II Mill Lane Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum 117

Historic County Durham Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum 117

Unitary Authority County Durham Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1983-1985: S. Sherlock (Clevedon County Archaeology Section)

Urns, cremated remains (human and animal), brooches (, beads (glass and amber), combs, tweezers, spearheads, shield bosses, seaxes, knives, bucket, bracelets, silver pendants, wrist clasps, keys, buckles,

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s) Sherlock and Welch 1992

Description A 6th century inhumation cemetery with 3 cremations was excavated between 1983-1985 by S. Sherlock. The 3 cremations were urned, and may have contained more than one individual. The inhumations were predominantly aligned N-S. Males and females were equally represented.

Museum(s) University of York (research purposes as of 2012)

ID 171 NGR TG 227 099

Site Name Norwich Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.180

Site Name II Catton Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Norfolk Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A Cemetery Type Cremation Burials

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Urns, tweezers, square-headed brooch

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1898: ?

Description Several urns were found in 1898 but only one complete (a thin black pot). More urns with unburnt copper alloy tweezers and a copper alloy square-headed brooch were found nearby later in the same year. Smith 1901

Reference(s)

Museum(s) Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery Museum; The British Museum

ID 172 NGR TQ 467 675

Site Name Orpington Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Kent

Unitary Authority Kent Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 19 Min No. of Inhum 52

Max No. Crem 19 Max No. of Inhum 52

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1965-1968: P.J. Tester

Urn, cremated remains, spearheads, knives, shield bosses, sword, brooches (disc, saucer, square-headed, bird), glass armlet fragments, Roman coins, RB pottery

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description A mixed rite cemetery was excavated between 1965-1968. The cremations were all in urns and Tester 1968 are interspersed amongst the inhumations. The orientations of the inhumations were W-E or SN. RB pottery was also found. An AS child's grave contained a coin of Allentus and one of Constantine. Such a concentration of cremations in Kent is rare, and particularly important. Museum(s) Orpington Museum Reference(s)

ID 173 NGR TQ 522 589

Site Name Otford Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.131

Site Name II

Historic County Kent

Unitary Authority Kent Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urn, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1954: ?

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description An urn with stamp decoration dating to the 6th century was found with cremated remains in 1954. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Maidstone Musem

ID 174 NGR SZ 883 974

Site Name Pagham Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.253

Site Name II

Historic County Sussex

Unitary Authority West Sussex Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1954: Wilson

Cemetery Type Cremation Burials Description A sub-rectangular narrow-necked AS urn decorated with stamps, lines and chevrons was found Unpublished in Pagham churchyard in 1954 alongside broken sherds of 2 other vessels (?urns). Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 175 NGR SU 155 580

Site Name Pewsey

Site Name II Blacknall Field Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum 124

Historic County Wiltshire Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum 124

Unitary Authority Wiltshire Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference l.5th-e.6th p.167

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1969-1976 K. Annable

Urns, cremated remains, burnt glass beads, swords, spearheads, shield bosses, brooches, neck-rings, dress pins, knives, accessory vessels, buckets

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description Reference(s)

A cemetery was excavated between 1969-1976 but of particular note is the finding of an urn Annable and Eagles 2010 base in 1973, and single cremations in 1975 and 1976. These are important findings for Wiltshire. The site is also very crucial for Wiltshire because substantial AS cemeteries are very rare. Museum(s) Unknown

ID 176 NGR SP 750 677

Site Name Pitsford Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.195

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 14 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 14 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1882: ?

Urns, cremated remains, beads (glass), copper-alloy fragments, comb, spearhead, glass claw-beaker

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description An 1882 excavation of an Anglo-Saxon (thought to be Roman at the time) barrow revealed 14 urns with cremated remains and furnishings. A primary barrow cremation cemetery. Reference(s) Smith 1902; George 1904

Museum(s) Northampton Museum

ID 177 NGR TF 040 446

Site Name Quarrington I Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-e.7th p.160-1

Site Name II

Historic County Lincolnshire

Unitary Authority Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 2

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1824, 1828: ?

Urns, cremated remains, tweezers, brooches (squareheaded, Roman), bronze clasps, beads (crystal, glass, amber), spearhead, buckles, pins (bronze, bone), Roman coin, horse harness, buckles,

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Many cremations and inhumations were found throughout the 19th century and partially published. Some sources claim there were more cremations than inhumations, but uncertainty over numbers. A 6th-8th century inhumation cemetery has recently been found nearby (Quarrington II). A possible Roman inhumation is indicated by a coffin lid, Roman coin and RB pottery. Reference(s) Yerburgh 1825; Trollope 1872; Dickinson 2004

Museum(s) Alnwick Castle Museum, Northumberland; The Collection Museum, Lincoln; The British Museum

ID 178 NGR TL 006 729

Site Name Raunds Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, cremated remains, vessel

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1989 S. Parry (Northampton Museum Archaeological Unit)

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Reference(s) Boddington et al 1996

The edge of a probable cremation cemetery was found in 1989. Both urned and unurned cremations were found in shallow pits, and one was in a copper alloy and iron vessel. Not to be confused with Raunds deserted medieval village.

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 179 NGR TQ 797 924

Site Name Rayleigh Date Range Meaney Reference 6th N/A

Site Name II Rawreth Lane Min No. Crem 143 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Essex Max No. Crem 143 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Essex Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 2003: M. Roy; 2004: T. Ennis

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description

Urns, cremated remains (human and animal), accessory vessels, metalwork, beads (glasS), refired sherds, knives, razors, spearheads, buckles, chatelaine chains/pins, rivets, nails, fragments of copper-alloy and iron plate, buckets, bowls, drinking vessels, shield bosses, finger-ring Reference(s)

Evaluation in 2003 and excavation in 2004 found a large, 6th century cremation cemetery. 143 Unpublished cremations were found with at least 118 identifyable individuals - 86% of which were adults. c.50% of urns were decorated - some with elaborate boss, stamped and incised decoration. The bone was well fired. The pits were generally quite small. The excavated area is c.4325m2. Museum(s) Unknown

ID 180 NGR SU 695 721

Site Name Reading III

Site Name II Southcote Lane Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Berkshire Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Berkshire Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.50

Urn, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1924: ?

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description Isolated finding of an urn with cremated remains some 0.45m deep during the construction of a house in 1924. Colyer 1924 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Reading Museum

ID 181 NGR SJ 842 994

Site Name Red Bank Date Range Meaney Reference 6th-6th p.143

Site Name II Manchester Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Lancashire Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urn

Unitary Authority Greater Manchester Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1850: ?

Cemetery Type ?Single Cremation Burial Description An urn with horizontal incised lines and 2 rows of portcullis stamps was found in 1850 but is now lost. It is unknown if there were cremated remains associated. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 182 NGR TM 046 787

Site Name Redgrave Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.231

Site Name II

Historic County Suffolk

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urns

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) Unknown

Cemetery Type Cremation Burials Description 3 urns from Redgrave appear in 3 different museums, although exact find spots and Unpublished backgrounds are unknown. The urn from Moyse's Hall has 5 bosses interspaced with stastika stamps. Note: EH lists these as 3 different sites (TM 07 NW 5, TM 07 NW 36, TM 07 NW 60). Museum(s) Moyse's Hall Museum; Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery; The Ashmolean Museum Reference(s)

ID 183 NGR TM 331 535

Site Name Rendlesham Date Range Meaney Reference 6th-e.7th p.231-2

Site Name II Hoo Hill Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Suffolk Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Urns, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1837: ?; 1948: ?

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description A considerable but unknown number of urns were found sporadically before 1837. In 1948 Bruce-Mitford 1974 trial trenches failed to reveal further urns, so perhaps all have been lost to surface workings. Urns were thought to be Roman but the only illustrated example is clearly AS. None are extant. Museum(s) Unknown Reference(s)

ID 184 NGR SD 65 35

Site Name Ribchester Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.143

Site Name II

Historic County Lancashire

Unitary Authority Lancashire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 2 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urns

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1957: ?

Cemetery Type ?Cremation Burials Description Two urns foundsome time before 1957 but findspots are unknown (although certainly local). One is a 5th century Buckelurne with pronounced circular bosses and the other is a stamped urn. No information regarding cremations so classified as uncertain. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Ribchester Museum

ID 185 NGR TR 297 567

Site Name Ringlemere Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-e.6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Kent

Unitary Authority Kent Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 12 Min No. of Inhum 39

Max No. Crem 12 Max No. of Inhum 39

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 2002-2006: Canterbury Archaeological Trust and The British Musum

Urns, cremated remains, glass beads, brooches, firesteels, buckles, continental glass vessels

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s)

Description

Metal detected finds prompted British Museum-led research excavations between 2002-2006 Corke 2004; Parfitt and Needham 2005; Parfitt and which found an Early Bronze Age funerary site with later Iron Age and AS cemeteries. The Needham 2007; Marzinzik 2011 site has the largest group of cremations in east Kent. Artefacts found with the cremations include glass beads and drinking vessels, brooches, firesteels and buckles. Many of the burials were in clusters. The character of the artefacts attests contact with Merovingian France and Museum(s) Northern Germany. The excavated area was c.200m x c.100m. The preliminary reports are The British Museum starting to surface, but the final report is many years away.

ID 186 NGR TL 792 685

Site Name Risby Heath Date Range Meaney Reference 5th p.232

Site Name II

Historic County Suffolk

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urn, cremated remains, bead, flint scrapers

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1869: Greenwell; 1959: Edwardson

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description A barrow was excavated by Greenwell some time before 1869 and found to contain an urn with cremated remains. Edwardson later excavated the rest of the barrow and found a ?5th century bead. The urn is clearly AS so it appears to be a primary barrow cremation. Edwardson 1959 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Moyse's Hall Museum

ID 187 NGR TQ 562 675

Site Name Risely

Site Name II Horton Kirby II Min No. Crem 5 Min No. of Inhum 114

Historic County Kent Max No. Crem 5 Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Unitary Authority Kent Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.133-4

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1937-8: Dartford Antiquarian Society; 1949: ?

Urns, cremated remains, shield boss, cone beaker, spearheads, brooches (disc, flat round, small-long, applied, saucer), knives, bracteate, gold and silver pendants,

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description 112 inhumations and 5 cremations were excavated at Horton Kirby II by the Dartford Cumberland 1938 Antiquarian Society between 1937-1938. Only one of the urns is stamped. There were charcoal sprinklings c.20 of the inhumations, and there were 3 incidences of double burial. This cemetery is very important because cremation is very rare in Kent. It is also interesting that the cemetery is more Saxon than Jutish. Later inhumations were found in 1949 but were not recorded, although there is an interesting reference to a female with a knife stuck in her ribs Dartford Musuem holding a child. Horton Kirby I is an inhumation-only cemetery nearby. Reference(s)

Museum(s)

ID 188 NGR TL 994 947

Site Name Rocklands Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.180

Site Name II All Saints Min No. Crem 6 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Norfolk Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Urns, cremated remains, tweezers, brooch fragment

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1949: ?; 1961: ?; 1962: ?

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Two urns with cremated remains, as well as fragments of other urns, were found in 1949. Two Unpublished more urns with cremations and one empty were found nearby in 1961. A further urn with cremated remains and copper-alloy tweezers found in 1962. Museum(s) Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery Reference(s)

ID 189 NGR SP 802 816

Site Name Rothwell Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.188-9

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum 2

Max No. Crem 15 Max No. of Inhum 20

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1912-1913: ?

Urns, cremated remains, spearhead, beads, brooches (cruciform, saucer, long), rings, pin, defaced Roman coins

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description 15 urns were found between 1912-1913. It is uncertain whether they all contained cremated Hief 1915-1916 remains. Some inhumations were also found, but numbers are not known (presumably no more than 15-20). There are confused records of other discoveries in the area in the 18th and 19th centuries. Museum(s) Cambridge University; The Ashmolean Museum Reference(s)

ID 190 NGR SK 571 019

Site Name Rowley Fields Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Leicestershire

Unitary Authority Leicestershire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 4 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 4 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, cremated remains, spearhead

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1946: ?; 1958: ?

Cemetery Type Majority Cremation Cemetery Description Decorated urns were found sometime before 1946. One had grooves and bosses, another had slashed bosses and another had linear and stamped decoration. A spearhead and another urn were found in 1958. Cottrill 1946 Reference(s)

Museum(s) New Walk Museum & Art Gallery, Leicester

ID 191 NGR TF 075 514

Site Name Ruskington Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.161-2

Site Name II

Historic County Lincolnshire

Unitary Authority Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum 2

Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1850: ?; 1917: ?; 1936: A.E. Smith; 1938: ?; c.1942: R. Hossack; 1942 and 1945: ?; 1975: M.W. Atkin

Urns, cremated remains, brooches (square-headed, cruciform, annular, cruciform, small-long), wrist clasps, comb, ivory ring fragment, spearheads, shield bosses, knives, beads, rings, clasps, girdle-hangers

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s) Trollope 1872

Description From c.1870-1958 and again in 1975 a small mixed rite cemetery was excavated. The cemetery was thought to be inhumation only, but a number of cremations were found in 1975. The eastern extent of the cemetery was thought to have been excavated. Many of the burials lay over Roman gravel pits. A true picture of the number of inhumations is impossible.

Museum(s) Lincoln City and Council Museum

ID 192 NGR TQ 270 111

Site Name Saddlescombe

Site Name II Summer Down Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum 1

Historic County Sussex Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum 1

Unitary Authority West Sussex Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.254

Urns, cremated remains, spearhead, bead

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1901: ?; 1912: H.S. Toms and E.J.G. Piffard; 1941 and 1945: Vigor

Cemetery Type Majority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s) Toms 1915

Description An inhumation burial was found in 1901 with a spearhead. 2 cremation urns with cremated remains, one associated with a blue glass bead, were found in 1912 by H.S. Toms and E.J.G. Piffard. In 1941 a further cremation was found, but not excavated until 1945.

Museum(s) Brighton Museum & Art Gallery Museum

ID 193 NGR NZ 651 205

Site Name Saltburn-on-Sea Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.297-8

Site Name II

Historic County Yorkshire

Unitary Authority North Yorkshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 20 Min No. of Inhum 30

Max No. Crem 20 Max No. of Inhum 40

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1909: ?; 1910: ?

Urns, cremated remains, beads, brooches (cruciform, square-headed, annular), piece of ?hide, buckle, fused glass, francisca, knives, spearheads, ferrule, ring, oak coffin, tweezers

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Reference(s)

16 cremations were found in 1909 including 4 without urns. In 1910, at least 30 (maybe 36, or Hornsby 1913; Brown 1915 more?) burials of mixed rite were found. A total of 50-60 burials is to be expected from this cemetery, although the ratios are unknown. This cemetery has good examples of both well furnished cremations and inhumations, but it is likely there are unrecorded burials. Dated to the 6th century by Brown because of the Francisca (associated with a cremation) and florid Museum(s) square-headed brooch Middlesbrough Museum

ID 194 NGR

Site Name Sancton Date Range Meaney Reference p.298-300

Site Name II

Historic County Yorkshire

Unitary Authority East Riding of Yorkshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 500 Min No. of Inhum 100

Max No. Crem 600 Max No. of Inhum 200

SE 903 402 m.5th-m.7th

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1854: ?; 1873: Canon Greenwell and G. Rolleston; 1881: M. Foster; 1891-1894: J.G. Hall; 1939-1945: The Army; 1954-1958: W.H. Southern; 1976-1980: N.M. Reynolds

Urns, cremated remains (human and animal), wrist clasps, bone and antler combs, rings, gaming pieces, brooches, beads, toilet items, knives, buckles

Cemetery Type Majority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s)

Description

Sancton is composed of two cemeteries - Sancton I is a m.5th-6th century pure cremation Sheppard 1909; Myres and Southern 1973; Timby cemetery and Sancton II is a 6th-m.7th century mixed rite cemetery. It has been sporadically 1993 excavated since the e-m.19th century, with the latest excvavations taking place in 1976-1980. c.50% of urns contained animal bone, but the records are often confusing and the preservation of the urns is poor. Estimates of 500-800 burials (?500-600 cremations and ?100-200 Museum(s) inhumations). The Ashmolean Museum; Birmingham; Mortimer Museum, Hull

ID 195 NGR TL 178 488

Site Name Sandy Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.39-40

Site Name II

Historic County Bedfordshire

Unitary Authority Bedfordshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 12 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1745: ?; c.1850: ?

Urns, cremated remains, charred wheat, ?vessels, armlet

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Reference(s)

A large urn was found at Sandy sometime before 1745. In c.1850 further urns were found with Battley 1745; Price 1853; Fox 1923 Roman remains, making it difficult to determine which was AS and which was RB. There are records of at least 12, but likely many more. Museum(s) The British Museum; Bedford Museum; Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology; The Ashmolean Museum

ID 196 NGR TF 71 36

Site Name Sedgeford Date Range Meaney Reference 5th p.181

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 7

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum 8

Urns, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1826: ?; c.1913: ?

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Reference(s)

An urn field was destroyed by a fall of gravel sometime before 1826 and only one now Ingleby 1917; Clarke 1939 remains. It is an early bossed panel style. Another urn and 7-8 inhumation burials (all children except one adult male) were found in the same parish c.1913. It is unknown if mixed or two different cemeteries, and the records are confused. Museum(s) Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery; The British Museum

ID 197 NGR SZ 39 85

Site Name Shalcombe Down Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.99-100

Site Name II Brook Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Isle of Wight Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urn

Unitary Authority Isle of Wight Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) Unknown

Cemetery Type ?Single Cremation Burial Description Urn with diagonal ridges, necklines and portcullis and star stamps said to have come from Shalcombe Down barrow - a BA barrow with Anglo-Saxon secondary material. No other details are known, and the excavation records do not mention a cremation. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Carisbrooke Castle Museum

ID 198 NGR SE 905 155

Site Name Sheffield's Hill I Date Range Meaney Reference 6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Lincolnshire

Unitary Authority North Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 43

Max No. Crem 2 Max No. of Inhum 43

Urns, cremated remains, weaponry, brooches

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1993-1998 K. Leahy and D. Williams

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description The total excavation of two cemeteries by K. Leahy and D. Williams. Sheffield's Hill I contained 2 cremations and 47 6th century inhumations. Sheffield's Hill II contained 72 7th century inhumations. Irregular allignments but infants positioned to the west. 3 burials had ring-ditches. Reference(s) Leahy and Williams 2001

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 199 NGR TQ 067 671

Site Name Shepperton I

Site Name II Upper West Field Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum 10

Historic County Middlesex Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum 10

Unitary Authority Surrey Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.167-8

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1817: F. Cook; 1853: ?M.Shurlock; 1868: ?

Urns, cremated bones, brooch, spearhead, sword, shield boss, axehead, knife

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description An urn with grooved necklines and eyebrow bosses was found in 1817. A single inhumation was found in 1853. 9 inhumations and 2 urns were found in 1868. Countless other urns were destroyed by workmen. Reference(s) Shurlock 1868; Vulliamy 1930

Museum(s) Guildford Museum

ID 200 NGR TQ 092 665

Site Name Shepperton II

Site Name II Walton Bridge Green Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Middlesex Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Surrey Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.168

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1750: ?; 1867: ?

Urn, cremated bones, glass bead, bronze brooch, shield boss, spearheads, vessels

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Some barrows were excavated in c.1750 and weaponry was found but (seemingly) no bones. Nearby, in 1864, 3 urns were found with burnt objects and countless others were said to have been detroyed. Reference(s) Douglas 1793; Vulliamy 1930

Museum(s) The British Museum

ID 201 NGR SU 775 795

Site Name Shiplake Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.212

Site Name II

Historic County Oxfordshire

Unitary Authority Oxfordshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 2 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urns

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) Unknown

Cemetery Type ?Cremation Burials Description Reading Museum has 2 urns said to have come from Shiplake. It is unknown whether cremated remains were found or not. No other details are known. Harden 1956 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Reading Museum

ID 202 NGR TL 98 93

Site Name Shropham Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.181

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 5 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A Urns, ?bead

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1829: ?

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description 5 urns survive, one a Buckelurne with raised slash collar and swastika stamp, from a cremation Clarke 1941 cemetery excavated in 1829. A millefiori bead that may or may not be associated was exhibited in 1853. Museum(s) The British Museum Reference(s)

ID 203 NGR TF 066 454

Site Name Sleaford Date Range Meaney Reference 6th-7th p.162-3

Site Name II

Historic County Lincolnshire

Unitary Authority Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 6 Min No. of Inhum 400

Max No. Crem 100 Max No. of Inhum 500

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1824: ?; 1858: ?; 1882: G.W. Thomas

Cremated remains, spearheads, knives, shield bosses, bracelets, buckets, perforated Roman coins, tweezers, hanging bowls, brooches, beads, girdle-hangers

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description A rich inhumation cemetery with a small number of cremations. The total number of burials is estimated at c.600 from an area of c.3000m2 but many were destroyed. The cremations are all unurned. Thomas 1887 Reference(s)

Museum(s) The British Museum; The Collection Museum, Lincoln; Spalding Museum

ID 204 NGR TM 403 592

Site Name Snape Date Range Meaney Reference l.5th-7th p.232

Site Name II

Historic County Suffolk

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 575 Min No. of Inhum 575

Max No. Crem 625 Max No. of Inhum 625

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1840: ?; 1862-1863: S. Davidson, F. Francis and N.F. Hele; 1970: Scott-Elliott; 1972: Ipswich Museum; 1983, 1985-1990, 1992: W. Filmer-Sankey

Urns, cremated remains, flint flakes, spearheads, ship, ?cloak, gold finger-ring, clawbeaker fragments, glass fragment, comb, ?helmet piece, finger ring, spindlewhorl

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Reference(s)

Description

Snape consisted of an urn field with c.10 barrows. The barrows were investigated sometime West and Owles 1973; Carnegie and Filmer-Sankey before 1840 by unknown individuals who were said to remove a 'wagon-load' of objects. 1993; Filmer-Sankey and Pestle 2001 Between 1862-1863, S. Davidson, F. Francis and N.F. Hele excavated the barrows. A boat burial was found in the westernmost mound, some 14.5m x 3m. Some 40 urns were found in the areas surrounding the barrows, with finds including a copper plate, possibly part of a Museum(s) helmet. The remains of a possible pyre were found, which consisted of a spread of burnt bone, artefacts and ceramics. A cremation was found in 1970, and 8 morein 1972. An evaluation in The British Museum; Ipswich Museum 1989-1990 found roughly equal numbers of inhumations and cremations, and estimated c.1200 burials in total.

ID 205 NGR TF 683 344

Site Name Snettisham Date Range Meaney Reference 5th p.181

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urn, cremated remains, fused bronze

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1961: ?

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description Cremated remains and charcoal-stained earth were found covered by an AS bowl in 1961. The Unpublished find was due to sewer trenching. Reference(s)

Museum(s) Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery

ID 206 NGR TL 614 715

Site Name Soham C Date Range Meaney Reference m.6th-7th p.69-70

Site Name II Waterworks Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 24

Historic County Cambridgeshire Max No. Crem 2 Max No. of Inhum 24

Unitary Authority Cambridgeshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1931: Lethbridge, Tebbutt and Leaf

Urns, cremated remains, coin of Trajan, spearhead, axehead, copied Roman coin, hammer, whetstone, charcoal

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description A single inhumation with a Roman coin was found in 1931 which prompted excavations by Lethbridge, Tebbutt and Leaf, who found a further 23 inhumations and 2 cremations. The cremations were both found in association with inhumations, suggesting a relationship. One one warrior burial was found. 9 graves were unfurnished, including 7 of the 9 children. Lethbridge 1931-2 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Cambridge University

ID 207 NGR TL 360 778

Site Name Somersham Date Range Meaney Reference 5th p.107

Site Name II

Historic County Huntingdonshire

Unitary Authority Cambridgeshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urn, cremated bones, armlets, broken comb, shears

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1736: T. Hammond

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description An urn of reddish black ware, with bosses and a rope-like cordon round the neck, was found in Unpublished 1736 by Thomas Hammond. It appears very early in date, akin to urns of Schleswig and Hanover. Associated objects included armlets, comb and shears. A classic, early cremation burial. Museum(s) Cambridge University Reference(s)

ID 208 NGR TQ 17 05

Site Name Sompting

Site Name II Halewick Farm Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Sussex Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority West Sussex Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th N/A

Urn, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1963: ?

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description An urn with cremated remains was found some time before 1963 with RB sherds and a medieval floor tile., presumably not in-situ! The urn is a Buckelurne so a 5th century date is appropriate. The exact find spot is unknown. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 209 NGR SP 519 314

Site Name Souldern Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.212

Site Name II

Historic County Oxfordshire

Unitary Authority Oxfordshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum 3

Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum 3

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1840: ?; 1840: ? 1844: H. Dryden

Urns, cremated remains, bone ornaments, bucket fragments

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Inhumations were found on two occasions, once before 1840 and once in 1840. Neither were Salzman 1939 recorded in any detail. In 1844 an inhumation was found with bone ornaments, a bucket etc and an urned cremation about 2m away. 2 other cremations were found nearby. A small mixed rite cemetery that could have further, undiscovered burials. Museum(s) The Ashmolean Museum; Cambridge University Reference(s)

ID 210 NGR TF 312 883

Site Name South Elkington Date Range Meaney Reference l.5th-e.6th p.154

Site Name II

Historic County Lincolnshire

Unitary Authority North Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 204 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 204 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1946-7 G. Webster (Lincoln Arcaeological Research Committee)

Urns, cremated remains, flint scatters, pebbles, brooches (cruciform, burnt), beads (glass), shears, tweezers, knives, pins, gaming pieces, RB pottery

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Reference(s)

Description

204 urns with cremated remains and burnt objects were found in 1946 and 1947 by G. Webster and Myres 1952 Webster. Some of the urns were clustered but others lacked organisation. Flint scatters were found around some urns. Simple linear or line and dot ornamentation was common but there was also some fine Saxon Buckelurnen and shoulder boss urns. It was thought that approximately 1/4 of the cemetery had been excavated. Myres, when comparing the site with Museum(s) its lack of artefacts to Lackford, interpreted the site as a low status cremation barrow cemetery. Lincoln City and Council Museum

ID 211 NGR TF 19 83

Site Name South Willingham Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.165

Site Name II

Historic County Lincolnshire

Unitary Authority Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 4 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A Urns

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1856: ?

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Some urns were found in a sand pit in 1856. Two were yellow and one dark grey. All drawn by Trollope. There were others found but are unrecorded. None of the urns remain. Trollope 1856 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 212 NGR TQ 617 726

Site Name Southfleet Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.137

Site Name II

Historic County Kent

Unitary Authority Kent Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum 0

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum 1 Urn

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1848: ?

Cemetery Type ?Mixed Rite Burials Description R.F. Jessup writes of an urn found in c.1848 but it is unsure if there were cremated remains and no other details are known. An inhumation was found a short distance away in 1928 but details, too, are limited. Jessup 1928 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 213 NGR TF 983 195

Site Name Spong Hill Date Range Meaney Reference e.5th-7th p.173-5

Site Name II North Elmham Min No. Crem 2484 Min No. of Inhum 57

Historic County Norfolk Max No. Crem 2600 Max No. of Inhum 57

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1711-1968: ?; 1968-1981: C. Hills

Cemetery Type Majority Cremation Cemetery Description Excavated sporadically from 1711 but the major excavations took place between 1968 to 1981. Two cemeteries are present - a monumental m.5th-6th pure cremation cemetery and a smaller mixed rite cemetery from the 6th-m.7th centuries. Fragments of c.100 glass vessels were found. c.350 bone combs including 7 miniature cones. About 1.3% of cremations had an animal accessory vessel. 67% of urns had grave goods. 43% had animal remains. c.200 unburnt artefacts were found. 93 cremations contained refired sherds. Some instances of multiple urns in the same grave. c.90 instances of double cremation in the same urn, generally adult and child.

Urns, cremated remains (human and animal), swordfittings, bell with clapper, bone casket fittings, silver pendant, girdle-hangers, iron needle in bone case, silver finger-ring, silver necklace rings, equal-armed brooches, saucer brooches, combs, beads, razors, earscoops, gaming pieces, re-burnt ceramics, accessory vessels, re-burnt ceramic shells Reference(s) Jones 1974; Hills 1977; Hills and Penn 1980; Healy 1988; Hills et al 1984; 1987; 1993; McKinley 1994; Picket 1995; Hills and Lucy 2013 Museum(s) Discovery Museum, Newcastle; Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery; Lincoln City and Council Museum; The British Museum

ID 214 NGR TL 735 081

Site Name Springfield Lyons Date Range Meaney Reference e.5th-7th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Essex

Unitary Authority Essex Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 100 Min No. of Inhum 100

Max No. Crem 200 Max No. of Inhum 200

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1981-1985: J.D. Hedges and D.G. Buckley

Urns, cremated remains, necklaces, beads (fused and unfused), belt fittings, knives, spearheads, shield boss, bucket fittings, brooches

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Reference(s)

Excavations by J.D. Hedges and D.G. Buckley in the 1980s exposed a multi-period site which Tyler 1996; Tyler and Major 2005 included an early AS cemetery and later settlement. 250+ burials were excavated in total. The cremation burials were in shallow pits and heavily disturbed. Bone preservation was poor, and only c.50% of inhumations had grave goods. Associated structures included earth-fast post, post-in-trench and ground-beam buildings. Museum(s) Unknown

ID 215 NGR SP 770 605

Site Name St Andrew's Hospital Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.193-4

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 3 Min No. of Inhum 2

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1836 and 1837: Dryden;

Urns, cremated remains, brooches (saucer, disc, square-headed)

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Reference(s)

Dryden supervised excavations for the foundations of the hospital in 1839 and 1837. He found Smith 1902; Brown 1915 'several' skeletons and 3 urns which were furnished with 2 late Roman coins. Other 'signs of cremation' were found so 3 cremations should be seen as the lower limit. Museum(s) Unknown

ID 216 NGR SU 429 120

Site Name St. Mary's Stadium Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-l.7th N/A

Site Name II Northam Min No. Crem 18 Min No. of Inhum 23

Historic County Hampshire Max No. Crem 18 Max No. of Inhum 23

Unitary Authority Hampshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 2000 Wessex Archaeology

Urns, cremated remains (human and animal), worked bone disc, weaponry, Middle Saxon silver coins, gold pendants, silver jewellery, other dress accessories, accessory vessels

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Excavations (c.0.8ha) by Wessex Archaeology at the site of a new football stadium found a small mixed rite cemetery as well as evidence of Middle Saxon occupation in Hamwic. Only one cremation had grave goods - a worked bone disc. The inhumations are richly furnished and appear l.6th-7th, whilst the association of the cremation with them might date the cremations to the later 6th also. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 217 NGR TL 188 605

Site Name St. Neots Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.106-7

Site Name II Avenue Road Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Huntingdonshire Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Cambridgeshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1886: ?

Urns, cremated remains, small-long brooches, misc 'iron objects'

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description Finding of an urn with cremated remains and unburnt brooches in 1886. R.A. Smith viewed Smith 1926 the brooches as later than the urn, so attributed them to an unknown inhumation. I will classify as a Single Cremation Burial due to lack of further evidence. Museum(s) St Ives Museum Reference(s)

ID 218 NGR SE 99 98

Site Name Staintondale Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.301

Site Name II

Historic County Yorkshire

Unitary Authority North Yorkshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urn

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1933: ?

Cemetery Type ?Single Cremation Burial Description An AS urn was found sometime before 1933 but the circumstances and whether it contained cremated remains are unknown. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Yorkshire Museum and Gardens

ID 219 NGR SK 127 542

Site Name Stanshope Date Range Meaney Reference Unknown p.222

Site Name II Alstonefield Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Staffordshire Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum N/A Cemetery Type ?Cremation Burials

Unitary Authority Staffordshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1852: S. Carrington

Urns, cremated remains, copper-alloy fragments, iron awl, green glass fragment

Description

Reference(s)

Carrington opened a barrow in 1852 which contained, in the upper part of the structure, Bateman 1861; Fowler 1954 human remains and a few objects. Some of the remains were calcinated, and there were fragments of 2-3 urns. The glass has been compared to AS cups at Cow Low (Fowler) but also medieval wares. Uncertain date and heavily disturbed. Meaney doubted this site, but I will err on the side of caution. Museum(s) Unknown

ID 220 NGR SK 257 212

Site Name Stapenhill Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.222

Site Name II

Historic County Derbyshire

Unitary Authority Staffordshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 36

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1881: ?; 1881: Burton Archaeological Society

Urns, cremated remains, spearheads, brooches, girdlehangers, buckles, knives, pottery, flint flakes

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description An unknown number of human remains and urns were found sometime before 1881. A few graves were found by workmen which prompted the Burton Archaeological Society to excavate some 30+ burials. Predominantly inhumation, but 2 urns were found alongside 9 accessory vessels. Wilson excavated once more in 1953 but only found AS pottery sherds. There is confusion with this site and an apparent Roman site nearby. There is also confusion over the number, and ratio, of excavated remains. Reference(s) Heron 1889; Brown 1915

Museum(s) Derby Museum & Art Gallery

ID 221 NGR SK 814 193

Site Name Stapleford Park Date Range Meaney Reference 6th-7th p.148-9

Site Name II Saxby Min No. Crem 10 Min No. of Inhum 2

Historic County Leicestershire Max No. Crem 10 Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Unitary Authority Leicestershire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1827: ?; 1890-91: ?

Urns, cremated remains, shield bosses, buckle, spearheads, brooches (square-headed, annular), beads, tweezers, pin, combs

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description The initial excavation was of 4 urns, 2 plain and 2 decorated, found alongside weaponry, brooches and beads in 1827. A further 6 urns and an unknown number of inhumations were excavated in 189-1891 with similar grave goods. All inhumations had associated artefacts. Cox 1889 Reference(s)

Museum(s) New Walk Museum & Art Gallery, Leicester

ID 222 NGR TQ 610 804

Site Name Stifford Clays Date Range Meaney Reference 6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Essex

Unitary Authority Essex Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum 8

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum 8

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1980 T.J. Wilkinson (Essex County Council and Wimpey International)

Bowl with cremated remains, knives, spearheads, shield bosses,

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s)

Description Small cemetery found in 1980, near to a small RB/AS structure and also close to a larger Tyler 1996 settlement site (North Stifford). 7 of the inhumations were S-N whilst the other was W-E. The cremation in a plain grass-tempered bowl. Gullies found interspaced between the burials.

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 223 NGR TF 61 07

Site Name Stow Bridge Date Range Meaney Reference e.-m.5th p.183-4

Site Name II Wallington Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Norfolk Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Urn, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1869: ?G.H. Dashwood

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description A biconical urn was found some time before 1869. 2 Bronze Age urns were found nearby but this vessel is clearly AS. Clarke 1940 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Lynn Museum, Norfolk

ID 224 NGR TM 32 87

Site Name Stow Park Date Range Meaney Reference Unknown p.233

Site Name II Bungay Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Suffolk Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum N/A Cemetery Type ?Cremation Burials Urns

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1855: ?

Description G.J. Chester notes that some AS urns were found some time before 1855 but no other details are given. Unpublished

Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 225 NGR SK 253 263

Site Name Stretton Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.222

Site Name II

Historic County Staffordshire

Unitary Authority Staffordshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, cremated remains, sandstone

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1869: ?

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Some time before 1869, a great many urns with cremated remains were found on two separate occasions. Some of the urns were capped with a piece of sandstone. The majority of the urns were reddish in colour. An inhumation was found nearby, but was unfurnished and it is uncertain if there was any association. A classic example of a substantial cremation cemetery where little record remains. Molyneux 1869 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 226 NGR TQ 094 120

Site Name Sullington Hill Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.255-6

Site Name II

Historic County Sussex

Unitary Authority West Sussex Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 2

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Urns, cremated remains, bead, knives

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1868 ?; pre 1933: E.C. Sainsbury

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description A single inhumation was found c.1868 but many more we found some time before 1933 in a Unpublished series of 5 barrows. E.C. Sainsbury excavated some barrows containing only cremations, often with bead associations, and also some inhumation barrows. There were 6 primary inhumations and 1 secondary one, all with knives. Museum(s) The British Museum Reference(s)

ID 227 NGR TL 039 263

Site Name Sundon Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.36

Site Name II Toddington Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Bedfordshire Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Bedfordshire Artefact Types

?Urns, ?cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1858: ?

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description A cremation cemetery was found in 1858 but very few details are known. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 228 NGR SK 515 241

Site Name Sutton Bonington Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.202

Site Name II

Historic County Nottinghamshire

Unitary Authority Leicestershire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 2 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, cremated remains, knife fragment

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1938 ?

Cemetery Type Cremation Burials Description 2 urns, scattered remains and a knife fragment were found in 1938 in a clay pit. One urn was ornamented with stamp and shoulder boss decoration. The other was a small globular blueblack ware. There is an earlier account of a Roman or AS urn cemetery nearby by Bailey c.1850 Oswald 1947 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 229 NGR TM 288 487

Site Name Sutton Hoo Date Range Meaney Reference 6th-7th p.233-5

Site Name II

Historic County Suffolk

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 9 Min No. of Inhum 8

Max No. Crem 9 Max No. of Inhum 8

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1938-1939: E. Pretty (the landowner), B. Brown and C. Phillips; 1965-1971: R.L.S. BruceMitford; 1983-1992: M.O.H. Carver

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery

Urns, bronze bowls, cremated remains (human and animal [horse, sheep, goat, pig, cattle, red deer]), francisca, combs, textile fragments, limestone plaque, bone facings, bronze ewer lid, gaming pieces, shears, cups, knives, ivory fragments, glass fragments, swords, cauldron, beads (glass), Reference(s)

Description

Sutton Hoo is a 7th and early 8th century barrow landscape containing two ship burials, Carver 1998; Carver 2005 cremations, inhumations and later execution cemeteries. The site was first excavated between 1938-1939 by E. Pretty (the landowner), B. Brown and C. Phillips, but there have been subsequent excavations in 1965-1971 (R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford) and 1983-1992 (M.O.H. Carver). Excavations in 2000 nearby have found another cemetery (see entry for Bromeswell). Museum(s) The chronology of the burials appears to have begun with cremations, progressed to ship The British Museum burials and ended with inhumations. Later, from the 7th-13th centuries, some 39 individuals were executed and buried nearby [later so not included].

ID 230 NGR SK 365 295

Site Name Swarkeston Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.78

Site Name II

Historic County Derbyshire

Unitary Authority Derbyshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 2

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1955: M. Posnansky

Urns, cremated remains, beads, shield boss, shield handle, rivets, charcoal, brooches (cruciform, ring), bucklem knife

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description A barrow (one of 4) was partially excavated in 1955. Cremated remains and urn fragments Posnansky 1955 were found alongside at least 2 inhumations. It appeared that the barrow had originally housed BA remains, but it is unclear. Museum(s) Derby Museum & Art Gallery Reference(s)

ID 231 NGR TA 134 358

Site Name Swine Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.302

Site Name II

Historic County Yorkshire

Unitary Authority East Riding of Yorkshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urn, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1805: ?

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description A plain urn with cremated remains was found some time before 1805 and considered AS by Sheppard. Reference(s) Elgee and Elgee 1933

Museum(s) Hull and East Riding Museum

ID 232 NGR TL 860 074

Site Name The Chalet Site Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Site Name II Hall Road Min No. Crem 69 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Essex Max No. Crem 69 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Essex Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 2006: A.A.S. Newton (Archaeological Solutions Ltd)

Urns, cremated remains (human and animal [sheep/goat, cattle/horse]), accessory vessels, flints, metal fragments, plug (for repairing), nails

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Reference(s)

Description Excavations in 2006 (c.0.28ha) revealed a multi-period site. Phase 1: Neo/BA pits, phase 2: IA Newton 2009 enclosure with 2 cremations, phase 3: AS cremation cemetery with 68 urned (54) and unurned (14) cremations, phase 4: post-med ditching. The AS cemetery was spatially arranged around ring-ditches, circular enclosures and linear ditches, which the excavators interpreted as the system of management to know where each burial was placed. There appears to be a boundary ditch, as well, with some ?later cremations past it. A few 6 and 4 post structures were found Unknown over individual cremations. C1686 was a double cremation of infant and adult. c.70% of cremations were adult. The site is a good example of a small-medium AS cremation cemetery, excavated and published to modern standards.

Museum(s)

ID 233 NGR SE 593 511

Site Name The Mount Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.303-4

Site Name II York Min No. Crem 10 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Yorkshire Max No. Crem 15 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority North Yorkshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1853: ?; 1859-1860: I,M. Stead; 1950-1956: ?

Urns, cremated remains, bone comb, shears, accessory vessel, coin of Julia Domna

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Reference(s)

In 1859 and 1860 I.M. Stead found 6 urns with the various objects associated. These urns Elgee and Elgee 1933; Stead 1958 were probably 5th century. A similar urn had been found sometime before, which was purchased by the The British Museum in 1853. Later excavations between 1950-1956 found urn fragments of c.8 vessels, which are similar to the ones from the 19th century. An important Roman cemetery is nearby. Museum(s) York, The British Museum

ID 234 NGR TL 848 998

Site Name Threxton Date Range Meaney Reference Unknown p.183

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A Urns, beads

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) Unknown

Cemetery Type ?Pure Cremation Cemetery Description 3 beads and some urns were found at an unknown date somewhere in Threxton. The beads are illustrated by D. Turner. A possible cremation cemetery, although there is no record of cremated remains. Other AS artefacts have been found around Threxton. Clarke 1941 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 235 NGR TQ 229 083

Site Name Thundersbarrow Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.256

Site Name II Old Shoreham Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Sussex Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A Cemetery Type ?Cremation Burials

Unitary Authority West Sussex Artefact Types

Urns, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1873 ?

Description A barrow was partially destroyed in c.1873 and 'British, Roman and Saxon' urns were noted by Curven 1933 OS. All of the recorded pottery from the site appears RB, but the loss of material and placename gives reasonable evidence to suggest some form of AS intervention.

Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 236 NGR SK 617 084

Site Name Thurmaston Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.149

Site Name II

Historic County Leicestershire

Unitary Authority Leicestershire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 97 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 97 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1954: P.W. Williams; 1983: ?

Urns, cremated remains, fused brooches, spear, shield boss, combs, beads, Roman pottery

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Cemetery of 95 filled cremation urns and 1 unurned cremation with spear and shield boss Williams 1983 excavated in 1954. There weas no obvious spatial ordering. Some very early urns and an apparently long occupation. The warrior cremation is particularly interesting, as these are rare. A further urn was found in 1983 but the remains were destroyed. Museum(s) New Walk Museum & Art Gallery, Leicester Reference(s)

ID 237 NGR SU 902 395

Site Name Thursley Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.245

Site Name II

Historic County Surrey

Unitary Authority Surrey Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urn

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1947: ?

Cemetery Type ?Single Cremation Burial Description A partially broken urn was found in 1947. The exterior had an impression of grains of barley. Morris 1959 Thursley means Thunor's Grove so a cremation is probable, but there were no recorded human remains. Museum(s) Unknown Reference(s)

ID 238 NGR TQ 347 504

Site Name Tilburstow Hill Common Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Surrey

Unitary Authority Surrey Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urn, cremated remains, patera, glass vessel

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1870: G.L. Gower

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description c.1870 the finding of an AS cremation with assocated vessels. A bronze (?BA) spearhead was also found nearby. An AS secondary cremation in a BA barrow? Reference(s) Gower 1876; Morris 1959

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 239 NGR TF 636 108

Site Name Tottenhill Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.183

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 42 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Urns, spearheads, shield boss, cruciform brooch

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1890: ?; 1904: C.B. Plowright; 1908: ?; 1908 ?; 1937: Collett; 1942: ?

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Reference(s) Clarke 1939

Description Various finds including a shield boss and spearhead in 1890, 2 urns sometime before 1904, various AS pottery in 1908 and a cruciform brooch (c.6th) in 1937. About 40 urns were excavated in 1942. Note: Meaney classified this site as a mixed cemetery because of the presence of weapons but there is no mention of inhumations.

Museum(s) Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery; Wisbech & Fenland Museum; Lynn Museum, Norfolk

ID 240 NGR TL 741 704

Site Name Tuddenham Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.235

Site Name II

Historic County Suffolk

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 1

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1901: ?

Urn, cremated remains, 12 burnt gaming pieces, brooches (square-headed, annular), shield boss, sword, knife, wrist clasps, spearheads, pot hook, ferrule, axehead, copper-alloy ?ornament with garnets

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Burials Description Some time before 1901 AS burials were found, including at least two cremation with 12 gaming pieces and S-shaped decoration and an inhumation with weapons and brooches. Other artefacts are known from the site, so it is likely a cemetery, but only two burials are recorded. Perhaps should be classified as a cemetery, but only 3 confirmed burials. Fox 1923 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Cambridge University

ID 241 NGR TQ 268 199

Site Name Twineham

Site Name II Hickstead Place Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Sussex Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority West Sussex Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Urn, ?cremated remains, spearhead

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1867: E.Turner

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description c.1867 an urn, which possibly contained cremated remains, and a spearhead were found. Interpreted as Roman by Turner but reclassified as AS by OS in the 1960s. Turner 1867 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 242 NGR SP 726 069

Site Name Tythrop House Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.210

Site Name II

Historic County Oxfordshire

Unitary Authority Buckinghamshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 10

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1859: H. Lupton

Urns, cremated remains, spearheads, shield boss, knife, oval pendant (with Cupid decoration), coin of Hadrian,

Cemetery Type ?Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Reference(s)

Two AS cremations were found in 1858 with a large selection of objects. Objects representing Lupton 1860; Head 1946 c.10 inhumations were also found but it is unsure whether associated remains were found. Myres suggests a 6th century date. Museum(s) Buckinghamshire Museum, Taunton Museum, Aylesbury Museum

ID 243 NGR TM 282 442

Site Name Waldringfield Date Range Meaney Reference 5th p.235

Site Name II

Historic County Suffolk

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urns

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1864: ?Phillips

Cemetery Type Cremation Burials Description An OS note says that 5th century cremation urns were found in the churchyard, one of which is in the The British Museum today. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) The British Museum

ID 244 NGR SU 604 890

Site Name Wallingford Date Range Meaney Reference 6th-7th p.52-3

Site Name II

Historic County Berkshire

Unitary Authority Berkshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 6 Min No. of Inhum 31

Max No. Crem 6 Max No. of Inhum 31

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1894-1938: ?

Urns, cremated remains, miniature toilet objects, brooches (disc, annular, cruciform, small-long), beads (glass, amber, crystal), knives, pins, ?axehead

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description About 37 inhumations and 6 cremations were been found at Wallingford between c.18941938. The 6 cremations were found during the 1924-c.1938 excavations. One contained a set of miniature toilet goods and a comb suspended on a ring. One of the cremations is unurned. There was also an interesting urned cremation surrounded by 4 small shattered ?urns. Reference(s) Peake 1913; Leeds 1938

Museum(s) The Ashmolean Museum; Reading Museum; Wallingford Museum; The The British Museum

ID 245 NGR TF 601 070

Site Name Wallington Date Range Meaney Reference l.6th p.183-4

Site Name II Stow Bridge Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Norfolk Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Urn, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1869: ?

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description Single urn, some 28cm high and 25cm wide, with incised chevrons and stamps, found with cremated remains sometime before 1869 and dated post-550 by Myres. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Lynn Museum, Norfolk

ID 246 NGR TQ 094 662

Site Name Walton-on-Thames Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.245

Site Name II

Historic County Surrey

Unitary Authority Surrey Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urn

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1927: ?

Cemetery Type ?Single Cremation Burial Description An urn with scratched chevron decroation was found some time before 1928. No associated remains are known. Lowther 1939 Reference(s)

Museum(s) The British Museum

ID 247 NGR

Site Name Wasperton Date Range Meaney Reference N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Warwickshire

Unitary Authority Warwickshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 26 Min No. of Inhum 215

Max No. Crem 26 Max No. of Inhum 215

SP 265 585 l.4th/5th-7th

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1980: M.O.H. Carver; 1981-1985: G. Crawford (Warwickshire Museum)

Urns, cremated remains (human and animal), brooches (disc, saucer, applied, cruciform, square-headed), textile fragments, accessory vessels, shield bosses, spearheads, knives, buckles

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s) Carver et al 2009

Description Between 1980 and 1985 a large cemetery (excavated area c.10ha) was excavated ahead of gravel works. In total, 25 cremations and 215 inhumation graves were found, although bone preservation was bad and only c.25% had any bone. Of these, 36 inhumations appear Roman, 137 AS and 8 'hybrid'. The cremations may have represented up to 30 individuals. The cremations had the following artefacts included: brooches, bronze cauldron, metal fragments, glass and bone. The site was occupied for a long time, with Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age and Roman phases. The cemetery existed from the mid-late Roman period until the 7th century, with the cremations occuring l.4/5th-6th.

Museum(s) The Warwickshire Museumshire Museum

ID 248 NGR SU 249 907

Site Name Watchfield Date Range Meaney Reference l.5th-6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Berkshire

Unitary Authority Oxfordshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 43

Max No. Crem 2 Max No. of Inhum 43

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1983-1992: C. Scull

Urns, cremated remains, knives, beads, swords, spearhead, shield bosses, brooches (saucer), balance and weights, cauldron

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description A large cemetery was excavated between 1983-1992 spanning an area of c.3.6ha and Scull 1992 containing a predicted total of c.360 burials. 2 cremations were found on the eastern edge of the cemetery, one with AS grave goods. There may be further plough-damaged cremations and inhumations. The preservation at the site is poor. Museum(s) Unknown Reference(s)

ID 249 NGR TF 219 041

Site Name Welbeck Hill Date Range Meaney Reference m.5th-6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 5 Min No. of Inhum 72

Max No. Crem 5 Max No. of Inhum 72

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1962-1963; 1965-1967: G. Taylor

Urn, cremated remains, brooches (cruciform, smalllong, annular, disc), buckles, beads, tweezers, spearheads, knives, ivory ring, iron keys, iron ring, runic-inscribed silver disc, pins, wrist-clasps, girdle hangers, Roman coin, bracteate

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description A minority cremation cemetery of 77 burials was excavated in the 1960s. The cremations were Unpublished grouped to the east. The male burials appear to have been grouped N-S at the spur whilst the females were W-E or E-W at the base. A coin of Constantine associated with a bracteate were found in the 1967 excavations. The runic inscribed artefact is very rare, and only a few are known from the proto-Old English period. The cemetery dimensions are roughly c.90m x c.40m. Unknown Reference(s)

Museum(s)

ID 250 NGR TF 681 015

Site Name Wereham Date Range Meaney Reference 5th p.184-5

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A Urns

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1900: ?; c.1909: ?; c.1939: ?

Cemetery Type ?Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Various findings of AS pottery (?urns) c.1900, c.1909 and c.1939. Possibly a cremation cemetery. An AS inhumation found in the nearby parish of Wretton. Clarke 1941 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery, The British Museum

ID 251 NGR SU 820 098

Site Name West Stoke Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.225

Site Name II Bow Hill Min No. Crem 5 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Sussex Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority West Sussex Artefact Types

Urns, cremated remains, iron ?buckle, combs

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1870: H. Smith

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description A series of barrows, the largest being c.10m in diameter, were excavated in c.1870 by The Rev Smith 1870 Henry Smith. One contained an unurned cremation, whilst at least two others contained inverted urned cremations (one of which had the objects). Other barrows and cremations were subsequently excavated but records were not kept. Museum(s) Lewes Castle & Barbican House Museum Reference(s)

ID 252 NGR TL 795 714

Site Name West Stow Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-7th p.223

Site Name II

Historic County Suffolk

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum 100

Max No. Crem 5 Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1845: ?; 1852: Benyon

Urns, cremated remains, spearheads, shield bosses, girdle-hangers, beads (glass, clay, amber), brooches (cruciform, small-long, long, flat-ring), knives, swords, buckles, wrist clasps, perforated Roman coins, buckets, tweezers

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description An inhumation dominant cemetery was excavated in 1849 and 1852 (S. Carrington). It contained over 100 inhumations and c.5 urns were excavated, although only one was found to contain cremated remains. Coins of Constantine were found with some of the inhumations. This is the cemetery of the West Stow settlement, excavated between 1957-1972 by S. West and V.I. Evison. Reference(s) Alkerman 1855; West 1985

Museum(s) The British Museum; Cambridge University; Moyse's Hall Museum; Bury St Edmunds; The Ashmolean Museum; Oxford Musuem; Birmingham Museum.

ID 253 NGR TL 60 52

Site Name West Wratting Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Cambridgeshire

Unitary Authority Cambridgeshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem N/A Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem N/A Max No. of Inhum N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) N/A

Brooches (disc, annular, small-long, cruciform, squareheaded [heat-distorted]), spearheads, misc burnt objects

Cemetery Type ?Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Metal detecting between 2003-2005 has produced an impressive assemblage of early AS metalwork, some of it burnt. The character of the assemblage tends towards it representing a 5th-6th century mixed rite cemetery, although no excavation has yet taken place. An evaluation also took place at the site in 1991 but there is uncertainty as to what was found. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 254 NGR TR 199 615

Site Name Westbere Date Range Meaney Reference 6th-7th p.140

Site Name II

Historic County Kent

Unitary Authority Kent Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 2

Max No. Crem 68 Max No. of Inhum 68

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1931: A.G. Ince

Urns, cremated remains, shield boss, spearheads, axe, sword, brooches (cruciform, round), buckle, gold pendants, bracelets, bronze rings, glass vessels (claw beaker, bell beaker, bowl), accessory vessels, beads, Roman bottle

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description In 1931 an excavated area of c.50x40m yielded 60-70 burials, but the ratios of inhumations and cremations is unknown. Poor preservation and acidic soil means that no human remains were salvaged, but some sense of an ordered cemetery was gained by the excavator. The finds show impressive Frankish contacts. Jessup 1946 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Maidstone Museum, Canterbury

ID 255 NGR TL 845 633

Site Name Westgarth

Site Name II Bury St Edmunds Min No. Crem 4 Min No. of Inhum 63

Historic County Suffolk Max No. Crem 4 Max No. of Inhum 63

Unitary Authority Suffolk Artefact Types

Date Range Meaney Reference e.5th-7th N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1972 S.E. West

Urns, cremated remains, brooches (equal-armed,, sword, beads, glass cone beaker, shield bosses, spearheads, knife, accessor vessel

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Description A minority cremation cemetery was excavated in 1972, which included 4 early cremation West 1988 burials. 3 of the inhumations are of particular note, including one female with 3 brooches and two well-furnished warrior burials with vessels. The excavations have only revealed part of the cemetery, however, so conclusions should be careful. Museum(s) Unknown Reference(s)

ID 256 NGR SU 991 538

Site Name Whitmoor Common Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.245

Site Name II Worplesden Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Surrey Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A Cemetery Type Cremation Burials

Unitary Authority Surrey Artefact Types

Cremated remains, knives, unknown other objects

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1877: A.P. Rivers

Description 6 barrows were opened in 1877, and it is not clear which were Bronze Age and which AS. A knife and 'other remains' led Pitt Rivers to attribute a 6th century date. Grinsell 1934

Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 257 NGR SP 735 129

Site Name Winchendon Hill Farm Date Range Meaney Reference m-l.6th N/A

Site Name II

Historic County Buckinghamshire

Unitary Authority Buckinghamshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum 1

Max No. Crem 2 Max No. of Inhum 1

Urn, cremated remains

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1957: R.S. Clarke

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Burials Description A cremation urn and an extended, but unfurnished, inhumation were found in 1957. A further cremation urn may have been previously found in the area, but accounts are confused. Reference(s) Head and Hume 1969

Museum(s) Buckinghamshire County Museum

ID 258 NGR TF 242 936

Site Name Wold Newton Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.166

Site Name II

Historic County Lincolnshire

Unitary Authority Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 20 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A Urns

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1828: Oliver

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description More than 20 urns found in 1828 in a long barrow situated on top of a larger barrow (?). Ordered deposition in lines. Simple decoration but few vessels still survive. Gunner 1849 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 259 NGR TG 147 323

Site Name Wolterton Date Range Meaney Reference 6th p.185

Site Name II Mannington Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Historic County Norfolk Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) e.20th century: ?

Urns, cremated remains, jet beads, copper-alloy fragments

Cemetery Type Pure Cremation Cemetery Description Unknown number of urns found before 1915 around the parish. One urn had S-shaped stamps and another had had lead poured into it from a hole in the bottom. Tentatively dated to 6th from the few grave goods found. Clarke 1939 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery

ID 260 NGR SP 96 76

Site Name Woodford Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.197

Site Name II

Historic County Northamptonshire

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 1 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urn

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) Unknown

Cemetery Type Single Cremation Burial Description Single urn sketched in Cole's History of Ecton, which is said to have come from Woodford. Cole 1825 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown

ID 261 NGR TL 186 976

Site Name Woodstone Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.194-5

Site Name II Peterborough Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 50

Historic County Huntingdonshire Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum 100

Unitary Authority Northamptonshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1864-68: ?Lady Huntly and J. Bristow; 1875, 1878-1880: ?; pre 1898: ?; pre 1911: ?; pre 1920: ?

Urns, cremated remains, knives, brooches, beads, spindle-whorl, spearheads, shield bosses, horse burial, shield bosses, buckles, wrist clasps, rings

Cemetery Type Minority Cremation Cemetery Reference(s) Smith 1926

Description Various and sporadic findings from 1864-1920 of early Saxon metalwork, inhumations and a few cremations. The largest findings were from Walker's excavations sometime before 1898 which details 'several' urns, many with cremated remains. The quantity of material culture indicates substantial numbers of burials, which I estimate to be at least c.50-100. Exact numbers are not known, however.

Museum(s) Peterborough Museum; The British Museum

ID 262 NGR SK 844 330

Site Name Woolsthorpe-by-Belvoir Date Range Meaney Reference 5th-6th p.166

Site Name II

Historic County Lincolnshire

Unitary Authority Lincolnshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum 10

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum Unknown

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1885: ?

Urns, pottery, shield bosses, brass rings, buckles, glass beads, cruciform brooches

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description c.1885 numerous furnished urns were found, some of which had large cruciform brooches. Sometime before 1930, more than 10 inhumations were found nearby. Reference(s) Hill 1907; Phillips 1934

Museum(s) Grantham

ID 263 NGR TF 672 125

Site Name Wormegay Date Range Meaney Reference ?5th-6th p.185

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 3 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urns

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) c.1872: ?

Cemetery Type ?Cremation Burials Description Two urns found sometime before 1872 described as 'most perfect Anglo-Saxon urns'. An undecorated urn was given to King's Lynn Museum in 1905, which may or may not be one of these urns. Lankester 1872 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Lynn Museum, Norfolk

ID 264 NGR SU 599 328

Site Name Worthy Park Date Range Meaney Reference 6th-m.7th p.102

Site Name II King's Worthy Min No. Crem 46 Min No. of Inhum 95

Historic County Hampshire Max No. Crem 46 Max No. of Inhum 99

Unitary Authority Hampshire Artefact Types

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1944: Military personnel; 1961-1962: S.Hawkes

Urns, miniature toilet objects, brooches, beads, buckles, knives, latchlifters, purse mounts, rings, spearheads, shield bosses, tweezers, gold pendant

Cemetery Type Mixed Rite Cemetery Description Reference(s)

The Military disclosed the finding of 4 well-furnished inhumation graves in 1944. Between Hawkes and Granger 2003 1961 and 1962, S. Hawkes excavated 46 cremations and 95 inhumations, although it is not clear if this number includes the 1944 discoveries. There were many more fragments of urns, so 46 should be seen as a lower limit. The cemetery ran from c.500 to 650, with a Kentish gold pendant being the latest datable object. Museum(s) City Museum, Winchester

ID 265 NGR TA 418 128

Site Name Yarm Date Range Meaney Reference 6th-e.7th p.303

Site Name II

Historic County Yorkshire

Unitary Authority North Yorkshire Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 0 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem 1 Max No. of Inhum N/A Urn

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) pre 1958: ?

Cemetery Type ?Single Cremation Burial Description Urn found some time before 1958. Uncertainty about contents or exact location. Unpublished Reference(s)

Museum(s) The Dorman Museum, Middlesbrough

ID 266 NGR TG 518 089

Site Name Yarmouth Date Range Meaney Reference ?5th-6th p.185

Site Name II

Historic County Norfolk

Unitary Authority Norfolk Artefact Types

Min No. Crem 2 Min No. of Inhum N/A

Max No. Crem Unknown Max No. of Inhum N/A

Excavation Date(s) and Director(s) 1879: ?

Urns, cremated remains, coin of Constantine, ?coin of Augustine

Cemetery Type ?Pure Cremation Cemetery Description In 1879 a cremation cemetery was found containing an unknown number of cremation urns and two Late Roman coins. There has been some debate as to whether it is Late Roman or AS but Late Roman cremation is very rare. Possibility of early Saxon federates? Clarke 1939 Reference(s)

Museum(s) Unknown