Map 67 Antiochia

Compiled by P.-L. Gatier (Syria) and T. Sinclair, 1997

with the assistance of M. Ballance

Introduction
Turkey Eastern Cilicia, known as Kilikia II in Late Roman times, is a mixture of rugged mountains and a very fertile coastal plain. A century ago, much of this plain was swampy, malarial and underpopulated. Since then, drainage and irrigation have brought prosperity. While bearing in mind the more limited resources available, it is probably fair to assume that for much of antiquity conditions resembled those of a century ago. In such flat country there must have been changes in the course of the rivers: the Pyramos, for instance, seems to have had two mouths, one in roughly the present position, and the other just west of Magarsa (Map 66 G3). The positions of the main ancient settlements in the plain are all reasonably certain, although several, including Epiphaneia, Phlaouiopolis and Neronias, have yet to be confirmed epigraphically. In the mountainous areas of the Amanus and on the southern slopes of the Taurus, there may have been larger areas of forest than today; they are, after all, regions where goats and (in the more accessible parts) charcoal-burners have long been active. The fact that the map shows very few ancient settlements in these mountains is due partly to the lack of modern research; but there is no recorded ancient city that can possibly be located here, in sharp contrast to Cilicia Tracheia further west with its numerous small cities. Apart from the rift valley on the east side of the mountain range itself, the entire area east of the Amanus is rolling countryside, much of it fertile, underlain by dry, chalky rock. Above ground, the physical fabric of the ancient sites has for the most part been erased by very active, populous medieval occupation. Few inscriptions have been found, and few more are likely to be found. For various reasons, there has been little survey or excavation of classical remains, except in the vicinity of Antioch and downstream thence along the R. Orontes. The district east of the R. Euphrates is the least explored; here some ancient sites are known only from pre-World War I travel literature, and have not been checked since. There is a striking number of Late Antique monasteries in the entire region which are named in texts, but whose sites have yet to be identified. The rescue excavations in the shadow of the Atatrk dam downstream, and upstream of Samsat (ancient Samosata), have not shed light on any sites known to ancient authors. The map reflects a re-evaluation of previous scholarship on the alignment of roads and siting of way-stations and other settlements. Even so, rather than relying on traces followed over a continuous course, the basis for most identifications remains the ancient itineraries, a few observed sections of road, the known bridges, and modern toponymy. Within modern Turkey, those way-stations and settlements named only in the itineraries are all assigned to the Late Antique period; the possibility that some were established earlier remains open, however. Syria The map reflects important differences between the three regions of northern Syria today. These regions comprise the mountainous Kurd Dagh, in the north-west of the country; the so-called Limestone Massif, directly south of Kurd Dagh; and the eastern steppes. The Kurd Dagh has been completely neglected by modern research. By contrast, the regions of Antiochia and Apamea (Map 68 B3) further south continue to be the subject of many studies, not least because of the threat from rising population. These regions include the semi-deserted Limestone Massif, where hundreds of villages still display important, well-preserved ruins from the Roman and Late Antique periods. Only the more significant can be marked on a map at this scale. The eastern steppes had been neglected by travelers and archaeologists. Recently, however, the building of dams on the Euphrates has generated new surveys and excavations along its banks and those of several other rivers in the eastern plains (Qoueiq, Sadjour, Balikh).

1028

MAP 67 ANTIOCHIA

Most of this work has been carried out by orientalists and prehistorians. New information is therefore emerging; at the same time, many sites are being submerged or destroyed before a satisfactory record has been made of them. Traces of Hellenistic land division appear around Beroia (Dodinet 1990). The evidence of one Roman centuriation-system is clear in many parts of the Limestone Massif; in some of its localities a different system has also been detected (Tate 1992, 235). The main landscape changes are directly connected to water resources, and have occurred during the last thirty years. The great dam of the Euphrates at Tabqa, above Raqqa (ancient Nicephorium, Map 68 G2), has created a vast lake (Lake al-Assad), which covers a large part of the valley formerly occupied by the meanders of a sinuous river with several channels. Those channels were used for irrigation and water transport as early as the Bronze Age, and most seem to have been in use during classical antiquity. As a further consequence of these modern developments, there has been a dramatic shrinkage of the large salt lakes and swamps of the sub-desert regions, the Jabboul Lake (F4) and el-Math (Map 68 D2), into which the rivers Nahr ed-Dahab (ancient Dardas) and Qoueiq (ancient Belus) empty respectively.

Directory
All place names are in Turkey unless otherwise noted Abbreviations
Chronicon I-II Honigmann I-II ItEg RfAC RLAss TIB Kilikien VVMonoph Anonymi Auctoris Chronicon ad annum Christi 1234 pertinens, vol. 1, J.-B. Chabot (ed.), CSCO 56, Louvain, 1952; Anonymi Auctoris Chronicon ad a. C. 1234 pertinens, vol. 2, M. Abouna (ed.), notes and index by J.-M. Fiey, CSCO 154, Louvain, 1974. E. Honigmann, Historische Topographie von Nordsyrien im Altertum, I: ZDPV 46 (1923) 149-93; II: ZDPV 47 (1924) 1-64 Itinerarium Egeriae, P. Marval (ed.), grie, Journal de voyage, Sources chrtiennes 296, Paris, 1982 Reallexikon fr Antike und Christentum, Stuttgart, 1950Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archologie, Berlin, 1928F. Hild and H. Hellenkemper, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 5.1, Kilikien und Isaurien, DenkWien 215, 1990 Vitae virorum apud Monophysitas celeberrimorum, 2 vols., E.W. Brooks (ed.), CSCO 7-8, Louvain, 1955

Names
Grid E3 B4 Name Abarara Ad Orontem Ad Serta = Ariseria Ad Zociandem? = Nisibyn Adatha Aigai(ai)/ Aegeae Ain Dara Alai = (H)Alai Alexandria ad Issum Alexandros, Mon. Aliaria Amanikai Pylai Period RL L Modern Name / Location Babarer at or near Samanda (town) Bapnar Yumurtalk, formerly Ayas Esentepe, in town of skenderun Houeidjit Halawa SYR Kmrler? Aslan Boaz Reference RE Syria, cols. 1675-76 RE Syria, col. 1669; ItMiller 761

E1 B3 D4 C3 G4 D2 D2

RL HRL H HRL L RL CHR

Hild 1977, 138-40 TIB Kilikien 160-64; Cohen 1995, 355-57 Abu Assaf 1990 Hellenkemper 1986, 112-15; NPauly Alexandreia 3 BE 1995.610 RE Syria, col. 1675; T. Sinclair RE 2

MAP 67 ANTIOCHIA Grid C3 C4 G4 Name Amanikai Pylai/ Ciliciae Portae Amanus M. Amphipolis/ Tourmeda/ Nikatoris? Anazarbos/ Caesarea/ Ioustin(ian)oupolis Agrippias Anthemusia? Antigonia Antiochia/ Theoupolis Iopolis Antiochia ad Callirhoem = Edessa Antiochia ad Euphratem = Ourima Antiochia ad Pyramum = Mallos Apamea Aquae (...) Arianodum Ariaramneia/ [Rodandos] Ariseria/ Ad Serta Arkeuthos/ Iaphtha fl. Arsameia pros Nymphaio Arulis = Ourima C3 B1 H3 G3 D4 C4 Baiae Baisampse? = Chordiraza? Baka Balaneion Tiberinon = Nymphaion Balihu/ Balissus fl. Belias fl. Ballatha Bambyke = Hierapolis Baqirha *Basileia RL L AC/ R L R RL L Payas Eski Feke Balikh SYR / TKY Arslan Tash SYR SYR Paslkaya, formerly Baslika Suruc ItMiller 753; TIB Kilikien 206-207 TIB Kilikien 207-208 RLAss; T. Feyter RE Dillemann 1962, 181, 183 Tchalenko 1990, 121-26; Callot 1997, 742-44 RE Syria, col. 1710-11; T. Sinclair Period R?L/ R?L CHRL HR/ HR/ HRL HRL/ R/ L R RL H AHRL/ L Modern Name / Location Karanlkkap Nur Dalar Jebel Khaled, Kara Membidj SYR Anavarza Kalesi Reference RE 3; Hellenkemper 1986, 101-102; TIB Kilikien 174 NPauly Amanos Gawlikowski 1996, 128

1029

B2

Gough 1952; TIB Kilikien 178-85; NPauly TIB Kilikien 34

G3 C4 C4

Suruc region SW corner of Amuk plain Antakya

RE; T. Sinclair Grainger 1990, 37-38; NPauly Antigoneia 1; T. Sinclair PECS; NPauly Antiocheia 1

F2 F2 F1 A1 F3 C4 H1

HRL L L RL/ L RL/ L HR

Keskince, formerly Tilmusa Yavuzeli Kapdere?

Wagner 1976, 75-84; NPauly Apameia 4 Archi 1971, 32-33 ItMiller 762; T. Sinclair See Map 66 RE Syria, cols. 1668-69; T. Sinclair ItMiller 768 RE Syria, cols. 1555-56; T. Sinclair NPauly 2

Nahr al-Qawshit (continuation of Kara Su) Kocahisar, formerly Eski Kahta

G3

Batnae/ Markopolis Anthemusia? *Bathnae Mari? [Batnon da-Serugh] Bemmaris Charax Sidou Sathena

RL/ L HRL RL L RL? R L

RE Batnai; Jones 1971, 221 RE ItMiller 768; T. Sinclair Palmer 1993, 274 ItMiller 768; T. Sinclair RE Anthemusia Dillemann 1962, 171

1030 Grid F4 D4 E4 E4 G3 F4 F2 G2 D4 B4 B4 G3 E4 G2 F1 F2 F2 G1 G1 H3 E2 H1 F4 E3 B2 C4 H1 G3 D4 E1 B2 Name Batnai Behyo Belus/ Chalos? fl. Beroia Bersiba *Beselatha Birtha Bithias Bizika Burunlu Bytyllion Caeciliana Caesarea = Anazarbos Callicome Can(n)aba Capadox fl. Capersana Caphrena Capriandas Carbanum Caranon Carrhae Catabana Katamana Cesum = Nisus Chabina fl. Chalos? fl. = Belus fl. Chalybonitis Chaonia/ Channunia Hanunea Charakene Charandama Charmodara Cholmadara Chordiraza?/ Baisampse? *Chorion tou Hormisdou Cilca Novum Cilicia Ciliciae Portae = Amanikai Pylai Ciliza/ Urmagiganti Commagene Coryphaeus M. Cyrrestice Cyrrus/ Hagioupolis Period RL R?L RL/ C HRL R L L R RL R RL RL R RL? L L R L L ACHRL RL? L R?L H?R R/ RL R HR L RL RL/ R L L CHRL

MAP 67 ANTIOCHIA Modern Name / Location near Tell Botnan SYR SYR Qoueiq SYR Alep SYR Tell Ahmar SYR Buza'a SYR Birecik ky? Babisqa SYR Karabak? W bank R. Euphrates, S R. Sadjour SYR suburb of Beroia SYR Yuvack? upper Gk Su Gmgn, formerly Ehne Ank Ky? ambayat? Eski Samsur? Altnbaak, formerly Harran (Old) Badin Cendere Su and lower Kahta ay district E R. Euphrates SYR Reference Cumont 1917, 19-23; Honigmann I.102 Tchalenko 1990, 157-61 Balty 1982 Dussaud 1927, 473 NPauly 3 Dillemann 1962, 182 Honigmann I.109 RE 1 RE; T. Sinclair Tchalenko 1990, 113-19; Feissel 1991, 296-97 TIB Kilikien 219 Dussaud 1927, 425 Gatier 1994 ItAnt 195.4; Dussaud 1927, 450 ItMiller 768-69; T. Sinclair RE Syria, col. 1556 RE Syria, cols. 1698-99; T. Sinclair Dillemann 1962, 170; T. Sinclair RE Syria, cols. 1671-72 RE Syria, cols. 1671-72 RE RE Syria, cols. 1656-58; Sinclair 1990, 32 RE; IGLSyr 1.39 Ptol. 5.14.13 RE 2; Archi 1971, 32-33 area around Kadirli Hrldama Kocan, at junction of Chabina and Euphrates near Qalaat Nadjm, on E bank of Euphrates; Sarrin SYR Bab el-Hawa SYR Nurhak? S Cappadocian Taurus and ukurova Kilis N part of upper Euphrates basin Musa Da Cyrrus region Nebi Ouri SYR Jones 1971, 204-205 RE Syria, col. 1711 ItMiller 684; RE; Mitford 1977, 508 Dillemann 1962, 94, 178, 182; Balty 1990, 99-102; Gogrfe 1995 IGLSyr 2.528; Tchalenko 1953 I, 393-94 ItMiller 684; T. Sinclair RE Kilikia

E3 D2 B4 D3 D3

RL?/ RL? HRL RL HRL HRL/ L

RE Syria, cols. 1675-76 RE Suppl. 4 Kommagene RE Syria, cols. 1554, 1580 Ptol. 5.14.10; Frzouls 1977 Frzouls 1977

MAP 67 ANTIOCHIA Grid H3 Name Dabana/ Tharrana/ Mannouorra Davana Daiara/ Thiara Daphne Dardas fl. Darqita Deba? = Tyba Dhs Doliche Edessa/ Antiochia ad Callirhoem Urhay Eirenopolis/ Neronias Epiphaneia = Oeniandos Epiphaneia ad Euphratem Eragiza Eski Hisar Eskiehir Euphrates fl. Europos Jerbas Fadana Flavias = Phlaouiopolis F4 B4 C4 D2 D1 D4 *Gabboula Georgia Gephyra Gerbedisso Germanikeia Caesarea Germanice Germanicia Gindaros Gindareni Hagioupolis = Cyrrus (H)Alai Heracome Iaracopama Hierapolis/ Bambyke Mabog Hierapolis/ Kastabala el-Hosn Hydatos Potamoi/ Seleukeia Pieria Iaphtha fl. = Arkeuthos fl. Imma In Medio Ioustin(ian)oupolis = Anazarbos L RL? RL RL RL R R HRL R RL L L HRL HRL RL C/ HRL RL RL? Jabboul SYR Kale Jisr al-Hadid Keferdiz Kahramanmara, formerly Mara Jenderes SYR Honigmann I.182 RE Syria, col. 1689 ItMiller 764-67 RE Syria, col. 1675; T. Sinclair EncIs Marash Tchalenko 1953 III, 95 Period R?L/ RL/ R R R/ L HRL C RL RL RL HRL/ RL HRL RL/ R HRL RL R R?L HRL L L Modern Name / Location Ain el-Arous SYR Reference Dillemann 1962, 177, 181-82; Gawlikowski 1988, 96 (n. 62) Dillemann 1962, 179; T. Sinclair NPauly 4 Dussaud 1927, 475-76 Tchalenko 1990, 121-26 Sodini 1980 Cumont 1917, 173-202 RfAC Edessa; NPauly 2 TIB Kilikien 245-48 Grainger 1990, 138 Stucky 1972 Wagner 1983, 107-109 TIB Kilikien 252 See Map 93 Honigmann I.177 Nau 1902, 12 ItEg 21

1031

G3 C4 F4 D4 D4 E2 H2 C2 F2 G4 G2 C2 G2 G3

Cerdo? Harbiye Nahr ed-Dahab SYR SYR SYR Dlk anlurfa, formerly Urfa Dzii, formerly Haruniye Tilbe Hyk Tell el-Hajj SYR

Jerablous / Cerablus (Carchemish) SYR / TKY 6 m.p. on road Carrhae to Edessa

H3

B3 G2 F3 C2 C4 B4

Alakese, formerly Alakilise near Kzlkaya Membidj SYR Bodrum Kalesi SYR Kapsuyu / Kaboussi

TIB Kilikien 169-70 RE Syria, cols. 1669-71; French 1983, 89 Goossens 1943 RE Kastabala; Cohen 1995, 366-68 Tchalenko 1953 I, 14 RE Syria, col. 1556; RE Seleukeia 2

D4 G2

Yeniehir, near Reyhanl armelik?

RE ItMiller 769; T. Sinclair

1032 Grid B3 C3 D4 D1 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 G3 H1 C3 B1 C3 B3 D4 C3 D4 B3 C3 D4 D4 C3 H1 C2 C4 B4 H1 D4 D4 A3 H3 H2 F2 C4 C4 C3 C4 Name Issicus Sinus Kilikios Kolpos Mariandikos Kolpos Issus/ Nikopolis Kalota Kan' Kapernabou Kaprobarada *Kaprokera Kaprokeram(a) *Kaprokilla Kaproliaba Kara Kozak Karaku Karaylan Karmalas? fl. Karsos fl. Kastabala = Hierapolis Katabolos/ Moutloubake Kharab Shems Kilikiai Pylai Kimar *Kirkota Kodrigai Koryphe Oros Kynegike Cynegia Labotas fl. Lacotena Lakanatis Larmanaza Lepte Akra Lidar Litarba/ Litargon *Magzartha Mallos/ Antiochia ad Pyramum Manneotai Mannouorra = Dabana Mar Yaqub Markopolis = Batnae Marsyas fl. Melas fl. Melas fl. Meleagrum Meroe Marwa Period HR L C CHRL/ HRL R?L L RL RL L L L RL RL H R HRL C RL/ L RL CHRL RL L RL RL H?R?L HR RL HR RL L ACHRL RL/ L L RL L R L L R?L L L

MAP 67 ANTIOCHIA Modern Name / Location Gulf of skenderun Yeil Hyk, formerly Knet Hy SYR ukurhisar Kafer Nabo SYR Brad SYR Burdj Heidar SYR Kafer Kermin SYR Kafer Kila SYR Kafer Lab SYR E bank of Euphrates; fort on opposite bank SYR probably Zamant Su Derebani Deresi Muttalip Hy SYR near Sarseki SYR Kzldere Pillars of Jonas, near Sarseki Jebel Sheikh Barakat SYR district E Antiochia SYR Upper Kara Su Derik Kale area around Eirenopolis Armenaz SYR Aknc Burnu, formerly Hnzr Burnu el-Athareb SYR Ma'sarte SYR around Manouorra Deir Yakub Merzumen ay Byk Karaay Kk Karaay Gndzl 5 m.p. from Antiochia towards Qal'at Sem'an Reference Burr 47-48; RE Issicus Sinus 1 TIB Kilikien 277-78 Tchalenko 1990, 79-86; Gatier 1997 TIB Kilikien 285 Feissel 1982, 321; Tchalenko 1990, 61-65; Gatier 1997 Feissel 1982, 320 (n. 8); Tchalenko 1990, 19-24 Tchalenko 1953 III, 7-8 Feissel 1980; Feissel 1991 Feissel 1982, 321-23 Tchalenko 1953 III, 8-9; Feissel 1982, 321 Olavarri 1994 IGLSyr 1.46; Sinclair 1990, 59 TIB Kilikien 291 RE; TIB Kappadokien 248 RE TIB Kilikien 361-62 Mutlubake Tchalenko 1990, 47-49; Gatier 1997 RE Suppl. 9 ; TIB Kilikien 302 Tchalenko 1990, 67-72 TIB Kilikien 304 TIB Kilikien 302 Cumont 1917, 30-33; Callot 1997, 736-38 Feissel 1982, 326-27 RE Syria, col. 1555 RE; Mitford 1974, 173-75 Jones 1971, 204-205 BE 1965.2; Feissel 1982, 325 RE Syria, cols. 1553, 1708 Sinclair 1990, 133, 136, 141-42 Cumont 1917, 2-4; Feissel 1982, 326 Feissel 1982, 324-25 See Map 66 Dillemann 1962, 177 Vbus 1958 II, 164-65, 168-69; Sinclair 1990, 26-27 RE 4 RE 1 RE 1 BE 1946-47.198 Downey 1961, 48-49, 481, 687 RE Syria, col. 1709

MAP 67 ANTIOCHIA Grid B4 E3 D4 B3 B2 C3 F1 H1 E4 D2 F2 F1 B4 H1 F1 C3 C4 D3 C4 C4 Name al-Mina Minnica Mogiza Mopsou(h)estia/ Seleukeia pros to Pyramo Mopsus Moumoustra Moutloubake = Katabolos Myriand(r)os Nastae Nemrut Da Neronias = Eirenopolis Niara Nicopolis Nikatoris? = Amphipolis Nikopolis = Issus Nisibyn/ Ad Zociandem? Nisus/ Cesum Nymphaion/ Balaneion Tiberinon Nymphaios fl. Octacuscum Scasuson Oeniandos/ Epiphaneia Oinoparas fl. Omeros? Orokassias Oros Orontes fl. Axios fl. Drakon fl. Ophites fl. Typhon fl. Belus? fl. Osrhoene Ourima/ Antiochia ad Euphratem/ Arulis Pagrae Pagrika Ore Parion Oros Parmenios fl. Perre Phlaouiopolis/ Flavias Pictanus = Platanoi Pieria M. Pinaros? fl. Platanoi/ Pictanus Pordonnium Period AC R RL C?HRL/ H C?HRL L CHRL L HR RL H?RL? R/ L R/ L L/ L HR L L C?H/ CHRL L L L HRL Nijara? SYR slahiye Nizip akrhyk, formerly Keysun el-Hammam, S Miyadun Khta ay Besni Gzene / Gzeneler Harabesi Nahr Afrin Amaranli SYR S shoulder of Silpius M., immediately E Antakya Nahr el-Asi SYR / TKY Modern Name / Location at mouth of Asi Nehri, right bank Minnigh SYR Me'ez SYR Yakapnar, formerly Misis Mecidiye Ada Tepe Harmanl, formerly Pavreli or Pervari Reference PECS; NPauly ItAnt 194.10; Dussaud 1927, 479 Feissel 1982, 325 RE Mopsu(h)estia, cols. 245-46; TIB Kilikien 351-59; Cohen 1995, 371-72 TIB Kilikien 360-61 TIB Kilikien 362-63 RE Syria, cols. 1671-72; T. Sinclair IGLSyr 1, 9-41; Sinclair 1990, 45-50 Honigmann II.325 Grainger 1990, 52-53, 80 RE; RE Syria, cols. 1668-69; T. Sinclair RE Nisus 1 Hellenkemper 1976, 67-71 RE Syria, col. 1710; T. Sinclair PECS Arsameia; TIB Kappadokien 126 RE Syria, cols. 1671-72; T. Sinclair

1033

Hellenkemper 1986, 102-104; TIB Kilikien 249-51; NPauly Epiphaneia 1 RE Syria, col. 1555 Canivet 1977, 201-202 Downey 1961, 549 (n. 196), 610 RE 2; Balty 1982; Bernard 1995

G2 F2

H?RL RL/ HR/ RL HRL H H?R?L HRL RL R/ RL HRL CHR R?L/ L L

district between Euphrates and Khabour SYR / TKY Horum Hyk

RE Osrone; Dillemann 1962, 105-10 RE Urima; T. Sinclair RE Antiocheia 8; Grainger 1990, 138 ItMiller 758; T. Sinclair RE Pagrai 1 RE Syria, cols. 1557-58, 1607 TIB Kilikien 376 Downey 1961, 653-56 RE TIB Kilikien 378-79 RE 2 RE RE Syria, cols. 1712-13, 1718 TIB Kilikien 212 RE Syria, cols. 1671-72; T. Sinclair

C4 C4 B3 C4 G1 C2 B4 C3 C4 G1

Baras hills W Baras Misis Da, formerly Gebelinur flows through Antakya Pirun Kadirli Kzl Da either Deli ay or Payas ay Belen, formerly Beylan Adiyaman

1034 Grid B1 B3 D4 G3 E3 F2 B4 B4 B4 H1 G2 Name (P)Saros fl. Pyramos fl. Qalbloze Qenneshre Regia Rhabaine *Arabena Rhosii M. Rhosikos Skopelos Rhosos Samosata Saros fl. = (P)Saros fl. Seleukeia epi tou Zeugmatos Seleukeia Pieria = Hydatos Potamoi Seleukeia pros to Pyramo = Mopsou(h)estia Seleukis Sergible Serretillis/ Serraipolis Sesnk Seuera, Mon. Sicos Basilisses Silpion Oros Singa/ Sugga Singas fl. *Sipha Skirtos fl. Daisun Srir Stauris Oros Sugga = Singa Symeon, Mon. Symeon, Mon. Syriai Pylai Tardequeia Tarsa = T(h)arsa Taurus M. Telanissos Teleda Tell Amarna Tharrana = Dabana T(h)arsa Thaumaston Oros Theoupolis = Antiochia Thiara = Daiara Thomas, Mon. Period CHRL L L L L RL HR HRL HRL CHRL HRL

MAP 67 ANTIOCHIA Modern Name / Location Ceyhan Nehri SYR opposite Cerablus Yananky? Raban Kara Da massif behind Hnzr Burnu Ulunar, formerly Arsuz Samsat Killik? Reference See Map 66 RE 1; TIB Kappadokien 264 Tchalenko 1990, 163-66 Nau 1902, 3, 12-14, 35 (n. 1); Honigmann 1951, 191 RE Syria, cols. 1668-69; T. Sinclair RE Suppl. 4 Germanikeia RE Syria, col. 1554 RE Skopelos 8; TIB Kilikien 417 Heberdey 1896, 20-22 Sinclair 1990, 144-48, index RE Seleukeia 4; T. Sinclair

C4 D4 A3 G2 C4 E2 C4 F1 G1 C1 H2 D4 C4 D4 C4 C4 B3 C1 D4 D4 G3 G1 C4 B4

HR RL H L RL R?L RL/ L R RL HRL RL L L L CHR L L L

district in N Syria SYR

Ptol. 5.14.11; Frzouls 1960 Tchalenko 1990, 99-103 See Map 66 Humann 1890, 212-17 Djobadze 1986, 114 RE; T. Sinclair RE RE; BE 1977, 427-28 ItMiller 763; T. Sinclair RE Syria, cols. 1639-40 TIB Kilikien 412-13 Segal 1970, 297 Tchalenko 1953 I, 14; Callot 1997, 738-40 Downey 1961, 523, 549 (n. 196), 610 Tchalenko 1953 I, 223-76; Canivet 1977, 172-80 Djobadze 1986, 57-114 RE TIB Kilikien 427 See Map 66 Tchalenko 1953 I, 223-76; Canivet 1977, 172-80 Cumont 1917, 32-33; Canivet 1977, 165172 Tunca 1996, 71 RE Syria, cols. 1656-58; French 1983, 92 RE Nau 1902, 28, 30

Ziri Ufackl hill to E Antakya gz, formerly Srfaz Srfaz ay (upper), Gksu (lower) emkale Kara Koyun SYR N shoulder of Silpius M., immediately E Antakya Qalaat Seman near Deir Seman SYR on Samanda Belen Geidi Kurtkula? Deir Seman SYR Telade SYR

RL L L

Kuyulu, formerly Turu Samanda near port of Seleukeia Pieria

MAP 67 ANTIOCHIA Grid C4 H1 D4 C4 D4 C3 H2 E2 D1 Name Tiberine Chora Tille *Tilokbarina Tourin Tourmanin Tourmeda = Amphipolis Trapezon Tura d Urhay Tyba/ Deba? Ulnia Urmagiganti = Ciliza D4 F2 D4 Zaerous Zeugma Seleukeia pros to Euphrate Zeus Madbachos, T. RL HRL H R Baziher SYR Kavunlu, formerly Belkis on Koryphe Oros Feissel 1982, 334 Wagner 1976, 23-70 IG XII.1.653 Callot 1997, 736-38 Period L ACHRL RL R?L R?L HR L H/ R L Modern Name / Location district around elHammam Tell Aqibrin SYR SYR SYR Darbsak monastery cluster Tabya? Sleymanl, formerly Zeitun Reference Honigmann I.468 Sinclair 1989a, 138-39 IGLSyr 2.413; P.-L. Gatier Biscop 1987 Tchalenko 1953 I, 127-29 RE Syria, cols. 1625-26; T. Sinclair Chronicon II, 142-43 RE Syria, col. 1624; T. Sinclair TIB Kilikien 453-54

1035

Aqueducts
Grid B2 B2 B3 B3 C2 C3 C3 C4 H1 Location N Anazarbos NW Anazarbos N Mopsou(h)estia Katabolos N Epiphaneia E Epiphaneia W Epiphaneia between Daphne and Antiochia Samosata, along W bank of Khta ay and N bank of Euphrates Period RL L R R R R R RL R?L Reference TIB Kilikien 181 TIB Kilikien 181 Hellenkemper 1986, 127 Hellenkemper 1986, 127 Heberdey 1896, 22-24 Hellenkemper 1986, 127-28 Heberdey 1896, 18 Downey 1961, 191, 212, 223, 437 Mitford 1977, 508; Sinclair 1990, 140-41

Bridges
Grid A3 A3 B2 B2 C4 C4 C4 D1 D3 F2 F2 F2 G2 H1 Location Mallos S Mallos E Anazarbos S Anazarbos over Melas fl. at Gephyra at Sinanl, NE Symeon Mon. SW Germanikeia near Cyrrus (3) E Rhabaine near confluence with Euphrates E Aquae over Marsyas fl. N Capersana over Marsyas fl. Pons *Singae, Gksu bridge, E Seleukeia epi tou Zeugmatos Pons Chabinae, Cendere Kprs, W Arsameia pros Nymphaio Period Reference See Map 66 See Map 66 Gough 1952, 101 Gough 1952, 101 RE Syria, col. 1670 ItMiller 764-67 Djobadze 1986, 115 Sinclair 1990, 86, 92 Frzouls 1977 Wagner 1977, 681, fig. 8, Textabb. 4 Wagner 1977, 681, fig. 8, Textabb. 4 Wagner 1977, 681, fig. 8, Textabb. 4 ItMiller 757-9 RE Chabina; IGLSyr 1, 42-64

R R L R?L? R R R? R R R RL RL

1036

MAP 67 ANTIOCHIA

Centuriation
Grid D4 E4 Location on limestone massif around Beroia Period RL RL Reference Tate 1992 Dodinet 1990

Roads
Itinerary Alexandria ad Issum Seleucia Pieria Ad Orontem Map 68 Antiochia Gephyra Gindaros Cyrrus Antiochia Imma Litarba Map 68 Antiochia Ad Orontem Antiochia Daphne Map 68 Antiochia Imma Beroia Antiochia Imma Cyrrus Ciliza Doliche Samosata Antiochia Pagrae Nicopolis Germanikeia Beroia Batnae Hierapolis Europos Zeugma Beroia Minnica Cyrrus Beroia Niara Zeugma Cendere Map 64 Cyrrus Ciliza Regia Zeugma Germanikeia Catabana Nisus Seleukeia epi tou Zeugmatos Germanikeia Doliche Hierapolis Ceciliana Batnae Edessa Mallos Issus Alexandria ad Issum Antiochia Map 64 Arsameia pros Nymphaio bank of Euphrates Map 68 Tourin Gephyra Antiocheia Map 68 Beroia Batnai Hierapolis Ceciliana Batnae Edessa Mopsou(h)estia Amanikai Pylai Doliche Samosata Mopsou(h)estia Hierapolis Anazarbos Phlaouiopolis Mopsou(h)estia Katabolos Samosata Edessa Samosata Europos Ceciliana Hierapolis Samosata Map 89 Samosata Pordonnium Octacuscum Nastae Arianodum Cilca Novum Map 64 Samosata Pordonnium Perre Map 64 Seleukeia epi tou Zeugmatos Samosata Seleukeia epi tou Zeugmatos Singa Octacuscum *Tilokbarina Tourmanin Cyrrus Zeugma Ceciliana Eragiza Map 68 Zeugma Apamea Samosata Zeugma Batnae Carrhae Zeugma Can(n)aba In Medio Edessa Zeugma Edessa Period RL HRL HRL RL RL RL RL RL H?RL H?RL H?RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL H?RL H?RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL R?L? H?RL RL RL RL RL Reference ItMiller 760-61; Djobadze 1986, 54, 115 RE Syria, cols. 1657-58; Frzouls 1977, 186-87 Cumont 1917, 1-11; RE Syria, cols. 1657-62; Mouterde 1945, 36-40 RE Syria, col. 1670; T. Sinclair RE Syria, cols. 1653-56; Djobadze 1986, 54 Mouterde 1945, 37-38 Archi 1971, 32, 110; T. Sinclair Archi 1971, 31; T. Sinclair RE Syria, col. 1661 RE Syria, cols. 1676-77 RE Syria, cols. 1668-69 Mitford 1998, 257-58 Archi 1971, 33-34; T. Sinclair French 1983, 89-90; Sinclair 1990, 131 (no. 2(a)) Sinclair 1990, 131-32 (nos. 2(a), (c)) Dillemann 1962, 171, 179-80 TIB Kilikien 132-33 French 1983, 94 Mouterde 1945, 26-28 Cumont 1917, 13-19; RE Syria, cols. 1657-62 RE Syria, cols. 1656-58, 1675; TIB Kilikien 135 TIB Kilikien 136-38; M. Ballance TIB Kilikien 135 ItMiller 767-68 RE Syria, cols. 1663-66 French 1983, 72-74, 77, 81, 94 ItMiller 761-62; Sinclair 1990, 78-79, 80 French 1983, 72, 75-77, 79, 81-82 French 1983, 91-92 Sinclair 1990, 131 (no.1) Callot 1984, 11-12, 116 RE Syria, cols. 1663-66 Wagner 1983, 107, 109 Dillemann 1962, 165-71 ItMiller 768-69; T. Sinclair Wagner 1983, 110; T. Sinclair

MAP 67 ANTIOCHIA

1037

Unlocated Toponyms
Name Alagma Anasta Antiocheia pros Tauro Apate Arake Arimara Asichas, Mon. Badimo Period R L RL L R R L RL? Probable Location in Balikh valley only station between Mopsou(h)estia and Aigai(ai) NW part of upper Euphrates basin ergasterion on Thaumaston Oros Commagene W bank of Euphrates not far from Cyrrus, perhaps on Syrian side station on road between Koukousos (Map 64) and Flavias, probably near Badabeli pass Samosata region W bank of Euphrates N Apamea, distinct from Tourin near Antiochia in or near Chora Tiberine; may be same as Elephanton on Euphrates, at S, possibly N, boundary of Commagene near Gyglyqe and one of the gates of Antiochia N side of Amanus M. near Rhosus near Daphne near Samosata N side of Amanus M. N Syria? near Daphne Cyrrestice W bank of Euphrates near one of the gates of Antiochia station between Batnae and Edessa NE Charmodara in Cyrrestice near Daphne in Balikh valley; Knes? SE Batnae, 90 stades towards Dabana joins Orontes near Daphne first station towards Phlaouiopolis from Kokousos (Map 64) E *Kirkota in Cilician plain near Edessa, in foothills near Antiochia Reference Gawlikowski 1988, 82 TIB Kilikien 178 NPauly 2 RE Syria, cols. 1565, 1711 RE Dussaud 1927, 449-51 Canivet 1977, 195 TIB Kilikien 205

Bet Autan Vicus Bethammaria Capertur(i) Cheroubim Vicus Chorion Pila Cingilla Comitis *Manassis, Mon. Commoris Vicus Elaphos M. Elephanton Eliadis, Mon. Erana Gabeni *Gandigoura Gazetae Gerre/ Serre Gyglyqe Vicus Halia Heba Herakleia *Iason Chorion Ichnae Iulianus = Portus S. Iuliani Koraia in Batneos Ladon fl. Laranda/ Leandis Loandos Madnhaye, Mon./ Orientalium, Mon. Magia Vicus

L R RL L L R L H L L L R H?R L H?R R/ L L L RL? RL L HR H R L/ R R L L

Vbus 1958 II, 199 Dussaud 1927, 449-51 Feissel 1980, 336 RE Syria, col. 1710 RE Syria, col. 1710 Pliny, NH 5.86 VVMonoph 55 RE Syria, col. 1624 RE Syria, col. 1708 Downey 1961, 556 Hage 1966, 107 RE 2 Pliny, NH, 5.81 RE Syria, col. 1711 Pliny, NH, 5.81 Dussaud 1927, 449-51 VVMonoph 55 ItMiller 776 ItMiller 684 Honigmann II.210 RE Syria, col. 1711 Lauffray 1983, 58; Gawlikowski 1988, 82 Dillemann 1962, 179 RE 1 Ramsay 1890, 311; TIB Kilikien 332 TIB Kilikien 304 Chronicon I, 181, 218 RE 4

1038 Name Marcoupolis Thera/ Gausitha/ Charax Sidou *Mardandos Maubai Nakkibas, Mon. Nikatoris Onchae Orientalium, Mon./ Madnhaye, Mon. Pagreus fl. Paratomos, Mon. Piapi/ Priapes fl. Pindenissum Porta S. Iuliani/ Iulianus Praetorio Priapes fl. = Piapi fl. Pterygion M. Publius, Mon. Qubbe, Mon. Qube, Mon. Rhadamnos *Sambon Chorion Scopelus, Mon./ Theodosius, Mon. Sepyra Serre = Gerre Sis Socha T(h)anna Thalama Thalassi, Mon. Theodosius, Mon. = Scopelus, Mon. Therimachon Thilaticomum Tiberinon Chorion *Tigranucomae Tillima Zeugma Palaion Period RL/ RL/ RL L R L H CHR

MAP 67 ANTIOCHIA Probable Location distinct from Batnae approx. 10 miles from Aigai(ai) E bank of Euphrates between Aigai(ai) and Tarsus, probably near the former near Europos on Amykes Pedion Reference Feissel 1997, 19-20 TIB Kilikien 342 Dussaud 1927, 465 TIB Kilikien 364 RE RE

H L L H L L

near Pagrae near Imma (perhaps on Syrian side) near Rhosus N Amanus or in foothills or plain to W 3 miles from Antiochia road between Koukousos (Map 64) and Flavias, 22 m.p. N Flavias near Rhosus 30 stades from Zeugma near Antiochia S Edessa 6 miles from Anazarbos probably on or near Thaumaston Oros near Rhosos on the Syrian-Cilician border N Amanus near Nikopolis on Amykes Pedion or further E station W Cesum, possibly same as Catabana station between Batnae and Edessa S Tillima, probably on Syrian side Osrhoene between Hierapolis and BatnaeSuruc three miles from Daphne (not in Chora Tiberina) villages in Amanus M., probably NW Antiocheia town in mountainous district near Cyrrhus, probably in Syrian side S bank of Euphrates, near and perhaps opposite Samosata

RE Syria, cols. 1557-58 Canivet 1977, 181-82 RE Syria, cols. 1556-57, 1708 RE Honigmann 1922, 24 TIB Kilikien 218, 384-85

L L L L L L L R L H L L L L R L HR? L H

RE Syria, cols. 1708 Canivet 1977, 154-57 Honigmann 1922, 21 Vbus 1958 II, 236 TIB Kilikien 390 RE Syria, col. 1561 RE Skopelos 8; TIB Kilikien 417 RE Vbus 1958 II, 211 RE RE Syria, cols. 1669-70 ItMiller 776 Canivet 1977, 194-95 GCyp 901H; Dussaud 1927, 451 Dillemann 1962, 178-81 Downey 1961, 657 RE Canivet 1977, 194-95 Archi 1971, 31

MAP 67 ANTIOCHIA

1039

False Toponyms
Name Belus M. Bemmari Canna Bersera Ninus Vetus Reference Balty 1982 ItMiller 768 Dussaud 1927, 82, 473 Bernard 1996, 503 Comment falsely considered as a mountain; river name conflation of Bemmaris (< Batnae Mari) and Cannaba? Beroia (not modern Sfire) dubious tradition concerning Hierapolis

Bibliography
Abu Assaf 1990 A. Abu Assaf, Der Tempel von Ain Dara, Mainz, 1990. Archi 1971 A. Archi, P.E. Pecorella and M. Salvini, Gaziantep e la sua regione, Rome, 1971. Balty 1982 J.-C. Balty, Le Belus de Chalcis et les fleuves de Ba'al de Syrie Palestine, in Archologie au Levant. Recueil la mmoire de Roger Saidah, pp. 287-98, Lyon, 1982. Balty 1990 J.-C. Balty, La mosaque de Sarrn (Osrhone), Paris, 1990. Bernard 1995 P. Bernard, I. Une lgende de fondation hellnistique: Apame sur lOronte daprs les Cyngtiques du Pseudo-Oppien. II: Paysages et toponymie dans le Proche Orient hellnis, Topoi 5 (1995) 353-408. Bernard 1996 P. Bernard, LAornos bactrien et lAornos indien. Philostrate et Taxila: gographie, mythe et ralit, Topoi 6 (1996) 475-530. Biscop 1987 J.-L. Biscop and J.-P. Sodini, Eglises syriennes apparentes Qal'at Sem'an: les exemples de Turin et de Fasuq dans le Gebel Wastani, Syria 64 (1987) 107-29. Callot 1984 O. Callot, Huileries antiques de Syrie du Nord, Paris, 1984. Callot 1997 O. Callot, La christianisation des sanctuaires romains de la Syrie du Nord, Topoi 7 (1997) 735-50. Canivet 1977 P. Canivet, Le monachisme syrien selon Thodoret de Cyr, Thologie historique 42, Paris, 1977. Cohen 1995 G.M. Cohen, The Hellenistic settlements in Europe, the islands, and Asia Minor, Berkeley, 1995. Cumont 1917 F.V.M. Cumont, Etudes syriennes, Paris, 1917. Dillemann 1962 L. Dillemann, Haute Msopotamie orientale et pays adjacentes. Contribution la gographie historique de la rgion, du Ve s. avant l're chrtienne au VIe s. de cette re, BAH 72, Paris, 1962. Djobadze 1986 W. Djobadze, Archaeological investigations in the region west of Antioch-on-the-Orontes, Stuttgart, 1986. Dodinet 1990 M. Dodinet et al., Le paysage antique en Syrie: lexemple de Damas, Syria 67 (1990) 339-67. Downey 1961 G. Downey, A history of Antioch in Syria from Seleucus to the Arab conquest, Princeton, 1961. Dussaud 1927 R. Dussaud, Topographie historique de la Syrie antique et mdivale, BAH 4, Paris, 1927. Feissel 1980 D. Feissel, Toponymes orientaux dans les pitaphes grecques de Concordia, Aquileia Nostra 51 (1980) cols. 329-44. Feissel 1982 D. Feissel, Remarques de toponymie syrienne daprs des inscriptions grecques chrtiennes trouves hors de Syrie, Syria 59 (1982) 319-43.

1040

MAP 67 ANTIOCHIA

Feissel 1991 D. Feissel, Noms de villages de Syrie du Nord. Elments grecs et smitiques, in , pp. 287-302, Athens, 1991. Feissel 1997 D. Feissel, J. Gascou and J. Teixidor, Documents darchives romains indits du Moyen Euphrate, II, JSav (1997) 3-57. French 1983 D. French, New research on the Euphrates frontier: supplementary notes 1 and 2, in S. Mitchell (ed.), Armies and frontiers in Roman and Byzantine Anatolia. Proceedings of a colloquium held at University College, Swansea in April 1981, BAR International series 156, pp. 71-101, Oxford, 1983. Frzouls 1960 E. Frzouls, Sur les divisions de la Sleucide, propos de Strabon, XVI, 2, MUSJ 37 (1960-61) 223-34. Frzouls 1977 E. Frzouls, Cyrrhus et la Cyrrhestique jusqu la fin du Haut-Empire, ANRW II.8 (1977) 164-97. Gatier 1994 P.-L. Gatier, Une inscription latine du Moyen Euphrate, Syria 71 (1994) 151-57. Gatier 1997 P.-L. Gatier, Villages et sanctuaires en Antiochne autour de Qalaat Kalota, Topoi 7 (1997) 751-75. Gawlikowski 1988 M. Gawlikowski, La route de lEuphrate dIsidore Julien, in P.-L. Gatier, B. Helly and J.-P. ReyCoquais (eds.), Gographie historique au ProcheOrient (Syrie, Phnicie, Arabie, grecques, romaines, byzantines). Actes de la Table Ronde de Valbonne, 16-18 septembre 1985, Notes et Monographes Techniques no. 23, CNRS, pp. 77-98, Paris, 1988. Gawlikowski 1996 M. Gawlikowski, Thapsacus and Zeugma, the crossing of the Euphrates in antiquity, Iraq 58 (1996) 123-33. Gogrfe 1995 R. Gogrfe, Die Grabtrme von Sirrin (Osrone), DM 8 (1995) 165-201. Goossens 1943 G. Goossens, Hirapolis de Syrie. Essai de monographie historique, Louvain, 1943. Gough 1952 M. Gough, Anazarbus, AnatSt 2 (1952) 85-150.

Grainger 1990 J.D. Grainger, The cities of Seleukid Syria, Oxford, 1990. Hage 1966 W. Hage, Die syrisch-jakobitische Kirche in frhislamischer Zeit. Nach orientalischen Quellen, Wiesbaden, 1966. Heberdey 1896 R. Heberdey and A. Wilhelm, Reisen in Kilikien, DenkWien 44, 1896. Hellenkemper 1976 H. Hellenkemper, Burgen der Kreuzritterzeit in der Grafschaft Edessa und im Knigreich Kleinarmenien, Bonn, 1976. Hellenkemper 1986 H. Hellenkemper and F. Hild, Neue Forschungen in Kilikien, DenkWien 186, Vienna, 1986. Hild 1977 F. Hild, Das Byzantinische Strassensystem in Kappadokien, DenkWien 131, Vienna, 1977. Honigmann 1922 E. Honigmann, Nordsyrischer Klster in vorarabischer Zeit, Zeitschrift fr Semitistik und verwandte Gebiete 1 (1922) 15-33. Honigmann 1951 E. Honigmann, Evques et vchs monophysites d'Asie antrieure au VIe sicle, Louvain, 1951. Humann 1890 C. Humann and O. Puchstein, Reisen in Kleinasien und Nordsyrien, Berlin, 1890. Jones 1971 A.H.M. Jones, The cities of the eastern Roman provinces, 2nd ed., Oxford, 1971. Lauffray 1983 J. Lauffray, Halabiyya-Zenobia, place forte du limes oriental et la Haute-Msopotamie au VIe sicle, vol. 1, BAH 119, Paris, 1983. Mitford 1974 T.B. Mitford, Some inscriptions from the Cappadocian Limes, JRS 64 (1974) 160-75. Mitford 1977 T.B. Mitford, The Euphrates frontier in Cappadocia, Vortrge des 10 internationalen Limeskongresses in der Germania Inferior, pp. 501-14, Kln, 1977.

MAP 67 ANTIOCHIA

1041

Mitford 1998 T.B. Mitford, The Roman frontier on the Upper Euphrates, in R. Matthews (ed.), Ancient Anatolia. Fifty years work by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, pp. 255-72, London, 1998. Mouterde 1945 R. Mouterde and A. Poidebard, Le limes de Chalcis: organisation de la steppe en Haute Syrie romaine, BAH 38, Paris, 1945. Nau 1902 F. Nau, Vie de Jean bar Aphtonia, Texte syriaque, Paris, 1902. Olavarri 1994 E. Olavarri et al., Tell Qara Quzaq, vol. 1, Barcelona, 1994. Palmer 1993 A. Palmer (ed.), The seventh century in the WestSyrian Chronicles, Liverpool, 1993. Ramsay 1890 W.M. Ramsay, The historical geography of Asia Minor, Royal Geographical Society Supplementary Papers 4, London, 1890 Segal 1970 J.B. Segal, Edessa, The Blessed City, Oxford, 1970. Sinclair 1987 (vol. 1), 1989 (vol. 2), 1989a (vol. 3), 1990 (vol. 4) T.A. Sinclair, Eastern Turkey: an architectural and archaeological survey, 4 vols., London, 1987-90. Sodini 1980 J.-P. Sodini et al., Dhs (Syrie du Nord), Campagnes I-III (1976-78), recherches sur lhabitat rural, Syria 57 (1980) 1-304. Stucky 1972 R. Stucky et al., Tell el-Hajj in Syrien, 2 vols., Bern, 1972-74.

Tate 1992 G. Tate, Les campagnes de la Syrie du Nord du IIe au VIIe sicle, vol. 1, Paris, 1992. Tchalenko 1953 G. Tchalenko, Villages antiques de la Syrie du Nord, 3 vols., BAH 50, Paris, 1953-58. Tchalenko 1990 G. Tchalenko, Eglises syriennes bma, BAH 105, Paris, 1990. Tunca 1996 O. Tunca, Tell Amarna, in Syrian European Archaeology Exhibition, pp. 71-72, Damascus, 1996. Vbus 1958 A. Vbus, A history of asceticism in the Syrian Orient, 2 vols., CSCO 184 and 197, Louvain, 1958, 1960. Wagner 1976 J. Wagner, Seleukeia am Euphrat/Zeugma, TAVO Beihefte B 10, Wiesbaden, 1976. Wagner 1977 J. Wagner, Vorarbeiten zur Karte Ostgrenze des rmischen Reiches im Tbinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, in J. Fitz (ed.), Limes: Akten des XI Internationalen Limeskongresses (Szkesfehrvr, 30./8-6/ 9/1976), pp. 669-703, Budapest, 1977. Wagner 1983 J. Wagner, Provincia Osrhoenae. New archaeological finds illustrating the military organisation under the Severan dynasty, in S. Mitchell (ed.), Armies and frontiers in Roman and Byzantine Anatolia. Proceedings of a colloquium held at University College, Swansea, in April 1981, BAR International series 156, pp. 103-29, Oxford, 1983.