Electrical Power and Energy Systems 32 (2010) 849856

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Electrical Power and Energy Systems

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes

Optimal sizing and placement of distributed generation in a network system

Sudipta Ghosh *, S.P. Ghoshal, Saradindu Ghosh
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur 713209, India

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t
With ever-increasing demand of electricity consumption and increasing open access particularly in restructured environment, transmission line congestion is quite frequent. For maximum benet and mitigation of congestion, proper sizing and position of distributed generators are ardently necessary. This paper presents a simple method for optimal sizing and optimal placement of generators. A simple conventional iterative search technique along with Newton Raphson method of load ow study is implemented on modied IEEE 6 bus, IEEE 14 bus and IEEE 30 bus systems. The objective is to lower down both cost and loss very effectively. The paper also focuses on optimization of weighting factor, which balances the cost and the loss factors and helps to build up desired objectives with maximum potential benet. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Article history: Received 28 March 2009 Received in revised form 22 December 2009 Accepted 28 January 2010

Keywords: Distributed generation (DG) Newton Raphson (N-R) Objective function (OF) Weighting factor

1. Introduction Electric utilities are now seeking upcoming new technologies to provide acceptable power quality and higher reliability to their customers in restructured environment. Non-conventional generation is growing more rapidly around the world, for its low size, low cost and less environmental impact with high potentiality [13]. Investments in distributed generation (DG) enhance environmental benets particularly in combined heat and power applications. A multitude event, such as, system efciency, environmental benets and transmission congestion management have created a new arena in electric power system. The key element of this new arena is to operate several DG units near load centers instead of expanding central generation station. DG may come from a variety of sources and technologies. DGs from renewable sources, like wind, solar and biomass are often called as Green energy. In addition to this, DG includes micro-turbines, gas turbines, diesel engines, fuel cells, stirling engines and internal combustion reciprocating engines [46]. Now-a-days, wind energy has become the most competitive among all the renewable energy available with us [7]. DG refers to small sources ranging between 1 kW and 50 MW electrical power generations, which are normally placed close to consumption centers. So, DG means a generation unit, which is connected to the distribution network rather than the high voltage transmission network. DG renders a group of advantages, such as, economical, environmental and technical. The economical advantages are reduction of transmission and distribution cost, electricity price and saving of

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 98321 54472. E-mail address: sudiptarit@gmail.com (S. Ghosh). 0142-0615/$ - see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2010.01.029

fuel. Environmental advantages entail reductions of sound pollution and emission of green house gases. Technical advantages cover wide varieties of benet, like, line loss reduction, peak shaving, increased system voltage prole and hence increased power quality and relieved transmission and distribution congestion as well as grid reinforcement. It can also provide the stand-alone remote applications with the required power. So, optimal placement of DGs and optimal sizing attract active research interests. Several researchers have worked in this area [814]. DGs are placed at optimal locations to reduce only losses [8]. Some researchers presented some power ow algorithms to nd the optimal size of DG at each load bus [9,10]. Wang and Nehrir have shown analytical approaches for optimal placement of DG in terms of loss [11]. Chiradeja has quantied the benet of reduced line loss in radial distribution feeder with concentrated load [12]. Further, many researchers have used evolutionary computational methods for nding the optimal DG placement [1520]. Mithulananthan has used GA for placement of DG to reduce the losses [16]. Celli and Ghiani have used a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm for the sizing and placement of DG [19]. Nara et.al., have used Tabu search algorithm to nd optimal placement of distributed generator [20]. This paper presents a simple search approach determining for optimal size and optimal placement of DG using N-R method of load ow study. Both optimal DG size and optimal bus location are determined to obtain the best objective. The multiobjective optimization covers optimization of both cost and loss simultaneously. The cost coefcients of DG are taken from Ref. [21]. The IEEE 6 bus and IEEE 30 bus data are obtained from Refs. [9] and [22] respectively. Ref. [23] is used to obtain IEEE 14 bus system data. Further, using DGs at various buses the systems are modied and employed for load ow study.

850

S. Ghosh et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 32 (2010) 849856

2. Methodology as: As mentioned, this paper focuses on a simple conventional N-R method to solve a system of non-linear algebraic equation of the form f (x) = 0. Here, N-R method is applied to solve power ow equation in polar form. Bus data have been changed to incorporate the effect of DG. When the DG is connected to a bus, corresponding bus is assumed to be a P V bus. Further, it is assumed that the reactive power of DG is 20% of the active power generated. N-R method is available in standard books [23,24]. 2.1. Injected power The complex injected power at bus i is given as:
S i Vi n X k1

The unknown variables updated after mth iteration are given

m Ddim1 Dd Ddi i

2 3

jV i jm1 jV i jm DjV i j

2.2. Line power ow Power ow from ith bus to jth bus through the line connected between these buses is given by

Sij V i I ij V i Y ik V k 1

Vi Vj V i Y ij0 Z ij

700

600

500
Increasing DG size

OF

400

300

200

100

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Weighting factor
Fig. 1. Variation of OF with weighting factor for IEEE 6 bus.

14000

12000

10000

8000

Increasing DG size

OF
6000 4000 2000

100

200

300

400

500 600 Weighting factor

700

800

900

1000

Fig. 2. Variation of OF with weighting factor for IEEE 14 bus .

S. Ghosh et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 32 (2010) 849856

851

Similarly, the power ow from the jth bus to ith bus is given as:

2.4. Objective function (OF) The main objective of the power ow solution has been directed towards optimization of OF governed by the relation:

Sji

V j I ji

  Vj Vi Vj V j Y ji0 Z ji

OF C P DG W E

2.3. Line losses The total line losses for all the buses connected to the system is the sum total of all power ows given by:

where, C (PDG) = total cost of DG as a function of DG rating, PDG, W = weighting factor, E = total active loss and C (PDG) = aDG + bDG PDG + cDG (PDG)2 respectively, aDG, bDG and cDG are the quadratic cost coefcient of specied DG. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Calculation of OF

Pi

bus no: bus no: X X i 1 j 1

Sij Sji

bus no: bus no: X X i 1 j 1

fPij jQ ij P ji jQ ji g

Eqs. (1)(6) are solved to obtain total line losses of a system and thus total active and reactive power loss may be obtained sepa-

18000 16000 14000 12000

Increasing DG size
10000

OF
8000 6000 4000 2000 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Weighting factor
Fig. 3. Variation of OF with weighting factor for IEEE 30 bus.

800

700
Incresing DG size

600

500

OF
400 300 200 100 2

Bus number
Fig. 4. Variation of OF with variation of position of DGs having different ratings for IEEE 6 bus system.

852

S. Ghosh et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 32 (2010) 849856

rately. In this work, only the active power loss component is considered. Fig. 1 shows the variation of OF as a function of weighting factor for different ratings of DG in the range of 120 MW for modied IEEE 6 bus system. It may be seen from the gure that the optimum value of weighting factor is close to 500 for any range of DG. Similarly, the weighting factor is 150 for both modied IEEE 14 bus and IEEE 30 bus systems, as depicted in Figs. 2 and 3 respectively. Thus, weighting factor values of 500 and 150 are considered for optimization search in modied IEEE 6 bus, 14 bus and 30 bus respectively. In the whole work, bus 1 is considered as a slack bus. 3.2. Optimum location of DG Fig. 4 indicates the variation of OF as a function of bus placement of DG for modied IEEE 6 bus system. It is seen that a minimum value of OF is obtained when DG (irrespective of its rating) is placed at bus no. 3. It is clear from the gure that the magnitude of

OF increases with the increase of DG rating with DG placed at higher bus number. Similarly, optimum location of DG is obtained for IEEE 14 bus and 30 bus systems from Figs. 5 and 6 respectively. It may be seen that the OFs are minimum when the DG is placed at bus numbers 8 and 11 (which are low voltage buses) for IEEE 14 bus and IEEE 30 bus systems respectively. Although it is apparent from Fig. 5 that placement of DG at bus number 3 gives lower value of OF than that at bus no 8, but bus number 3 is not considered since it is a high voltage bus. Similarly, for IEEE 30 bus system the lower values of OF appears with bus numbers 5, 7 and 8, but those buses are again high voltage buses. Therefore, bus number 11, which is a low voltage bus, is taken into consideration. 3.3. Optimum DG rating Fig. 7 represents variation of objective function with the size of DG. A 6 MW DG seems to be the optimum size for IEEE 6 bus sys-

2900 2800 2700 2600 2500 OF 2400 2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 2
increasing DG size

8 9 Bus number

10

11

12

13

14

Fig. 5. Variation of OF with variation of position of DGs having different ratings for IEEE 14 bus system.

3600

3400

3200
Increasing DG size

OF

3000

2800

2600

2400

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Bus number
Fig. 6. Variation of OF with variation of position of DGs having different ratings for IEEE 30 bus system.

S. Ghosh et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 32 (2010) 849856

853

tem. Similarly, from Figs. 8 and 9 and 16 MW and 35 MW respectively are the optimum DG sizes for IEEE 14 bus and IEEE 30 bus systems respectively. 3.4. Comparison of the results of the proposed method with those of Power World Simulator software The comparison of the results obtained by the proposed method and those obtained by the Power World Simulator software (Simulator 11.0 Glover Sarma Education Edition) is presented in Table 1. The results of the proposed method seem to be better than those of the Power World Simulator. The last column of Table 1 indicates the superiority of the proposed method in percentage, as given by:

where P 1 = value of OF using Power World Simulator, P2 = value of OF using proposed method.

3.5. Variation of bus voltage with DG size Fig. 10 shows the effect of change in DG size at bus number 3 on the voltage magnitudes of other buses in IEEE 6 bus system. Here, effects on bus numbers 2, 4 and 6 are taken into consideration since they are essentially load buses. As may be seen from the gure, the bus voltages are increasing with increase in DG size for bus numbers 2 and 4 and reach to the highest values, corresponding to DG size 11 MW and 14 MW respectively. The bus voltages fall afterwards with increasing DG size. In bus number 6 of course the bus voltages are increasing continuously, throughout the considered range of DG. As stated in Section 3.3, the optimized size of

P1 P2 100% P1

250

240

230

220

OF

210

200

190

180

170

10

12

14

DG size (MW)
Fig. 7. Variation of OF as a function of DG size for IEEE 6 bus system.

2030

2025

2020

2015

OF
2010 2005 2000 1995 0

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

40

DG size (MW)
Fig. 8. Variation of OF as a function of DG size for IEEE 14 bus system.

854

S. Ghosh et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 32 (2010) 849856

2590

2585

2580

OF
2575 2570 2565

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

DG size (MW)
Fig. 9. Variation of OF as a function of DG size for IEEE 30 bus system.

Table 1 Comparison results of proposed method with Power World Simulator. IEEE modied systems Placement of DG (bus no.) Size (MW) Active loss (MW) Power World Simulator 0.17 11.72 13.76 Proposed method 0.17 11.70 13.61 OF Power World Simulator (P1) 175.00 1998.00 2589.00 Proposed method (P2) 175.00 1995.00 2566.50 % Superiority of the proposed method 0 0.15 0.87

6 Bus 14 Bus 30 Bus

3 8 11

6 16 35

0.994
bus no 2

0.9935 0.993

bus no 4 bus no 6

Voltage (p.u)

0.9925 0.992 0.9915 0.991 0.9905 0

10 12 DG size (MW)

14

16

18

20

Fig. 10. Voltage prole of IEEE 6 bus system.

DG is 6 MW as far as OF (i.e. both cost and loss) is considered. The variation of voltages from maximum voltage level for DG size beyond 6 MW is very small of the order of 0.00015 and 0.0002 p.u. respectively, for bus number 2 and 4. Therefore, optimum DG size may be chosen as 6 MW. The bus voltages of these representative buses have increased after the optimal placement of the optimal DG. Similar conclusions may be drawn from Figs. 11 and 12 with respect to IEEE 14 bus and 30 bus systems respectively. In these two systems the voltages of few representative load buses, where bus

voltages are low have increased after the optimal placement of the optimal DG.

4. Conclusions From the above studies on modied IEEE 6, 14 and 30 bus systems, the major contribution in the present work are: (1) The optimized value of weighting factor is computed.

S. Ghosh et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 32 (2010) 849856

855

1.05
bus no 4 bus no 5 bus no 14

1.045

1.04

Voltage (p.u)

1.035

1.03

1.025

1.02

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

DG size (MW)
Fig. 11. Voltage prole of IEEE 14 bus system.

1.015 1.01 1.005 1 0.995 0.99 0.985 0.98 0.975

busno 7 busno 26 busno 29 busno 30

Voltage (p.u)

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

DG size (MW)
Fig. 12. Voltage prole of IEEE 30 bus system.

(2) The optimum locations and optimal sizes of DG are obtained. The optimum DG location obtained by the proposed method validates the results of observation of Wang C. and Nehrir M.H. [11] for IEEE 6 bus system. (3) Due to the placement of optimal DG size at its optimum location it is observed that the voltages of load buses are improved and the losses are reduced substantially. (4) The OF values (that is, combination of cost and line losses) computed with the proposed method proved to be better than the simulation results obtained with Power World Simulator software. References
[1] Puttgen HB, Macgregor PR, Lambert FC. Distributed generation: semantic hype or the dawn of a new era? IEEE Power Energy Mag 2003(January/ February):229. [2] Martin G. Renewable energy gets the green light in Chicago. IEEE Power Energy Mag 2003;22(November/December):349.

[3] Sonderegger RC, Henderson D, Bubb S, Steury J. Distributed asset insight. IEEE Power Energy Mag 2004(May/June):329. [4] Rahman S. Green power: what is it and where can we nd it? IEEE Power Energy Mag 2003(January/February):307. [5] Kishinevsky Y, Zelingher S. Coming clean with fuel cells. IEEE Power Energy Mag 2003(November/December):205. [6] Andrews CJ, Weiner SA. Visions of a hydrogen future. IEEE Power Energy Mag 2004(March/April):2634. [7] Slootweg JG, Kling WL. Is the answer blowing in the wind? IEEE Power Energy Mag 2003(November/December):2633. [8] Grifn T, Tomsovic K, Secrest D, Law A. Placement of dispersed generation systems for reduced losses. In: Proceedings 33rd annual Hawaii international conference system sciences, Maui, HI; 2000. p. 144654. [9] Rau NS, Wan YH. Optimum location of resources in distributed planning. IEEE Trans Power Syst 1994;9:201420. [10] Kim JO, Nam SW, Park SK, Singh C. Dispersed generation planning using improved Hereford ranch algorithm. Electr Power Syst Res 1998;47(11). [11] Wang C, Nehrir M Hashem. Analytical approaches for optimal placement of distributed generation sources in power systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2004;19(4):206876. [12] Chiradeja P. Benet of distributed generation: a line loss reduction analysis. IEEE/PES transmission and distribution conference & exhibition: Asia and Pacic, China Dalian; 2005. p. 15.

856

S. Ghosh et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 32 (2010) 849856 [19] Celli G, Ghiani E, Mocci S, Pilo F. A multiobjective evolutionary algorithm for the sizing and siting of distributed generation. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2005;20(2):7507. [20] Nara K, Hayashi Y, Ikeda K, Ashizawa T. Application of tabu search to optimal placement of distributed generators. IEEE PES Winter Meet 2001:91823. [21] Gautam Durga, Mithlananthan Nadarajah. Optimal DG placement in deregulated electricity market. Electric Power Syst Res 2007;77:162736. [22] Yokoyama R, Bae SH, Morita T, Sasaki H. Multiobjective optimal generation dispatch based on probability security criteria. IEEE Trans Power Syst 1988;3:31724. [23] Pai MA. Computer techniques in power system analysis. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited; 2006. [24] Saadat Hadi. Power system analysis. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited; 2006.

[13] Singh RK, Goswami SK. Optimum allocation of distributed generations based on nodal pricing for prot, loss reduction, and voltage improvement including voltage rise issue. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2010;32(6):63744. [14] Fras P, Gmez T, Cossent R, Rivier J. Improvements in current European network regulation to facilitate the integration of distributed generation. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2009;31(9):44551. [15] Niknam T, Ranjbar AM, Sirani AR, Mozafari B, Ostadi A. Optimal operation of distribution system with regard to distributed generation: a comparison of evolutionary methods. IEEE Conf IAS 2005;22:26906. [16] Mithulananthan N, Oo Than, Phu Le Van. Distributed generator placement in power distribution system using genetic algorithm to reduce losses. Thammasat Int J Sci Technol 2004;9(3):5562. [17] Keane A, OMalley M. Optimal allocation of embedded generation on distribution networks. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2005;20(3):16406. [18] Kim Kyu-Ho, Lee Yu-Jeong, Rhee Sang-Bong, Lee Sang-Kuen, You Seok-Ku. Dispersed generator placement using fuzzy-GA in distribution system. IEEE Power Eng Soc Summer Meet 2002:114853.