Biscocho. Bitoon. Cabangon. Cabra. Cajoles.

Canapi

Biscocho. Bitoon. Cabangon. Cabra. Cajoles. Canapi

• This determines the effects of different
herbal plants on skeletal muscle activity of
albino mice.
• STANDARDS USED
– Aminophylline and Chlorpromazine

• PLANTS TESTED
– Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida), Mayana
(Coleus blumei) and Makahiya (Mimosa pudica)
• AMINOPHYLLINE
– A theophylline-ethylenediamine complex

– MECHANISMS OF ACTION
• Inhibition of PDE  cAMP  stimulation of cardiac
function, relaxation of smooth muscle, and reduction
in the immune and inflammatory activity of specific
cells
• Inhibition of PDE4  release of cytokine and
chemokines  immune cell migration and
activation
• Aminophylline
– MECHANISMS OF ACTION
• Inhibition of adenosine  (-) contraction of airway
smooth muscle and histamine release from airway
mast cell
– PHARMACODYNAMICS
• CNS: alertness and deferral of fatigue
• CVS: (+) chronotropic and inotropic effects
• GI: stimulates secretion of both gastric acid and
digestive enzymes
• Aminophylline
– Pharmacodynamics
• Kidney: weak diuretics
• Smooth muscle: bronchodilation
• Skeletal muscle: strengthen contractions
– Clinical use
• As bronchodilator – relieves airflow obstruction in
acute asthma
• Aminophylline
– Available preparations
• Oral: 105 mg/5 mL liquid; 100, 200 mg tablets
• Rectal: 250, 500 mg suppositories
• Parenteral: 250 mg/ 10 mL injection
• CHLORPROMAZINE
– An aliphatic phenothiazine
– PHARMACOLOGIC EFFECTS
• Antipsychotic action – due to blockade of dopamine
in the mesolimbic and mesocortical systems (for
schizophrenia)
• ANS – blockade of muscarinic cholinoceptor causing
loss of accommodation, dry mouth, constipation, and
blockade of alpha adrenoceptor causing orthostatic
hypotension, impotence
• CHLORPROMAZINE
– PHARMACOLOGIC EFFECTS
• CNS – muscarinic blockade causing toxic-confusional
state
• Endocrine – dopamine receptor blockade causing
amenorrhea, galactorrhea and infertility
– AVAILABLE PREPARATIONS
• Oral: 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 mg tablets; 100 mg/mL
concentrate
• Rectal: 100 mg suppositories
• Parenteral 25 mg/mL for IM injection
• PANSIT-PANSITAN
– Peperomia pellucida Linn.
– Effects: Considered anti-inflammatory, refrigerant,
analgesic, antifungal,
anticancer
– Folkloric uses
• Infusion and decoction of leaves and stems are used
for gout and arthritis.
• Pounded whole plant used as warm poultice for boils,
pustules and pimples.
Preparation of the decoction
30 mg Pansit-pansitan leaves

100 mL water

Heat to boiling.

Filter.

Filtrate (decoction) Residue

Discard.
 5 albino mice

Place on the pool jar.

Observe frequency and amplitude of motor activity.

After 30 minutes, administer the decoction into

each mice intraperitoneally.

Observe frequency and amplitude of motor

activity after 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes.
 30’ before 15’ after 30’ after 45’ after 60’ after

F A F A F A F A F A
phylline
amino-

163 ++ 183 +++ 196 +++ - - - -

chlorpro
mazine

133 ++ 104.6 + 79 + 60.4 + 37.5 +

pansitan
Pansit-

123 +++ 133 +++ 134 ++ 106 ++ 119 +

250

200

150
aminophylline
chlorpromazine
100
pansit-pansitan

50

0
30' before 15' after 30' after 45' after 60' after
• P. pellucida is used against convulsions, in treatment
of excited mental disorder and it's CNS depressant
effects.
• These uses are in agreement with our experimental
results.
• ISOLATED CHEMICALS
– Styrene - Slows sensory nerve and nervous conduction
velocity as well as CNS depression
– Sitosterol and campesterol - reduce cholesterol
biosynthesis
– stigmasterol - inhibits sterol Delta-22-reductase and
cholesterol absorption
• ISOLATED CHEMICALS
– Stigmasterol - inhibits sterol Delta-22-reductase
and cholesterol absorption
– Campesterol, Stigmasterol and β-sitosterol -
reduce cholesterol levels in animal body
• Since CNS synaptogenesis is promoted by cholesterol
this might be responsible for the depressant action
of this plant.
dos Santos PR , de Limas Moreira D , Guimaraes EF , Kaplan MA . Essential oil analysis of 10 Piperaceae
species from the Brazilian Atlantic forest . Phytochemistry . 2001;58:547-551.
Bayma JD , Arruda MS , Müller AH , Arruda AC , Canto WC . A dimeric ArC 2 compound from Peperomia
pellucida . Phytochemistry . 2000;55:779-782.
Xu S , Li N , Ning MM , Zhou CH , Yang QR , Wang MW . Bioactive compounds from Peperomia pellucida
. J Nat Prod. 2006;69:247-250.
Moreira DL , De Souza PO , Kaplan MA , Guimaraes EF . Essential oil analysis of four Peperomia species
(Piperaceae) . Acta Hortic . 1999;500:65-69.
Ragasa CY , Dumato M , Rideout JA . Antifungal compounds from Peperomia pellucida . ACGC Chem
Res Commun . 1998;7:54-61.
Aqil M , Rahman FA , Ahmad MB . A new flavonol glycoside from Peperomia pellucida . Sci Phys Sci .
1994;6:141-143.
Aqil M , Khan IZ , Ahmad MB . Flavonoids from Peperomia pellucida . Sci Phys Sci . 1993;5:213-215.
Manalo JB , Han BH , Han YN , Park MH , Anzaldo FE . Studies on ether-soluble neutral compounds of
Peperomia pellucida . Arch Pharm Res . 1983;6:133-136.
Oliveros-Belardo L . Some constituents of volatile oil of Peperomia pellucida . Perfum Essent Oil Rec .
1967;58:359-363.
da Silva MH , Zoghbi MG , Andrade EH , Maia JG . The essential oils of Peperomia pellucida Kunth and P.
circinnata Link var. circinnata . Flavour Fragrance J . 1999;14:312-314.
Khan A, Rahman M, Islam M.S. Neuropharmacological effects of Peperomia pellucida leaves in mice. DARU
2008; 16: 35-40.
Biscocho. Bitoon. Cabangon. Cabra. Cajoles. Canapi

Biscocho. Bitoon. Cabangon. Cabra. Cajoles. Canapi

• CVS is greatly influenced by ANS.
• ANS can be altered or regulated by certain
drugs.
• STANDARDS USED
– epinephrine and neostigmine
• PLANTS TESTED
– Chichirica (Catharantus roseus), Lagundi (Vitex
negundo L.) and Mayana (Coleus blumei)
• EPINEPHRINE
– Adrenaline
– A catecholamine
– A very potent vasoconstrictor and cardiac
stimulant
– Causes positive inotropic and chronotropic
actions on the heart by activating 1 receptor
• EPINEPHRINE
– AVAILABLE PREPARATIONS
• Parenteral: 1mg/1mL, 0.5 mg/mL, 0.1mg/mL, 0.01
mg/mL for injection
• Parenteral autoinjector: 1 mg/mL, 0.5mg/mL
• Ophthalmic: 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2% drops
• Aerosol for bronchospasm: 0.22 mg/spray
• NEOSTIGMINE
– Carbamate ester
– Inhibits acetylcholine esterase action on Ach

– ORGAN SYSTEM EFFECTS

• CNS – causes alerting response, may cause
convulsions and respiratory arrest on excess
• CVS – negative inotropic, dromotropic, chronotropic
afects
• NEOSTIGMINE
– CLINICAL USES
• Used as treatment for myasthenia gravis

– AVAILABLE PREPARATIONS
• Oral: 15 mg tablets
• Parenteral: 0.2, 0.5, 1, 1.25 mg/mL solution
• CHICHIRICA
– Catharanthus roseus
– USES:
• Treatment of leukemia – vincristine and
vinblastine
• Aqueous extract of leaves are used as laxative
• Remedy for ingestion and dyspepsia
• It helps in relieving muscle pain, depression
of central nervous system and wasps stings.
• CHICHIRICA
– USES:
• South Africa, as antidiabetic
• South and Central America, as treatment for
laryngitis and sorethroat, and as aye bath
Preparation of the decoction
50 mg Chichirica leaves

100 mL water

Heat to boiling.

Filter.

Filtrate (decoction) Residue

Discard.
 Observe the heart rate, force and rhythm of
contraction of the heart of a turtle

After 30 minutes, administer 20 drops of the

decocotion directly into the heart of the turtle

Observe previously observed parameters

after 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 munites
 30’ before 5’ after 10’ after 15’ after 20’ after 25’ after 30’ after

I C D I C D I C D I C D I C D I C D I C D
epinephrine

+
+ 5 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 5 5
R + R R R R + IR + IR
+ 4 6 + 2 + 1 + 2 0 0
+
neositgmine

4 3
+ 8 + 5 + 5 + 5 3
R R R R + 8 R + R + 0 R
+ 0 + 4 + 2 + 0 4
chichirica

+ 4 + 5 5 5 5 + 5 + 5
R R + R + R + R R R
+ 8 + 3 3 4 6 + 9 + 7
90
80
70
60
50 epinephrine
40 neostigmine
chichirica
30
20
10
0
30' before 5' after 10' after 15' after 20' after 25' after 30' after
• Results that were obtained were not consistent
with the theoretical result.
• C. roseus contains the alkaloid, reserpine.
• It works by decreasing heart rate and relaxing
the blood vessel.
• MOA
– it blocks the ability of aminergic transmitter vesicles
to take up and store biogenic amines  depletion of
norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in central
and peripheral neurons.