http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckwQULEDTF8 sikat gigi http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1DTXNdFgLM cuci tangan http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pA9Z6paHO9c cuci tangan http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5ulrqwERs8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AtrDG6iDlLs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRCYFqmSA9U http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuXrMOSLp_k ww.youtube.com/watch?

v=y5NAnwzU1pM

Language, variation and Dialects. Variety of language is a set of linguistic items with similar distribution, a denition that allows us to say that all of the following are varieties: Canadian English, London English, the English of football commentaries, and so on.

Haugen (1966a) has pointed out that language and dialect are ambiguous terms. Ordinary people use these terms quite freely in speech; for them a dialect is almost certainly no more than a local nonprestigious (therefore powerless) variety of a real language.

Dialect is used both for local varieties of English, e.g., Yorkshire dialect, and for various types of informal, lower-class, or rural speech. In general usage it therefore remains quite undened whether such dialects are part of the language or not. In fact, the dialect is often thought of as standing outside the language. . . . As a social norm, then, a dialect is a language that is excluded from polite society (pp. 9245). It is often equivalent to nonstandard or even substandard, when such terms are applied to language, and can connote various degrees of inferiority, with that connotation of inferiority carried over to those who speak a dialect.

The various relationships among languages and dialects discussed above can be used to show how the concepts of power and solidarity help us understand what is happening. Power requires some kind of asymmetrical relationship between entities: one has more of something that is important, e.g. status, money, inuence, etc., than the other or others. A language has more power than any of its dialects. It is the powerful dialect but it has become so because of non-linguistic factors. Standard English and Parisian French are good examples. Solidarity, on the other hand, is a feeling of equality that people have with one another. They have a common interest around which they will bond. A feeling of solidarity can lead people to preserve a local dialect or an endangered language to resist power, or to insist on independence. It accounts for the persistence of local dialects, the modernization of Hebrew, and the separation of Serbo-Croatian into Serbian and Croatian.