Programming in C Quan Book

FACULTY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Programming in C
Descriptive Questions
Q-1 Write a note on History of C
OR
C is not a specific Language but is a general purpose language. Appreciate
the sentence.
OR
The next version of C will be P and not the. D. Evaluate the statement.
By 1960, number of computer languages had come into existence, almost each for
a specific purpose. At this stage, people started thinking for a general purpose
language. Therefore an international committee was formed to develop such a
language. To reduce the abstractness and generality, a new language called CPL
(Combined Programming Language) was developed at Cambridge. However, it
turned to be so big, having so many features that it was hard to earn and difficult
to implement.
Basic Combined Programming Language (BCPL) was developed by Martin
Richards to solve the problem by bringing CPL down to its good features.
Meanwhile, Ken Thompson has developed language B as a further simplification
of CPL.
Dennis Ritchie inherited the features of B and BCPl in C, added some of his own
and developed the language C. Dennis Ritchie's main achievement is the
restoration of lost generality and still keeping it powerful.
Various stages in evolution of C is as follows:
Year Language Developed by Remarks
1960 ALGOL Int. Committee Too general, too abstract
1963 CPL Cambridge Uni. Hard to learn, difficult to implement
1967 BCPL Martin Richards Could deal with only specific problems
1970 B Ken Thompson Could deal with only specific problems
1972 C Dennis Ritchie Loss generality of BCPL and B restored.
Q-2 Explain the features of C

OR
SHRI SUNSHINE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Which features have made C so popular?

The three important aspects of any language are the way it stores data, how it
accomplishes input and output and the operators it uses to transform and combine
data plays a vital role in making the language popular.
The increasing popularity of C is probably due to its many desirable qualities. It is
a robust language whose rich set of built-in functions and operators can be used to
write any complex program. The C compiler combines the capabilities of an
assembly language with the features of a high level language and therefore it is
well suited for writing both system software and business packages.
Programs written in c are efficient and fast. This is due to its variety of data types
and powerful operators. It is many times faster than BASIC.
There are only 32 keywords and its strength lies in its built-in-functions. Several
standard functions are available which can be used for developing functions.
C is highly portalbe. The C programs written for one computer can be run on
another with little or no change/modification.
Q.3 Write a note on C Character Set

A character denotes any alphabet, digit or special symbol used to represent
information. Following table shows the valid alphabets, digits, and special
symbols allowed in C.
Alphabets A to Z, a to z
Digits 0 to 90
Special Symbols {}() [] <> + = - / \ @ # etc.
Q.4 Write a note on structure of a C Program.
A C program can be viewed as a group of building blocks called functions. A
function is a subroutine that may include one or more statements designed to
perfroma specific task. A C program may contain one or more sections as referred
hereinbelow.
Documentation Section
Link Section
Definition Section
Global Declaration Section

Main() function Section

{
Declaration Part
Executable Part
}
Subprogram Section
{
Function-1 User-Defined functions
Function-2
Function-n
}
The documentation section consists of a set of comment lines giving the name of
the program, the author details which the programmer would like to use later. The
link section provides instructions to the compiler to lin functions from the system
library.
The definition section defines all symbolic constants. Some variables are used in
more than one function. Such variables are called global variables and are
declared in the global declaration section that is outside of all the functions.
Every C program must have one main function. This section contains two parts,
declaration part and execution part. The declaration part declares all the variables
used in executable part. There is at least one statement in the executable part.
These two parts must appear between the opening and closing braces. The
program execution begins at the opening braces and ends at closing brace. The
closing brace of the main function section is the logical end of the program.
Q-5 Describe four basic data types.
The constants and variables used in a C program should be casted / declared in it
before using them for execution. C language is rich in its data types. Storage
representations and machine instructions to handle constants differ from machine
to machine. All compiles support four fundamental data types namely integer
(int), character (char), floating point (float) and double precision floating
point(double).

The integers are the whole numbers with a range of values supported by a
particular machine. Generally integers occupy one word of storage. The Floating
point numbers are stored in 32 bits with 6 digits of precision. Floating point
numbers are defined in C by the keyword float. When the accuracy provided by a
float number is not sufficient, the double data type should be used to define the
number. A double data type member uses 64 bits giving a precision of 14 digits. A
single character can be defined as a character data type. Characters are usually
stored in 8 bits (one byte) of internal storage.
Q.6 Write a note on C Tokens.
In C program smallest individual units are known as C Tokens. C has six types of
tokens namely Keywords, Identifiers, Constants, Strings, Special Symbol and
Operators.
Every C word is classified as either a keyword or an identifier. All keywords are
pre-defined words with pre-defined meaning and serve as basic building blocks
for program statements. Identifiers refer to the names of variables, functions and
arrays. These are the user defined names which consist of a sequence of letters
and digits with a letter as a first character. Both uppercase and lowercase
characters are permitted. Constants in C refer values that do not change during the
execution of a program. C supports basically Integer Constants, Real Constants
and Character Constants.
Q.7 Write a note or C Constants
Constants in C refer to fixed values that do not change during the execution of a
program. C supports basically Integer Constants, Real Constants and Character
Constants. An Integer constant refers to a sequence of digits. There are three
types of integers namely decimal, octal and hexadecimal. The numbers
containing fractional part are called real or floating pointconstants. These numbers
are shown in decimal notation, having a whole number followed by a decimal
point and the fractional part. A real number may also be expressed in exponential
notation. The general form of scientific notation is
Mintissa e exponent

Whereas the mintissa is a real number expressed in decimal notation or an integer.

The exponent is an integer number with an optional plus or minus sign.
A Character constant contains a single character enclosed within a pair of single
quoted marks.
Q-8. Explain the rules for naming a variable.
In C, a quantity, which may vary during execution of the program, is called a
variable. The rules framed by C language for constructing variable names can be
listed as follows:
(a) A variable name is any combination of 1 to 8 alphabets, digits or numbers.
Some compilers allow variable names whose length could be upto 40
characters. Still it would be safer to stick to the rule of 8 characters.
(b) The first character in the variable name must be an alphabet.
(c) No commas or blanks are allowed within a variable name.
(d) No special symbol other than an underscore can be used in a variable. The
above-referred rules remain same for all types of variables, i.e. integer
variables, real variables and character variables.
Q-9. Discuss the hierarchy of operators.
The order or priority or the precedence in which the arithmetic operations are
performed in an arithmetic statement is called as the hierarchy of operations. The
hierarch of operations while evaluating any Arithmetic instruction in C can be
narrated as follows:
Priority Operators
1st Parentheses- All parentheses are evaluated first.
Note: C allows only parentheses, i.e.(&) and not {} or [].
2nd Multiplication and Division- All multiplications and divisions are
performed next.
3rd Addition and Subtraction - These operations are performed last.
Q-10 What is a variable? How to declare it ?
A variable is a user-defined identifier [other than keywords] used in a C program
to store a value of any data and the value of which can be changed during the
execution of program.

A variable can be used to store a value of any data type. That is, the name has
nothing to do with its type. The syntax of declaring variable is as follows:
Data-type variable1, variable2, …… variable-n;
variable1, variable2 are the names of variables separated by commas. A
declaration statement must end with a semicolon. For example:
int no;
char name;
double percentage;
Here, int, char and double are the keywords to represent integer type, character
type and real type data respectively.
Q.11 What is escape sequence? Explain.
OR
Discuss the %[Conversion character] codes and backslash codes and their
uses.
C Language recognises the following escape sequences. When used with output
function like print( ), putcs( ), putchar( ) etc. the escape sequence help in
formatting output.
Escape Sequence Meaning
\n Newline
\t Tab
\b backspace
\r Carriage return/enter
\a Alert
\f form feed
\\ backslash
\- single quote
\" double quote
Q-12 What is user-defined type declaration ?
OR
What is similar in typedef and enum function ? Explain.

C supports a feature known as type definition that allows user to define an

identifier that would represent an existing data type. The user-defined data type
identifier can later be used to declre variables. The general form is as under:
Typedef type identifier;
Where type refers to an existing data type and identifier refers to the new name
given to the data type. The existing data type may belong to any class or type
including the user-defined ones. Typedef function cannot crate a new data type.
Some examples of type definition are as under:
Typedef int rno;
Typedef float marks ;
Typedef char name;
Another user defined data type supported by ANSI C is enum, i.e. Enumerated
Data-Type. The general form of enum is as under:
enum identifier {value1, value2,…. valuent}
The identifier is a user-defiend enumerated data type which can be used to define
variables which can have one of the values enclosed within the braces, popularly
known an enumeration constants.
Q-13 Write a note on Storage Classes in C.

Variables in C can have not only data type but also storage class that provides
information about their location and versatility. The storage class decides the
portion of the program within which the variables are recognized.
C provides a variety of storage class specifiers that can be used to declare
explicitely the scope and lifetime of the variables. The concepts of scope and
lifetime are important only in multifunction and multifile programs and therefore
the storage classes are considered in detail later when functions are discussed.
Storage class Meaning
auto Local variables known to only to the function in which it is
declared. Default is auto.
static Local variables which exists and retains its value even after the
control is transferred to the calling function.

extern Global variables known to all functions in the file.

register Local variable which is stored in the register.
The storage class is another qualifier that can be added to the variable
declaration as under:
auto int rollno;
register char name;
static int marks;
extern long total;
Static and external variables are automatically initialised to zero. Automatic
variables containes garbage, i.e. underfined values unless they are initialised
specifically.
Q-14. Write a note on operators.
C Supports a rich set of operators. An operator is a symbol that tells the computer
to perform certain mathematical or logical manipulations. Operators are used in
programs to manipulate data and variables. They usually form a part of the
mathematical or logical expressions.
Coperators can be classified into eight categories. They include:
(1) Arithmatic (2) Relational
(3) Logical (4) Assignment
(5) Increment and Decrement (6) Conditional
(7) Bitwise (8) Special
Q-15 Explain in brief:
(a) Arithmetic Operators (b) Relational Operators
(c) Logical Operators (d) Assignment Operators
(e) Increment and Decrement Operators
(a) Arithmetic Operators
C provides all basic arithmetic operators. The operators +, -, * and / all work in
the same way as they do in other language. These operators can operate on any
data type allowed in C.
Operator Meaning
+ Additional or unary plus

- Substraction or unary minus

* Multiplication
/ Division
% Modulo Division
The modulo division produces the remainder of an integer division. C does not
have any operator for exponentiation.
(b) Relational Operators
An expression containing relational operator is termed as a relational expression.
The value of a relational expression is either one or zero. C supports six relational
operators in all.
Operators Meaning
< is less than
<= is less than or equal to
> is greater than
>= is greater than or equal to
== is equal to
!= is not equal to
For example:
a < b or 1 < 20
Wherein a and b are the arithmetic expressions which may be simple constants or
variables or combination of them.
(C) Logical Operators
In addition to relational operators, C has the following three logical operators.
Operators Meaning
&& logical AND
!! logical OR
! logical NOT
The logical operators && and !! are used when we want to test more than one
condition and make decisions.
Some examples of the usage of logical expressions are :
1. if(age>55 && salary < 1000)

2. if(number<0 !! number > 100)

(d) Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign the result of an expression to a variable.
We have seen the usual assignment operator '='. In addition, C has a set of
shorthand assignment operators.
(e) Increment and Decrement Operators
C has two very useful operators not generally found in other languages. These are
the increment and Decrement Operators. The operator ++ adds 1 to the operand
while -- decreases 1. If the ++ sign is before the operand, it is called as
preincrement because it adds 1 before the evaluation of expression while ++ sign
after operand increases 1 after the evaluation of expression while ++ sign after
operand increases 1 after the evaluation of expression and therefore it is known as
post increment. The rule of pre and post increment applies to the pre and post
decrement even.
Q-16 Write a note on following :
(a) scant()
scant() is used to input data through input stream like keyboard and files. This
function stops program execution until a value is typed in and the return key is
pressed.
The general format of scanf is as follows:
Scanf["control string ",& variable1, &variable2…);
Where control string contains the format of data being received and also specifies
what type of data being stored into variable. & before each variable name
specifies the variable name's address.
Ex. scant("&d", &rollno);
Commonly used scanf( ) format codes are as follows :
Code Meaning
%c reads a single character
%d reads a decimal integer
%e reads a floating point value
%f reads a floating point value
%h reads a short integer
&I reads a decimal, hexadecimal or octal integer.

&o reads an octal integer

&u reads a string
&x reads an unsigned decimal integer
&x reads a hexadecimal integer
&[…] reads a string of words.
[b] print()
The printf() function is used to print out a message, either on screen or an paper.
The syntax of printf( ) function may be narrated as follows:
Syntax:
printf("Control string", variable1, variable2);
The control string of print( ) function/statement covers text message, escape
sequence and & codes. The print ( ) statement like all other statements in C should
be ended with a semicolon. Example:
Print(" Welcome to QUANBOOK of C");
(c) gets( )
A string is a array of characters. In simple terms, a string is a collection of more
than one characters represented together. To input string through keyboard one
can use gets function. General format of this command is …
gets (variable);
Ex. char name[15];
gets (name);
It's equivlent statement is…
scanf("%[\n]", name);
(d) puts( )
To display value stored in string variable, this function can be used. General
format is..
puts (variable);
Ex. puts (name);
To display a single character putchar( ) is used where as to display the array of
character, i.e. string, this function/statement is generally used. With the help of

loop construct, putchar( ) function can also display the array of characters one by
one.
(e) Write a note on getchar ( ) or getch ( ) or getche( )
The simplest of all input/output operations is reading a character from the
standard input/output device, i.e. keyboard and writing it to standard output unit,
i.e. monitor/screen. Reading a single caracter can be done by using the function
getchar( ). The syntax of getchar ( ) function is as follows:
Variable_name = getchar ( );
Variable_name is a valid C variable name that ha been declared as a character
type. When this statement is encountered, the computer waits until a key is
pressed and then assigns this character as a value to getchar function.
Char name;
Name = getchar( ),
The getchar ( ) function may be called successively to read the characters
contained in a line of text. It is important to note that getchar( ) function accepts
any character keyed in which includes RETURN and TAB even.
(f) Write a note on putchar ( ) or putch ( ) or putche ( )

Like getchar ( ) function, there is another function putchar( ) for writing
characters one at a time to the terminal.
Putchar (variable_name);
where, varible_name is a type char variable containing a character. This statement
displays the character contained in the variable-name at the terminal.
Answer= 'Y';
Putchar (answer);
Will display the character Y on terminal where as
Putchar (`\n');
Would cause the cursor on the screen to move to the beginning of the next line.
Q.17 Write a note on % codes used with print( ) function
OR
Explain the print format codes.

The print( ) statement is used to provide formatted output on the terminal. The
format codes plays important role ion generating formatted output. The
commonly used print format codes are listed hereinbelow.
Code Meaning
%c prints a single character
%d prints a decimal integer
%e prints a floating point value in exponent form
&f prints a floating point value without exponent
%g prints a floating point value either e-type of f-type depending on
value.
&i Print a single decimal integer
&o print an octal integer without leading zero
&s print a string
&u prints an unsigned decimal integer
&x prints a hexadecimal integer without leadiong Ox
Q-18 Explain the following decision making statements
(a) if statement
The if statement, as its name implies, is used to make decisions. If a
certain condition is true, we direct the computer to take one course of
action; if the condition is false, we direct it to do something else. This is
one of the most fundamental concept in computer science.
C allows decisions to be made by evaluating a given expression as true or
false. Such an expression involves the relational and logical operators.
Depending on the outcome of the decision, program execution proceeds in
one direction or another. The C construct that enables there testo be made
is called the if statement.
Syntax:
if (expression)
statement;
OR
If (expresson)

(
statement-1;
statement-2;
}
The keyword if must be followed by a set of parentheses containing the
expression to be tested. If the expression evaluates as true, the statements
in the braces will be executed, otherwise the same will be skipped by the
compiler. Consider the following segment of a program that is written for
processing of marks obtained in an entrance exam.
if total > 70
{
print(" Distinction);
}
The simple if condition can be explained with the following logical segments.
1. if (bank balance is zero)
borrow money
2. if (room is dark)
put on light
3. if (code is 1)
person is male.
4. if (age is more than 55)
person is retired.
(b) The if…else statement
The if statement by itself will execute a single statement or a group of statements,
where the condition is following if is true. It does nothing when it is false. To
execute one group of statements if the condition is true and another group of
statements if the condition is false, if…else statement can be used.
The general format of if…else statements can be narrated as under:
If (condition is true)
{
statement - 1;

statement -2;
}
else
{
statement-1;
statement-2;
}
A few regarding if…else is worth noting…
(1) The group of statements after the if up to and not including the else is called the if
block. Similarly the statements after the else forms the else block.
(2) The else is written exactly below the if. The statements in the if block and those in
the else block have been indented to the right.
(3) Had there been only one statement to be executed in the if block and only one
statement in the else block we could have dropped the pair of braces.
(4) As with the if statement, the default scope of else is also the statement
immediately after the else.
In case of calculating the salary of the employee or to calculate the marks of the
students, this statement can be used.
Example:
/* Calculation of Marks of Students */
/* Author : Ratish Kakkad Date : 12/12/2000 */
main( )
{
float m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, m6, m7, total, avg;
/* Accept marks of seven subjects*/
print("Enter Marks of Seven Subjects*/
print ("Enter Marks of Seven Subjects");
scanf ("%f %f %f %f %f %f %f", &m1, &m2, &m3,
&m4, &m5, &m6, &m7);
/* Calculate the total of marks obtained in 7 sub*/
total = m1+m2+m3+m4+m5+m6+m7;

avg = total /7;

if (avg>35)
{
print("Pass");
}
else
{
print ("fail");
}
(c) Nested … if condition

It is possible to write an entire if…else construct within the body of the if
statement or the body of an else statement. This is called the nesting of ifs.
The second if… else construction is nested in the first else statement. If the
condition in the first if statement is false, then the condition in the second iof
statement is checked. If it is false as well, the final else statement is executed.
The general format of Nested… if is as follows :
If (condition)
{
do this;
}
else
{
if (condition)
do this;
else
{
do this;
and this;
}
}

(d) Switch statement

The switch statement permits virtually any number of branches. The direction of
the branch taken by the switch statement is based on the value of any variable or
expression. The variable or expression is placed in the parentheses following the
keyword switch.
The body of a switch statement is enclosed in braces. The form of the statement is
unique. It consists of case labels, which take the form of the keyword case
followed by a constant value. This value should be of the same type as the switch
variable; it must be an int or int-compatible value. A colon follows the case label.
The switch works as follows: When the statement is encountered, the switch
variable or expression is evaluated to yield a specific value. Program control is
transferred to the statement immediately following the case label whose constant
is equal to the value of the switch variable or expression. This statement is
executed, followed by all the succeeding statements in the body of the switch
statement.
A special label, default can be placed. This label is to allow for the possibility that
the value of the switch expression does not match ay of the case labels.
The switch statement most often appears as follows :

Switch (integer expression)
{
case constant 1:
do this;
case constant 2:
do this;
case constant 3:
do this;
default:
do this;
]

[e] The goto statement

C support the goto statement to branch unconditionally form one point to another
in the program.
The goto required a label in order to identify the place where the branch is to be
made. A label is any valid variable name, and must be followed by a colon. The
label is placed immediately before the statement where the control is to be
transferred.
Goto label; label:
____________ _________
____________ _________
____________ _________
label; goto label;
It is important to note that goto breaks the normal sequential execution of the
program. If the label is placed before the statement goto label, a loop will be
formed and some statements will be executed repeatedly. Such a jump may be
identified as a backward jump. On the other hand, if the label is placed after the
goto label statement, some statements will be skipped and the jump is known as a
forward jump.
main ( )
{
int I;
I = 1;
ABC:
print ("%d", I);
I = I+1:
if (I<100)
Goto abc;
}
The above referred program is written to create a series from 1 to 100. The control
will passed as a backward jump and a loop will work to print the numbers from 2
to 99.

Q-19. Explain following loop contructs

(a) while loop
(b) do-while loop
(a) while loop
A Segment of the code that is executed repeatedly is called a loop. The loop
concept is a part of good programming. Each of the loop contains three
expressions, i.e. initialisation, condition and counter expressions. The general
form of the while loop is :
While (condition)
{
statement 1;
Statement 2;
}
So long as the condition is true, the statements, i.e. the body of the loop is
executed. Note tat the condition tested before the statements are executed. If there
is only one statement in the body of the while loop then the pair of braces may be
dropped.
As the while is a entry-controlled loop statement, the test-condition is evaluated
and if the condition is true, then the body of the loop executed.
Example:
Main ( )
{
int I;
I = 1; initialization
While (I<100) condition
{
print("%d", I);
I = I+1; increment/counter
}
}
Each loop has three segments, i.le. initialisation, condition and counter/increment.

(b) Do-while Loop

The do… while loop (sometimes referred to as do loop) differs from its
counterpart while loop. Even if the condition is false, when the do… while loop is
first encountered, the body of the loop is executed atleast once. If the condition is
false, after the first loop iteration, the loop terminates. If the first iteration has
made the condition true, however, the loop continues.
The do… while loop looks like this:
do
{
this;
and this;
and this;
} while ( this condition is true);
The following figure would clarify the execution of the do… while loop further:
-------
Q.20. Write a note on For Loop
OR
Explain the role of initialization, condition and counter (increment) in a for
loop. When are each of them executed?
In most of the loops, first the variable is used in the loop conditions is initialised.
Next execution of the loop begins. A test, i.e. condition is made at the beginning
of each iteration. The body of the loop ends with a statement that modifies the
value of the test variable or variables i.e. increment counter.
Because this looping method is so common, C provides a sort of abbreviated
version of this conduct, call the for loop. Its general form is as follows:
For (expression-1, expression-2; expression-3)
{
body of the loop
}

Expression-1 is the initialisation expression, usually as assignment, which is

performed once before the loop actually begins execution. Expression-2 is the
test, i.e. condition and the expression 3 is the increment/decrement counter.
Example :
{
int I;
for(I=1, I<100;I++)
{
print ("%d", I);
}
}
)
Q-21. Narrate the use of break statement in loops.
OR
Explain the significance of the break statement in the switch case construct.
What would result in its absence?
When the statement
Break;
Is encountered during execution, the control immediately comes out of the
corresponding while, do…While, for or switch and reaches the statement
immediately after the while, do…While, for or switch.
Q-22 Narrate the use of continue statement in loops.
When the statement
continue;
is encountered in a while, do… While, or a for loop control passes to the
condition that determines whether to execute the body of the loop again or not.
Continue cannot be used with switch, the way break can be.
For example
For (I=12; I<45; I++)
K = | * 7 +b;
If (k<1000)

Continue;
Else
Print("%d",k);
Here on encountering continue control passes to I++, which increments the value
of I and then passes control to I<=45, which determines whether the body of the
loop should be executed or not.
Q.23 Write a note on ARRAY in C.
An array is a group of elements that share a common name, and that are
differentiated from one another by their position within the array.
An array must be declared, since it is a type of variable. An array containing five

elements, all of which are integers, can be declared as follows:
Int × [5];
An array name must be choosen according to the same rules used for naming any
other variable. The name of the array cannot be the same as that of any other
variable declared within the funtion. The size of the array is specified using the
subscript notation; in our example, the subscript 5 indicates how many elements
are to be allocated to array x.
The subscript used to declare an array sometimes is called the dimension and the
declaration itself often called dimensioning. As the regular variables, declaration
does not assign values, but simply set aside memory for the array. The dimension
used to declare on array must always be a positive integer constant or an
expression that can be evaluated to a constant when the program is compiled. The
characteristics of an array can be smmarized as follows:
1. An array is a collection of similar elements stored in adjacent memory locations.
2. Before using an array its size and type must be declared.
3. The first element (subscript) in the array is numbered O, so the last element is 1
less than the size of the array.
4. If array elements are not given any specific values, they are supposed to contain
garbage values.

5. There is no check to see if the subscript used for an array exceeds the size of the
array. Data entered with a subscript exceeding the array size will simply be placed
in memory outside the array; this will lead to unpredictable results.
Q.24 What is user defined function ? Explain the need of user defined functions.
OR
What is user defined function? Narrate the advantages of modular
programming?
C functions can be classified mainly into two categories, namely user-defined
functions and library functions. Main ( ) is a user defined function while print ( )
and scanf ( ) are library functions. The main distinction between these two
categories is that library functions are not required to be written by us whereas a
user-defined function has to be developed by the user at the time of writing a
program. However, a user-defined function can later be a part of the C program
library.
When, a program is coded utilizing only one main function, it leads to a number
of problem. The program may become too large and complex as a result the task
of debugging, testing and maintaining becomes too large and complex and as a
result the task of debugging, testing and maintaining becomes difficult. If a
program is divided into functional parts, then each part may be independently
coded and later combined into a single unit. These subprograms called 'functions'
are much easier to understand, debug and test. It may be summarized that a
function is a self-sections approach results in a number of advantages listed
hereinbelow:
(1) It facilitates top-down modular approach programming. In this programming
stype, the high level logic of the overall program is solved first while the details
of each lower-level function are addressed later.
(2) The length of a source program can be reduced by using functions at appropriate
places. This factor is particularly critical with microcomputers where memory
space is limited.

(3) As mentioned earlier, it is easy to locate the isolate a faulty function for further
investigation.
(4) A function may be used by other programs.
Q.25 Discuss the form of a C function.
All functions which may be used in a C program should have the following form
or format;
Function-name (argument list)
Argument declaration;
{
local variable declaration;
executable statement1;
executable statement2;
return (expression);
}
A function must follow the same rules of formation as other variables names in C
as regards the function name. The argument list contains valid variable names
separated by commas. The list must be surrounded by parentheses. No semicolon
follows the closing parenthesis. All argument variables must be declared for their
type after function header and before the opening braces of function body.
A function may or may not send back any value to the calling function. If it does,
it is done through the return statement.
Q.26 What is recursion ?

In C, it is possible for the functions to call themselves. A function is called as a
recursive if a statement within the bldy of the function calls the same function.
Sometimes called as Circular definition, recursion is thus the process of defining
something in terms of itself.
Example:
Main ( )
(

int a, f;
print(" Enter any number");
scanf ("%d", &a);
f=recfact(a);
printf ("\n Factorial value = %d", f);
}
recfact(x)
int x;
{
int fact;
if (x==1)
return(1);
fact = recfact (x-1)"x;
return (fact)
}
When writing recursive functions, you must have an if statement somewhere in
the recursive function to force the function to return without recursive call being
executed. If you don’t' do this and you call the function, you will fall in an
indefinite loop and will never return from the called function which is a very
common error in writing recursive functions.
It is suggested to use print( ) statement during the development of the recursive

function to enable the user to watch what is going on and can abort execution if
you see that you have made a mistake.
Q.27. What is a structure? How to declare it ?

Structures constitute a sort of super data type, which can represent several
different types of data in a single unit. A structure definition is specified by the
keyword struct. A template surrounded by braces describes the members of
structure. Note that members of a structure are not variables. Only when a
structure variable is declared do the members come to represent locations in
memory.

C supports a constructed data type known as structure, which is a method for

packing data of different types. A structure is a convenient tool for handling a
group of logically related data items. A structure definition creates a format
that may be used to declare structure variables. The general format of
structure definition is as follows :
Struct tag-name
{
data type member-1;
data type member-2
Consider a book database consisting of book name, author, number of pages, and
price. We can define structure to hold this information as follows:
Struct bookbank
{
char title [20];
char author [15];
int pages;
float price;
}
We can declare structure variables using the tag name anywhere in the program.
For example:
struct bookbank book 1, book2, book3;
describes book1, book2 and boo3 as the variables of type struct bookbank.
Q.28 Write a note on Concept of Arrays of Structures
In array of structure, the structure variable is assigned to a array. Suppose, we
want to get the result of 10 students and the marks of 3 subjects per student, the
structure will contain the records of 3 subject and the structure variable will be an
array having 10 subscript values.
Struct marks
{
int subject-1;

int subject-2;
int subject-3;
};
will store the marks of 3 subjects. To store the result of 10 students we should
assign struct marks class[10]; will give 10 subscript values to class which contains
3 records per subscript.
Q-29 What is a Pointer? Explain.
When an identifier identifies a memory location, which holds some value, is
called variable, if it identifies memory location that holds address of memory cell
is called pointer.
Pointers are much used in C, because:
1. A pointer enables us to access a variable that is defined outside the function.
2. Pointers are more efficient in handling the data tables.
3. Pointers reduce the length and complexity of a program.
4. They increase speed if execution.
5. The use of a pointer array to character string results in saving of data storage
space in memory.
To declare a variable as pointer, one has to use Value At Address Operator (*). It
returns the value stored at a particular address. It is also called direction operator.
Another operator used with pointer is & (Address of operator).
Ex. int |=5, *I;
I=&l;
printf (" value %d stored at %u address ", *I, I);
These statements tell the C compiler
1. Reserve the space in memory.
2. Associate name 1 with memory location.
3. Store value 5 at this location.
4. Assign address of | to pointer variable i.
You can access value 5 using variable | or by pointer variable i. Instead of array
pointer provides much faster access to your operation. You can use pointer with

any type of data type like int, cha float as well as with structure and function too.
We will discuss here how to use pointer with all these data types.
Q.30 Write a note on Array of Pointers
When an array is declared, value stored in contiguous memory locations. The base
address is the location of the first element of the array. If array contains 5 element
and the base address is 1000 the other element stored at address 1002, 1004, 1006,
1008. So if we declare p as an integer pointer as follows:
Int *p,x[5];
P =x; // equivalent to p=&×[0];
We can access every value of × using p++ to move from one element to another.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main( )
{
int no[5], I, *I;
for (I=0;<5;I++)
scanf(%d", & no(i);
j=no;
for (I=0;I<5;I++)
<
printf(" %d", *I);
I++; // give two statements or print("%d", *(I+I));
}
}
Q.31 What is character pointer? Explain the use of pointers in defining character
string.
As we know string is an array of characters; terminated with a null character. You
can use character pointer to access each character of string. Rather than use
pointer in declaration of string, so that size can be ignored at the time of
declaration.

Example:
#include<conio.h>
main ( )
{
char *s; // length of string is not required in case of pointer
clrscr( );
print ("enter string : “);
gets (s);
puts ("\n string is … ”);
puts(s);
}
Q-32. Write a note on use of Pointers in Structures.
The pointers can be used in structures to make the execution fast and efficient. As
we know structure is a combination of more than one field of different data types,
the use of pointers in structure make it more easier to address the subscript of any
element of the structure. You can use pointer to access each element of the
structure. In a function call, if we refer pointe makes it more easier for the
programmer to pass the structure as a argument, i.e. actual argument.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct stud
{
char *name;
int age;
};
main ( )
{
struct stud st[3], t;
int I;
clrscr( );

for (I=0; I<3;I++)

{
fflush(stdin);
print(" &d student NAME :",I+1);
gets(st[I].name);
printf(“%d“&st[I]. age);
}
t=&st;
clrscr( );
print{“nName Age");
print(“\n-----
for (I=0;I<3;I++, t++)
printf(“n%-15s %3d",t->name, t->age);
getch( );
}
Q-33 How union differs from a structure?
The way of declaring structures and unions are same. In general use, the
beginners refer structures and unions as the same but in actual, the structures and
unions differs from each other in the following sections, i.e. parameters.
[a] Memory Allocation
[b] Operation members
[c] Identifying Active Members.
Q-34 What is file function? Explain the usage of file functions in C.

Following functions are useful for file handling through c program. We can read
and write data in a file same as we print data on screen and read inputted data
through keyboard. But there are several important differences between file 1/O
and console 1/0. They are…
 The console always exists, but file may or may not exist.
 In console generally data will be inputted through keyboard and display on
screen. While in file it is possible to read from and write to the same file.

General sequence for file 1/O is always as:

 Open file in specified mode.
 Access the file with read or write operation.
 Close the file.
Q-35. Explain the function; fopen ( )
Before accessing any file, file must be opened. While opening the file the
following cammand can be used.
Syntax:
File pointer = fopen (“file name”, “mode");
Ex.
FILE *fp;
Fp = fopen(“trial.txt”, ”r”);
FILE is a reserve word used to define file pointer to a FILE structure. In the next
statement function returns pointer to the file structure which it created. Different
available modes are…
MODE MEANING
r Open for reading only.
W Create for writing and if the file already exist, it will be overwritten.
A Append, open for writing at the end of file (create for writing it it does not
exist.)
R+ Open an existing file for update (reading & writing)
W+ Create a new file for update. If the file already exist, it will be
overwritten
A+ Open for append, open for update at the end of the file.
Q-36 Explain the function; fclose( )
Closing the file flushes the buffer and releases the space taken by the file
structure. Which is returned by fopen. (During a write to a file, the data written is
not put on the disk immediately. It is stored in a buffer when the buffer is full, all
its contents are actually written to the disk. The process of emptying the buffer by
writing its contents to disk is called flushing the buffer.)

Function used to close file is…

Syntax; fclose(file pointer);
Ex. fclose(fp);
Q-37 Write a note on following file functions
[1] fprint( )
[2] fscanf( )
[3] fgetc( )
[4] fputc( )
[5] fwrite ( ) and fread ( )
[1] fprint( )
Same as printf, but instead of console it writes to associated file with file stream.
Syntax:
Fprint(file pointer, const char (format, arguments…);
Where, const char *format contains conversion specifications.
Ex. fprint(fp,”%s %d”, name.rollno);
[2] fscanf( )
It deals with formatted ionput conversion.
Syntax : fscanf(file pointer, const char *format, arguments…);
Ex. :fscanf(fp,”%s “%d”, name,&rollno);
[3] fgetc( )
It is same as getc function. It returns the next character from a named input
stream. If error or end of file encountered it returns EOF.
Syntax : fgetc(file pointer);
Ex. : ch=fgetc(fp);
Statement returns next character of a file to variable of type character.
[4] fputc( )
This function stores character to a specified stream.

Syntax : fputc(int, file pointer);

Ex. : fputc(ch, fp);
As fputc and fgetc functions are used for character handling, fgets and fputs are
used for string handling in file 1/0.
[5] fwrite ( ) & fread ( )

When you want to perform are used for character handling, fgets and fputs are
used for string handling in file 1/O.
[5] fwrite( ) & fread ( )

When you want to perform 1/O operation using structure fread and fwrite are
most useful one.
Function fwrite appends specified no. of equal sized data to a output file while
fread returns a specified no. of equal sized data from an input stream into a block.
Syntax : fread(void *ptr,size,n,file *stream);
Fwrite(void *ptr, size,n, file *stream);
Where, First argument ( *ptr) is the address of the structure to be written to the
disk. The second argument(size) is size of the structure in bytes. The third
argument(n) is the no. of items that we want to read or write, Last argument(file
pointer) is the pointer to the file to which we want to read or writer the structure.
Example :
Fread(&emp.sizeof(emp), 1, fp);
Fwrite(&emp, sizeof(emp), 1, fp);
Q-38 Mention two differences between a text file and a binary file
Microsoft Disk, Operating System treats files in two different ways, i.e. as binary
files or text files. If a file is specified as the binary type, the file 1/O functions do
not interpret the contents to the file when they read from, or write to the file. But
if the file is specified as the text type, the file 1/0 functions interpret the contents
of the file. The basic differences in these two types of files are:
[a] ASCII O×1a is considered as end-of-file character by the file 1/0 functions when
reading from a text file and they assume that the end of file has been reached.

[b] In case of DOS, a new line is stored a the sequence O×Od O×Oa both on disk and
in memory.
Q-39 Why a linked list is called a dynamic data s structure? What are the
advantages of using linked lists over arrays?
A linked list is a dynamic data structure. therefore, the primary advantage of
linked lists over array is that linked lists can grow or shrink in size during the
execution of a program. A linked list can be made just as long as reguired.
Another advantage is that a linked list does not waste memory space. It uses the
memory that is just needed for the list at any point of time. This is because it is
not necessary to specify the number of nodes to be used in the list.
The third, and more important advantage is that the linked lists provide flexibility
in allowing the items to be rearranged efficiently. It is easier to insert or delete
items by rearranging the links.
The major limitation of linked lists is that the access to any arbitrary item is little
cumbersome and time consuming. Whenever we deal with a fixed length list, it
would be better to use an array rather than a linked list. We must also note that a
linked list will use more storage than an array with same number of items because
each item has an additional link field.
Q-40 Describe different types of linked lists.
There are different types of linked lists. They can be listed as below:
[1] Singly Linked lists.
[2] Circular Linked lists.
[3] Two way or doubly linked lists.
[4] Circular doubly linked lists.
The circular linked lists have no beginning and no end. The last item point back to
the first item. The doubly linked lists uses double set of pointers, one pointing to
the next item and other pointing to the preceding item. This allows us to traverse
the list in either direction. Circular doubly linked lists employs both the forward
pointer and backward pointer in circular form.
Q-41 Explain the role of C preprocessors.

The preprocessor as its name implies, is a program that processes the source code
before it passes through the compiler. It operates under the control of what is
known as preprocessor command lines or directive. Preprocessor directives are
placed in the source program before main ( ) line. Before the source code passes
through the compiler, the preprocessor for any preprocessor directives examines
it. if there are any appropriate actions are taken and then the source program is
handed over to the compiler.
Preprocessor directives follow special syntax rules that are different from the
normal C syntax. They all begin with the symbol # in the column one and do not
require a semicolon at the end. The preprocessor directives can be divided into
three categories:
[1] Macro Substitution Directives.
[2] File inclusion Directives.
[3] Campiler Control Directives.
The following is a list of preprocessor directives
Directive Function
#define Defines a macro substitution
#undef Underfiones a macro.
#include Specifies the files to be included
#ifdef Tests for a macro definition
#endif Specifies the end of #if
#ifndef Tests whether a macro is not defined.
#if Tests a compile time condition
#else Specifies alternative when #if test fails.
Q-42 What is a macro and how is it different from a C variable name?
Macro substitution is a process where an identifier in a program is replaced by a
predefined string composed of one or moretakens. The preprocessor accomplishes
this task under the direction of #define statement. This statement, usually known
as a macro definition takes the following format.
#define identifier string.
Simple string replacement is commonly used to define constants. The following
are the examples of constants:
#define identifier string.

Simply string replacement is commonly used to define constants. The following

are the examples of constants:
#define COUNT100
#define FALSE 0
A macro definition can include more than a simple constant value. It can include
expressions as well.
Q-43. What precautions one should take when using macros with arguments?
The pre processor permits us to define more complex and more useful form of
replacements. There is a basic difference between simple replacement and the
replacement of macros with arguments. Subsequent occurrence of a macro with
arguments is known as macro call. when a macro is called, the preprocessor
substitutes as string, replacing formal parameters with the actual parameters. Here
the string behaves like a template.
Q-44 When does a Programmer use #include directive?
An external file containing functions or macro definitions can be included as a
part of a program so that we need not rewrite those functions or macro definitions.
This is achieved by a preprocessor directive
#include "filename"
where a filename is a name of the file containing the required definitions or the
functions. When the filename is included with double quoted marks, the search
for the file is made first in the current directory and then in the standard
directories.
Alternatively this directive can take the form:
#include <filename>
We can make use of a definition or a function containing needed instruction by
including them in the program as shown hereinbelow:
#include <stdio.h>
#include "SYNTAX.C"
Q-45. What is the difference between a macro and a function ?
Macro call and function call although call something which may be defined as a
variable. In a macro call, i.e. pre-processor directive replaces the macro template

with its macro expansion while in a function along with their arguments and
retunes back with useful value.
With the help of macro, program runs faster but on the other hand, increases the
program size which is against structured programming whereas functions make
the program smaller and compact but makes the processing/exection slower.
It is to be suggested/advocated that if there is a small function, it is advisable to
use macro and in big branches, functions are useful.
Q-46 What is COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS? What its' significant in a c
program.
As we all know C language was developed under the UNIX operating system. Ion
Unix when you execute any compiled program, the program name (like a
command at prompt) can be followed by various arguments on the same line.
Which specifies how the program is to operate. C compiler also provides facility
where by the program can access command line arguments. In short it is a
parameter supplied to a program when the program is invoked. Main function
may have two arguments they are…
A. argc (Argument counter)
B. argv (Argument vector)
argc is always type of integer. It contains total no. of argument passed to main
function. Whereas, argv is a pointer to an arrayof character string that contain the
arguments one per string.
In order to be able to access command line arguments, the main function of the
program must be defined as having two arguments as given below:
main (int argc,char *argv[])
Example :
Following program shows the use of command line argument to find the
multiplication of numbers passed as arguments to main function.
// program name : GUNAKAR.C
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main(int argc,char *argv[])

{
long int m=1, k;
clrscr( );
if (argc<2)
{
printf(“two few arguments…”);
getch ( );
exit(0);
}
for (k=1;k<argc;k++)
m=m *atoll (argv[k]);
pritnf(“Answer = %ld", m);
getch( );
}
While executing at prompt you may give commands as:
Gunakar 1 2 3 4 5
Output: Answer = 120
Here,
Argc will be 4.
Argv[0]= program name i.e. gunakar
argv[1]=”1"
argv[2]=”2"
argv[3]=”3"
argv[4]=”4"
argv[5]=”5"
Q-47 What is DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION ?
It is important to programmers to write programs that use a minimum of memory
as well as programs that are fast. But most often we face situations in
programming where the data is dynamic, means number of data items keep
changing during execution of the program. Array can be used fro mass data but
they are of fixed size. The programmer must know the size of the data or array

while writing the programs. But it is not possible to know the exact size of
memory required until run time; here dynamic memory allocation is required.
C. provides facility to allocate memory for the local variables from heep (the
program instruction and global variables are stored in a region known as
permanent storage area and the local variables are stored in another area called
stack. The memory space the located between these two regions is available for
dynamic memory allocation during execution of the program. This free memory
region is called the heap) while executing a program is known as Dynamic
Memory Allocation. It means size of memory required is not pre determined but
as per users requirement it will be allocated after execution being started. You
may use calloc( ), malloc ( ) free ( ) and realloc ( ) functions by dynamic memory
allocation.
Q.48 Write a note on Functions which may be used for Dynamic Memory
Allocation
The header file associated with these functions is <stdlib.h>.
char * calloc(int items, int size);
This function is usd to allocate dynamically a block of memory for nitems
elements of size bytes each. That is, the total number of bytes allocated us nitems
* size. The block of memory is cleared to zeros. A pointer to the allocated block is
returned. It can be cast into a pointer of any type.
void free(char *block);
This function de-allocates the block of memory pointed to by block, making it
available for latter allocation. The block must have been allocated by a previous
call to caloc, malloc or realloc, but not preciously freed by a call to free. Once a
block of memory is freed, it should not be referenced.
Char *malloc(int size);
This function is used to allocate dynamically a block of memory of size bytes.
The block of memory is not initialised. A pointer to the allocated block is
returned.
char realloc(char *old, int size);

This function extends or reduces the dynamically allocated block pointed to by

old to the size specified by size. The block must have been allocated by a previous
call to caloc, malloc or realloc, but not previously freed by a call to free. The new
block can begin at a different memory location that the old block. The new block
has the same value as the old.
Difference between Calloc( ) and malloc ( )
Calloc function allocates memory in block of specified size and another difference
is calloc function initialises all bytes in the allocated block to zero.
Q-49 What is Union? What its significance? How it is different from structure?
Union is also derived data type like structure. A union is declared exactly like a
structure, except that the keyword union is used instead of struct and union can
never be initialised.
Union provide a way to manipulate different kinds of data in a single area of
storage, means in union two data items still are separate in terms of syntax, but
they share the same portion of memory. In other words we can say a union can
contain as many numbers as desired, of any type, but it allocates only enough
memory to hold the largest member. Union may occur within structure, arrays and
visa versa. Member of union are accessed as …
Union name.member
Example :
Union group
{
int nmem;
float income;
} gp;
This declares a variable g[ of type union group. The member of gp are referred to
as gp.nmem and gp.income. gp contains memory for one value, either an int or a
float, as specified in the body of the union. Integer required 2 bytes, while float
required 4 butes, the variable gp contains 4 butes in memory. It can be referred to
as either a float variable or an int variable.

If a value is assigned to gp.nmem, then value stored in gp in integer format in the

memory locations belonging to gp. If value is passed to gp.income, then value
stored in gp in float format in the memory locations belonging to gp.
SHORT QUESTIONS
[1] What is a variable ?
It is a symbolic name for a memory location in which a value is stored.
[2] What is an Integer ?
It is a whole number, one without a decimal point.
[3] Why the assignment statement regarded as symbolic?
Because during execution of the program, the expression to the rights of the equal
sign is reduced to a single number which is then stored in variable specified on
the left.
[4] How many variables may appear on the left of the eqal sign ion an
assignment statement?
Only one
[5] What are the rules for the naming of variables ?

They must begin with a letter [including the underscore], may contain only letters
and digits, may not include special characters may not be a keyword and the first
eight characters or so [depending upon the implementation] must be unique.
[6] What purpose is served by including white space in a program?
It highlights program statements and output, and makes the program listing easier
to read.
[7] Which of the two operators, multiplication or division has the higher
precedence?
Neither; they have the same priority level. If they are both present, they are
evaluated from left to right.
[8] Distinguish between the binary and the unary minus.
The binary minus has an operand before and after the minus sign, and is used for
subtraction. The unary minus has only one operand - to its right - and serves to
convert a positive value into its corresponding negative value and vice versa.
[9] What is meant by truncation?
It is the rounding down effect achieved, among other times, when an integer is
divided by another integer and resulting fractional portion is chopped off.
[10] What role is played by parenthesis in evaluating expression?

They override the normal priorities. What is contained within the parenthesis is
evaluated first, in the normal order.
[11] What is the modulus operator and how does it work ?
It is represented by the symbol %. It finds the remainder that is left when one
integer is divided by another integer.
[12] What is another name for floating point numbers?
Real numbers.
[13] What is the keyword that is used to declare floating point variables?
Float or double.
[14] What distinguishes floating point numbers from integrs?

Floating point numbers have a broader range; may have a fractional portion; are
stored differently; use the %e of %f conversion specifier rather than %d; and may
result in slower operations.
[15] What is a character constant?
It is a single character enclosed by single quotation marks.
[16] What is the maximum number of characters, which a variable of type char
can hold?
One
[17] What function enables a user to ionput information while the program is in
execution ?
The Scanf( ) function
[18] Which statement in C permits decisions to be made?
The if statement
[19] How many relational operators are there and what they are?
Six, as follows:
== equal to
!= not equal to
>= grater than or equal to
<= less than or equal to
< less than
> greater than
(20) What is the function of the else clause in an if statement?

If present, it is followed by a statement that is executed only if the condition being
tested proves to be false.
(21) What is a nested if statement?
An if statement in which the if clause or the else clause contains another if
statement.
[22] What is the difference between two operators = and = =?
The single equal sign means assignment whereas the double equal sign is a
relational operator used for testing purpose.

[23] Which operators can be used with the updating assignment operators?
All binary operators (+,-,*,/,% and others) can be used with the updating
assignment operators.
[24] What is the difference between pre-decrement and post-decrement
operators?
The pre-decrement decreases the value before the test expression while the post
decrement operator will decrease the value after the completion of the test
expression.
[25] What is the essential difference between a while and do..while loop?
A while loop prefers its test before the body of the loop is executed, whereas a
do… while loop makes the test after the body is executed.
[26] What happens if a condition in a while loop is initially false?
The whole loop is skipped over.
[27] Which is the better loop to use, the for loop or the while loop?
It depends on the nature of the problem to be solved, and upon the preference of
the programmer.
[28] Which is a special advantage of the for loop ?
The initialisation, condition and counter, i.e. modifier expression of the loop all
are specified within a single set of parenthesis.
[29] How does the for loop operates?

The first expression is executed once. Then the second expression is tested and if
it evaluates as true, the body of the for loop is executed. Then the third expression
is executed. [Usually to change the value of condition expression, i.e. test
variable] Once again the second expression is evaluated. As long as the second
expression is true, the body of the loop is executed, followed by the third
expression. When the second expression evaluates as false, the loop terminates.
[30] What is C pre-processor?
It is the first step in the compilation of a C program, which performs several
initial tasks, including the processing of constant definitions.
[31] What is meant by a nested for loop ?

In nested for loop, the body of one for loop contains another for loop.
[32] When is the comma operator used in a for loop ?
When the first [initialisation] and/or third [counter/modifier] expression of the for
statement contain more than one expression.
[33] What conversion specifications are used to print out the following ?
[a] an Integer
[b] a floating point number in decimal point.
[c] a floating point number in scientific notations.
[d] a single character.
%d is used for Integer, %f for floating point number in decimal point, %e
fro exponent values and %c for single character.
[34] What does the word ASCII stands for?
American Standard Code for information Interchange, which is the most popular
code used fro microcomputers.
[35] Which letters have higher ASCII values, upper case of lower case?
Lowercase characters.
[36] What are the ASCII codes for A to Z ?
65 to 90 respectively.
[37] What are the control characters?
The control characters are the unprintable characters through which the user can
control the output.
[38] Give some examples of control characters.
Backspace, tab, newline, carriage return, from feed and bell can be narrated as the
examples of control characters.
[39] How can a % sign be printed within a control string ?
By using two adajacent % signs.
[40] What is the difference between conversion specification letters used in printf
and those used ion scanf?
Generally there is no difference in the set of letters used. There is some difference
in operation, however; for example, %f is used in print always displays a floating

point number in decimal notation, but when it is used in scanf, it is equivalent to

%e, both of which accept a number ion either decimal or scientific notation.
[41] Distinguish between a user defined function and one supplied in the C
library?
The statements of a user-defined function are written as part of the program itself,
according to the programmer@ requirements whereas the library functions
available with C compiler is a readymade set of instruction which can be used by
the user in its as it is format.
[42] When is the execution of a function terminated?
Either when it executes the return statement or when the last statement in the body
of the function is executed.
[43] How many values can a function return ?
One
[44] What is the major difference between a function and a procedure?
A procedure does not return a value, while a function does. In C, the term
procedure is not used, since functions that return values are identical in overall
structure to those that do not.
[45] What is the meaning of the term debugging?
The work of finding and eliminating of errors from program is known as removal
of bugs [errors], i.e. debugging.
[46] What are the rules regarding the naming of a function ?
They are the same as for naming of variables.
[47] How often a function can be called?
As many times as needed.
[48] What does modular programming mean?
A program should be broken down into smaller sub-tasks, which ion turn may be
broken down again, so that the lowest -level functions are as simple as possible
(within reason).
[49] How is a function invoked?
Its name is specified, followed by a pair of parentheses, which contain the
parentheses if needed.

[50] What role does the return statement play?

It specifies the value to be returned by the function. It also terminates the
execution of the function.
[51] Where are global variables placed within a program?
Outside all function definitions, usually at the beginning of the program.
[52] Distinguish between local and global variables.
Local variables are declared within the body of the function. They can be referred
to only within the function, and they disappear once the function finishes
execution. Global variable are declared outside the function definitions, can be
referred to from any function, and remain in existence for the entire execution of
the program.
[53] What is a formal or dummy parameter?
It is like a local variable but is used to hold a value passed from the calling
function when a function is called.
[54] What values are returned by a Boolean function ?
Zero, representing false, or a non-zero value, representing true.
[55] How many parameters can be passed to a function ?
As many parameters as are specified in the function definition.
[56] What is an array?
An array is an ordered collection of elements that share the same name.
[57] What are the rules for naming arrays?

The rules for naming arrays are as for naming regular variables or function. An
array cannot have the same name for a variable or function within same program.
[58] What is the purpose of initialising an array?
Before any element of an array can be used, it must have a value. Initialising an
array gives a value to each of its elements.
[59] What is the use of break statement?
It provides a means of immediately terminating the execution of a loop.
[60] What criticisms can be levelled against the break statement?

It violates the tenets of structured programming, In that it permits a jump to

another part of the program.
[61] How is a string stored in an array in C?
It is terminated by the null character, which has the ASCII value 0 and is written
in C a “/0“
[62] What conversion specification usually is used to read in a string?
%s
[63] Is it obligatory to use all the elements of an array?
No, but the program must keep track of how many elements are being used, and
which ones.
[64] When a one-dimensional array is being declared, under what condition may
the dimension be omitted, with the array name followed by an empty pair of
square brackets?
If the entire array is being initialised within the declaration.
[65] What happens if the number of initialising values is greater than the
dimension specified for the array?
A syntax error occurs during compilation of the program, and the compilation is
aborted.
[66] What is the maximum number of dimensions an array in C may have?
Theoretically, there is no limit. The only practical limits are memory size and the
restrictions imposed by the compiler being used.
[67] What numeric value is associated with every memory location ?

Its address.
[68] How are variables names translated to their corresponding addresses?
With the &(address) operator.
[69] Why is it desirable in C to be able to refer to a particular memory location by
its address?
That is the only way a function can refer another function@ local variables.
[70] Why is it necessary to distinguish between a variable address and the
contents of that location ?

The content of variable may change during execution of the program, but its
address cannot be changed.
[71] What is the role-played by the & operator in a call to the scanf function ?
It passes the address of the variable being input, making it possible for the
contents of that location to be changed.
[72] What are the restrictions regarding the use of the & operator?
It can be used only before the name of a scalar variable or a subscripted array
element, not before an unsubscripted array name or an expression.
[73] Can addresses be stored? If so, where?
Addresses can be stored in pointer variable.
[74] What is the indirection operator, and what role does it play?
The indirection operator is the asterisk (*). When placed before the name of a
pointer variable, it means that the location being referred to is not pointer variable
but the location pointed out by the pointer variable.
[75] What does passing of reference mean?
Passing by reference is the term used to refer to the passing of a variable address
to a function.
[76] What is the fundamental difference between passing by value and passing by
reference?
When a variable is passed by value to a function, only its value is passed. The
function cannot change the contents of the variable. Passing by reference means
that the variable address is passed, giving the function the power to change the
contents of that variable.
[77] When a function is written to swap the value of two variables, what special
provisions must be made?
The parameters must be the addresses of the variables, and the contents of the
locations pointed to by the addresses must be exchanged.
[78] In what ways are arrays and pointer involved with each other?
The un-subscripted name of an array is interpreted as constant pointer; only a
pointer to an array can be passed to a function; any pointer variable can be
subscripted.

[79] Why & operator is not used with the array names in a scanf statement?
Since the name of an array is already & constant pointer, the & would be both
illegal and redundant.
[80] Why is only the address of an array's first element necessary in order to
access the entire array?
Since all the elements of an array are of the same type, and all the elements are
stored contiguously in memory, the location of the first element can be used to
find the second element, the third element and so on.
[81] In what order must the parameters of a function be declared?
They may be declared in any order.
[82] What can be said about adding an integer to a pointer?
It is illegal. It returns to a pointer, which is the original pointer incremented by the
number of target units specified by the integer.
[83] Under what circumstances can be pointer be subtracted from an integer?
Under no circumstances, it is legal. [The pointer can be caste into an integer, but
this rarely would have any value]. It is however, legal to subtract an integer from
a pointer.
[84] What is returned when a pointer is subtracted from a pointer and under
what conditions is tat permitted?
The result is the distance between pointer expressed in target units. The two
pointers must be of the same type, and the first pointer must have a greater value
than the one being subtracted from it.
[85] What are the conditions under which the <and> operators are meaningful
when used with pointer?
The two pointers must point to elements of the same array.
[86] Why it is harder to compare string than numeric values?
String cannot be compared in a single operation; each character must be compared
with its corresponding element in the other array.
[87] How can an array of strings be represented in C?
As a two-dimensional array of characters, in which each row is a separate string.
[88] What is the maximum number of labels permissible in a switch statement?

There is virtually no limit.

[89] What is the purpose of the switch statement?
The switch statement allows execution of its body to being at one of several
points, based on the value of an integer variable or expression.
[90] What is the role played by the break statement within a switch statement?
It causes the remaining statements in the body of the switch statement to be
skipped.
[91] What symbols are used to group together the statements comprising the body
of a switch statement?
The braces { and }.
[92] What keywords are always used in the body of a switch statement?
Case.
[93] What connection is there between the switch variable or expression and the
constants in the case labels?
Program control is transferred to the statement immediately following the case
label whose constant equals the value of the switch variable or expression.
[94] What role does the default label in a switch statement play?
If it is present, control transfers to the statement immediately following that label,
if the value of the switch variable or expression does not match any of the case
labels.
[95] In what order can the case labels be specified?
In any order that suits the logic of the program.
[96] Explain the action of the switch statement.
When the switch statement is encountered, the switch variable or exression is
evaluated. Program execution then continues at the case label whose constant is
equal to the value of the switch variable or expression. If no such case label
exists, execution continues at the default label if one is present. If neither a
matching case label nor a default label is present, the statements in the switch
statement body are skipped and execution continues at the statement following the
switch statement. If a break statement is encountered during execution of the

switch body, the rest of the statements in the body are skipped and execution
resumes after the switch statement.
[97] How can a string sorting technique be improved by resorting to pointer?
A pointer of any depth can represent the string. [limited only by the compiler]
instead of physically exchanging two strings when necessary, the pointers are
exchanged.
[98] What is the advantage of representing an array of strings by an array of
pointers to string?
If allows for easy moving of the strings by moving their pointers. It also allows
for the possibility that all the car array being pointed to may be of different
maximum lengths, thus, allowing for more efficient use of memory.
[99] What is another name sometimes given to arrays of type char?
Strings
[100] How is the end of a string recognized in C ?
By the null character ('\0')
[101] How is a literal accessed within a program?
By a pointer to the literal.
[102] What is the null string? What is its length?
The null string is an empty pair of double quotation marks@@. It is stored as null
character with no preceding characters. Its length is zero.
[103] What are static variables? Compare them with standard local variables?
A static variable is created when the program begins execution, and remains in
existence until the program terminates. A local variable declared, as static does
not disappear when the function ion which it is declared terminates.
[104] Explain the meaning of auto variable.
An auto variable comes to its existence when the function in which it is declared
is executed. It disappears when the function returns. The next time the function is
called, it is recreated.
[105] What is the role of the sprintf function ?
If stores its output in a string [ its first argument] instead of displaying or printing
it directly.

[106] What is the purpose of strcpy function ?

It stores one string, its second argument, into the array which is its first argument.
[107] How does the sscanf function operate ?
It operates exactly lilk the scanf function, except that it draws its input from a
string specified as its first argument instead from the keyboard.
[108] As a general concept, why is the validation of data is important?
When implemented to fullest, it assist the user in preventing errors frm occurring
in the input, alerts the user to the nature of the error, and also enables recovery
from the error to take place.
[109] What is meant by concatention? What function is used to achieve this
operation ?
Concatanation is the joining of two or more strings so that one begins where the
other ends. The strcat function concatenates its second argument to the end of its
first argument, which must be a variable string [an array].
[110] What function returns the length of a string?
The strlen function.
[111] What is an easy way of locating the end of a string?
Add the value returned by the strlen function to the pointer to the striog which
points to null character, the character that terminates the string.
[112] Under what circumstances is the malloc function useful?
When it is not known in advance how large an array will be and there is a need to
conserve memory.
[113] How does the malloc function operate?
The parameter of malloc function is the number of byets to be allocated. It returns
a pointer to a vacant area of memory of the specified size, or a value of 0 [null] if
the specifierd amount of memory cannot be allocated.
[114] What is the purpose of free function ?
It returns the memory allocated by the malloc function to the pool of free
memory. It is especially important to do this in program that place heavy
emphasis on memory allocation.
[115] What role does the size of operator play?

It returns the size in bytes [or, more generally char-sized units] of its operand.
[116] What is the min reason fro using structure?
In day-to-day applications, it is helpful to group together non-homogeneous data
into a single entity.
[117] What distinguishes an array from a structure?
Whereas the elements of an array are always of the same data type, the members
of a structure can be of different types.
118. What special keyword is used in defining a structure?

Struct
119. What is a template, and how does it relate to a structure ?

A template is a list of the members of a structure, alongwith their type
specifications enclosed in braces.
[120] What is a structure tag? What is its purpose?

A structure tag is a name associated with a structure template. This makes it
possible later to declare other variables of the some structure type without having
to rewrite the template itself.
[121] In what two ways can a structure variable be declared?

By preceding the variable name with the keyword struct and either [1] a
previously defined structure tag and / or [2] a template [optionally preceded by a
tag not previously defined.
[122] What is the connection between a structure and a new data type?
Associating a tag with a template makes it possible to use the tag [preceded by the
keyword struct] in the same way a type keyword is used, for example, to declare
variables or the types returned by functions.
[123] What is meant by an array of structures?

Each element is a structure in an array is called array of structure.
[124] In what sense can a structure be recursive?

It can contain other structures as members.
[125] What does nesting of structures mean?

It describes a situation in which a structure contains another structure as a
member.
[126] Narrate the restriction, which applies to the nesting of structures?

A structure cannot contain a member that is itself a structure of the same type as
the outer structure.
[127] What is a linked list?
A linked list is a group of structures in which the first structure points of the
second, the second points to third and so on.
[128] What must a structure include if it is to be a node in the linked list?
It must include a member that is a pointer to another structure of the same type.
[129] What is meant by C program being portable?
The program can be compiled and run on any c compiler with identical results.
[130] What, in general terms, is the role-played by C pre-processors?
It provides for the implementation of macros and conditional compilation.
[131] What symbol always precedes pre-processor directives?
The # sign.
[132] Where the line must all pre-processor directive begins?
The pre-processor must be able to distinguish between C identifiers and pre-
processor symbols. If, for example, a pre-processor constant has the same name as
a C variable, then the pre-processor replaces each occurrence.
[133] If pre processing is separate from compilation, why must identifiers in both be
named differently?
The pre processor must be able to distinguish between C identifiers and pre
processors symbols.

[134] How can a #define directive be continued to a new line?

The line that is to be continued with a backslash.
[135] Where can a pre-processor directive be written?
Anywhere at all in a program, so longas it starts in the starts in the first column of
a line and is not on the same line as another directive or C statement.
[136] Where can a preprocessor directive be split?

Whenever a blank space could safely be placed.
[137] What is macro, and what is it used for?
A macro is an abbrevation for a segment of code. It is useful whe n a sequence of
code is repeated often. In such a case, a macro saves the programmer typing
effort.
[138] What symbol is used to separate the arguments of a macro ?
The comma
[139] What can a macro argument consist of?
Any series of characters [except that the comma can be used only within
quotation mark or parenthesis.
[140] What is meant by a nested macro?
A macro whose definition include a reference to another macro.
[141] What role is played by the #undef directive?
It undefines a preprocessor symbol, meaning that it makes the preprocessor forget
that the symbol was defined. It is necessary if one wishes to change the value of a
preprocessor symbol.
[142] How is the #include directive used?
The file named in the directive is inserted into the program at the point where the
directive occurs.
[143] What are common uses of a header file?
To include various definitions that the programmer uses often; to include
definitions needed for certain operations; such as |/O; and to facilitate
communication between program files through the use of shared global variables.
[144] What is conditional compilation?

The including or excluding of certain program lines, depending on the value of

specified pre-processor symbols.
[145] State the reasons for using the #ifdef directive.
The #ifdef directive is used in order to pass certain lines of code of the compiler,
only if the specified pre-processor symbol is defined before the #ifdef directive is
encountered.
[146] How is the #ifndef directive used?
It passes lines of code to the compiler only if the specified pre-processor symbol
is not defined.
[147] When a C program is compiled, at what point is the pre-processor directive
processed?
The pre-processor runs first, before the program reaches the actual C language
compiler.
[148] What is characteristic of the #else and the #endif directive?
They are the only text permitted on the lines they occupy.
[149] How does the #if directive operate?
The #if directive is followed by an integer constant expression. If the expression
evaluates to a true [non-zero] value, the lines followed the directive are passed on
the compiler. Otherwise, the lines are omitted.
[150] What happens if a pre-processor symbol in the #if expression is underfed?
It is treated as having the value zero.
[151] What pre-processor symbol, if any, cannot be used in the expression of an #if
directive?
Symbol defined to be anything other than integer constant or expressions that
evaluate to integer constant.

MULTIPLE CHOICE
[1] C Language ha been developed by
[a] Ken Thompson [b] Dennis Ritchie
[c] Peter Norton [d] Martin Richards
[2] Language has been developed at
[a] Microsoft Corp. USA [b] At & T Bell Labs USA
[C] Borland International USA [d] IBM USA
[3] C Language come into existence in the year
[a] 1971 [b] 1957
[c] 1972 [d] 1983
[4] C is a
[a] Middle level language [b] 1957
[c] Low level language [d] None of above
[5] C can be used on
[a] Only DOS Operating System [b] Only UNIX Operating System
[c] Only Xenix operating system [d] All of above

[6] C programs are converted into machine level language with the help of:
[a] An Interpreter [b] A Compiler
[c] An operating system [d] None of above
[7] The real constant in c can be expressed in which of the following forms:
[a] Factorial form only [b] Exponential form only
[c] An operating system [d] None of above
[7] The real constant in c can be expressed in which of the following forms:
[a] Factorial form only [b] Exponential form only
[c] ASCII form only [d] Both fractional and exponential forms
[8] A Character variable can at a time store

[a] 1 character [b] 8 characters
[c] 254 characters [d] None of above
[9] The maximum width of a C variable name can be

[a] 6 characters [b] 8 characters
[c] 10 characters [d] 20 characters
[10] A C variable cannot start with

[a] An alphabet [b] A number
[c] A special symbol [d] Both B and C above
[11] Which of the following is allowed in a C Arithmetic Instruction

[a] [ ] [b] { }
[c] ( ) [d] None of above
[12] Which of the following statement is false?

[a] Each new C instruction has to be written on a separate line.
[b] Usually all C statements are entered in a small case letters.
[c] Blank spaces may be inserted between two words in a C statement.

[d] Blank spaces cannot be inserted within a integer variable.
[13] If a is an integer variable, a = 5/2 will return a value:

[a] 2.5 [b] 3
[c] 2 [d] 0
[14] Hierarchy of operators decides which operator

[a] is most important [b] is used first
[c] is fastest [d] operates an largest numbers.
[15] A expression contains relational operators, assignment operators and

arithmetic operators. In the absence of parenthesis, they will be evaluated in
which of the following order:
[a] assignment, relational , arithmetic [b] arithmetic, relational, assignment
[c] relational, arithmetic, assignment [d] assignment, arithmetic, relational
[16] The break statement is used to exit from:

[a] an if statement [b] a for loop
[c] a program [d] the main ( ) program
[17] A do-while loop is useful when we want the statements within the loop must
be executed:
[a] Only once [b] At-least twice
[c] More than once [d] None of the above.
[18] Arrays can be initialised provided they are

[a] Automatic [b] At-least twice
[c] More than once [d] None of the above.
[19] Arrays are passed as arguments to a function by

[a] value [b] reference

[c] both b & c [d] none of the above
[20] An array is a collection of

[a] different data types scattered throughout memory
[b] the same data types scattered throughout memory
[c] the same data types placed next to each other in memory
[d] different data types placed next to each other in memory
[21] Is this a correct array declaration ?

int num(25);
[a] Yes [b] No
[22] What is the difference between the 5@ in these two expressions? (Select the
correct answer)
int num [5];
num [5] = 11;
[a] first is particular element, second is type
[b] first is array size, second is particular element
[c] first is particular element, second is array size
[d] both specify array size.
[23] What will happen if you try to put so many values into an array when you
initialise is that the size of the array is exceeded?
[a] nothing [b] possible system malfunction
[c] error message from the compiler [d] other data may be overwritten.
[24] What will happen if you put too few elements in an array when you initialise
it?
[a] nothing [b] possible system malfunction
[c] error message from the compiler [d] elements with garbage values

[25] What will happen if you assign a value to an element of an array whose
subscript exceeds the size of the array?
[a] the element will be set to 0 [b] nothing, its done all the time
[c] other data may be overwritten [d] error message from the compiler
[26] When you pass an array as an argument to a function, what actually gets
passed ?
[a] address of the array [b] value of the elements of array.
[c] address of the first element of array [d] number of element of the array.
[27] Which of these are reasons for using pointers?

[a] To manipulate parts of array
[b] To refer to keywords such as for and if
[c] To return more than one value from a function
[d] To refer to particular programs more conveniently.
[28] If you do not initialize a static array, what will be the elements set to ?
[a] 0 [b] print( )
[c] scanf( ) [d] puts ( )
[30] Given the statement, maruti.engine.balls-25; which of the follwing is true?

[a] structure balls is nested within structure engione
[b] structure engine is nested within structure maruti
[c] structure maruti is nested within structure engine
[d] structure maruti is nested within structure balls.
[31] To receive the string "We have got the guns, you get the glory" in an array char
str[100] which of the following functions would you use?
[a] scanf(“%s”, str); [b] gets (str);
[c] getche(str); [d] fgetchar(str);

[32] Which function would you use if a single key is to be received through the
keyboard?
[a] scanf( ); [b] gets( ) ;
[c] getche( ) ; [d] getchar( );
[33] Ifan integer is to be entered through the keyboard, which function would you use?
[a] scanf( ); [b] gets( ) ;
[c] getche( ) ; [d] getchar( );
[34] If a character string is to be received through the keyboard which function would
work faster?
[a] scanf( ) ; [b] gets ( ) ;
[35] The format string of a printf( ) function can contain :

[a] characters, conversion, specifications and escape sequences
[b] characters, integers and floats
[c] strings, integers and esape sequence
[d] Inverted commas, percentage sign and backslash character
[36] A field width specifier in a print( ) function :

[a] Controls the margins of the program listing
[b] specifies the maximum value of a number
[c] controls the size of type used to print numbers
[d] specifies how many columns will be used to print the number.
[37] The macro FILE is defined in which of the following files:

[a] stdlib.h [b] stdio.c
[c] io.h [d] stdio.h
[38] On opening a file for reading which of the following activities are performed:
[a] The disk is searched for existence of the file.

[b] The file is brought into memory

[c] A pointer is set up which points to the first character in the file.
[d] All of above.
[39] Pick the odd one out:

[a] a= a+ 1; [b] a +=1;
[c] a++; [d] a=+1;
[40] The order of three parts of a loop expression in the for loop should be:
[a] Initialization, test, increment [b] test, initialisation, increment
[c] increment, test, initialization
[41] What is a preprocessor directive :

[a] a message from compiler to the programmer
[b] a message from compiler to the linker
[c] a message from programmer to the preprocessor
[d] a message from compiler to the microprocessor
[42] A header file is:

[a] a file that contains standard library functions
[b] a file that contains definitions and macros.
[c] a file that contains user defined functions.
[d] a file that is present in current working directory.
[43] It is necessary to declare the type of a function in the calling program if

[a] the function returns an integer
[b] the function returns a non-integer value.
[c] the function is not defined in the same file.
[d] none of the above.

[44] The declaration void function1 [int] indicates the function1 is a function
which
[a] has no arguments [b] returns something
[c] both a and b [d] none of the above.
[45] Recursive functions are executed in a

[a] Last in first out order [b] First in first out order
[c] parallel fashion[d] any one of the above.
[46] When a function is recursively called, all automatic variables :

[a] are initialised during each execution of the function.
[b] are retained from the last execution
[c] are maintained in a stack
[47] A static variable is one

[a] which cannot be initialised.
[b] which is initialised once at the commencement of execution and cannot be
changed at run time.
[c] retains its value throughout the life of the program
[d] which is same as an automatic variable put is placed at the head of the
program.
[48] An external variable is one

[a] which is globally accessible by all functions.
[b] has a declaration "extern" associated with it when declared within a function.
[c] will be initialised to 0 if not initialised.
[d] all of above.
[49] A switch statement is used to :

[a] switch between functions in a program.

[b] switch from one variable to another variable.

[c] to choose from multiple possibilities which may arise due to different values
of a single variable.
[d] to use switching variables.
[50] The statement #include<math.h> is written at the top of a program to

include:
[a] the beginning of the program.
[b] the program does heavy mathematical calculations
[c] that certain information about mathematical library functions are to be
included at the beginning of the program.
[51] The function fprintf is used in a program.

[a] when too many printf calls have been already used in the program.
[b] in place of printf, sice printf uses more memory
[c] when the output is to be printed on to a file.
[d] when the type of the variables to be printed are not known.
[52] The declaration unsigned u indicates

[a] u is an unsigned character [b] u is an unsigned integer.
[c] u is a character [d] none of the above.
[53] A declaration "short int" is used for variables

[a] which have a short duration in a program
[b] which have short names
[c] which may require less storage than normal integers.
[d] all of above.
[54] Which of the following 'C' type is not a primitive data structure?
[a] int [b] float

[c] char [d] none of the above.
[55] The library function exit( ) causes an exit from

[a] the loop in which it occurs [b] the block in which it occurs
[c] the function in which it occurs [d] none of these.
[56] The getch( ) library function

[a] returns a character when any key to pressed
[b] returns a character when enter is pressed
[c] returns and displays a character on the screen when any key is pressed.
[57] A default argument has a value that

[a] may be supplied by the calling program or function
[b] related data items and variables
[c] integers with user defined names
[d] none of them.
[58] A structure brings together a group of

[a] items of the same data type [b] related data items and variables.
[c] integers with user defined names. [d] none of them.
[59] The &&(and) operators

[a] compare two numeric values [b] combine two numeric values
[c] compare two Boolean values [d] perform none of the above.
[60] The break statement causes an exit

[a] to the innermost loop
[b] only from the innermost loop or switch
[c] none of the above.

[61] In a for loop with a multi statement loop body, semicolons should appear ion
following:
[a] the for statement itself.
[b] the crossing brace in the multiple statement loop body.
[c] each statement within the loop body and the text expression.
[62] When an array name is passed to a function, the function

[a] Accesses exactly the same array with the same name as the calling program.
[b] Accesses a copy of the array passed by the program
[c] Refers to the array using the same name as that used by the calling program
[d] Does none of the above.
[63] The first element in a string is

[a] the name of the string[b] the first character in the string
[c] the length of the string [d] none of the above.
[64] A pointer is
[a] Address of a variable.
[b] An indication of the variable to be accessed next.
[c] a variable for storing address.
[d] None of the above.
[65] If an array is used as a function argument, the array is passed

[a] by value [b] by reference
[c] None of the above [d] call by name.
[66] A data file must be closed using

[a] fprintf( ) function [b] fclose( ) function
[c] Exit function [d] none of the above.
[67] The statement FILE *fpt,

[a] defines a pointer to pre-defined structure type FILE

[b] defines a pointer to user defined structure type FILE
[c] defines a pointer to pre-defined data type FILE DESCRIPTOR.
[68] The function fgets and fputs

[a] reads and write strings from or to data files
[b] reads and write strings from or to input / output stream
[c] reads and write records from or to daa files.
[69] When one-dimensional character array of unspecified length is assigned an initial

value
[a] an arbitrary character is automatically added to the end of the string.
[b] '10'is added to the end of string.
[c] length of the string is added to the end of the string
[d] any of the abov.
[70] In order to check whether an input number is vowel or not, an efficient multiway
decision making routine can be written using
[a] while loop [b] switch
[c] if-then-else [d] none of the above
[71] Enumeration variables can be used in

[a] search statement [b] break statement
[c] preprocessor commands [d] All of the above
[72] #define preprocessor command can be used for defining

[a] macros [b] for loop
[c] symbolic constants [d] both [a] and [c]

[73] Which of the following statements is true after execution of the program.
Int a[10], I, *p;
A[0] = 1;
A[1] = 2;
P = a;
(*p) ++;
a. a[0] = 2 b. a[1] = 3
c. a[1] = 2 d. all
[74] Consider the following program fragment

main ( )
{
int a, b, c';
b = 2;
a = 2* (b++);
c=2* (++b);
}
which one of the given answer is correct ?
a. a = 4, c = 6. b. a = 3, c = 8.
c. b = 3, c = 6. d. a = 4, c = 8.
[75] Given the following program fragment, which one of the alternatives is correct ?
main ( )
{
char status;
int balance;
balance = 1000;
status = (balance >= 1000)? ‘C’: ‘O’ ;
}
a. status = ‘O’ b. status = ‘C’
c. status = O; d. status = NIL

[76] How many times will the printf statement be executed ?

main ( )
int n;
n = 10;
while (n < 10)
{
printf (“hello!”);
--n;
}
}
a. never b. once
c. 10 d. 9
[77] If the following loop is implemented

main ( )
{
int num;
num = 0;
do
{
--num;
pritnf(“%d”, num);
num++ ;
}while (num >=0)
}
a. the loop will run infinitely many times.
b. the program will not enter the loop.
c. there will be a compilation error reported.
d. a run time error will be reported.

[78] What is the final value of digit ?

main ( )
{
int digit;
for (digit = 0; digit <=9; ++digit)
{
print{“%d\n”, digit);
digit = 2* digit;
-- digit;
}
}
a. 10 b. -1
c. 17 d. 16
[79] What is the final value of sum ?

main ( )
{
int sum = 1;
for (;sum <=9;)
print(“%d\n”, ++sum);
}
a. 10 b. 9
c. 11 d. none of the above
[80] What is the value of average after the following program is executed ?
main ( )
{
int, sum, index;
index = 0;
sum = 0;
for (; ;)

{
sum = sum + index ;
++ index;
if (sum >= 100) break;
}
average = sum/index;
}
a. 91/4 b. 91/13
b. 105/15 c. 105/14
[81] What is the output of the following program ?
main ( )
{
int x, y, z;
X=2
Y = 1;
Z = 1;
If (x > y + z)
Print(“Hello\n”);
Else if (x < y + z)
Printf (“Hey!n”);
Else
Printf (“Hey!n”);
}
a. Hi ! b. Hello !
c. Hey ! d. None
[82] What is the value of variable POLYGON ?

main ( )
{
int POLYGON, L, B;
L = B = 2;

POLYGON = (L = = B) ? 1:0:
}
a. 0 b. 1
c. 2 d. None of the above
[83] The output of the above program will be

#define two (×) 2* ×
# define ddouble (x) x+x
main ( )
{
int num, sum, product;
num = 1;
sum =-two (num); -sum;
product = -dddouble (num);
print(“%d%d\n“, sum, product);
a. 00 b. 0 1
c. 11 d. 1 0
[84] The following program fragment

main ( )
{
int sum, index;
index = 50;
while (index >=0)
{
}
a. will give a run time error b. wil give a compilation error
c. will give a linking error d. none of the above
[85] What is the output of teh following program ?

main ( )
{
int B, X, Y, Z;
X = 1;
Y = 2;
Z = 3;
if ((X > 1) (Y > 1))
if (Z > 1)
print ("O.K.=n“) ;
else break ;
if (X > 1) && (Z >3))
printf (“Bye\n”);
print(“Hello“) ;
}
a. O.K. Bye b. Bye
c. O.K. d. Hello!
(86) What is the output of this program ?

main ( )
{
float balance, loan ;
balance = 1000.0;
loan = balance/10;
if (balance > 500) (loan < 500)
printf(“good account=n”);
if(balance < 500) (loan < 500)
printf(“caution !\n”);
}
a. good account b. caution
b. good account caution d. good account caution.

(87) The following lines, if included in a program, will cause one of the following
errors. Indicate the correct one.
{double c;
scanf(“%c”, c);
}
a. Runtime error b. Compilation error
c. Typedf error d. No error
[88] If the following variable are set to the values as shown below, then what is the
value of the expression following it ?
answer = 2;
marks = 10;
!(answer > 5) (marks > 2))
a. 1 b. 0
c. -1 d. 2
[89] What is the following program doing ?

main ( )
{
int digit = 0;
do
{
print(“%d\n”, digit++);
while (digit <=9);
}
a. Adding 9 integers b. Adding integers from 1 to 9
c. Displaying any 9 integers d. Displaying integers from 1 to 9
[90] Consider the program fragment

switch(choice) {

case 'R' : print(“RED”);

case 'W' :printf(WHITE");
case 'B' : printf(“BLUE”);
default : printf (“ERROR”);
break ;
}
what would be the output if choice = 'R' ?
a. RED b. RED ERROR
c. RED WHITE, BLUE ERROR d. RED, WHITE, BLUE
[91] If c is a variable initialised to 1, how many times will the following loop be
executed ?
while ((c > 0) && (c < 60)) {
loop body
c ++; }
a. 60 b. 59
c. 61 d. 1
[92] If x and y are variable are declared as double x = 0.005, y = -0.01; What is the
value of cell (x + y), where cell is a function to computer celling of a number ?
a. 1 b. 0
c. 0.005 d. 0.5
[93] The for statement which can precede a loop to be executed 50 times or till a
Boolean variable “found” becomes falase is give by
a. for (i = 0; i <= 50 found == false; i++)
b. for (i = 0; i < 50 found = = true; i++)
c. for (i = 1; i < = 50 found = = true; i++)
d. none of the above
[94] Consider the following declarations

typedef struct {
char name [20];
char middlename [5];
char surname [20];
} NAME
NAME class [20];
Here,
a. class is an array of 20 characters only
b. class is an array of 20 names where each name consists of a name, middlename
and surname
c. class is a new type
[95] What would be the values assigned to a,b,c if the statement scanf(“%d %d %d”,
&a, &b, &c) is extended with input data item 123456 ?
a. a = 12, b = 34, c = 56
b. a = 1, b = 2, c = 3
c. a = 123456 and nothing is assigned to b and c
d. a and b are not assigned anything, c = 123456
[96] What would be the values assigned to a, b and c is the statement scanf(“3d, %3d,
%3d”, &a,&b, &c) is executed with input data as 1234b5678b9 (b denotes
blank) ?
a. a = 123, b = 4, c = 567 b. a = 123, b = 567, c = 9
c. a = 123, b = 456, c = 789 d. a = 1234, b = 5678, c = 9
[97] What would be the values of I, x and c if scanf(“3d. %5f. %c”, &I, &x, &c) is
executed with inpout data 10b256.875T ?
a. i = 10, b = 56,875, c = T b. i = 100, b - 256.87, c = T
c. i = 010, b = 256.87 c = '5' d. i = 10, b = 256.8, c = '7'

[98] What would be the assignments if char s[100]; int d; float f; scanf(“%s, %*f, %f”,
&d, &f) is executed with input data fastener b12345b5
a. s = “fastener”, d = 12345, f = 0.05 b. s = “fastener”, d = 123*45, f = 0.05
c. s = “fastener”, f = 0.05 d. s = “fastener”, d = 0.05
[99] What would be the output of the following program fragment ?

{
int i = 12345;
float × = 145.678'
printf(“%3d, %d, %8d”, i,i,i);
}
a. 123 123 123 b. 12345 12345 12346
c. 12345 d. 1 2 3
[100] In the following statement

fprint(fpt, “%n”, i) the variable fpt is
a. a character variable b. arbitrarily assigned a value
c. a pointer to a file d. a special kind of variable called “file”.
[101] Consider the following declaration

struct list {
int x';
struct list *next;
}*head;
The statement head.× = 100
a. assigns 100 to one element of the structure list
b. creates a node of type list and assigns a value to x
c. creates a head of the list
d. is an erroneous statement.

[102] How many times will the following loop be executed ?

cl = 'a';
while (c) > = 'a' && c1 <='z')
{
c1 ++;
}
a. 25 b. 26
c. 0 d. 1
[103] What is the following function doing ?

test (a,b)
int a, b;
{
int z = (abs(a) >=abs(b)) ? a:b;
return (z):
}
a. finds the maximum of a and b;
b. returs the minimum of a and b;
c. returns the member whose absolute value is largest
[104] What will be the output of the following program ?

{
int i = 1234; i=0177, k=0xa08c;
printf(“%8d, %80x\n”, i, k);
a. 1234 1777 a08c b. 1234 |abc a08c

c. 00001234 01aa ax d. 1234 0777 ao8o
[105] What is the following function doing ?

main ( )
char line [80];
gets (line);
puts (line);
}
a. prints horizontal straight lines an screens
b. prints 80 vertical lines on screen
c. reads in a line of 80 characters
d. reads and prints lines composed of characters
[106] if I, j, k are integers, the scanf function to enter i, j, k such that i is

decimal, i is octal and k is hexadecimal would be
a. scanf(“%x, %x, %8x” i, j, k) b. scanf(“%d, %o, %x”, i, j, k)
c. scanf(“%d, %o, %x” &I, &j, &k) d. scanf(“%d, %8d, %16d”, &i,
&j, &k)
[107] How many times will the following loop be executed if the input data
item is 01234 ?
while (c = getchar( )!) {
a. infinitely b. never
c. once d. 5 times
[108] What would be the value of c ?

{

int c;
float a, b;
a = 245.05;
b = 40.02;
c = a + b;
[109] What would be the value of i and k ?
{
int i, j, k;
I = 5;
I = 2 * j/2;
K = 2* (i/2);
}
a. i = 5, k = 5 b. i = 4, k = 4
c. i = 5, k = 4 d. 4
[111] How many times will be the following loop be executed ?

{
x = 5;
if (x = 1) {
x++;}
}
a. never b. once
c. 5 times d. infinitely many times
[112] If an integer occupies 5 bytes and a character occupies 1 bytes of

memory, each element of the following structure would occupy how
many bytes ?

struct name {
int age ;
char name [20];
}
a. 5 b. 24
c. 2] d. 22
[113] A short integer occupies 2 bytes, an ordinary integer 4 bytes and a

long integer occupies 8 bytes of memory. A structure is defined as
struct TAB {
short a ;
int b;
long c ;
}
TABLE [10];
Then the total memory requirement for TABLE is
a. 14 b. 140
c. 40 d. 24
[114] The library function sqrt operates on a double precision argument. If, i
is an integer variable, which one of the following calls would
correctly compute sqrt(i) ?
a. sqrt ((double)i) b. (double) sqrt(i)
c. (double)(sqrt(i)) d. sqrt(i)
[115] Consider a part of a loop as shown below.

for (i = 0; i <= 10000; i ++)

{ :
:
If (error < 0.005) break :
}
The above loop will
a. always run for 10,000 times b. will never run for 10,000
times
c. may or may not run for 10000 times d. none of the above.

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FACULTY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

Q-2 Explain the features of C

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Which features have made C so popular?

Q.3 Write a note on C Character Set

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Main() function Section

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Whereas the mintissa is a real number expressed in decimal notation or an integer.

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C supports a feature known as type definition that allows user to define an

Q-13 Write a note on Storage Classes in C.

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extern Global variables known to all functions in the file.

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- Substraction or unary minus

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2. if(number<0 !! number > 100)

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&o reads an octal integer

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(f) Write a note on putchar ( ) or putch ( ) or putche ( )

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avg = total /7;

(c) Nested … if condition

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(d) Switch statement

The switch statement most often appears as follows :

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[e] The goto statement

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Q-19. Explain following loop contructs

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(b) Do-while Loop

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Expression-1 is the initialisation expression, usually as assignment, which is

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An array must be declared, since it is a type of variable. An array containing five

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Q.26 What is recursion ?

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It is suggested to use print( ) statement during the development of the recursive

Q.27. What is a structure? How to declare it ?

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C supports a constructed data type known as structure, which is a method for

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for (I=0; I<3;I++)

Q-34 What is file function? Explain the usage of file functions in C.

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General sequence for file 1/O is always as:

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Function used to close file is…

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Syntax : fputc(int, file pointer);