NATIONAL UNIVERSITY PEDRO RUIZ GALLO College of Human

CURSE

: Technical English

TEACHER : Dra. Rosa Gonzles Llontop

CONTENT : The Digestive System

CYCLE

: 2012-II

STUDENT : Castillo Bravo, Estefany.

March 2013

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The digestive system is a complex series of organs and glands that processes food. In order to use the food we eat, our body has to break the food down into smaller molecules that it can process; it also has to excrete waste.

THE UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

1. ORAL (BUCCAL) CAVITY 1.1 .THE MOUTH
The mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food. Bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue Oral orifice is the anterior opening Lined with stratified squamous epithelium

Salivary Glands
Extrinsic salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual). Intrinsic (buccal) salivary glands are scattered in the oral mucosa

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Saliva
Cleanses the mouth Moistens and dissolves food chemicals Aids in bolus formation Contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of starch

Composition of Saliva
Secreted by serous and mucous cells Electrolytes Salivary amylase and lingual lipase Mucin Lysozyme

1.2. TONGUE
Functions include: Repositioning chewing and mixing food during

Formation of the bolus Initiation of swallowing, speech, and taste

2. PHARYNX
Also called the throat, the pharynx is the next destination for food you've eaten. From here, food travels to the esophagus or swallowing tube.

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3. ESOPHAGUS
The esophagus is a muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach. By means of a series of contractions, called peristalsis, the esophagus delivers food to the stomach.

LAYERS
Mucosa(contains a stratified squamous epithelium) Submucosa (areolar connective tissue) Muscularis externa: Circular layer and longitudinal. Adventitia (fibrous connective tissue) not serosa

4. STOMACH
The stomach is a hollow organ, that holds food while it is being mixed with enzymes that continue the process of breaking down food into a usable form.

Gross Anatomy
Cardiac region (cardia): Surrounds the cardiac orifice Fundus : Dome-shaped region beneath the diaphragm Body: Midportion Pyloric Antrum : pyloric canal

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Microscopic Anatomy
Four tunics, from inside to outside: Mucosa: The first main layer. This consists of the epithelium and the lamina propria , with a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosae separating it from the submucosa beneath. Submucosa: This layer consists of fibrous connective tissue, separating the mucosa from the next layer. The Meissner's plexus is in this layer. Muscularis externa: Have three layers instead of two: outer longitudinal, middle circular and inner oblique layers. Serosa: This layer is over the muscularis externa, consisting of layers of connective tissue continuous with the peritoneum.

THE LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

The lower gastrointestinal tract includes most of the small intestine and all of the large intestine. According to some sources, it also includes the anus.

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5. Small Intestine
Major organ of digestion and absorption. Has three parts:

Duodenum: Here the digestive juices from the pancreas (digestive enzymes), hormones and the bile are mixed. The digestive enzymes break down proteins and bile and emulsify fats. produce The duodenum contains Brunner's glands which

bicarbonate. In combination with bicarbonate from pancreatic juice, this neutralizes HCl of the stomach.

Jejunum: This is the midsection of the intestine, connecting the duodenum to the ileum. It contains the plicae circulares, and villi to increase the surface area of that part of the GI Tract. Products of digestion (sugars, amino acids, fatty acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream.

Ileum: Has villi and absorbs mainly vitamin B12 and bile acids, as well as any other remaining nutrients.

6. Large Intestine: Has three parts:

Caecum: The Vermiform appendix is attached to the caecum. Colon: Includes the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon. The main function of the Colon is to absorb water, but it also contains bacteria that produce beneficial vitamins like vitamin K.

Rectum: The rectum provides temporary storage for feces before they are expelled. As the rectal walls expand due to collecting feces, stretch receptors in the rectal walls stimulate the desire to defecate.

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7. Anus
The anus controls the expulsion of the feces. The flow of feces through the anus is controlled by the anal sphincter muscle. The internal and external sphincter muscles relax, allowing the feces to be passed by muscles and pulling the anus up over the exiting feces.