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EFFICIENCY OF TRANSFORMER
In a practical transformer there are mainly two types of major losses namely core and copper losses . These losses are wasted as heat and as a result temperature of the transformer rises. Therefore output power of the transformer will be always less than the input power drawn by the primary from the source and efficiency is defined as = Output power Output power+ Core loss +Copper loss
P0
P0 + Pm + Pcu
Losses
where
CORE LOSSES
The core of a non ideal transformer has finite permeability . Therefore even when the secondary is left open (no-load condition) the primary winding draws some current known as the excitation current, from the source. It is a common practice to assume that the excitation current, I is the sum of two currents Ic
and Im.
I = Im + Ic
The exact equivalent circuit as viewed from the primary side of the transformer.
The coreloss component of the excitation current accounts for the magnetic loss( hysteresis and eddy current loss) in core of transformer.
COPPER LOSSES
The primary as well as secondary windings have finite resistance. The power loss corresponding to this is referred as copper loss. Copper loss is variable and is proportional to the square of current through the coils. Since the winding currents depend upon the degree of loading. The copper loss also varies accordingly.
Pcu = |Ip|2Re1
Re1 = R1 + a2R2
Pcu
Pm
VOLTAGE REGULATION
The secondary winding voltage from no load to full load for the same primary winding voltage expressed as a percentage of its rated voltage is called the voltage regulation (VR) of the transformer.
EFFICIENCY
Pm =|Ic|2Rc1
Pcu = |Ip|2Re1
(V2 , I2 , ) =
also and
so
MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY
CASE 1: Ip is constant and is variable
= aV2 Ip (-sin ) aV2 Ip cos {aV2 Ip (-sin )} 2 = aV2 Ip (-sin ){ |Ic|2Rc1 +|Ip|2Re1 } 2 { = aV2 Ip cos + |Ic|2Rc1 +|Ip|2Re1 }
for maximum efficiency aV2 Ip (-sin ){ |Ic|2Rc1 +|Ip|2Re1 } = 0 so sin = 0 or = n if sin = 0 then cos = 1
Therefore efficiency is maximum at constant input current when power factor is unity.
Therefore for a given power factor transformer gives maximum efficiency when coreloss is equal to copper loss.
T- TYPE EQUIVALENCE
v1 = Lai1 + Lc( i1 i2 ) = Lai1 + Lc ( i1 i2) v2 Mi1 + L2i2 = 0 va + Li2 Mi1 = vb va - vb = v2 = Mi1 Li2 = Mi1 Li2 Mi2 Mi2 v2 = M ( i1 i2) i2 ( L2 M )
v2 = -Lbi2 + Lc ( i1 i2)
Therefore
La = L1 M Lb = L2 M Lc = M
im
E2
CONCLUSION
EXAMPLE:A 23-kVA, 2300/230-V step-down transformer has the following resistance and leakagereactance values: R1 = 4 , R2 = 0.04 , X1 = 12 , and X2 = 0.12 . The transformer is operating at 75% of its rated load. If the power factor of the load is 0.866 leading. The equivalent core-loss resistance and the magnetizing reactance on the primary side of the transformer are 20 k and 15 k , respectively. What is its efficiency?
SOLUTION